Multiple Choice Questions:

Which paradigm involves an always-on server and intermittently connected clients?

a) Client-server
b) Peer-to-peer
c) Hybrid
d) None of the above
Answer: a) Client-server

In a client-server architecture, what type of host is the server typically found in?
a) Intermittently connected
b) Always-on
c) Dynamic IP address
d) None of the above
Answer: b) Always-on

Which protocol is commonly associated with client-server communication for fetching web
pages?
a) HTTP
b) SMTP
c) FTP
d) DNS
Answer: a) HTTP

What is a characteristic of peer-to-peer architecture?

a) Always-on server
b) Permanent IP addresses for all peers
c) Direct communication between arbitrary end systems
d) Complex management of server-client interactions
Answer: c) Direct communication between arbitrary end systems

Which architecture allows new peers to bring new service capacity?

a) Client-server
b) Hybrid
c) Peer-to-peer
d) None of the above
Answer: c) Peer-to-peer

What type of process initiates communication in a client-server architecture?

a) Client process
b) Server process
c) Both client and server processes
d) None of the above
Answer: a) Client process
How do processes within the same host communicate?
a) Through direct server-client communication
b) Via inter-process communication defined by the OS
c) By exchanging messages over the network
d) None of the above
Answer: b) Via inter-process communication defined by the OS

Which architecture often involves data centers for scaling?

a) Peer-to-peer
b) Client-server
c) Hybrid
d) None of the above
Answer: b) Client-server

Which protocol is commonly used for email retrieval?

a) HTTP
b) IMAP
c) FTP
d) SMTP
Answer: b) IMAP

What type of IP address does a server typically have in a client-server architecture?

a) Intermittent
b) Dynamic
c) Permanent
d) None of the above
Answer: c) Permanent

What is a key characteristic of applications in end systems?

a) They run on network-core devices
b) They are not involved in rapid app development
c) They communicate directly with each other
d) They allow for rapid app development and propagation
Answer: d) They allow for rapid app development and propagation

Which architecture allows arbitrary end systems to directly communicate?

a) Client-server
b) Peer-to-peer
c) Hybrid
d) None of the above
Answer: b) Peer-to-peer
What type of communication is defined by the OS for processes within the same host?
a) Server-client
b) Peer-to-peer
c) Inter-process communication
d) None of the above
Answer: c) Inter-process communication

Which architecture may involve complex management due to intermittently connected peers?
a) Client-server
b) Peer-to-peer
c) Hybrid
d) None of the above
Answer: b) Peer-to-peer

Which protocol is commonly associated with file sharing in a peer-to-peer network?

a) HTTP
b) FTP
c) BitTorrent
d) DNS
Answer: c) BitTorrent

What is the purpose of a socket in the context of network communication?

a) To physically connect two devices
b) To act as a door for sending and receiving messages
c) To assign unique identifiers to processes
d) To establish secure connections between hosts
Answer: b) To act as a door for sending and receiving messages

How many sockets are involved in a message exchange between two processes?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) None
Answer: b) Two

What is required for a process to receive messages?

a) A unique 32-bit IP address
b) An assigned port numbers
c) Both an IP address and a port number
d) None of the above
Answer: c) Both an IP address and a port number
Which of the following is an example of an application-layer protocol?
a) TCP
b) UDP
c) HTTP
d) SSL
Answer: c) HTTP

What aspect of a message does message syntax define?

a) The types of messages exchanged
b) The meaning of information in fields
c) How fields in messages are delineated
d) All of the above
Answer: c) How fields in messages are delineated

Which of the following is an open protocol?

a) Skype
b) HTTP
c) Zoom
d) SSL
Answer: b) HTTP

What transport service do some applications require for 100% reliable data transfer?
a) Data integrity
b) Timing
c) Throughput
d) Security
Answer: a) Data integrity

What service is required for applications like Internet telephony and interactive games?
a) Data integrity
b) Timing
c) Throughput
d) Security
Answer: b) Timing

What is a characteristic of the TCP service?

a) Reliable transport
b) Unreliable data transfer
c) No congestion controls
d) No need for connection setup
Answer: a) Reliable transport
What transport protocol does not provide reliability, flow control, or congestion control?
a) TCP
b) UDP
c) SMTP
d) HTTP
Answer: b) UDP

Which transport protocol requires connection setup between client and server processes?
a) TCP
b) UDP
c) SMTP
d) HTTP
Answer: a) TCP

What is the main purpose of flow control in transport services?

a) To ensure data integrity
b) To prevent sender from overwhelming receiver
c) To provide low delay for certain applications
d) To guarantee minimum throughput
Answer: b) To prevent sender from overwhelming receiver

What is the primary difference between open protocols and proprietary protocols?
a) Open protocols are defined in RFCs, while proprietary protocols are not
b) Open protocols are less secure than proprietary protocols
c) Open protocols are free to use, while proprietary protocols are not
d) Open protocols are always more efficient than proprietary protocols
Answer: a) Open protocols are defined in RFCs, while proprietary protocols are not

Which transport protocol does not provide congestion control?

a) TCP
b) UDP
c) SMTP
d) HTTP
Answer: b) UDP

What aspect of a message does message semantics define?

a) The types of messages exchanged
b) The meaning of information in fields
c) How fields in messages are delineated
d) All of the above
Answer: b) The meaning of information in fields
What is HTTP?
a) A programming language
b) A protocol for hypertext transfer
c) A type of server
d) A form of encryption
Answer: b) A protocol for hypertext transfer

In the client/server model of the web, what role does the browser play?
a) Server
b) Client
c) Router
d) Firewall
Answer: b) Client

Which port does HTTP typically use?

a) 20
b) 53
c) 80
d) 443
Answer: c) 80

What does HTTP use as its underlying protocol?

a) UDP
b) FTP
c) TCP
d) IP
Answer: c) TCP

What term describes the characteristic of HTTP where the server maintains no information
about past client requests?
a) Stateless
b) Stateful
c) Persistent
d) Dynamic
Answer: a) Stateless

Which type of HTTP connection allows for multiple objects to be sent over a single TCP
connection?
a) Non-persistent
b) Persistent
c) Static
d) Dynamic
Answer: b) Persistent
What is the primary issue with non-persistent HTTP connections?
a) High bandwidth usage
b) High server load
c) High latency
d) High security risk
Answer: c) High latency

What is the formula for calculating non-persistent HTTP response time?

a) RTT + file transmission time
b) 2RTT + file transmission time
c) RTT + 2 * file transmission time
d) RTT + file size
Answer: b) 2RTT + file transmission time

Which HTTP method is used for uploading a new file to the server?
a) POST
b) GET
c) HEAD
d) PUT
Answer: d) PUT

What does the GET method typically include in its request message?
a) User input in the entity body
b) Headers only
c) Data in the URL field
d) Cookies
Answer: c) Data in the URL field

What method requests only the headers that would be returned if the specified URL were
requested with a GET method?
a) POST
b) GET
c) HEAD
d) PUT
Answer: c) HEAD

What does the POST method typically include in its request message?
a) Headers only
b) Cookies
c) User input in the entity body
d) Data in the URL field
Answer: c) User input in the entity body
Which version of HTTP introduced persistent connections?
a) HTTP/1.0
b) HTTP/1.1
c) HTTP/2.0
d) HTTP/3.0
Answer: b) HTTP/1.1

What is the primary benefit of persistent HTTP connections?

a) Reduced latency
b) Increased security
c) Reduced bandwidth usage
d) Improved encryption
Answer: a) Reduced latency

Which method is used to completely replace a file that exists at a specified URL?
a) POST
b) GET
c) HEAD
d) PUT
Answer: d) PUT

What does the HTTP status code "200 OK" indicate?

a) Request succeeded
b) Request not understood by the server
c) Document not found on the server
d) HTTP version not supported
Answer: a) Request succeeded

When the HTTP status code "404 Not Found" is encountered, what does it mean?
a) Request succeeded
b) Request not understood by the server
c) Document not found on the server
d) HTTP version not supported
Answer: c) Document not found on the server

What does the term "stateless" mean in the context of HTTP?

a) The server maintains information about past client requests
b) The server does not maintain information about past client requests
c) The client maintains information about past server responses
d) The client does not maintain information about past server responses
Answer: b) The server does not maintain information about past client requests
What is the primary purpose of using cookies in HTTP?
a) To enhance encryption
b) To maintain server-side state between transactions
c) To increase server load
d) To prevent unauthorized access
Answer: b) To maintain server-side state between transactions

Which HTTP method is used for uploading a new file to the server?
a) POST
b) GET
c) HEAD
d) PUT
Answer: d) PUT

What is the main benefit of using persistent HTTP connections?

a) Reduced latency
b) Increased security
c) Higher bandwidth usage
d) Improved encryption
Answer: a) Reduced latency

What is the primary goal of web caching?

a) To increase server load
b) To decrease response time for client requests
c) To reduce traffic on access links
d) To decrease LAN utilization
Answer: b) To decrease response time for client requests

Which HTTP status code indicates that the requested object has been moved permanently?
a) 200 OK
b) 301 Moved Permanently
c) 400 Bad Request
d) 505 HTTP Version Not Supported
Answer: b) 301 Moved Permanently

What is the primary function of web caches?

a) To store user data locally
b) To act as a server for the origin server
c) To satisfy client requests without involving the origin server
d) To prevent access to certain websites
Answer: c) To satisfy client requests without involving the origin server
What is the purpose of the HTTP status code "400 Bad Request"?
a) Request succeeded
b) Request not understood by the server
c) Document not found on the server
d) HTTP version not supported
Answer: b) Request not understood by the server

What is the primary use of cookies in HTTP?

a) To maintain server-side state between transactions
b) To increase server load
c) To enhance encryption
d) To prevent unauthorized access
Answer: a) To maintain server-side state between transactions

Which HTTP method is used for requesting only the headers of a specified URL?
a) POST
b) GET
c) HEAD
d) PUT
Answer: c) HEAD

What is the primary benefit of using persistent HTTP connections?

a) Increased security
b) Reduced latency
c) Higher bandwidth usage
d) Improved encryption
Answer: b) Reduced latency

What does the HTTP status code "505 HTTP Version Not Supported" indicate?
a) Request succeeded
b) Request not understood by the server
c) Document not found on the server
d) HTTP version not supported
Answer: d) HTTP version not supported

What does the term "stateless" mean in the context of HTTP?

a) The server maintains information about past client requests
b) The server does not maintain information about past client requests
c) The client maintains information about past server responses
d) The client does not maintain information about past server responses
Answer: b) The server does not maintain information about past client requests
What is the primary goal of browser caching with conditional GET?
a) To send objects regardless of their caching status
b) To send objects only if the browser does not have a cached version
c) To delay object transmission
d) To increase server load
Answer: b) To send objects only if the browser does not have a cached version

Which HTTP status code indicates that the requested object has not been modified since the
cached version?
a) 200 OK
b) 301 Moved Permanently
c) 304 Not Modified
d) 404 Not Found
Answer: c) 304 Not Modified

What key goal did HTTP/2 aim to achieve?

a) Decreased delay in multi-object HTTP requests
b) Increased delay in multi-object HTTP requests
c) Increased server load
d) Improved encryption
Answer: a) Decreased delay in multi-object HTTP requests

How does HTTP/2 mitigate head-of-line blocking?

a) By introducing multiple, pipelined GETs over a single TCP connection
b) By using a single TCP connection for each object
c) By increasing server load
d) By implementing additional security measures
Answer: a) By introducing multiple, pipelined GETs over a single TCP connection

What is the primary difference between HTTP/2 and HTTP/3?

a) HTTP/3 adds security and per-object error- and congestion-control over UDP
b) HTTP/2 uses TCP while HTTP/3 uses UDP
c) HTTP/3 decreases server load
d) HTTP/2 introduced cookies while HTTP/3 did not
Answer: a) HTTP/3 adds security and per-object error- and congestion-control over UDP

What protocol is used for exchanging email messages?

a) FTP
b) HTTP
c) SMTP
d) DNS
Answer: c) SMTP
What role does a user agent play in email communication?
a) Storing email messages on the server
b) Composing, editing, and reading mail messages
c) Transferring email messages between servers
d) Resolving domain names to IP addresses
Answer: b) Composing, editing, and reading mail messages

Which protocol is responsible for retrieval, deletion, and folder management of email messages
stored on the server?
a) SMTP
b) POP
c) IMAP
d) HTTP
Answer: c) IMAP

What is the primary goal of DNS?

a) To resolve email addresses
b) To resolve domain names to IP addresses
c) To maintain server-side state between transactions
d) To increase network traffic
Answer: b) To resolve domain names to IP addresses

What is the function of DNSSEC?

a) To provide security and message integrity for email communication
b) To manage email servers
c) To increase network traffic
d) To resolve domain names to IP addresses
Answer: a) To provide security and message integrity for email communication

What is the primary reason DNS is not centralized?

a) To reduce latency
b) To increase reliability and security
c) To simplify maintenance
d) To decrease traffic volume
Answer: b) To increase reliability and security

Which component of DNS is responsible for resolving top-level domains like .com and .org?
a) Root name servers
b) Top-Level Domain servers
c) Authoritative servers
d) Local DNS servers
Answer: b) Top-Level Domain servers
What protocol does DNS use for communication between hosts and DNS servers?
a) TCP
b) UDP
c) HTTP
d) FTP
Answer: b) UDP

What is the primary purpose of local DNS servers?

a) To resolve domain names to IP addresses
b) To manage top-level domains
c) To forward requests to root name servers
d) To store recent name-to-address translation pairs
Answer: d) To store recent name-to-address translation pairs

What does SMTP stand for?

a) Secure Mail Transfer Protocol
b) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
c) Server Mail Transfer Protocol
d) Standard Mail Transfer Protocol
Answer: b) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

In DNS name resolution, what does an iterated query involve?

a) The queried server provides the requested information directly
b) The queried server replies with the name of another server to contact
c) The queried server immediately resolves the requested name
d) The queried server caches the requested name for future queries
Answer: b) The queried server replies with the name of another server to contact

What is the primary characteristic of a recursive query in DNS name resolution?

a) The queried server provides the requested information directly
b) The queried server replies with the name of another server to contact
c) The queried server immediately resolves the requested name
d) The queried server caches the requested name for future queries
Answer: a) The queried server provides the requested information directly

How does DNS caching improve performance?

a) By reducing the load on upper-level servers
b) By increasing the number of queries to root servers
c) By storing outdated information indefinitely
d) By delaying responses to client queries
Answer: a) By reducing the load on upper-level servers
Which DNS resource record type is used for aliasing?
a) A
b) NS
c) CNAME
d) MX
Answer: c) CNAME

What is the purpose of DNSSEC?

a) To authenticate DNS queries
b) To provide encryption for DNS messages
c) To prevent DDoS attacks on DNS servers
d) To ensure the integrity of DNS data
Answer: d) To ensure the integrity of DNS data

How does Netflix deliver content to its subscribers?

a) Through direct downloads from the subscriber's device
b) By streaming from its worldwide OpenConnect CDN nodes
c) By mailing physical copies of content to subscribers
d) By hosting content on individual subscriber devices
Answer: b) By streaming from its worldwide OpenConnect CDN nodes

What is the primary function of a socket in networking?

a) To physically connect devices to a network
b) To establish a secure connection between client and server
c) To serve as a door between application processes and the transport protocol
d) To translate IP addresses into domain names
Answer: c) To serve as a door between application processes and the transport protocol

Which transport service is reliable and byte stream-oriented?

a) UDP
b) TCP
c) FTP
d) HTTP
Answer: b) TCP

What is a characteristic of UDP communication?

a) Reliable and in-order delivery of data
b) Handshaking before data transmission
c) Unreliable datagram transfer
d) Connection-oriented communication
Answer: c) Unreliable datagram transfer
How does a client contact a server in UDP communication?
a) By establishing a TCP connection
b) By sending data packets without handshaking
c) By requesting a connection from the server first
d) By using a reliable transfer protocol
Answer: b) By sending data packets without handshaking

One-word Questions:

What is the primary type of host in a client-server architecture?

Answer: Server
What initiates communication in a client-server architecture?
Answer: Client
What do peers do in a peer-to-peer network?
Answer: Communicate
How do processes within the same host communicate?
Answer: Inter-process
What is the main characteristic of applications in end systems?
Answer: Rapid
What is the purpose of a socket?
Answer: Communication
What does a process need to receive messages?
Answer: Identifier
What kind of protocols are defined in RFCs?
Answer: Open
What is required for reliable data transfer?
Answer: Integrity

What is the primary characteristic of the TCP service?

Answer: Reliability

What does HTTP stand for?

Answer: Hypertext

What is the primary role of a browser in the client/server model?

Answer: Client

What is the typical port used by HTTP?

Answer: 80

What is the primary characteristic of HTTP connections?

Answer: Stateless

What is the main issue with non-persistent HTTP connections?

Answer: Latency
What does HTTP stand for?
Answer: Hypertext
What is the primary function of cookies in HTTP?
Answer: State
What is the primary goal of web caching?
Answer: Efficiency
What does the HTTP status code "301" indicate?
Answer: Redirect
What is the primary benefit of using persistent HTTP connections?
Answer: Latency
What is the primary function of SMTP?
Answer: Email
What is the primary goal of DNS?
Answer: Resolution
What protocol is used for retrieving email messages from the server?
Answer: IMAP
What is the primary purpose of browser caching?
Answer: Efficiency
What is the primary role of a user agent in email communication?
Answer: Composition
What is the purpose of DNS caching?
Answer: Performance
What does DNSSEC provide?
Answer: Security
What type of record is used for email server association?
Answer: MX
What is the primary challenge in streaming video?
Answer: Bandwidth

How does DNS resolve aliases?

Answer: CNAME

What does TCP provide?

Answer: Reliability

What is a socket?
Answer: Door

How does UDP transfer data?

Answer: Datagram
What does Netflix use for content delivery?
Answer: CDN

How does a client communicate with a server in UDP?

Answer: Directly

Two-word Questions:

What architecture involves an always-on server and intermittently connected clients?

Answer: Client-server

How do peers communicate in a peer-to-peer network?

Answer: Directly communicate

What does message syntax define?

Answer: Field delineation

What do open protocols allow for?

Answer: Interoperability

What service do some applications require for low delay?

Answer: Low latency

What does flow control prevent?

Answer: Sender overwhelm

What is the purpose of congestion control?

Answer: Network throttle

What type of connection allows for multiple objects to be sent over a single TCP connection?
Answer: Persistent HTTP

What method uploads a new file to the server?

Answer: PUT method

What is included in the entity body of a POST request?

Answer: User input
Which version of HTTP introduced persistent connections?
Answer: HTTP/1.1

What method requests only the headers of a specified URL?

Answer: HEAD method

What does the HTTP status code "404 Not Found" indicate?
Answer: Document not found

What is the primary function of web caches?

Answer: Client satisfaction

What is the purpose of the HTTP method "PUT"?

Answer: File upload

What does the HTTP status code "200 OK" signify?

Answer: Request success

What is the primary use of cookies in HTTP?

Answer: Server-side state

What is the primary function of DNSSEC?

Answer: Security and integrity

What protocol does DNS use for communication?

Answer: UDP

What is the primary reason for DNS decentralization?

Answer: Reliability and security

What component of DNS resolves top-level domains?

Answer: TLD servers

What does SMTP primarily handle?

Answer: Email transfer

What is the purpose of DNS caching?

Answer: Load reduction

What does DNSSEC ensure?

Answer: Data integrity

What is the primary advantage of CDN?

Answer: Scalability
How does DNS resolve recursive queries?
Answer: Direct resolution

What does DNS handle primarily?

Answer: Name resolution

What is the purpose of socket programming?

Answer: Communication between processes

What is the function of Open Connect CDN?

Answer: Content delivery network

How does TCP handle data transfer?

Answer: Byte stream-oriented

What is the characteristic of UDP communication?

Answer: Unreliable datagram transfer

How does a client establish communication with a server in UDP?

Answer: Without handshaking