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    Notes for AS physics

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    Notes for AS physics

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    15 views5 pages

    Superpostion Notes

    Uploaded by

    sifatclashgaming
    Notes for AS physics

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    Superposition Chapter 11: Superposition Stationary Waves Ditfracion Interference ‘Two-source interference pattems Diffraction grafong __ | ‘Explain and Use the principle of superposition In simple application Principle of Superposition: When two of more waves of the same type meet at a point. he resullant Ganatemsnt ef tre waves 's equal tothe vector sum of ther dividual dsplacements a that pont demonstrate stationary waves Using microwaves. ‘Show an understanding of experiments whieh (shed strings and air columns. _ Stretched Sur aaa eerane with one end foxed and another attached to a verical ascilator Stationary 2 produced by the direct and reflected waves in the stnng Reflector or we can have the string stopped at one end with a pulley as shown below —— b. ) Y ni Microwaves Miso tes er placed a dstance sway from a meta plate thot reflects the emited wave, BYmovng 2 ea the pamol the wave. the nodes and anunedes could be detected o etal plate A tuning fork held at the mouth of a of fair in the tube. The ‘at the mouth ofa open tube projects a sound wave into the column of ai i tenath ofthe tube can be changed by varying the wate level Al certain lengths of the ube, the ar column fesonates with the tuning fork. This is due tothe formation of staionary waves by the incident and reflected sound waves at the water surlace Tuning fork Air colurin Water (reflector) oe | Explain the formation of a stationary wave using & a Fy wave using a graphical method, and Identity nodes and ‘Stationary (Standing) Wave) is one - whose waveform/wave profile does not advance (move), : where there is no net transport of energy, and c ‘where the positions of antinodes and nodes do nol change (with ime). | A stationary wave is formed when two progressive waves of the same frequency, amplitude and speed, traveling in opposite directions are superposed. (Assume boundary condiions are mel} Stationary Waves Progressive Waves ‘Amplitude | Varies from maximurvat te anl-nodes to | Same for all paricks ia the “wave zero al the nodes rd (provided no energy is st) Wavelength | Twice the distance between a par of| The distance between wo consecutive || adjacent nodes or ani-nades points on a wave. that ate im phase | Phase Particles i the same segmenl/ between 2 | All parvcies wihin one wavelength have adjacent nodes, are in phase Particles in| afferent phases adjacent segments are in ant-phase - Wave Profile | The wave profile does nol advance. The wave profile advances. | Energy No energy is transported by the wave. | Energy « vansponed in the Gvecion of the wave. Node is a region of destructive superposition where the waves alvays meet out of phase by + radians. Hence displacement here is permanently zero for minimum). Antinode is a region of constructive superposition where the waves always meet in phase, Hence a particle here vibrates with maximum ampliude (but itis NOT a pt with a permanent arge displacement} Dist between 2 successive nodes/antinodes = > Max pressure change occurs at the nodes (NOT the antinodes) because every node changes fr being a pt of compression to become a pt of rarefaction {half a period later} ‘d._| Explain the meaning of the term diffraction. Recall and solve problems by using the formula dsin8 = nk and describe the use of a diffraction grating to determine the wavelength of light. (The structure and use of the spectrometer is not required.) | Diffraction’ refers to the spreading {or bending} of waves when they pass through an opening {gap}, of round an obstacle (into the “shadow” region). {llustrate with diag) For signsficant diffraction to occur, the size of the gap + 7. of the wave For a diffraction grating, d sin 6 = n> d= dist between successive sits (grating spacing} = reciprocal of number of lines per metre When a ‘white light passes through a diffraction gratina, for each order of diffraction 2 longer wavelength {red} difracts more than a shorter wavelenath (violet {as sin® +») Show an understanding of experiments which demonstrate difraction Including the diffraction of water waves In a ripple tank with both a wide gap and a narrow gap. Diffraction refers to the spreading of waves as they pass through a narrow sit orneatan obs\acle For diffraction to oceur, the size of the gap should approxmately be equal to the wavelength of the wave ‘Shaw Sh understanding of the terms interierence and coherence. = Coherent waves: Waves having a constant phase diference (not zero phase diferenceiin phase) Interference may be describe as the superposition of waves from 2 egherent sources For an observablelwell-defined interference pattern, the waves must be colierent, have about the amplitude, be unpolgrged or polansed m the same duecton, & be of the same Ne iworsouree interference using water, | Show an understanding of experiments which demonstrate Oseitaor Water Tank Interference patterns could be observed when two dippers are attached to the wibrator of the ripple tank The nes produce constucive and destuchve nterference. The dipper are coherent sources Because iy ate fixed tothe same vibrator (ON THE NET merference hin, and Refer tothe applet on tip divvew.ngs http ew alentirook. islgbss.cuphysiClass/ Microwaves: Microwave transmitter Detector [] 4 1 ‘Microwave emitted from a transmitter through 2 sits on a metal plate would also produce interference: patterns By moving a delector on the opposite side of the metal plote, a series of nse and fallin amplitude fof the wave would be registered Light Waves (Youns double slit ex Fe Oot [ Li ~ \ HMonechramatic ight source ‘Since light is emsted from a bulb ranciomly, the way to obtain two coherent light sources is by spitting light from a single sit ‘The 2 beams from the dauble slit would then interfere with each other, creating @ pattern of alternate bright | and dae tanges for high and low mtenstes) at regular intervals, wih i also Known as ou interference pattern mS wwe25 we 2 me1S mel mS m0 0S wd mm med mets md 1 at Show an understanding of the conditions required i Shaw ari required if two-source interference fringes are to be Ce ondition for Constructive Interference at a pt. phase difference of the 2waves atP=0 {or 2x, 4z, etc) Thus, with 2 in difference = (n +" * implies path difference = mi: with 2 antiphase sources: path Condition for Destructive Interference ata pt P phase difference of the 2waves atP=n (or 3z, 6x. ele} With 2 in-phase sources, + implies path difference = (n* 's 2). with 2 antiphase sources: path difference =n Recall and solve problems using the equation 22 for double-slit interference using light. Fringe separation x=A2, i1a<

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