INTERNATIONAL EDITION SESW Seee re. oa oeeneeen ae oi: /¢ ei = = = a = =Contents Chapter 1 4 Introduction The Study of Electronics Brief History of Electronics The Use of Computers SPICE and PSpice Circuit Analysis and Circuit Design Cuapter2_ The pn Junction a 22 23 24 25 26 27 Cuapter 3 The Diode as a Circuit Element aH 32 38 al 35 Introduction Creating the pn Junction Basic Diode Operation The Diode Current Equation Breakdown Temperature Bjfects |dentifying Forward- and Reverse-Bias Modes pn Junction Capacitance Circuit Analysis with Electronics Workbench Multisim Introduction The Diode as a Nonlinear Device ac and de Resistance Analysis of de Circuits Containing Diodes The Load Line Elementary Power Supplies Halj-Wave and Full-Wave Rectifiers Capacitive Filtering 10 12 v7 18 6 a 33 34 34 37 39 43 B 46 Full Wave Rectification Voltage Multipliers 3-6 Elementary Voltage Regulation The Zener-Diode Voltage Regulator Temperature Effects Zener Diode Impedance Three-Terminal Integrated-Circuit Regulators 3-1 Diode Types, Ratings, and Specifications Power Supply Component Specifications 3-8 Multisim Exercise Oberving on the Oscilloscope the Filtered ‘Output Voltage and the Diode Current in a Hal}-Wave Rectifier CHapteR4 Bipolar Junction Transistors 41 Introduction 4-2 Theory of BJT Operation Tego Reverse Current 4-3 Common-Base Characteristics Common-Base Input Characteristics Common-Base Output Characteristics Breakdown 4-4 Common-Emitter Characteristics Topo and Beta Common-Emitter Input Characteristics Common-Emitter Output Characteristics Common-Collector Characteristics Bias Circuits Common-Base Bias Circuit Common-Emitter Bias Circuit Common-Collector Bias Circuit if 2B 80 al a 85 88 90 92 94 96 97 100 102 103 106 12“Cuapter 13 Regulated and Switching Power Supplies 512 3-1. Introduction 513 13-2 Voltage Regulation 54 Line Regulation 516 18-3... Series and Shunt Voltage Regulators 516 ‘The Zener Diode as a Voltage Reference 516 | Series Regulators 517 © Current Limiting 521 Foldback Limiting 522 ‘Shunt Regulators 524 13-4 Switching Regulators 525 ‘Switching Regulator Data Sheets 528 13-5 Adjustable Integrated-Circuit Regulators 528 13-6 Voltage Regulator Circuit Analysis with Electronics Workbench Multisim 534 CuaPter 14 Digital-to-Analog and Analog-to-Digital Converters 544 14-1. Overview 545 Analog and Digital Voltages 545 Converting Binary Numbers to Decimal Equivalents 546 Some Digital Terminology 547 Resolution 548 1&2 Tho R2A Ladder DAC 548 4-3 AWeighted-Resistor DAC 582 14-4 The Switched Current-Source DAC 553 14-5. Switched-Capacitor DACs 555 14-6 DAC Performance Specifications 557 An Integrated Circuit DAC 560 14-7. The Counter-Type ADC 561 Tracking A/D Converter 562 14-8 Flash A/D Converters 562 14-9. The Dual-Slope (Integrating) ADC 564 ~ U-10, The Successive-Approximation ADC 566 4-11 ADC Performance Specifications 568 Integrated-Circuit A/D Converters 569 14-12 A/D Circuit Analysis with Electronics Workbench Mutisim 570 Carter 15 Special Electronic Devices 576 15-1 Four-Layer Devices S77 Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCRs) 377 Shockley Diodes 580 SCR Triggering 581 Half-Wave Power Control Using SCRs 583 Silicon Controlled Switches (SCSs) 586 DIACS and TRIACS 586 15-2 Optoelectronic Devices 590 Photoconductive Cells 592 Photodiodes 594 Phototransistors 596 Solar Celts 599 Light-Activated SCR (LASCR) 601 Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 602 Optocouplers 605 Liguid-Crystal Displays (LCDs) 607 18-3. Unijunction Transistors 813 Programmable UJTs (PUTS) 619 15-4 Tunnel Diodes 622 18-5. Phase-Locked Loops 623 FM Demodulation 624 Frequency Synthesizers 625 ‘The 565 Integrated-Circuit PLL 626 15-6 SCR Analysis with Electronics Workbench Multisim 626 Cuarten 16 Power Amplifiers 634 16-1 Definitions, Applications, and Types of Power Amplifiers 635 Large-Signal Operation 636 16-2. Transistor Power Dissipation 636 16-3 Heat Transfer in Semiconductor Devices 639 Conduction, Radiation, and Convection 639 ‘Thermal Resistance 640 Derating 682 Power Dissipation in Integrated Circuits 643 16-4 Amplifier Classes and Efficiency 643 Class-A Amplifiers 643 Efficiency 644 TransformerCoupled Class-A Amplifiers 648 Class-B Amplifiers 652 16-5" Push-Pull Amplifier Principles 853 _ Bush-Pull Amplifiers with Output Transformers 654 Class-B Efficiency 655 16-6 Push-Pull Drivers 658 16-7 Harmonic Distortion and Feedback 659 Harmonic Distortion 659 Using Negative Feedback to Reduce Distortion 661 16-8 Distortion in Push-Pull Amplifiers 664 Cancellation of Even Harmonies 664 Crossover Distortion 664 Class-AB Operation 665 16-9. Transformerless Push-Pull Amplifiers 667 667 Complementary Push-Pull AmplifiersContents Quasi-Complementary Push-Pull Amplifiers 674 Integrated-Circuit Power Amplifiers 675 16-10 Class-€ Amplifiers 675 Amplitude Modulation 679 16-11 MOSFET and Class-D Power Amplifiers 682 MOSFET Amplifiers 682 Class-D Amplifiers 682 Cuapter 17 Transistor Analog Circuit Building Blocks 692 17-1 Introduction 693, 17-2 The BJT and MOSFET Small-Signal Equivalent Circuits 693 The BJT Model 694 The MOSFET Model 695 17-3 The Current Source/Sink 696 ‘The BJT Current Source 696 The MOSFET Current Source 698 17-4 The Current Mirror 699 ‘The BJT Current Mirror 699 ‘The MOSFET Current Mirror 702 17-8 The Gain Stage 706 ‘The BJT Gain Stage 706 ‘The MOSFET Gain Stage 709 Simplifying the Design Process 712 Diode-Connected Transistors 715 Diode Transistor Applications 77 17-6 Differential Amplifiers 720 Difference Voltages 720 The Ideal Differential Amplifier 721 ‘The JFET Differential Amplifier 728 The MOSFET Differential Amplifier 730 Common-Mode Parameters 735 17-7 The Miller Operational Amplifier 736 17-8 BUT Gain Stage Circuit Analysis with Electronics Workbench Multisim 139 Cuapter 18 Introduction to Digital VLSI Design 754 18-1 Introduction 155 18-2 Transistor-Level Implementation of CMOS: Combinational Logic Circuits 756 The MOSFET Transistor in Digital Circuits 756 The ANDIOR and Inverter Structure 758 18-3 ADesign Procedure for Creating CMOS Combinational Logic Circuits 759 Constructing a CMOS Logic Circuit Using the CD4007 Transistor Array Package 763 18-4 Transistor Behavior of CMOS Logic Circuits 764 Transient Behavior of a CMOS Inverter 764 Rise and Fall Time Characteristics 768 Propagation Delay 7 18-5 Clocked CMOS VLSI Circuits ™ The D-Type Flip-Flop 772 Master/Slave DFF Operation 773 Two-Phase Nonoverlapping Clock Circuit 777 18-6 Random-Access Memory and Read-Only Memory 718 The Six-Transistor Static RAM Cell 778 The Sense Amplifier 780 Dynamic RAM 782 Read-Only Memory 784 ‘The Floating Gate 784 The EPROM 785 ‘The EEPROM 787 18-7 Input/Output (/0) Buffers 788 The Input Pad 788 The Output Pad 793 Level Conversion 795 The TriState Driver 796 18-8 Transistor-Level Logic Circuit Analysis with Electronics Workbench Muttisim 798 Appendix A SPICE and PSpice 806 Appendix B Standard Values of Resistors and Reading and Selecting Capacitors 840 Appendix C Frequency Response Derivations 843 Appendix D Semiconductor Theory 846 Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises 866 Index 871