aruc war (uNKedin)- Nore l GAUERY (TELEGRAM). What is $0.9 we * SU IS stand for structured guery Janguage. * This database language is mainiy designed for maintaining the dara yelational database management Sysrerne. ° Sqh is Standard language fer Vecessing And Manipulating database. —Lypes_of S02 Cornmands: Dot Dew Teh. bara Derminen | | dave ryanipvanos!| | vara conneot | [reenzaction prea ial stan LANGUAGE PaNtgeh INSERT Geant UPDATE Revoke Devere Roresack SPVEPOINT ATUL 0 mMAR CLINKEDIN) ~DDL COMMANDS: Dor (Dara DeFinition Language) used fo change the Hructure oF the tobe I'ke creating tne foble, altering #he toble Deleting tne rosie. All phe Commands in the DBPL are auro Committed that means It permanentty saves ail the changet /n the darabase. 1. CREATE : this command jt usted fo create Q net. dafabare or tole. Syntax : CREATE TABLE robe. name ( Column datatype, column dararyre, Columns datatype , Is Example: CREATE TABLE Employee Employee/0 Int, Firstname varchar (255), lastalame varchar (255), Addretfhine Varchar (255), City Varchar (255)2 Alter fhe ALTER TABLE statements jn sfrudured Query Language allow yo add, modify , and delete Colurnns of an existing tagie « dSyntay : ALTER TABLE Cable-name ADO Column_name cararype Example: ALTER TABLE Employee AD Email larchar (255); GR ALL TTS LN TE 3- Drop TUL Km. INICED AL AIOTES GALLERY (TELEGRAM). Tre DroP Table statement ts used fo crop an exirting table jna databace. thif Command celetes both pne structure £ Kecorde sfored jn rable. fyntox: DROP TABLE rable name; Examele if DRoP TABLE Employee | emer rcremserncmeeNMSC SSA PEN ACSA NCPR TRREA EAR te 4. TRUNCATE A truncate SPL Starement it used fo vernove al) vows ( Cornplete dora) From a fable. it jy similar to DELETE Starernent With no PINERE clause. Continue —» ATuh eomar (Linneoir),a. Syntiye: TRUNCATE TABLE oble. name ; Exampie: TRUNCATE FABLE Emproyee } [oes Arh ele eet eae eee | DML _Commanps : 2 INSERT sa SOL INERT trarement it a SQL query It jg used 10 insert a single or a multiple verde ina table. Syntax: INLERT INTO ¢able_name values (valuet, valued, value 3..); Hampie: INERT TO STUDENTS (ROll_ AlO, NAME , AGE, CITY) vawwes (1, Yadnyesh 19 , Poné); | UPDATE. The OFDALE starement is Used ¢o modify the existing yewords jn a fable. Syntax? UPDATE Fable-name SET cojurnn] = Valuet, column 2 = = yalue 2,... IAIMERE Condition ; Continue —_, ATUL WIMOR [LINKEDIA ). CAb — EXampte: UPDATE Custpo meré ; ; iy SET confactiame = Yadu , city = Pune’ IAINERE CustomeriD = 1015 3-_Deceré The DELETE statement js used fo delete exketing rewrds In @ table. Somme Deere From tobie_name [WHekE condition] ; Example: ‘ ” DELETE FROY Cy stoners IAINERE CustormerNiame = yadu ANU aun ww). “AICTE S GALLERY [ FEL A 4 GRANT It i used fo give user gecess privileges to a databace. Syntax: GPRENT SELECT , UPDATE ON rMy_ TABLETO'SOME_ USER , ANOMER_ USER; 2 REVOKE Pris command wWithdraos the user't access privileges given by using the GRANT command. GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON) My TABLE TO (OME_USER, ANOPHER_ USER} Syntox: Revo ELECT, UPDATE ON) MAY_. TABLE Peom USER! User 2; Larue kumar Cemceorn). Bi 4TCL Commands 4. Conmat Commit a Transaction. The Commit Command faves al) the transactions ¢o the databose Lince the lash COMMIT or ROLLBACK command. Syntax! COMMIT; Example: DELETE FROM grudent LINERE AGE = 20; Ceranir ; Sener TELGRULERY ( TELEGRA! TF any evrer eccurg with any of qhe LL grouped Sfaternents, all changes need fo be abosted. The process of reversing changes if called vollback. Lyntex: ROLLBACK ; Example : Devere FROM spudent WERE AGE = 20; ROLLBACK ; ATUL omar (eink EDIN). : &SQL SORT NOTES The S@L yeserved words and characters ave called operators, whith ave usted With a WHERE clause in @ ft query. [ere Name clats __|owwision | cry 10} VYadnytth toth 4 Pune 102 om loth c Mumbai 103 Sani} 10th D Pune [ey Ronan Jorn Bb Pune [les Atul tor A Deni | | Joe Yadav loth L e [Mumbai Student Informoarion Fable. | LS 1. _AND OPERATOR "ne S@L PND operator }$ used With tne Where clause jn the £92 Muery - AND operaror IN $42 yerurns enly gnose records wonrtch Satisty both the conditions In fhe £42 guery. Continue —> | aru roman (ommerra)—_ Guery 2 2 ” 5 i Sevecr *FRon gry dent Keke alame = Yadav “MriD City > ‘nfumbai"s Ontput > Koli-alo NAME CINsS Diusion city 1oé Yadav Jom c | Mumbai fn above example rhe sg) statement returns only one value cause in given g¢osle and thelr iy only one Stident Who has name "Yadav" f he belongs 4o mumbai. Note: Thue if all the conditions ceparared by AND Is True. . R 1b $< PR (LI KEDIAL, = ‘ OR OPERATOR. OPERATO ALOT ES ileRy (TELEGRAM). + Phis operator disploys rhe yewrds yohere either one of the conditions londitionl and Condition? evaluates 7o True. « The OR operator elispleys @ yewrd if any of the conditions Leparated by OR is Tyue- Query > SELECT * PROM student WERE Division 2"C "OR City = “petri” Ovtput> Roll-slo_| lame Class Dison city. jor om [oth C3 Mumbai 105" aque loth a Deni 106 Yadav loth c Numbai Continue —> LAruceomon(erniEDIN)- ye—<— Jn qne above example phe <9! ttaterjent returns phree values. Cause Given qoble have #wWo Sudentt tho belongs fo C Division one ts From Delhi. Alte: TRUE iF any of phe conditions separated by OR it TRve. 3. Between! OPERATOR: Poe Between operator In fa. shows pre record within the vange mentioned In the SOL query - The operator operttes on qe numbers, characters, and dare /¢ime operands. Query > evecT * EKO Student WHERE Roll_nlo BETWEEN Jo2 HxD 10uS wm PR [ LINKED Ial ). Outpur> Zoltato | alame Class Oinsion city. for Om loth a Mumbai | 103 JSQnil joth dD Pune 104 Renan jo B Pune.__| In phe above example ghe £4] > Query : ELECT * PROM Grudent WIMERE CITY LiKe LUy.)s Aruc Komer [t Output: Alor ES GALLERY (TE ERAT, [eon lo Alame class Division! ary. | yor fadnyesh foth Pane foe on toh | rfumbal 103 Sant) lorh Pune toy _|_ Renan Joth Pune 106 Yadav Jor Mumba Bh Firsr Query yerurns all alame of Students starting from Y. In second Gyample yeturnfall the records t2ho have setond Letter 15 UV: ¢ren any Combination oF faster. 5-_Alot OPERATOR _ Alor operator jn SGL thowS those vetordt from che foble woneve he criteria hs not-met. Alot operator jr used with Where Clause in a SelecT query Query : Seuccr * From Students Were Nol city = “Mumbai”; Alame Class [ Dinsion! a i Yadnyesh Lahil Kohan erul eumak (LINKEDIA ).> in the above example yerurns Phose Ludent yetordst fhoste tno are not from mumbal. Pris query athows yewords of frudents Aaving city orher pnan Mumbai. 6+_IN OPERATOR kshen we want 7° chek for one oY Moye than One Value in @ Single JGL ery » 49e use IN Operator ith the WHERE clause ing f€teécr guery- 16 Keo MAR ( LINKEDIN, Oe Nee a —| i Query : Levecr ¥ Feo Srusents wunere city jl "Detni" Pune"); Outpur: [gon-alo | Name Class Dwsion | City. Jo} Vadnyes? Jot A | Fane 103 Sari) jor” Dd Fane 104 fonan ton & Pune a [ tos Atul fot Deini In the above example yerurn prose ffudent yewrdsS ¢hose who are From Delni and pune. other dhdent vill nor displayed:| SQL COMSTRaNTS SHORT MOTES PART -3 komen cinkeDi~) « AOTES GALLERY (TELEGRAM KEYS i DBM. A key it an Attyibure ov Set of attributes phat uniquely identities any yeecord ot ¢uple (one you) From the fable. DEémo_TagLe eme-ia Alame Adhas- no | Derr Id Jol Yadnyesh 2952 Y562 3221 ) lor vedgat 4334 2260 1220 2 103 ahi} 9525 21U) 3663 3 104 Rohan 9692 1258 745% 2 st 105 ahi) 19994 $214 3698 li i | 106 Siddharph | 1234 S678 9622 4 aul Kuma CLiINKEDIAD.O- Soper Key 2. Canclidate Kay 3). Primary Key 4). _Aiternare key 5). Boreign Key 6). Composite Key. 1. Super key P duper key iS @ combination of all possible attributes phat can unigely identify phe 7005 Cov peuple) in pre given relarion. 4 Soper key ig a Superset of 4 candidate Key: * & fete can have many Soper keys. eB * A Super key may hove addittone attribute that avé nor needed for unigue jdentity. Super Keys : From Empleyee Table (Fig//). 1. (Emp-is} { panar-noy { Dept_Id} { Gmp.is , Athar_no} & { Adhar_no, Dept.id} 6. { Gmp_id, Adhar_no, Dept. 1s} a { Emp-1d , Jame} & C Emp-id, Adhar.no, rlame , Dept.Id } ete.2 _Canaidate Key A Candioare ds an attribute ov 6 of an attribore Which can uniquely Identity @ tuple. A Candidare Key ‘tf @ minimes Seper key; or q Super Key with no redundant attributes. Candidate Keys are not allewed fo have Note values. dare Keys: from (A91-1). 1. {Emp_ ia} 2 {Adhar_ no} 3- {pept_ id} 3. Primary Key A Primary Key is one of dhe Candidate key choten by the database deslaner fo Uniquely Identify the fuples in the relation - ic eumne (LINKEDIN). E P The Value & prmary Key can never be aluec. > Me Jalue of primary Key must af ous be unique. > It define column is o mandatory Freld. 2 Primary Key do nor have supliicate value. > Primary kay 15 not compulsory bur recommended. Lriasy Kegs? From (679 1-1). 1. (émpe. Id }OU of all Candidate Keyl, only One get’ teletted as primary key , reraining Keys ave Known as Aternare Keys In the Employee cable : ° Emp.id Is best suited for Primary Kay ~ © Katt of the artrbures ike Adhar_no, Deptld are Considered as a altemare Keys. Altemete Kegs: Fyom (Fig 1) { Adhay_no} 2 Lept— is} 5° foreign Keys A Foreign key is: aaa Key ased fo link (00 fables fogether « * An attributes (or set of attributes) gn one fable pnat relers +o the primary Key. The purpose of qhe foreign key Is * fo ensure (or maintain) segerentlel integrity of tre clara. foselgn Kegs: Fyem (6251-1). 1 (Depts ,}_ATYe KOm, LINKEDIN ) « Aah sean POLE Ar Key ghat has more fhan one attyibeter fs known arg ComposHe Key. Ir }'s alre Known as Compound Key. ° A composite key can also be made by the combination of more ~rQn one Candidar key. ° A Composite Key Cannot be null. Composite Kays: From (£1911). ' {Dept-td, Emp- Id}