WHITEPAPER

Your Industry 4.0 Journey

A Practical Guide to Attaining Industry 4.0
Benefits in Your Manufacturing Operation
As momentum around the Connected Factory continues to build, manufacturers everywhere
are intently focused on reaching Industry 4.0 in their own factory environments. But to reach
Industry 4.0 implies that it is a destination—and that, once reached, one’s quest for Industry
4.0 is somehow complete. The lion’s share of the industry speaks about Industry 4.0 this
way. However, to reap the full benefits of the Connected Factory, it is critical that today’s
manufacturers approach Industry 4.0 as a journey.

Valuable tools, next-gen optimization systems,

sensor devices, or manufacturing applications on their
own will not instantaneously allow manufacturers Table of Contents
to achieve Industry 4.0 status. Instead, Industry 4.0
must be embraced as a long-term, strategic mindset 2 Introduction
of digital transformation that dynamically alters a
manufacturer’s entire operational perspective. 3 Industry 4.0 In Practice

Yes, Industry 4.0, the capabilities of which empower

7 Shaping Your Industry 4.0 Pathway
unparalleled advancements in smart, connected
manufacturing, is an ongoing journey that requires
enterprise-wide effort and enduring support, from 10 Obstacles to Digital Transformation

CEOs and COOs down to everyday IT/OT practitioners

on the factory floor. 12 Choosing an Industry 4.0 Starting Point

In this whitepaper, Aegis will 17 Fast Track Your Success with MES

shed light on Industry 4.0 as a

19 Aegis FactoryLogix®
transformative journey for today’s
manufacturers and provide practical
insights into how manufacturers can
best embrace Industry 4.0 capabilities
in their operational environments.
Specifically, we will examine how manufacturers can
overcome obstacles to digital transformation, choose
the most appropriate route to full IIoT optimization, and
fast track their success with MES, a solution that plays
an integral role in the Industry 4.0 journey.

Aegis Whitepaper: Introduction 2

Industry 4.0 In Practice
To date, the world has witnessed three full industrial revolutions. 4 GLOBAL
In the 18th century, mechanization emerged, with the help INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS
of water and steam power. In the 19th century, the second
industrial revolution introduced mass production with the help
of electrical energy. By the 20th century, the application of
electronics and IT further automated production. Today, a fourth
industrial revolution is underway: the use of cyber-physical
production systems merging the real and virtual worlds.¹

Industry 4.0 revolutionizes the manufacturing process by bridging the 18th Century
Mechanization of Production with the
gap between high-level Information Technology (IT) and floor-level Help of Water and Steam Power
Operational Technology (OT), leveraging intelligent data insights to
power factory-wide innovative adaptability.

With digitized, cyber-physical systems for automated data collection

and autonomous intelligent decision making, Industry 4.0 enables
mass customization at high volume production rates with minimal
levels of human intervention. Industry 4.0 is automatically controlling
materials flow to eliminate downtime and operate at the lowest level
of inventory possible. The ultimate goal is to transform manufacturing 19th Century
into an environment that is adaptive and customer-centric, capable of Introduction of Mass Production
with the Help of Electrical Energy
generating new business models and revenue sources.

Let’s explore what inter-connected

Industry 4.0 capabilities look like in practice.
20th Century
Application of IT and Electronics
Further Automate Production

21st Century
Cyber-Physical Systems that Merge
the Real and Virtual Worlds

Aegis Whitepaper: Industry 4.0 In Practice 3

Holistic Lean Material Management

Factories with Industry 4.0 capabilities can shift their operations on

a dime, flexibly adapting to meet changing customer demands,
enhance productivity, reduce waste, and accelerate production. This
is achieved primarily through a decentralized production system, in
which production plants can maintain closer contact with customers
and supply chain partners and achieve an agile, flexible model for
mass customization.2 Successful decentralization requires advanced
data-sharing between locations which not only consolidates and
provides intelligent insights into day-to-day operations across sites,
but also enhances communications between people, machines,
and customers. Having a factory that can support a ‘single piece 46% of companies expect
flow’, but then automatically adapts to a new product configuration
or an entirely new product as each unit comes down the line, is a high degree of product
game-changing. Additionally, the “Industry 4.0” factory should be individualization due to
able to automatically adapt to line conditions, down conditions,
material supply, and other variables without customization. When
Industry 4.0, and 67% expect
companies have reached a stage that supports this level of innovative a high degree of increased
adaptability, this is when they become “disruptive,” and for those customer satisfaction.
companies that have not reached the same levels of maturity, they
are at a substantial competitive disadvantage.

Intelligent Insights

Manufacturers often collect descriptive data (“What happened?”)

and diagnostic data (“Why did it happen?”) about their machines and
devices, but with Industry 4.0’s end-to-end digitization, they can also
gain predictive (“What will happen?”) and prescriptive (“What action
should I take?”) insights into the status of their operations. With multi-
directional data synthesized from ever-changing sources, analytics can
69% of decision-makers
be communicated in real-time via operational dashboards. These data
insights drive progress, quality, compliance, and innovation enterprise- believe Industrial Analytics
wide, while also radically simplifying decision-making processes on will be crucial for business
a daily basis. Industry 4.0, which connects Big Data and Machine
Learning analytics, delivers this intelligent data round-the-clock for
success by 2020.4
constant insight into current and future operational performance.

Aegis Whitepaper: Industry 4.0 In Practice 4

The Additive Evolution of Manufacturing Data

DESCRIPTIVE DATA DIAGNOSTIC DATA PREDICTIVE DATA PRESCRIPTIVE DATA

What Happened? Why Did It Happen? What Will Happen? What Action Should I Take?

Connected Ecosystems

A connected factory ecosystem is driven primarily by IT/OT

convergence, which empowers operational excellence, maximizes
uptime, and increases throughput by allowing manufacturers to
have a unified view of their enterprises’ strategies and operations. In 2014, there were
With enhanced visibility and real-time data sharing, a connected 1.5 million robots in factories
Industry 4.0 ecosystem—which often takes the form of high-
level ERP integrating with the production operations via MES and
and warehouses, and in 2017,
its’ IIoT framework—creates a two-way system of information- it’s estimated that this number
sharing that ensures operations adhere to factory requirements and reached 1.9 million.
accurate operational information is used to plan future projects. It
can also power cyber-physical systems like robots and autonomous
manufacturing lines, which combine functional machinery with
advanced digital intelligence to make their own operational decisions
based on situational and environmental factors.

Configurable Processes
62% of surveyed
The principle of configurability permeates every part of a factory companies expect a high
that embraces Industry 4.0. Unlike customization, which can lock a degree of flexibility in due
manufacturer into a single, highly-unique code branch, a configurable
Industry 4.0 framework delivers the flexibility and innovation that to Industry 4.0 applications,³
smart factories need to expand and adapt as a business evolves. which relies on a configurable
From the factory floor, to production terminals, to the manufacturing
process, best-in-class Industry 4.0 systems and capabilities deliver a
approach to manufacturing.
‘drag-and-drop’ design that doesn’t rely on heavy coding to adjust.

Aegis Whitepaper: Industry 4.0 In Practice 5

Complex Simplicity

Finally, another hallmark of Industry 4.0 is the ability to communicate

and display complex processes in a simplified format. People want
things that are simple and easy to use, but they also want advanced
and powerful capabilities. Many think that if something is simple then
it is very basic or limited in capabilities while if something is very
advanced, it is complicated and hard to use or understand. But it is
possible that simple and easy to use can co-exist with advance, and
powerful capabilities. With Industry 4.0
Through intuitive interfaces, contextual awareness, interactive work applications, manufacturers
instructions, voice and gesture capabilities, and dynamic alerts—all expect to annually reduce
powered by enhanced data-sharing—factories can train employees
more easily while also improving employee satisfaction and overall operational costs by 3.6%
experience. With the concept of complex simplicity, Industry 4.0 while increasing efficiency
introduces tools that improve productivity, keep factory workers safe,
and ensure that operations remain proactive as opposed to reactive.
by 4.1% through 2020.

Industry 4.0: Connected, Innovative & Highly Flexible

Each of the characteristics mentioned above are critical pieces of digital transformation and can be combined
to describe the essence of an Industry 4.0 approach—an approach that encourages a connected factory
ecosystem, advanced data-sharing, smart operational decisions, and enhanced efficiency.

The bottom line for manufacturers? The more Industry 4.0 capabilities
factories can achieve, the more they will be able to adapt, innovate, and create
new business models for additional revenue sources.

Aegis Whitepaper: Industry 4.0 In Practice 6

Shaping Your Industry 4.0 Pathway
Clearly, Industry 4.0 capabilities and applications are part of a
revolutionary industrial development that manufacturers cannot
afford to ignore. Research tells us that 40% of companies have
already begun an IIoT initiative, and 24% have one planned
within a year.⁷ Embracing digital transformation, however,
does not occur overnight. A typical framework for digital
transformation and Industry 4.0 manufacturing technologies
begins strategically, and then works its way down to
development and implementation.

For IT/OT leaders, digital transformation requires getting

company leadership onboard to safeguard long-term success.
After all, embracing Industry 4.0 is a marathon—not a sprint.

The Digital Transformation Process

STEP 1 | Develop Strategic Objectives

Individuals Involved: CEO/COO
In this initial stage of consideration, C-Level executives need to
understand the vision for how an Industry 4.0 approach will shift
the company’s business processes. Strategic objectives must be
developed to guide and monitor the implementation process.
Without an agreed-upon strategy and C-Level sponsorship of the
Industry 4.0 plan, enterprise-wide transformation cannot occur.

Aegis Whitepaper: Shaping Your Industry 4.0 Pathway 7

STEP 2 | Drive Operational Excellence
Individuals Involved: Company Business Leaders
In this stage, an initial realignment of people, processes, and
technologies occur to reach maximum operational efficiency before
the implementation of new, digitized solutions. This operational
excellence must be driven throughout the company and requires the
cooperation of company business leaders across functions.

STEP 3 | Create an Operational Architecture

Individuals Involved: COO, IT/OT Leaders
Leaders will decide where they want to begin the process of
digital transformation by creating an operational architecture of
projects. While COO and IT/OT leaders should start incrementally
and realistically—planning for gradual changes with an MES project,
or other focused areas—experts also recommend keeping the big
picture of Industry 4.0 transformation in mind. Think of the big picture
as the map that continues to guide and direct the organization’s
Industry 4.0 journey.

STEP 4 | Develop a Business Case

Individuals Involved: Functional Managers, SMEs
Once the initial project(s) have been chosen and an operational
architecture has been created, a business case must be built to
provide a project rationale, outline, and parameters of implementation
and management.

Aegis Whitepaper: Shaping Your Industry 4.0 Pathway 8

The top business criteria used in building the justification
to invest in MES among surveyed manufacturers were:⁸

Improving Increasing Visibility Across Enforcing Standard Processes

Quality (72%) Mfg. Network (64%) / Best Practices (60%)

Improving Employee Decision Reducing Cycle Times Regulatory Compliance

Making / Competency (50%) / Lead Times (50%) / Traceability (50%)

The top IIoT use cases deal with:⁷

Remote Monitoring (29%) Energy Efficiency (25%) Asset Reliability (24%)

STEP 5 | Select A Solution

Individuals Involved: Business, IT/OT Practitioners
Finally, relevant solutions are selected for the projects outlined in the
operational architecture. Each provider should be properly vetted and
able to offer ongoing support and resources for your Industry 4.0
solutions and tools.

Aegis Whitepaper: Shaping Your Industry 4.0 Pathway 9

Top Digital Transformation Challenges
Even for industry-leading manufacturers, the digital
transformation process is not without challenges. All
manufacturing companies must overcome obstacles in their
Industry 4.0 journey as they make the significant transition
to converged technologies.

Some of the top obstacles to digital

transformation include:

OBSTACLE 1 | Funding
32% of companies surveyed reported that funding
was an obstacle to their IIoT development.7 This is 50% of companies expect
consistent with a recent PwC survey, which also double-digit revenue
found that “unclear economic benefits/excessive investments” were
growth over the next five
the No.1 obstacle keeping companies from adopting Industry 4.0
practices.9 To minimize this obstacle, manufacturers can emphasize years due to Industry 4.0
to executives that the ROI for Industry 4.0 and IIoT technologies is digitization.9 With these
worth the up-front cost of implementation.
potential revenue gains,
funding concerns—while
valid—should not be allowed
to limit digitization.

Aegis Whitepaper: Obstacles to Digital Transformation 10

 OBSTACLE 2
Building a Business Case
Following funding concerns, building a business An MES system, however,
case is the next most widely-reported obstacle utilizes M2M connections
to IIoT development, with 30% of companies stating that it was
an issue for them.7 From accurately assessing current operations to ensure the delivery of
to accessing the high-quality data required to make complex mission-critical production
calculations and recommendations, a business case can be a
components to better
daunting prospect for many manufacturing managers. But if the tools
and resources needed for a successful production process are not manage resources, increase
properly put in place, the results can be disastrous. Studies show uptime, and drive revenue.
that unplanned downtime—due to missing assembly tools, improper
maintenance, or any other production problem—costs manufacturers
$50 billion annually.10 In the automotive industry, for example,
expected stoppages can cost up to $22,000 per minute.11

OBSTACLE 3 | Lack of IIoT Expertise

26% of companies surveyed reported that
Independent strategists
understanding IIoT and how it applies to their
business was an obstacle to their IIoT development.7 recommend relying on expert
According to PwC, 30% of companies also reported that insufficient technology partners, especially
employee qualifications—for IIoT and other technical areas—are a
stumbling block to achieving Industry 4.0 success.9 An IIoT learning when it comes to making
curve is to be expected in the Industry 4.0 journey, but leveraging sense of new IIoT analytics.12
standards and identifying technology partners with the appropriate
expertise can go a long way in bridging the IIoT knowledge gap.

Every journey has obstacles, and the Industry 4.0 journey is no different. The
key to overcoming roadblocks like those detailed in this section is anticipating
them, and being prepared to isolate and address them throughout the digital
transformation process. Keep in mind that no challenge is worth postponing the
revolutionary operational benefits afforded by Industry 4.0 capabilities.

Aegis Whitepaper: Obstacles to Digital Transformation 11

Choosing an Industry 4.0 Starting Point
Every successful Industry 4.0 journey needs a strong starting
point. In Step Three of the digital transformation process, it
was recommended that IT/OT leaders create an operational
architecture, outlining the small operational projects that will,
when implemented, comprise your company’s first leg of the
Industry 4.0 journey.

Choosing a pilot project for your Industry 4.0 journey requires

that leaders consider the following:

What does the company
want to achieve?
Don’t lose sight of the forest for
the trees. Consider your company’s
C-Level strategic objectives and
allow them to guide your choice.
What’s coming up next?
If there are larger implementation
projects that you eventually want
to tackle, consider how this pilot
project could affect them.
Is this project too
ambitious? Too simple?
The goal is to demonstrate to top
management that Industry 4.0
and IIoT are movements in which
the company needs to partake.
Be realistic, but aim to prove
significant benefits.

Ultimately, there is no one-size-fits-all method for embarking on the Industry

4.0 journey, but there are common in-roads that promote sustained success.
The following pages discuss four potential starting points.

Aegis Whitepaper: Choosing an Industry 4.0 Starting Point 12

 STARTING POINT 1
Define your Vision
Before embarking on any digitalization initiative, it
is crucial first to define where you are today. Once
that assessment has been completed, only then
can you begin to map out where you want to be tomorrow and then
five years down the line. Before you begin to evaluate technologies, you
should outline your strategic vision, goals and KPIs based on the value
and impact they will have on your company. Just because there may
be a “bleeding-edge” technology on the market, doesn’t automatically
equate to delivering value for your customers. Use your customer
base to help guide your digitalization journey to ensure that the focus
remains on improving and elevating overall customer experience and
satisfaction. Then you can begin to prioritize your investments and
projects based on areas that have the biggest gaps and can produce
the greatest opportunity and value.
 STARTING POINT 2
Connectivity
Beginning an Industry 4.0 journey with connectivity
is a strong choice that can enhance future
implementation projects. It involves advanced
technologies and capabilities such as MES/ERP, IIoT, M2M, and Smart
Devices, and is ideal if your environment lacks an IoT infrastructure,
your IT/OT are not converged, or your machines and smart devices are
underutilized due to a lack of data-sharing. By the start of 2018, there
were 260.9 million M2M connections worldwide, growing at a CAGR of
22.6% since 2012.13

A connectivity-based pilot project requires manufacturers to embrace

the IIoT in areas of their manufacturing operations, which could take
the form of an MES installation, an ERP/MES convergence project
or enhancing smart device communication—all of which hinge upon
data-sharing for operational excellence. To capitalize on the connected
ecosystem, organizations need to start looking at seamless integration
and data exchange with suppliers, customers, and other external
stakeholders. This is when architecture and standards play a very critical
role in breaking down the barriers between disconnected systems and
devices as well as removing the reliance on custom integrations.

The Connected Ecosystem brings a new wave of opportunities not only

in automation, optimization and smart manufacturing but now enables
manufacturers to move towards an “on demand,” highly adaptable
service model. Bridging the digital and the physical enable possibilities
such as remote monitoring, diagnostics, services & control, track & trace,
energy management, and so on.

Connectivity is a strong place to start when it comes to demonstrating

the value of the IIoT for collecting, transmitting, and leveraging
manufacturing data, especially now that 48% of manufacturers
believe Big Data is no longer optional.13

Aegis Whitepaper: Choosing an Industry 4.0 Starting Point 14

 STARTING POINT 3
User Adoption/Change Management
A component that is often overlooked is the
challenge of change and the “people piece.”
Change management in conjunction with
hiring talent and upskilling are enablers for Industry 4.0 adoption. By
deploying a solution that has a positive user experience, is easy to
configure, yet offers robust capabilities, companies can transform their
employees’ experience as well as retention rates, satisfaction levels
and of course, productivity.

MES empowers operators to leverage specialized manufacturing

insight without taking excessive time for cross-training, quickly
establishing a high level of team-wide flexibility. When surveyed,
more than 90% of leading manufacturers said that cross-trained
operators were instrumental in achieving flexibility.14

Aegis Whitepaper: Choosing an Industry 4.0 Starting Point 15

 STARTING POINT 4
Analytics
Industry 4.0 pilot projects that focus on analytics
The number one technology
will continually enhance operations throughout priority of high-growth
the process of digital transformation. Ideal
manufacturing companies is
for manufacturers who wish to gain insights that fuel operational
excellence, analytical advancement projects will ultimately assist in enhanced data availability,15
building a roadmap for future smart factory innovations. demonstrating the power
Graduating from low-value diagnostic and descriptive analytics to of Industry 4.0’s advanced
high-value prescriptive and predictive insights requires smart devices
analytical capabilities.
for data collection across the factory floor, as well as a converged IT/OT
environment to infuse meaning into every data point. By implementing
Industry 4.0 Big Data, Machine Learning, and AI techniques,
manufacturers can do much more than recognize key trends—they
can optimize and simulate operational excellence, power new
perspectives for statistical process control and business management,
set objectives that deliver real value, and answer questions they didn’t
even know to ask. In fact, 33% of manufacturers expect to increase
their revenue thanks to Industrial Analytics.4

Regardless of the area in which a manufacturer chooses to begin the Industry 4.0 journey, each key
element of digital innovation—IIoT connectivity, smart applications, and advanced analytics—will
eventually have a critical role to play. Keep in mind that this process is meant to create an architecture
into which you can implement small projects. From establishing internal/external communication
capabilities to sharing data, each project will ultimately interact in a truly connected factory.

Manufacturers preparing to implement Industry 4.0 capabilities should

also be aware of a strategic tool with the power to jumpstart digital
transformation: Best-in-class MES.

Aegis Whitepaper: Choosing an Industry 4.0 Starting Point 16

Fast Track Your Journey with MES
A key to success on the Industry 4.0 journey is a holistic
Manufacturing Execution System (MES). When deployed,
MES shares critical data between operational factory floor
processes and higher-level business systems such as ERP,
effectively converging IT/OT and becoming synonymous with
the IIoT platform powering Industry 4.0 capabilities.

The greatest opportunities for both business and operational gains are
derived from a unified MES platform. As manufacturers move towards
Industry 4.0, MES is the single tool that can power distributed,
modular IIoT architectures by sharing data between key areas, as well
as integrating with existing systems to ensure maximum value in the
shortest period.

The benefits of MES are often apparent from the start. 82% of
manufacturers who adopted MES saw reduced cycle times and lead
times within 12 months.8 84% of manufacturers experienced increasing
visibility across their manufacturing network, and 84% improved quality.8

For example, with MES, ERP requirements can be used to design

and employ optimized product operations. After implementation and
production, MES can supply ERP with rich data insights that enhance
future production planning. This level of manufacturing visibility,
insight, and control is what drives any Industry 4.0 project.

Aegis Whitepaper: Fast Track Your Journey with MES 17

While MES capabilities differ from provider to provider,
modern MES platforms include the ability to:

Provide configurability and

flexibility on the fly.

Connect seamlessly with Acquire data efficiently and conduct

automated equipment. process control and improvement.

Add automation, management, Respond and adapt to support

and traceability value. any type of process such as
Just-In-Time Routing, Configure-
Unify visibility and control into a to-Order, and Engineer-to-Order
single digital platform. without customization.

Without MES, factories are left with a gap that inhibits Industry 4.0 innovation. Project management and
engineering will lack crucial insight into equipment and process productivity, leaving the factory disconnected.

According to an LNS Research survey, only 20% of manufacturers

properly fill the MES gap.7 For many manufacturers, instituting MES
applications is the ideal starting point on an Industry 4.0 journey.

Aegis Whitepaper: Fast Track Your Journey with MES 18

Aegis FactoryLogix®
No matter where manufacturers begin their Industry 4.0 journeys, a
modular MES will fast-track their success in not only meeting today’s
infrastructure requirements but also powering critical connectivity they
will need down the line.

Aegis’ holistic, modular FactoryLogix® MES solution fills the MES gap
and fast tracks the Industry 4.0 journey with a single industrial platform
that makes it easy to configure new modules as legacy systems are
retired. Unlike traditional approaches to manufacturing software, which required
manufacturers to manage multiple vendors, numerous databases, and difficult
reporting processes while paying a high cost for customization, FactoryLogix
combines system consolidation with seamless integration to simplify and streamline
processes. Its integrated suite of adaptable, state-of-the-art software modules
support any form of discrete manufacturing without customization, providing innovative manufacturers with tools to
improve every aspect of their operations and enable Industry 4.0 capabilities. While many enterprise software companies
have attempted to build out their MES capabilities by acquiring smaller players and absorbing their technology, Aegis
has developed its entire solution suite in-house. As a result, companies benefit by having a consistent and standardized
product that ensures seamless upgrades to leverage the latest innovations that drive manufacturing excellence.

From production and logistics to analytics and integration, FactoryLogix MES powers the essential components of
Industry 4.0—innovative adaptability, intelligent insights, a connected ecosystem, configurable processes, and complex
simplicity—shifting centralized, disconnected production to decentralized, customer-centric models that represent the
future of manufacturing.

With more than 2,200 global installations, FactoryLogix delivers the complex
simplicity today’s manufacturers need to embrace the powerful benefits of
Industry 4.0. Begin your Industry 4.0 Journey with FactoryLogix today!

Email: info@aiscorp.com Corporate Headquarters European Headquarters Asia Headquarters

Visit: www.aiscorp.com 220 Gibraltar Road, Suite 300 Wetterkreuz 27 Rm. 809, Dahua Hucheng Business Center
@FactoryLogix Horsham, PA 19044 91058 Erlangen, Germany No 6, Lane 239, Dahua No. 1 Road
linkedin.com/company/aegis-industrial-software Phone: +1.215.773.3571 Phone: +49.9131.7778.10 Putuo District, Shanghai, 200442, P.R. China
Phone: +86 2 1 5882 4882
Copyright © 2021 Aegis Software. All rights reserved.

1. Source: Germany Trade & Invest, “INDUSTRIE 4.0—Smart manufacturing for the future,” | 2. https://industrytoday.com/article/centralized-vs-decentralized-manufacturing/
3. https://www.pwc.nl/en/assets/documents/pwc-industrie-4-0.pdf | 4. https://www.forbes.com/sites/louiscolumbus/2016/12/03/industrial-analytics-based-on-internet-of-things-will-revolutionize-
manufacturing/#5b61a2b56c03 | 5. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/techtank/2016/06/02/how-technology-is-changing-manufacturing/ | 6. https://www.forbes.com/sites/louiscolumbus/2016/08/07/
industry-4-0-is-enabling-a-new-era-of-manufacturing-intelligence-and-analytics/#1feb41137ad9 | 7. LNS Research, webinar | 8. A-16608 2016 MESA/Gartner Business Value of MES Survey.
9. https://www.pwc.nl/en/assets/documents/pwc-industrie-4-0.pdf | 10. https://www2.deloitte.com/insights/us/en/focus/industry-4-0/using-predictive-technologies-for-asset-maintenance.html
11. http://www.businessinsider.com/what-1-minute-of-unplanned-downtime-costs-major-industries-2016-9 | 12. https://www.strategy-business.com/article/A-Strategists-Guide-to-Industry-4.0?gko=7c4cf
13. https://www.forbes.com/sites/louiscolumbus/2016/09/18/big-data-analytics-potential-to-revolutionize-manufacturing-is-within-reach/#e3f8323187b9 | 14. https://hbr.org/2017/02/how-manufacturers-can-get-
faster-more-flexible-and-cheaper | 15. https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2016/11/16/iw_kronos_research_report_2016.pdf