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    23 views181 pages

    Applied Elasticity Chi The Wang

    Uploaded by

    Nico Fernandez

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 181
    KsIT Library as 1232005 9191 APPLIED ELASTICITY CHE-TEH WANG, SeD. New York Toronto London McGRAW-HILL, BOOK COMPANY, INC. 1953 APPLIED ELASTICITY enrseh, 85, by the cra Book Cmpasy, Tne, Pine in he oie Sate of Ars lit roid Thier ars ne "Bay to Be epraducol i ny Tom witha prin he pis rary of Cons Call Card Naor 52-878 caus se1ee 1 PREFACE ‘During the past seven years, th author hasbeen giving courses in the ‘heory of elsity to graduate engineering students at New York Unie versity. This book is an outgrowth of these lectures In prepating these leeture notes, the author hn to objectives in mind: ist to Pro vide the student with the noresary funasnental nome ofthe Chey 0 that he will beable o formulate any prablem oseuring in the elasieal ‘theory of elasticity; second, to wequsint him withthe most seul ana Iytial and mumereal methods 40 that after the problem is formulated, ‘he student will be she to salve it by ono of these methods ‘The author has found thatthe stadents, while taking a cour in the ‘theory of elasticity, ape often stadying advanced caleulus oonourenty, ‘Therefore, in presenting the material the mathematics i kept abu level which dose not presume a thorough’ backgroune in advanced eau. ‘Whenever higher mathomstis is involved, it wll ke dvived where it fist encountered. It is hoped, however, that the retegtion Lo the slementary matheratis will esl in no anduesteifce of igor. ‘As this book is intended roninly for engnoers a sttenypt i monde to ‘mmphasize the physical maunings of the notations and mathematical relationships ocurring in the sect. Since itis the engineer's ase ‘tofurishneceary information snd data tthe designe within a limited Deriod of time, several ef the most powerful numerical methods are dee cussed in detail, Whenever an exact solution fs intractable by other ‘mean, these numerical methods nally yield an approximate solution With sfciont scourary for engineering application, Suitable acknowledgments to roureas are made throughout tis volume, bout the authors chit debt isto Professor 8. Timoshenko, Ry V. South ‘wel, and T. 8, Sokelniko, whove work influenced the edertion of topios ‘covered in thin book. The author ls indebted to many of his student, partioularly to rank Lane and Robert J, Vaccaro, who tead the eam plete manuseript and made many corrections and suggetions, ‘To Pro- fessor B, Reismer of the Massechuscts Institute of Technology, the ‘author js grateful for his valuable ertciams, The author wishes take this opportunity to thank Professor F.C. Teistnann, chairman of vi PREFACE ‘the Department of Aerosauties at New York University, for is wang ‘cooperation. To hir wile Julia, tho euthor is indebod for he ong and Soreovering forts in encouraging his completion of this manuserpt. {To Jano, a young indy of six, who co oft and ao chocrullyaucrifiend her weekend playtime to “let Dad finish his work,” this book is humbly Aedicated ©. Wang CONTENTS Proce carmen Analyis of Sires 414 Deion and Notation of Boe 12 Dif Byes of io 1 Specinton of Sir sta To. 14 cpa Stress the Make Ding 15 Boundary Coin Teme of ven Bute Fe curren 2 Analysis of Srxin 21 Strain Component 3 Speitntn of Sn at 2 Tit 25 Campout Basins ‘cuxrren3. Stres-Strsin Relations and the Goneral Equations of Blaaticity 2.1 elation of Bing trae 32 Gomrlnd Hoke Low $38 Genre Honk Lain Terme of agieering Hse Cosianix 4 Formation af Bait biome : 25 Stn Bers 22h Exace a Usha of ttn 3 Sint Venanes rn ceuseren 4 Planestress and Plane-train Problems 441 The Governing Dra Eautions {22 Bandi of ‘Nero Canover of Rostangsar rose Soo we ab ‘in lad : 43 Gaal Egan in Gini Cortnains {U4 Mie oylnder der Urn Prem Sk and Fors Fs {65 ‘The tof Sal Crear Hole Stine Tl, Sas Concer ton 46 Stvnen n Rotating Dik ad Chine 17 Rotting Dat of Varble Thicke 105 Thamal Stan fT De and ong slink comarren 5 Torsion of Various shapod Bars £22 Tandon of Grevar and Bipiel ers 8 gee aaee wit conrewrs 5 Tons of Restanglr Base 1M Montrene Acne $5 Too of Thin Open eins 6 Torn of Thin Tees : 23P Toon of Creu Sats of Varia Bitar _ ‘curren 6 Finitediference Approximations and the Relation ‘Method (G2 Fistediernce Equations 1G Sato ofthe Ttedifewsce Bgatios {G4 Relation Mato. {GS Bock Retrtng sd Linc of matey : {0 Maghecores Fasdifernce Apps {7 Matin of Extraplation (Carved Boundars end Cinag f Nes Intra 1 Other Boundary Conitone == carmen 7 Bnorgy Pringles and Variational Methods 1 Pinot Foetal Hao 32 Pilot Colanntary Huey 413 The Wao of Poet sd Ga Yertbon Pci 15 Galatta 16 Dhno Kah Nein 1 Repeal Them sn Gang Fra winiary Baerey Cosieed ws quarven § Soltion by Means of Complos Variables 181 Complex Voit nd Camper Funtone 483 Some Funatonta Relat of the Theory of Complex Voss ‘Torn of Prat Dare 1 Tors of Epa or 15 Panes and Pesta Prolene 1 Satan of Panrarer and Patrain Probe in Pla Corton {57 Gemral Sitti or a ne Pate ith» Gree Bele £4 nie Pa den Ain Gomes Foro ad Monet {0 Pint Bounded by Two Concent Cres 31 Mg en Per Spl Temi Std Centra cuarran Bending and Compresion of Bars, Elastic Stability 9. Simpl Bending of Prime Bars {43 Combed Beoting std Conprenon of Primatol Bar conrenrs (03 Poste Har under Avil Compromin.hate Silty ‘34 Busing Lae for Cota wit Contant Goss Stan ith Bt Eade lately Suporte 27 The Fae of taal Caen curren 10. Numesical Methods n the Determination of Buckling Loade 104 Fint-irece Approximations 103 Ralston Metbod 103 Higher-order Fise-didence Apposimatisns 14 Medea of Tstraplaton 105 Raegy Metin 0. Decrton of Rais Forman fo Pipl of tani xray {0 Borin the Buckling Lads Cle by te nenty Mend {2g Dascminatin of Lae Bou of he Busting Lone fr Calas wit ‘Vrae Crs Seton ‘euarren 11 Bending and Bucking of Thin Plates 1.1 Diseretia Equation or the Bening of Tha Plates 12 Boundary Centon, 113 Beating of Simpy Suporte Weaning Paar Ta Boley ot Tsang Mates wh Cumged ge, Rayigh it ‘Method 145 Reallg of Crear Pte 18 Combed ending and Steichigof eagle Piste 1 Seige Stet nen Hari ei 148 Becling of Simply Sippel Sguare aie Compre is To Per pander Diets Finedieence Approximation 119 Boeing of Sanpiy Supported Rectangular Fates wer Set, Ecrny ccuxrran 12 ‘Theory of Thin Shells and Curved Plates 141 Se Dilfrntist Gamety of» Sane. 123 Tre Bq Houaine 133 Menten Thor of Sheds the Foo rae o Retin 424 Membrane Tory of Cel Cyindre Stele 425 Deermintn ofthe Sein Component 128 Goan Thor of Goole Ovlodra halle 13> Checlr Onde! Sel Lode Symmes with Renpec to it Ave 128 Gylindal Shel ander Usenet Ladin 4329 Beeld of Crear Cydia! Shall une Unilor Ail Cee Index rs 8 Sepsees BESERS x 28 8 288 883 cuarren 1 \ ANALYSIS OF STRESS 1. Definition and Notation of Stress. When's body is under the cof eel tna nd ait {tried thee the ftp cous alta se tl bey oer rey hp lyon aot iSong Ther te lyin “Et Sat teal foretell hat oe scien Then hero y pt svar soloed ‘chy a tle eon a Sena tote te tnt oro nn muni ra po ofan occas ney ara ieee Pang reg nyo intny mon last me et Tabgetaerp oom es twrentraisictotn ee 1, westie daw tty pte puta trop a amt “Shae tt at fg oe pre tu coe Una oe no fate neato of how panto ito Tao, fc ecousge tng ott, tat ely nl iy git Srcton and i tan Sen natn tak Gomtonty ees stare oy ‘Ea ben ti nnn ad teas dn ctr ent yer Spree tte ops hea haere on SESiy Shae ee rea see cede Sys ce cmpity Soe ys spa Sekai tne eA ae yo Soe ho passin sngesinsi nao nan Fakta Tray tierpstoupoumtd eta Mosca ier ssocints dsr se ompaly tomes ca nets Senin sehen mvt “h sre at etd igang ee geste Sino a te Sasa aplenty cae ‘may use the mbseript 2 to denote the yz plane. ‘The stress at a point ox 2 Arius stasticiry ‘ surtace may be resolved into two components normal sess perpen- dicular tothe usface ad a shearing sree acting inthe plane of te a face. "We shall denote the normal-stree component by the iter and the shearing-stres component by the eter x.” Fora normal-atrens com ponent, the direction is slready specified, snl only one suber is needed to denote the plane on which tact, Inthe cas of ashearing-tess com oven, it ean agin be seolvedinta to components inthe dreetions of the coordinate axes ints plane, and ‘we therefore need two subscripts {oritsdescription—one say the ist subscript, to denote the plane on hich it det, and the other, o the second aubsernt, to denoeita dir ‘on. For example, the tree stress Fane ‘components acting on a surface paral to the ye plane willbe de- noted by em ru tm according to thie notation, ‘Through a pot in = body we can construct thre orthogonal coordinate planes on which we have nine stress components, Tho notation of other strns components Is shown in Fig. 12. Let us next define the sign convention. A normal eres is defined Positive if it is tensile stress, se, i itn dneted away from the surface ‘upon which it acts, If it ie direted toward the surface, itis valod 2 ‘compresive stress and is dened as nogative. Since tensile sree it always directed away from the surface, on surface auch as A'B'C' in Fig. 12, tis pastive when itis inthe postive direction of the coordinate ‘xi, while on mich a murface ae ABCD, sie positive when oppeste to the Positive direction ofthe oordinate axis. Tn view of thie, we stall deine ‘the positive directions of the shearing stresses as fllows’ on any surface ‘here the tensile stress isin the postive diretion ofthe coordinate ais, rach a 4'B'C'D’, th shearing stones are positive if they arin the Po tive directions ofthe other two coordinate axes. If the tenale streak ‘oppeite tothe postive ass the pastvedieetions ofthe shearing street are also opposite to the positive axes. Following this rule the postive rections ofthe stress components acting onthe right, front, o topside ‘ofthe cubic element in Fig. 12 eoinide with the postive direction ofthe coordinate axes. ‘The postive directions are all reversed if we are cons ‘dering the left, rear, gr bottom sie of ths element. 4.2, Dierenal Equations of Bqullbrium. "A body is eid to be in ‘qulbrien when, under the ation of external forces it isa rt or mor ‘ng ina straight fine with constant velocity. There are, in genera tv ANALYSIS OF srnzs8 8 de er on whch may aco ody. we he erfce forces od the body foreee_ A fore mich as nr, which is distributed over the surfie of «body, i called « surface free. Such forces as the grevtational and centefugal frees, which are distributed yer tho volume of the body, ae called oy foreas. A runface force fe given in terms of fore ' body (ore is given intern of {ce per unit volume. To distinguish these frees, we shall use the sy Tle X, F, Z to denote the x,y, «components of surface fore end the symbols X, ¥, 2 to danota they, etmponents ofa body force Before we prooeed to derive the equilibrium equations, we shall at pain the method of writing the stres components on the various cut {ces ofan infinitesimal element, Let ue take ancementary block of unit oe. ¢ oe = fT =, ice ea tas og length witha cros-sectional area de-dy. Tn gneral, the stresesin a body ‘vary from pont to pint. Consider the simple ease where the element is ‘subjected to tensile streses in tho = direction only (Fig. 1.2). Let us denote the sre at A by e= Since de isan iniitsimal neat element, ‘wemay write the stress at Ben, as th sm of ad the sal variation of stres from A to B. From the wellknown rules in the diferential calculus, this small aration may be obtained by multiplying the rate of change of with respect to a4 by the length 42, namely, * canet he al 1.) he el dng ig ec tn top trash nett Bayne Shy nee * ae . anette ‘ te cane ey wa)ed = (4a) +2 Oe " +e 0 oh t Appuipp uasrierry since de and dae initesmal quantities heir squatesand products are Since compared ‘ith the quantities themselves. Ax rent, in sr i the ter nD) ey hs en ogre a i eal i ro ath th ern (0/28) deo (Ora/a) Terms containing caer jantties of Higher degrees are called higher-order terms, and they a eatin the presenen of terme containing small quantities of rue Lt) (1) ea ab i expla iy means of ay cota the ferential Consider an arbitrary funeton ee sl he Kewell me bn fa) Hii eapuulng Jere yay) torso Taylors wei we is net fate of tho funtion at = 20 ds, 9 = e+ ib tan = (cE) +1 (22) an (2h). sear+ ‘whore (49/4) (Af/9v)n et. dante the values ofthe fist partial desiva- Tie att yo If we et fis) = en dy = 0 and neglect Higher-order terms weaciveat Eq, (Ll). Sinilaiy, byletting de = Oand neleting Nighet-order terms, ve obtain Bq. (1.2), By retaining both dr and dy and nogleting higher-order terms, we obtain Ba. (1.3). "Sion higher-order terms are neplected, wo find that the stresses over the fores AD and BC ae distributed in'ainear manner. Henoe, the Force seting om the face AD is ‘The resultant fore acting on the element-ABOD ie therefore a anne Bed we assume thatthe mean stress on ADi¢2zand acting a the canter ofthe fac, then the mesn etress acting oB BC will be a+ (8/2) dx. So fares the rnultant ‘ores i eoncared, this second state of snes dis- (sibution gives identically the same roll as tho fist stress atte. The CON Step ANALYSIS oF STRESS = 5 Aerivation of the equilibrium equations is based manly on these rsult- fnte. For the purpose of deriving the equilibrium equations, we may therefore consider the second tste of simplied stress listibutin instead fof the more detail ist state. Figure 14 shows the sume clement subjected to a guneral system of postive two-dimensional tresses, 9 wells body fore, acording tothe Smpiited movie of representation, Dy twordinemional see ayston ‘we moan ta neh cases aie tent of and the fomponentsare rer. ‘The hry foreesX an 1 Y ave assumed ante ae wal ne {4 zt ToL sires, Summing all foren inthe 2 direction, the condition. 2P, = 0 ives (ota) niie(erea)er— reset rarer at | Cling tems, we obtain (2+ %+x)aray—0 Since de yi not noms sre the onion 2, = Onesies ated 4 fe x =o ro) ‘Similarly from 2F, = 0, we obtain aris ty = fay ayeo as — 6 AppuixD BLasTiciTY ‘Byuatons (1-1) end (1.5) ate the two-dimensional ferential equations of equllbura in cartesian coordinates. Th tho general pie of an elementary Mock under a system of positive three dimensional reeaee, we ean show that the ciferential equations of ‘equilibrium ia carvan coordinates are the following ae Referring agiin to Fig, 14, and takiag moments about 0 we obtain from the cond on 22g = 0 that teat (+4) - (+84) (+9) — coave + (1a-+ Bae) av (e+ de) — uaa (2+ 4) Ho +%ga)a (+8) + cnay (mt Spe) a ~ ara (149) + erseen(o48) <0 tr th otek ml lap. Caltig oh Sioa are en anee y= ($5408 4 x) rte ns 2 + (4% +r)suu=0 an rom Rg. (14) snd (1.8), we we that the terms inthe second and thd parenthescs (Eq, (17) ore aera, Sinoe de dy ig not necessarily zero, Bq. (7) ra¢ueos to tan te =O on tonte as) Jin the g neal three-

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