(5) ‘SH-V/Physics/DSE-2/22 B.Sc. 5th Semester (Honours) Examination, 2022 (CBCS) Subject : Physics Paper : DSE-2(5) (Classical Dynamics) Time: 3 Hours Full Marks: 60 The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. Symbols and abbreviations have their usual meanings. 1. Answer any ten of the following questions: 2x10=20 (a) Prove that the magnetic force does no work. (b) Mention two advantages of Lagrangian mechanics over Newtonian mechanics. (c) A double pendulum consists of two point masses m attached by strings of length J. The strings make angles 6, and @, with the vertical axis, find the kinetic energy of the pendulum. (d) If the Lagrangian of a particle moving in one dimension is given by L = z — V(x), find the corresponding Hamiltonian. (e) If the Hamiltonian does not depend upon time explicitly, show that it is a conserved quantity. (f) A particle of mass m is moving in the potential V = —x? +2x* where a and b are positive constants. Find the equilibrium position of the particle about which the small oscillation is observed. (g) Define normal coordinates and normal frequencies. (h) State the postulates of special theory of relativity. (i) Two events separated by a (spatial) distance 9 x 10%m are simultaneous in one inertial frame. What will be the time interval between these two events in a frame moving with a constant speed 0.8 ¢ (where the speed of light c= 3 x 10°mis), (j) What is world line? Draw the world line in S-frame of a particle at rest where S” frame moves with velocity ¥ with respect to S-frame along x-direction. S‘inertial frame (k) What is future and past light cone in special theory of relativity? (1) An inertial frame $" moves with velocity ¥ relative to another inertial frame S along x-axis. Obtain the value of length in § which is uni length in 8" (m) ‘The muon has rest mass 105 MeV/c? ancl energy 315MeV, Find the velocity of'muon- (n) What is Reynold’s number? State its significance. (0) Define streamline and turbulent motion of fluid flow.SH-V/Physics/DSE-2/22 (6) 2. Answer any four of the following questions: Sx4=20 (a) Define generalised coordinates of a dynamical system. Obtain the Lagrangian and Lagrange's, equation of motion of simple pendulum, Find the angular frequency for small amplitude of 1434155 the oscil (b) What do you mean by rotational invariance of a quantity? If the Lagrangian of a closed system remains rotationally invariant, prove that the angular momentum of the system is a 14455 conserved quantity. (©) Establish the Lagrangian and deduce the Lagrange’s equations of motion for small oscillations of a system with N degrees of freedom in the neighbourhood of stable 5 equilibrium, (d) Write down the Lorentz transformations in Minkowski space (x, y, 2, t). Explain the time 24355 dilation using Minkowski diagram. (e) Explain the term ‘two events with space-like separation has no causal relation’. Derive the four acceleration vector in terms of three acceleration vector and three velocity vector of the 243=5 particle () Using Naiver-Stokes equation for incompressible fluid derive the velocity-profile of 5 fluid-flow in a cylindrical pipe. 10x2=20 3. Answer any two of the following questions: (a) _(j) A crossed electric and magnetic field is applied to a region where a charged particle of mass m and charge q is at rest at the origin. Derive the equation of motion of the charged particle. (ii) Find the eigen frequencies of small oscillations of a system containing two equal masses attached by a spring. Also find the relation between the amplitudes of the two masses at 64(341)=10 the eigen frequencies. (i) Define Hamiltonian of a system. Obtain the Hamilton's equations of motion. (ii) A particle of mass m is constrained to move on a cylindrical surface of radius R under 24(R? + 22) where & is a constant and z-axis is the axis of the cylinder. of motion, Show that the particle 0 (b) potential Construct the Hamiltonian and Hamilton's equations oscillates along z-axis, (43454 (i) Show that Lorentz transformation is an imaginary rot ion of an orthogonal coordinate (c) system. The space-time coordinates (x,y.20) of two events in S-frame are ((00,0) and {6c.0,0A), where ¢ is the speed of light in vacuum and the time coordinate is in second. Find the space-time interval between two events, Mention the nature of the interval, (ii) Define four-momentuny (P) vector, Show that itis reated with dhree: momentum (342)+(14242)=10 Vectors and energy. Prove that Py, Pisa Lorente invariant(7) SH-V/Physies/DSE-2/22 * @)_—G@ Prove that x,x" is an invariant quantity under Lorentz transformation. ‘A nucleus at rest with mass modecays spontaneously into two components of rest masses m, and m, . Show that my>m,+m . Explain by considering energy-momentum conservation. (ii) What do you mean by fluid particle? Derive the equation of continuity for fluid flow. (244)4+(143)=10B.Sc, Semester-V (Honours) Examination, 2021 (CBCS) Subject: Physics : DSE-2 (Classical Dynamics) Time: 3 Hours Full Marks: 60 Answer any twelve questions 12x5=60 1. Suppose a charged particle enters in a uniform magnetic field with velocity v, along 10. ML. 12, y-axis and the field is directed along z-axis. Obtain the equation of the path of the particle. Show that the gyro-frequency of the particle is independent of the velocity of the particle. (i) What is cyclic coordinate? Show that the conjugate momentum of a cyclic coordinate is a conserved quantity. (i) The Lagrangian of a particle is L = q° — qq. Show that the particle moves freely. The bob of a simple pendulum moves in a horizontal circle. Write down the Lagrangian of the system, Obtain the Lagrange’s equation of motion and hence find the angular frequency of the circular motion. State Hamilton’s principle. Using this derive Euler-Lagrange’s equation. (i If the Hamiltonian does not depend explicitly on time then prove that total energy is a constant of motion, Gi) A dynamical system with generalised coordinates qi and qo has Lagrangian L=@ +. If p: and pp are the conjugate momenta obtain the Hamiltonian of the system. (i) The potential of a system is V(x) =x" —x*. Find the position of stable and unstable equilibrium. i) The Lagrangian of two coupled harmonic oscillators is Px] w= So +a-Ea,-a where m and k are constants. Find normal frequencies of the system. ‘What are length contraction and time dilation in special theory of relativity? Calculate the length and orientation of a rod of length 5 m in a frame moving with velocity 0.6 ¢ in a direction making an angle 30° with the rod. Write down Lorentz transformations in Minkowski representation (x, w = ct). Explain the length contraction using Minkowski diagram, In four-vector representation (F,ict) write down the interval between two world points. What is space-like interval? What can you say about the causal relation between two world points in space-like interval? Show that four-force and four- velocity vector are orthogonal to each other. What is proper time? Define four-velocity vector. Show that it is an invariant quantity and is time-like. Write down four-momentum transformation equations. Explain the Doppler effect using four-momentum representation. Define streamline motion and critical velocity of fluid. What is Reynold’s number? ‘The cross-sectional radius of a pipeline decreases as 7 = rye, where a = 0.6 m' and x is the distance (in m) from the pipeline inlet. Calculate the ratio of Reynold’s number for two cross-sections separated by Av =13. State Newton’ law of fluid. Hence, define the coefficient of viscosity of a fluid, Water (coefficient of viscosity is 0.01 Poise) is flowing through 50 cm long tube. The first 25 cm of the tube is of radius 1 mm and remaining 25 cm is of radius 2 mm. If the pressure difference maintained at the two ends is 20 cm of water calculate the amount of water flowing out per second through the tube, 14, What is central force field? A particle moves under a central force field. Set up the Hamiltonian of the system. Hence obtain the Hamilton’s equations of motion,OR B. Sc. Semester V (Honours) Examination, 2020 (CBCS) Subject: Physics Paper: DSE-2 (Classical Dynamics) Time: 3 Hours Full Marks: 60 Answer any 12 questions (All questions carry equal marks): 5x12=60 1. A particle of mass m is constrained to move on a spherical surface of radius R under gravity. Mention the generalised coordinates. Construct the Lagrangian of the system and hence obtain the equations of motion of the particle. Mention the conserved quantities 2. Define the Hamiltonian of a system, Hence, obtain Hamilton’s equations of motion. ‘What is the physical significance of Hamiltonian of a system? 3. What do you mean by “closed system”? Prove that the angular momentum of a closed system is a conserved quantity in isotropic space. 4, The Lagrangian of two coupled harmonic oscillators i a? 8) —E (Gm) +f +a. ‘Write down the Lagrange’s equations of motion. Hence, find normal frequencies and ratio of amplitudes of the masses for each normal mode of vibration. 5. A charged particle is at rest at origin, A constant electric field is applied along y- direction and a constant magnetic field is applied along z-direction. Show that the path of the particle is cycloid in x-y plane. 6. The Lagrangian of a particle in cylindrical coordinate is, Lee +2) Obtain the Hamiltonian of the system and hence find the canonical equations of motion of the particle. Mention the cyclic coordinate. 7. If the Lagrangian is added with a total time derivative of a function of coordinate q and time t then show that the equation of motion remains unaltered. ‘Show that the Hamiltonian of a system is the total energy for velocity independent potential. Page 3 of 48. Write down the Lorentz transformations in special theory of relativity. A rocket accelerates quickly and then moves at a uniform velocity. Calculate the velocity of rocket relative to earth such that it reaches a star at a distance 15 light years away in one year as measured by a clock at rest in rocket. 9. Consider the world as two dimensional space-time system (x, w = ct). Write down the Lorentz transformations in terms x and w. ‘What is world line? Draw the world line of light and a particle in (x, w) plane. 10. A rod of length Io is at rest in an inertial frame S’ The rod is inclined at an angle 6" with x’ axis of S’, What is the length of rod in $ if S' moves with uniform velocity v with respect to S along common x-axis? PP Fe 1s Show that +5 +5 -— 5 isan invariant quantity under Lorentz transformations. at Oy a? cat 11. Define four-velocity vector. Hence, obtain the expression of four-acceleration in terms of acceleration vector and velocity vector. 12, In 4-vector representation show that the Lorentz transformation is equivalent to a rigid rotation through an imaginary angle of Caertesian axes. Using this obtain the Einstein’s law of addition of velocities. 13, Deduce the equation of continuity for fluid motion, Express the equation of continuity for incompressible fluid in absence of source or sink. Show that for irrotational flow of incompressible fluid the velocity potential satisfies Laplace’s equation. 14, What is viscosity of fluid? Derive Poiseuille’s equation for flow of incompressible fluid. Page 4 of 4SH-V/Physics/DSE-2(3)(OR)/20 (6) B.Sc. 5th Semester (Honours) Examination, 2019 (CBCS) Subject : Physics (Classical Dynamics) Paper : DSE-2(3) (OR) Time: 3 Hours Full Marks: 60 The figures in the margin indicate full marks. Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. Group-A 1. Answer any ten questions from the following: 2x10=20 rove that a charged particle moves in a uniform magnetic field at constant magnitude of 7 velocity. h (Obtain the expression of the generalized force. What can you say about its dimension? The Lagrangian of a system is L = (7? +126? +1? sin? $2) — prsin sing. Find the conserved quantities. 6 the Lagrangian ofa system does not depend upon time explicitly show that the Hamiltonian of the system is a constant of motion. (e) The Hamiltonian H = qxP1 — 4aP2 ~ 29% + bq3 where a and b are constants. Show that qaq2= constant. (0) What are the normal frequencies and the normal coordinates ofa coupled vibration? ef Wie down the secular equation for a Lagrangian of three degrees of freedom, Laka? + a2 tis!) — a(n? + nd +s! — nnd). oA A rod of length Im is moving in the direction of its length, with velocity 0.8¢ along x-axis. Find the length as measured by an observer at rest in the lab frame, IK what speed the total energy ofa particle sm times is rst energy. coro © Foie at at e(7) SH-V/Physics/DSE-2(3)(OR)/20 AS Show that the space-time interval i dimensional Wariant quantity under ime interval in four-dimensior is ¢ I space is an invari SS Obiain | the equation for unit length in S" frame which moves with velocity v along x-axis of S frame in Minkowski space. ANS What is space-ike interval? Give its physical interpretation. (m) Prove that four-vector force and four-vector velocity are orthogonal to each other. _Jay What is Reynold’s number? Explain its significance. (0) A flat plate of area 0.02 m’ is separated from a large flat surface by a film of oil of uniform thickness 1 mm and viscosity 2 N-s/m'. Determine the force required to slide the plate over the surface at a velocity of 4.5 cm/s, 2. Answer any four questions from the following: 5x4=20 94 charge particle starts moving from origin with an initial velocity in a plane perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field. Show that the path of the particle is helix. Also find the frequency of the revolution ofthe particle. fe, simune WE, (ME Z 4+1=5 (b) _ Gy Find the equation of motion of a particle under central force field using Hamiltcnian method. - Gi) What is cyclic coordinate? Show that the conjugate momentum corresponding to a cyclic coordinate is constant of motion. 34255 (c) The Lagrangian of a system is L = aq? — B cosq where a and f are positive constants. Find the values of q for stable and unstable equilibrium. Obtain the Lagrange’s equation of motion for small oscillation near equilibrium. (d) Gi) Obtain the expression of four-vector force in terms of force and velocity vector. (ii) Consider a particle with rest mass mg is moving along x-direction with a speed v. The total energy is then E = ymoc?. Show that the momentum in the x direction is ymgv. 34255 (@)AGing the Lorentz transformation of four-momentum vector obtain the expression for relativistic Doppler effect. Calculate the Doppler shift in wavelength for light of wavelength 6000A when the source approaches the observer at velocity 0.2 c. 34255 (OG Obtain an expression of velocity profile of a liquid in laminar flow through capillary tube. Gi) If two capillary tubes of radii r;, 72 and lengths t;, lp respectively are connected in series find an expression of rate of flow of liquid using Poiseuille's equation. 3+2=5 ow Re A ox 20 ° He Soest RosSH-V/Physics/DSE-2(3)(OR)/20 (8) 3. Answer any two questions from the following: 10x2=20 (a (i) State Hamilton's principle. Hence, derive Euler-Lagrange’s equation. Gi) A projectile of mass m is thrown at initial velocity Z%y at inclination @ with the horizontal plane. Write down the Lagrangian of the projectile. Hence, obtain the Lagrange’s equation of motion and the equation of the path. (244)4(14142)=10 : woe (j) Prove that the Lorentz transformation is the transformation from orthogonal system to non-orthogonal system in Minkowski space. Explain the length contraction using geometric representation. Gi) Write down the expression of proper time interval. Hence, obtain the expression of velocity four-vector. Show that norm of this vector is time-like, (343)+(1+2+1)=10 we (i) From the definition of four-momentum vector show that E? = pc? + mgct. Gi) Obtain the expressions of total energies of product particles in two-body decay process in terms of their rest masses. Hence, show that the total kinetic energy of the product particles is the energy due to difference in mass of decaying particle and that of the product particles. (ii) The decay of pion is* -» z+ + yj. Calculate the momentum of x* from the given data [m,, = 0.1396GeV, my = 0.1057GeV, my = oj. 3+(342)42=10 (@) Gi) Derive the equation of continuity for uid in motion, In a two dimensional Muid motion the velocity components are u = —rvzs = 0. Show that the flow of : fluid is possible. Also find the equation of stream line. (ii) Consider tri-atomic molecule CO, as a Tinear coupled harmonie oscillator where two equal masses at two ends are connected by two springs of equal spring constant with gtother_mass. All masses vibrate in longitudinal direction, Obtain the normal frequencies. (B+3)+4=10