The Individual Research Projects

Course: Geography of sea routes

Group 208 İ
Student:Novruzov Aliagha
Lecturer: Elchin Osmanov

2020

Topic 3. Black sea azov basin. The main

ports of the basin
Odessa port
Odessa port is the largest Ukrainian seaport and one of the largest ports in
the Black Sea basin, with a total annual traffic capacity of 40 million tonnes (15
million tonnes dry bulk and 25 million tonnes liquid bulk). The port has an
immediate access to railways allowing quick transfer of cargo from sea routes to
ground transportation. Along with its younger satellite ports
of Chornomorsk (1958) and Yuzhne (1973), port of Odessa is a major freight
and passenger transportation hub of Ukraine.
The port is located at the western shores of the Odessa Bay. It consists of several
harbors which are divided one from another by a number of jetties, while the
port itself is screened off from the open sea by few long breakwaters located in
the Odessa Bay. Just around the southern jetty (Karantyny) located a passenger
terminal with a multi-story hotel at the Nova jetty. Towards the middle there is a
Ship Maintenance Factory "Ukraina". At the northern portion are located grain
and main oil terminals, while at the southern there is a smaller oil terminal amid
container loading quays.

Ilyichevsk port
The International sea port of Ilyichevsk has appeared on sea commercial maps
recently. Because of it became clear that the Odessa sea port would not be able
to cope with the having increased trade operations and to handle all coming
cargoes. And thus the first piles of a new sea port as well as of Ilyichevsk city
were driven not far than 18 kilometers from the Odessa regional centre, at the
Dry liman shore in January 1958.
In 1961 the sea port of Ilyichevsk became an independent and one of the major
ports that extended its foreign trade ties and worked the whole year round in the
North-West of Black sea region. The port has increased significantly the
turnover of cargo between Ukraine and many countries of the Asia-Pacific
region.
At the present time the International Ilyichevsk commercial seaport cooperates
with more than 150 ports of 110 countries around the world and transships more
than 20 million tons of bulk cargo such as metal, grain, fertilizer, oil and
container cargoes per year. The facilities of port consists of 28 berths and a
container terminal that are equipped with a modern cranes, railway grid and
truck roads allowing to transship cargo efficiently onto railway flatcar, trucks,
container ships and vice versa for a further sea transport of cargo.
The port is developing and modernizing its capacities permanently and
deepening its port aqua zone. The deepening of the seabed has allowed to call all
new container vessels in with the draught of more than 14 m and length over
300 m, carrying more than 6,500 sea containers at a time.

Nikolaev Sea Port

Nikolaev Sea Port's position: Latitude 46°56′N; Longitude 34°57′E.
The port is located in the city of Nikolaev, on the left bank of the bend of the
Yuzhniy Bug river, 35 km upstream from where the river flows into the
Dneprovskiy Liman (estuary). The port joins the sea via the
BugskoDneprovskoLimanskiy Channel (BDLC) passing through the Dnepro-
Bugskiy Liman and Yuzhniy Bug river. This channel starts at Berezan Island
and goes on 44 miles to Nikolaev Port. The channel consists of 13 bends, 6 of
which pass through the Dneprovskiy Liman, and the others through the Yuzhniy
Bug river. It is 100 m wide and 11.2 m deep.
Nikolaev port is navigable all year round. The water in the liman is fresh.
In the cold period of the year, from November till April, N, NE, W, NW winds
prevail, and from April till October, NE, S, SE winds do. The average monthly
wind speed is 3–6 mps. In the cold period wind speed of 15 mps and more tend
to prevail. In the warm period the winds' direction is marked by twenty four
hour circulation, which makes for stable wind breezes, i.e. southerly during the
day and northerly winds at night.
Fogs are mostly observed from October till March, with the average monthly
number of foggy days ranging from 4 till 12.
Visibility in port's approach channels and waters extends to 5–10 miles and
more.
Nikolaev port's waters are not protected from winds – that is why small vessels
cannot take shelter in them – so, in case of S, SW, SE winds, masters of such
vessels must take the necessary precautions.
The port's waters provide good anchorage for large tonnage vessels.
In icy periods icebreaker assistance is performed by port's tugs.
Nikolaev port is equipped with all means of communication.
The port waters' total area is 323 ha; port land area comprises 69,3 ha.
Nikolaev region ports is a number of port facilities situated on the banks of
Yuzhnyy Bug river. Maximum sailing draft in all ports of the region is restricted
by the approaching channel draft, which is 10,30 m basis fresh water. The chain
on the Nikolaev region ports includes:
Kherson sea port

Kherson port is situated 15.0 km from the mouth of the river Dnepr on its right
bank and is approached by going up the fairway of the Rvach River, up the
Dnepr's Olkhovy arm, and the Dnepr River itself.

The port is navigable year-round. Northerly and northeasterly winds prevail.

Wind speeds over 15 m/s occur in 10 % of the year, usually between November
and March. Fogs are observed 19–60 days per year on an average, and last 5–6
hours a day.

The Dneprovskiy estuary is declared a national reserve. Navigation is permitted

only along its navigable arms. Navigation along the fairway leading into the port
presents no big difficulties. In winter, when the Dnepr freezes over, vessels are
led into the port by icebreakers.

Kerch Port
Kerch city is situated on the Ukrainian shore of the Kerch-Yenikalsky Strait,
which joins the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.
In 1874 the Kerch-Yenikalsky Strait was dug through the Strait of Kerch to
develop merchant navigation.
Besides Port Kerch and the ferry complex TIS-Krym there is also SE Kerch
Fishery Port in Kerch. The big local enterprises include an integrated iron and
steel plant, and the Zaliv Shipyard.
The population of Kerch is approx. 160,000 people.
The official date of birth of Kerch Merchant Sea Port is October 10 (October 23
by Gregorian calendar), 1821.
The nearest ports are: Theodosia, lying 100 km away, port Krym (Ukraine), port
Kavkaz (Russia), port of CJSC Kamyshburun.

General Information
Along the shores of Kerch Strait the coldest months are January and February.
Most part of the year NE winds prevail, known for their high speed and long
duration. In summer southern winds are common. Wind speeds up to 21–24 mps
are rare. Calms are rare.
Fogs occur most often from November till March. Atmospheric precipitation
occur most often from November till March–April. Thunderstorms are most
probable from May till October–Novem-ber; during this period thunderstorms
can be observed on an average 3–5 days per month.
Kerch port is situated on the coast of the Kerch Bay. The port’s approach
channel withdraws from the Yenikalsky bend of Kerch-Yenikalsky Strait, 1.1
miles to ESE from Cape Beliy, and leads to the port’s Shirokiy Mole.
Besides its inner water area, the port also owns: the water area of its approach
channel that is up to 80 m in width plus the channel’s pro-tective margins (up to
100 m in width on both sides); the water area of the Kerch-Yenikalsky Strait
(from buoy No. 1 to buoys No. 51 and No. 52, running through Pavlovsky,
Burunsky, Yenikalsky and Chushkinsky bends) that has a width of up to 100 m
on both sides.
The port is open to ships all year round; when there is ice in Kerch Strait,
motion of thick ice in the channels is possible because of constant turn of the
current and wind.
In such conditions vessels can be permitted to pass only by VTS in any
individual case.

Entering and Leaving Port

When proceeding to Port Kerch, information about the ship’s approach must be
given 48 hrs prior to ETA and again 24 hrs thereafter. It is defined more
precisely 4 hours before entering the Kerch-Yenikalsky Strait. Clearing the ship
departure and arrival is performed on board the ship.

Navigational Conditions
The port is accessible for vessels with draft of up to 8 m and length up to 200 m.
The total length of the Strait of Kerch is 22 miles. The widest part, between
Kerch and the eastern part of Taman Gulf, is 22.5 miles; its narrowest part,
between ports Crimea (Ukraine) and Kavkaz (Russia) is 2 miles.
The Kerch-Yenikalsky Strait is accessible for ships of up to 215 m in length and
up to 8 m in draft. The Harbour Master may permit bigger vessels to enter the
channel individually. Ships of over 160 m in length and over 6 m draft should
only navigate the channel during daytime. It is prohibited to enter Kerch-
Yenikalsky Channel during periods of fog, snowfall, mist, heavy rain, and if
wind speed is over 14 mps.
The VTS operates in Kerch Strait. For ships bound for ports in the Strait of
Kerch and passing in transit through the Kerch-Yenikalsky Strait, the services of
Vessel Traffic Service Centre are compulsory by KYC (Kerch-Yenikalsky
Strait).
Rules concerning Ships’ maximum speed limits are as follows: throughout the
entire Kerch-Yenikalsky Strait: 10 knots for the ships with a draft of over 5 m;
12 knots for vessels with 5 m and less draft; along Port Kerch approach channel:
7knots for all vessels.
Giresun Port
Giresun is located on the Black Sea coast, approx 70nm W of Trabzon. General
overview: The port is mainly an overspill port for when Trabzon and Hopa
become congested. The port of Giresun comprises of 2 areas, the inner harbour
and the outer harbour. The inner harbour is the area contained in the inner side

Zonguldak Port
Zonguldak is situated on the Black Sea coast, approx 330km E of Istanbul.
General overview: The main function of the port is the export of coal from the
Eregli coalfields. There are also regular passenger and Ro-Ro ferry services.
Traffic figures: Approx 200 vessels visit the port annually. Load line zone:
Summer. Max size: Largest vessel handled: "Kahraman Maras", bulk carrier,
draught 8.5m, 30,360DWT.