& CG 4 : = TECHNOLOGY aa SOCIETY NELIA G. PRIETO, LPT, PhD VIOLETA A. VEGA, LPT, PhD ELIZABETH F. FELIPE, LPT, MA, MD JULIUS L. MENESES, LPT, PhDForeword... Preface... Syllabus ‘Chapter | LESSON 1 LESSON 2 LESSON 3 Chapter’ LESSON 1 LESSON 2 LESSON 3 LESSON 4 “Chapter fl ~~ LESSON 1 LESSON 2 LESSON 3 LESSON 4 The Good Lif... esse Table of Contents General Concepts and Historical Developments... Historical Antecedents which Changed the Course of Science and Technology... sen Science and Technology and Its Role in Nation Building ........ 1 Government Laws, Policies, Plans and Projects Pertaining to Science and Technology............. Science, Technology and Society and the Human Condition 25 ‘The Human Flourishing in Terms of Science and Technology.....25 Technology as a way of Reveaiing.... When Technology and Humanity Cross .... Specific Issues in STS... The Information Age .......... : Gene Therapy... Biodiversity and Healthy Society... The Nano World“Chapter! Climate Change and Energy Crisis... ; Chapter V Environmental Awareness... ‘Chapter VI Alternative Energy Resourcss......1 General Concepts and Historical Chapter I Developments DIDD>2>>DIDD>P EPPO P>D>P>P>>P> PD >>D>D>DI>D> >>> PPD>P>>> Historical Antecedents which LESSON 1 Changed the Course of Science and Technology KERR ERK KECK KKK EER KEKE KKK Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson, the learner'should be able to: ~ * trace the historical development of science and techrioligy in the world: Ancient, Middle and. Modern Ages and in the Philippines; and + demonstrate appreciation for the: developments in science. and technology. Introduction It is a wellestablished fact that science and technology impacts all aspects of our lives. Science and technology is associated in all means with modernity and is considered as an essential for rapid development, The state of science and technology determines the socio-economic progress of a country. A country who is not able to implement science and technology would not progress and reap the benefits of development, A, History of Science and Technology in the Word: Ancient, Middle and Modern Ages Science and technology has been around from the beginning of time. it evolves from the everyday efforts of the people trying to improve their way of living. Throughout history, humankind and utilized tools, machines, and techniques without understanding how or why they worked or comprehending their physical or chemical composition. Science and technology can be traced from the origin of human life 2 million years ago and each era has significant advancement. The earliest form of science and technology were human artifacts found during prehistoric time about 2.3 million years ago. They were roughly shaped stones used for chopping and scraping, found primarily in Eastern Attica. Some of the earliest record of science came from Mesopotamian cultures around 400 B,C., disease symptoms, chemical substances and astronomical observations were some of the evidence of emerging science.During the same period in the Nile Valley of Egypt, information on the treatmerit of wounds and diseases and even some of the mathematical calcutations such as angles, rectangles, and triangles and the volume of the portion of a pyramid have been around for thousands of years. From 300 to 400 B.C. there was a rise in the number of philosophers who wrote topics on psychology, biology, and a host of other topics. There was Euclid, the founder of modem geometry, Archimedes, the founder of engineering mechanics and caleuiated a value for pi which is still used to this very day. 3000 B.C. gave rise to the Bronze Age in the search for finding pigments used to color the human skin, copper was discovered, then it was realized that alloying copper with tin resulted into bronze which in those days were used to make swords and other weapons. Today, we use it to build machinery, medals, statues, belts and shoe buckles. By 3500 B.C. in Mesopotamia, two-wheeled carts had been created and it became the most frequently used mode of transporting heavy goods from one place to another. Urbanization is the development of large city, and the first city popped around 3000 B.C. In Egypt during this same time , the first pyramid was built. Pyramids are undoubtedly the most outstanding development in science and technology and are still a marvei up to the present. During the Middle Ages (450 - 1450 A.D.) gave birth to many scientific and technological development. Also during the Middle Ages (often called Dark ‘Ages), warfare had improved tremendously. ‘The Renaissance Era in Europe that began in 1450 and lasted until 1600 A.D. was the period known as rebirth of knowledge. In Germany, Gutenberg developed the printing press which resulted in books being printed instead of huge volume of texts being handwritten. In Italy, Leonardo da Vinci, a great pioneer in Arts, architecture, engineering and science, stressed the importance of experiment. He produced a vast series of notebooks with observations on anatomy, cloud formations, plans for sites, military inventions, tanks, flying machines and submarines. Copernicus rediscovered what some of the ancient Greeks had known that the sun was at the cenler of the solar system and that the earth revoives around it. The era also gave way to geographic discovery beginning witzh the invention of the triangle sail and the magnetic compass. This aided Prince Henry, the navigator, fo travel around South Africa, Portugal, to reach India. It was around the same time Columbus discovered the Americas. Modern Science and Technology around 1600 A.D. Galileo was the first to use modem scientific methods based on experiment and testable observations. In 1608, some spectacle maker came to the Republic of Venice where Galileo was staying with their new invention, a spyglass for identifying ships well before they enter a harbor. Galileo heard about it and promptly set about figuring how it worked. He not only succeeded in constructing his own spyglass, but went on to build a second one with themagnification stepped up by eight, and finally thirty times which is now known as the telescope. He was able to discover craters and mounlains on the moon. He later invented the microscope and the thermometer. Isaac Newton was born in 1642. He helped define the laws of gravity and planetary motion, co-founded calculus, and explained the laws of light and color. Albert Einstein became the most famous scientist of the 20" century. His work had profound impact on everything from quantum theory to nuclear power and the atom bomb, and came up also with the famous equation e = mc? used in Calculus. In terms of modem technology, the Industrial Revolution brought about the beginning of factories being bul to produce goods at massive quantity. In the late 1800, the light bulb began to replace candies and oil lamps. The 20" century gave birth to the radio, the first car to run with engine power. The first man went to space in a rocket. It was also the beginning of communication, electronic and computer era. . Science and Technology in the Philippines: A Historical Perspective Philippine science and technology has a long history. It started before Spain colonized the country where some indigenous technology already existed with regards to wet rice and dry rice agriculture. The use of technology was also evident in the handicrafts, pottery, weaving, metal ware and boats used by ancient Filipinos. The natives were already aware of the medicinal and therapeutic properties of plants and the methods of extracting medicine from herbs. They had an alphabet, a system of writing, a method of counting, weights and measure, They had no calendar bul counted the years by the period of the moon and from one harvest to another. Filipinos were already engaged in farming, shipbuilding, mining and weaving. The Banaue Rice Terraces is a sophisticated product of engineering by pre-Spanish Filipinos, Spanish Colonial Period The colonization of the Philippines contributed to the growth of science and technology in the archipelago. The Spaniards introduced formal education and founded scientific institutions. During the early years of Spanish rule in the Philippines, Parish schools were established where religion, reading, writing, arithmetic and music was taught. Sanitation and more advanced methods of agriculture were taught to the natives. Later the Spaniards established colleges and universities in the archipelago including University of Santo Tomas. The study of medicine in the Philippines was given priority. In 1871, the school of medicine and pharmacy was opened al the University of Santo Tomas, 1H also contributed to the field of engineering in the islands by constructing government buildings, churches, roads, bridges and forts. The Jesuits promoted meteorological studies and founded the Manila Observatory al the Ateneo Municipal de Manila in 1865American Period and Post Commonwealth Era The progress of science and technology continued under American tule. On July 1, 1904, the Philippine Commission established the Bureau of Government Laboratories which was placed under the Department of Interior. The Bureau replaced the Laboratorio Municipal which was established during the Spanish era. On October 26, 1905, the Bureau of Government Laboratories was replaced by the Bureau of Science The Bureau deait with the study of tropical diseases. With the progress of science and technology, on December 8, 1933, the National Research Council of the Philippines was recognized. The Bureau of Science became the primary research center of the Philippines until World War Il. = Science during the American period was inclined towards agriculture, food processing, forestry, medicine, and pharmacy. Not much focus was given on the development of industrial technology due to free trade policy with the United States which nurtured an economy geared towards agriculture and trade. In 1946 the Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science in 1958, during the regime of President Carlos P. Garcia, the Philippine Congress passed the Science Act of 1958 which established the National Science Development Board. Marcos Era and Martial Law Science was given importance during the Marcos Regime. In the amended 1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV, Section 9 (1), he declared that the “advancement of science and technology shall have priority in national “Development’. In his two terms of presidency and during Martial Law, many laws were enacted promoting science and technology. On January 23, 1967, he declared that science was necessary for the development programs, and thus, directed the Department of Education ‘0 revitalize the science courses in public high schools. DepEd and the National Science Development Board (NSDB) organized a project to provide selected high schoois with science teaching equipment over a four-year period. In 1968 technology was recognized as the leading factor in economic development and thus additional funds were channeled to support projects in applied sciences and science education. A big part of the war damage funds was allocated to fund private universities and encourage them to pursue programs in science, technology and research. Seminars were also conducted for public and private high school and college science teachers. Training programs and scholarships were awarded to graduate and undergraduate science scholars. The National Science Development Board established the Philippine ‘Atomic Energy Commission to explore the uses of atomic energy for economic development. Marcos assisted 107 institutions in undertaking nuclear energy work by sending scientists, engineers, doctors and technicians to study nuclear science and technology abroad,Major development projects to reform education were done and which included research and development, establishment of technical institutes, science education centers, and agricultural colleges and vocational high schools. The Philippine Council for Agricultural Research was also established to support the progressive development of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries for the country. The Council was attached to the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources for administrative purposes. Another agency was established by Presidential Decree No. 49, s. 1972 and this is the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services (PAGASA) under the Department of National Defense, tts function was to Provide environmental protection and to utilize scientific knowledge to ensure the safety of the people. . The Philippine National Oil Company was also created to promote industrial and economic development through effective and efficient use of energy sources (P.D. No. 334, s. 1973). 'n 4976, the National Academy of Science and Technology was established and was composed of scientists with ‘innovative achievement in the basic and applied sciences” to serve as a reservoir of scientific and technological expertise for the country. In 1979, the government funded scientific research conducted by National Science Development Board (NSDB), the Philippine Council for Agricultural Research and Resources, the Plant Breeding Institute, the International Rice Research Institule, the Bureau of Plant industry, and the Bureau of Forest Products. The National Committee on Geological Sciences was created in 1980 to advise government and private entities on matters pertaining to geological sciences (Executive Order No. 625, s. 1980). By virtue of Executive Order No. 784, s. 1982, the National Science Development Board and its support agencies was reorganized and was named National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA) to provide central direction and coordination of scientific and technological research and development, The Mindanao and Visayas campuses of the Philippine Science High Schoof were established in 1986 to encourage careers in science and technology and to be more accessible to the talented students in the Mindanao and Visayas areas in accordance with Executive Order No. 1090, s. 1986. Fifth Republic During Corazon Aquino's presidency, the National Science and Technology Authority was replaced by the Department of Science and Technology, giving the department a representation in the cabinet. Under the Medium Term Philippine Development Plan for the years 1987-1992, science and technology's role in economic recovery and sustained economic growth was highlighted. Science and technology. was one of the three priorities of the government towards an economic recovery.The first Science and Technology Master Plan or STMP was formulated on August 8, 1988. Its goal was for the Philippines to achieve newly industrialized country status for the year 2000. During President Corazon Aquino’s term, she encouraged scientists and inventors to bring the Philippines to its former position as second to Japan in science and technology and to achieve the status as an industrialized country in 2000. R.A, 6856 or the Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988 opened free education at the secondary fevel. Together with this was implemented the “Science for the Masses Program” which aimed at scientific and technological literacy among Filipinos. : President Fidel V. Ramos’ Term There were noticeabie improvements regarding science and technology during President Fidel V. Ramos’ term. There was a significant increase in personnel specializing in science and technology. in 1988, the Philippines was ‘estimated to have around 3,000 competent scientists and engineers. During the Ramos administration, the Department of Science and Technology initiated a Science and Technology Agenda for Development (STAND) which embodies the country's task development plan for 1993- 1998. In 1998, a presidential task force was formed to deal with the overall problems confronting Research and Development and Science and Technology development in the country. It was tasked to formulate a Science and Technology development program that would support the national development goal of altaining a newly industrialized country (NIC) status by the year 2000. The task force was composed of the Department of Science and Technology, Department ‘of Agriculture, Department of Trade and Industry, Department of Transportation and Communication, as well as the adviser on public resources and three academic institutions involved in science and technology. Another Science and Technology framework plan entitted ‘Competence, Competitive Conscience: the Medium-Term Plan of the Department of Science and Technology (1999-2004). Its six (6) flagship programs are: 4) Comprehensive program to enhance technology enterprises; 2) Integrated program on clean technologies; 3) Establishment of a packaging R and D center; 4) Expansion of regional meteorology centers; 5) $ & T intervention program for the poor, vulnerable and disabled: and 6) Comprehensive science and technology program for Mindanao. President Ramos believes that science and technology was one of the means wherein the Philippines could attain the status of new industrialized country (NIC). During. his term, he was able to establish programs that were significant to the field of science and technology. In 1993,- Science and Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND) was established.Among its priorities were: (1) exporting winners identified by the DTI, (2) domestic needs identified by Presidential Councit for Countryside Development; (3) support industries and (4) coconut industry development, Among the laws enacted by Congress during President Ramos’ term were the (1) Magna Carta for Science and Technology Personnel (R.A. 8439); (2) Science and Technology Scholarship Law of 1004 (R.A. No. 7687) and (4) Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act (Republic Act No. 7459). The tntellectual Property Code of the Philippines (Republic Act No. 8293) was also enacted which provides industrial property rights, copyrights and related rights, and technology transfer arrangements. President Joseph Estrada’s Term - During the term of President Joseph Estrada, two major legislations that he signed were the Philippine Ciean Air Act of 1999 (Republic Act No. 8749! which was designed to protect and preserve the environment and ensure the sustainable development of its natural resources, and Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 (Republic Act No. 8792) which outlaws computer hacking and provides Opportunities for new businesses emerging from the intemet-driven New Economy. Aside from these, he taunched a full-scale Program based on cost- effective irrigation technologies. He also announced that dole-outs are out, which meant basic health care, basic nutrition, and useful education for those who want, but cannot afford it. Science and Technology During President Gloria M. Arroyo’s Term In the Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo administration, the science and technology sector of the Philippines was dubbed as the “golden age” of science and technology by secretary Estrella Alabastro. There were numerous laws and Projects that concem both the environment and science to push technology as a tool to increase the country's economic level. This is to help increase the productivity from Science, Technology and Innovations (STI) and help benefit the poor people. Moreover, the term “Filipinovation” was the coined term used in helping the Philippines to be an innovation hub in Asia. The Science, Technology, and Innovation (ST!) was developed further by strengthening the schools and education system such as the Philippine Science High School (PSHS), which focuses on science, technology and mathematics in their curriculum. This helps schools produce and get more involved in this Sector, Private sectors were also encouraged to participate in developing the schools through organizing events and sponsorships. Future Filipino scientists and innovators can be produced through this system “Helping the environment was one of the foci in developing technology in the Philippines. One of the more known laws to be passed by her administration was the R.A. 9367 or the "Biofuels" Act. This act promotes the development and usage of biofuels throughout the country. This potentially enables a cheaper alternative to gasoline as a medium in producing energy. Also, this benefits theenvironment since it boasts a cleaner emission compared to regular fuel. Yet, ‘setbacks such as lack of raw materials is holding the fuli implementation of the Jaws since importing the necessary materials are imported more. On one hand, drought-free rice was also highly encouraged to be used during her term. This enables farmers ta produce rice despite the environmental hazards thal slows ‘or stops the production. President Benigno C. Aquino In an effort to improve the efficiency of both land and water, the government passed Republic Act 10601 which improves the Agriculture and Fisheries Sector through Mechanization (AFMech). RA 10601 also covers research, development, and extension (RDE), promotion, distribution, supply, assembling, manufacturing, regulation, use, operation, maintenance and project implementation of agricultural and fisheries machinery and equipment. In 2010, President Benigno Aquino was considered as the “father of ‘Organic Agriculture” because of his work on the Osganic Agricultural Act of 2010 (R.A. 10088). Developments regarding the research and technology of Philippine agriculture are currently in the works, Most of the researches are inclined in solving the problem of increasing hunger in the country by creating a more efficient and cheaper process of yielding produce. The Intemational Rice Research Institute (IRRI) is an international research consortium, including the Philippines, which serves to improve the rice production and quality through bidtechnalogy and research. Overall records. and statistics about Philippine agriculturat growth is provided by the CountrySTAT Philippines. In 2014, gross domestic product (GDP) increased by 6.13%. The gross value added (GVA) in agriculture and fishing went up by 1.60% and this accounted for 10% of the GDP increase. The Harmonized Agenda for Science and Technology was presented to President Aquino in 2014 and it included two crucial issues, inclusive growth and disaster risk reduction. On May 23, 2016, Republic Act No. 19844, otherwise known as DICT Act of 2015, was signed into law. Under this law, the Department of Information and Communications Technology wili take charge of planning, developing, and promoting the national ICT development agenda. Science Education in the Philippines Science Is important to everyone. School science education should ‘support the developmeni of scientific literacy in all students as weil as motivate them to pursue careers in science, technology, and engineering. Science is useful because of its links to technology and industry, which, from a national perspective, are areas of high priority for development. It develops students’ scientific inquiry schools, vaiues, and attitudes, such as objectivity, curiosity, and honesty and habits of mind inciuding critical thinking.In the Philippines and around the world, people are talking about a science and technology-based world and a knowledge-based economy. Given the expectations and skilis required to live successfully in such an environment and the varied problems of science education in the country, there is a need to rethink what the vision of science education is. ‘One of the questions that maybe asked is; Does the science curriculum, in basic education provide avenues for students to engage in science and encourage them to take science-related careers? The implementation of the K-12 basic education program does not bode well for science education. Science education starts only in Grade’3 which is Not comforting for the improvement of science and math education. The new science program decongests thé’ competencies and arranges them in spiral progression. While in the old curriculum, a specific discipline is being offered per grade level such that general science is offered in the first year, biology in the second year, chemistry in the third year and physics for the fourth year. in the K-12 program the different disciplines in science which are life science, chemistry, physics and earth science are incorporated in every level. In terms of instruction, the sciance program shifts from traditional methods of teaching to a more innovative exploration that emphasizes the enhancement of the students’ critical thinking and scientific skills. The new curriculum utilizes tearner-centered approach such as the inquiry based learning pedagogy. SUMMARY The state of science and technology of a country largely determines its socio- economic progress. In other countries of the world including the Philippines science and technology has undergone a tedious Process of davelopment, History. will show that there were traces of indigenous technology used by our forefathers as early as the prehistoric timés, There Is no doubt that with the passing of the years, sclénce and technology has improved immensely with the progress of mankind. Breakthroughs in science’ and technology have improved the lives of people across the globe, but it posed aiso serious congems to mankind because of the improper implementation of tachnology. The challenge therefore is for us to determine ‘the type of fulure we. need to have and then create relevant technologies which will make the world a wonderful place for us to live in. iASSESSMENT TASKS. A. Discussion Questions 1. Describe briefly how science and technology evolved during each period in history, 2. Write your own impression on the current science education in the Philippines, 3. In groups of 5 members each, find out whal concrete products in science you” see in the society today. © REFLECTION. B. Prepare a personal written report on your own reaction/impression of our life today with the advancement in science and technology, Use the space given below.re POPP PP PPP PPP PP PPP >> PP PPP D> PP >>> >2>>2>> >>> >>> B LESSON: .. - Science and Technelogy and * 2 Its Role in Nation Building ERK KKK KKK KKK KKK CCK EK KKK KKK KEK KEKE KEKE © Learning Outcomes” ~ . _ Alte end of is lesson; the leamer:should be able: The advent of science and technology brought progress not only in our country but in the entire world. Its development determines to a large extent the sacio-economic Progress of a country. It is a well-known fact that il is directly associated with modemity and is an essential tool for rapid development and progress of a country. Science and Technology Defined Science and technology is a field of endeavor upon which a two-way interaction operates between the two. While science is the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment (Oxford Advanced Leamers’ Dictionary, 11" Edition), technology is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes (Oxford), It is the use of resources made available by nature to procreate and make changes.Importance of Science and Technology to National Development Development at any phase is always linked with technology and technology happens when there is advancement in science. Modernization in every aspect of life is the greatest example of the implementation of science and technology in every nation. With introduction of modern gadgets in every walk of life, life has become simple and this is possible only because of implementing science and technology together. Without having modern equipment in all sectors, be it in medicine, infrastructure, aviation, electricity, information technology or any other field, the advancement and benefits that we face today would not have been possible. A nation's development and prosperity is judged to a large extent by the status of science and technology of that nation. Science and technology are key drivers’ to development, because technological and scientific revolutions underpin economic advances, improvement in health systems, education and infrastructure. Today, countries are classified as developed and developing countries. The major calegorization is based on the economy and the application of science and technology. Countries which have a strong base in science and technology are the ones that developed faster. A few examples are countries like Japan, Russia, Brazil, China, and many more. It is estimated by the World Bank that seven of the ten largest economies of the world by 2020 would be in Asia: China, Japan, India, Thailand, South Korea, and Taiwan. A few decades ago, these countries were known to have poor policies, low discipline and no advancement. But with the introduction and proper implementation of science and technology in an effective manner, they made great advancements across the globe. The role that science and technology has played in improving the life of people across the globe is vivid and has made life a lot easier and a {ot better with the advancement in medicine, remarkable development in education, communication, agriculture, business and industry. Science and technology holds the key to the progress and development of any nation. Technology plays a fundamental role in wealth creation, improvement in the quality of tife and real economic grawth and transformation in any society, A nation who is not able to prosper in these aspects would never be able to sustain its life and may have to depend on other nations. Without proper implementation of science and technology, no nation could grow and all those nations that were labeled as low in growth have proven where they stand today and all that happened because of science and technoiogy. Importance of Science and Technology Today, we cannot expect our life without science and technology revolving around it every single second. Science and technology are extremely essential in our everyday life as they have made things more simple, fast, and secured. Almost everything that we see around us is the gift of science and technology. Be it the smartphones, fan, wheel, vehicles, cloth, paper, toothbrush, electricity, microwave, vehicles, radio, television, laptops, etc., everything is the resutt of science and technology.Here are What Science and Technology do for us: 1. It helps us save time and money. Various contributions of science and technology have helped us save time and money. While science has given us the knowledge why baked or steam-cooked food is better than the fried or oily food, technology has gifted us with microwave and steam-cookers that help us bake and steam cook our food. Various objects like computers, modes of transport, washing machines help us save time and energy. Education. Science and technology have made significant contribution in the education field as well. Technology has made education itself easier. tt has provided us options like smart classes, multimedia devices, e-libraries, e-books, etc. internet. Information technology, inctuding intemet, is an excellent gift of technology. With the help of internet, we do not get-onty immense knowledge on science and other subjects, but we also get to stay connected with our friends and family. Provides us devices for comfortable sleeping, quick cooking and fast commute. With the help of objects like AC microwave and vehicles, science and technology have made our steeping, cooking, and commuting process easier and faster. It helps us live a better life. While science has made significant contributions in health by providing treatment for various chronic diseases, technology has benefited us in receiving those treatments through various ways and devices like X-ray, scan machines, operation devices, pacemaker, and many more. We. are also blessed with numefous exercising equipment, various health apps, online doctor and other things that help us maintain good health and life. Impact of Technology on Society Technology by itself is not harmful to society, but the way society uses technology to achieve specific goals is what results inte negative impacts of technology on the society. Humans need to use energy to process products in factories, to run cars, to light homes and also run technological machines like computers, but the only way we can do this without affecting the environment and society is by shifting from exhaustible energy sources to renewable and inexhaustible energy sources tike solariwind energy. Technology has contriouted much to various aspects of life. (htips:www.use-of- technofogy/com/society-impact-tech-sociaty/ Technology has improved transportation. Transportation is one of the basic areas of technological activity. Both society and businesses have benefited from the new tansportation methods. Transportation provides -mobility for people and goods. Transportation, like other technologies, can be viewed as a system, It is a series of parts that are interrelated. These parts all work together to meet a certain goal. Technology has made possible all types of transportation and these include: (1} road transport used by automobiles; (2) air transport which is used by airplanes; (3)water transportation which is used by ships and speedboats; and (4) space transportation used to go to the moon, Technologies like automobiles, buses and trucks have improved the way humans move and how they transport their goods from one place to another.+ Technology has improved communication. Communication is used for a-number of purposes. Both society and organizations depend on communication to transfer information. People use technology ta communicate with each other, Electronic media like radios, televisions, internet, social media have improved the way we exchange ideas which can develop our societies. In many countries, radios and televisions are used to voice the concerns of society. They organize live forums where the community can contribute through mobile phones or text service systems like tweeter. Communication technologies like televisions, radio and internet are used to persuade, entertain and inform the people about tiie various programs of the government. Small businesses have also used the internet and mobile communication technology to grow and improve their business. 7 « The World Wide Web has proved to be an enormous information base from which information can be retrieved by means of search engines. Information from ali around the world is housed on the web. With the development of web technology, the information can be organized in an organized manner and relevant information can be retrieved on supplying search strings to web search engines. Digitization of information has been a major breakthrough in the world of information technology. Technology has improved education and the learning process. Education is the backbone of every economy. People need well and organized educational infrastructures so that they can learn how to interpret information. Many schools have integrated educational technologies in their schools with the aim of improving the way students leam. Technologies like smart whiteboards, computers, mobile phones, iPads, projectors and internet are ‘oeing used in classrooms to boost students morale to learn. In the past, when there was no technological advancement, education was usually difficult to access and comprehend. Today, people can get educated even at their doorsteps without going to a building called university or college to collect their certificates, Distant learning and on-line study have made this possible. ‘The Role of Science and Technology in Nation-Building It is a well-established fact that science and technology impacts ali aspects of our lives as well as the planet we live on. The changes induced by science and technology have for the most part benefited mankind although there is many a case where science and technology-based innovations have been used for the detriment of mankind, pursued for either wealth and power of both. It is the responsibility of all concerned to ensure that science and technology Is used widely to benefit mankind (Ratnasiri, 2006). Science and technology has been one of the main driving forces of the economic growth of nations. Most developed countries have generated new technologies with potential to result in dynamic economic performance. This, however, has not been the case with most of the developing countries and their developmental plans have not given emphasis and importance to science and technology and in particular to research in the science and technology aspects. Countries like India, South Korea, and Taiwan in the region have achieved much through science and technology and sland out ashaving demonstrated the absolute importance of science and technology for economic growth. These countries are example for the developing countries. The impact of technology on society without doubt is going to be even more marked in the future. |tis then of paramount importance to generate and develop new knawledge in science and technology for application nationally through our own research capability. 't is also necessary to concentrate on the tapid transfer and exchange of proven technologies from other nations to reap the benefits of the global trends to stimulate our economic growth. . That science and technology plays a decisive role in the economic growth of nations is a foregone conclusion. It is then pertinent to also consider and rethink about the role of scientists and technologists in stimulating the economic well-being of the country, It is well accepted that scientists and tachnologists must necessarily generate new knowledge by engaging in meaningful and appropriate research and developmental activities. A question needs to be posed to the researchers as to whether their role should be limited to only the narrow confines of creation of new knowledge. If scientists 2nd technologists are to contribute significantly to social and economic Changes resulting in the development of the country, their role should expand beyond generation of new knowledge and assume the role of advising'the decision makers and finally making the decisions on the science and technology prospects, choices and priorities for the country. How can scientists and technologists contribute to achieving the multiple role which is a dire necessity for the economic development of the country? Researchers, as creators of new knowledge, must focus their work on nationally and globally important and competitive areas of research which are. multidisciplinary in nature. This means that the results of research must be goal and result-oriented, tangible and significant. On the other hand, scientists and technologists should be totally commitied to add and develop significantly to the knowledge base in science and technology aspects which are of economic importance to the nation. The Role of Science and Technology in the Developing World in the 21% Century Developments in science and technology are fundamentally altering the way people live, connect, communicate and transact, with profound effects on economic development. According to Lee Roy Chetty (2012), science and technology are key drivers to development, because scientific and technological revolutions underpin economic advances, improvements in health systems, education and infrastructure. The technological revolutions of the 21* century are emerging from entirely new sectors, based on micro-processors, telecommunications, biotechnology and nano-technology Producis are transforming business practices across the economy, as well as the lives of all who have access to their effects. The most remarkable breakthroughs wil come from the interaction of insights and applications arising when these technologies converge. Through breakthroughs in health services and education, these technologies have the power to improve the lives of poor people in developing countries. Eradicating malaria and cures for other diseases which are endemic in developing countries are now possible, allowing people with debilitating conditions to live healthy and productive lives.The extent to which developing economies emerge as economic powerhouses depends on their ability to grasp and apply insights from science and technology and use them creatively. Innovation is the primary driver of technological growth and drives higher living standards, To promote technological advances, developing countries should invest in quality education for youth, continuous skills training for workers and managers, and should ensure that knowledge is shared as widely as possible across society. The slate of science and technology determines the socio-economic progress of a country. It is a well-known fact that national progress is highly correlated to the capacity of @ country to produce local industrial goods for domestic needs and that industrialization is very much dependent on the application of science and technology. SUMMARY Science and technology has made great contributions to various aspects of our lives. Ht has altered the way peopte live, connect and communicate and thus has affected profoundly the economic development in the country. A. Discussion Questions 1. Form a group and exchange ideas on concrete manifestations of the role that science and technology play in nation building. Fill up this matrix after your academic conversation. Local Contribution Benefit/s Outcome Regional 1 NationalREFLECTION Draw what you think society or the world would be wilhout science and technology. In one paragraph, present your reasons for your drawing>oppooodo>a>>>2>2>>>>>90d>>>>9 >> >> DD2>d2>> PP2RDO> Government Laws, Policies, Plans and Projects LESSON 3 Pertaining to Science and Technology KKKK KEK KKK Kee eK CCK Ke KKK KKK KEK KKKKKK SES Learning Outcomes Atthe end of the lesson, students should be able to: + describe the science and technology environment from 1986-2016; + identify government laws, policies, plans and projects pertaining to science: and technology; have a glimpse of.the status of science and technology and plans for its: development under President Rodrigo Roa Duterte; and appraise their contribution to the development of science and technology ine the country. introduction The role that science and technology has played in improving the life and conditions of people in the world is vivid. Because the Philippines is a developing country, the status of science and technology in cur country is still below par when compared with countries like Japan and USA. There is a great need therefore to enact more laws and strengthen existing cnes to improve science and technology including research and development in the country. Science and Technology Environment From 1986 to 2016 President Corazon Coluangco Aquino highlighted the importance of science and technology in achieving economic progress. She helped establish the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) which formulated the Science and Technology Master Pian 1991-2000, At thai time, the Philippines aimed to be a Newly Industrialized Country (NIC) Succeeding presidents have had their fair share of policies geared towards improving the sector. President Fidel V. Ramos introduced laws of inventors’ incentives and science and technology scholarships while President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo adopted policies focusing on a national innovation system and promoted technological entrepreneurship under the Mecium-Term Development Plan 2004-2010,The most recent National Science and Technology Pian 2002-2020 is largely focused on building technological self-reliance. Meanwhile, the Harmonized Agenda for science and technology presented to President Benigno Aquino in 2014 hightighted two Critical issues: inclusive growth and disaster risk reduction. Critical technologies to address these issues have been developed and this include LIDAR processing, remote sensing and microsatellites (DIWATA-1). Government Policies and Laws Pertaining to Science and Technology To improve and strengthen science and technology including research development, it is necessary that government enact laws. Several laws have been enacted by Congress since 1958 to present. They are as follows: + RA. 2067 ~ “Science Act of 1958"- An Act To" Integrate, Coordinate and Intensify Scientific and Technological Research and Development and To Foster Invention To Provide Funds Therefore and for Other Pursoses + R.A, 3589 — An Act Amending RA 2067 Modifying the National Science Development Board, National Institue of Science and Technology, and the Philippine Atomic Energy Commission, Extending Tax Exemption, Privileges and Grants, Requests and Donations for Scientific Purposes to Private Educational Institutions and For Other Purposes enacted June 22, 1963 + R.A, 5207 ~ An Act Providing for the Licensing and Regulation of Atomic Energy Facililies an¢ Materials, Establishing the Rules of Liability for Nuclear Damage and for Other Purposes. This Act was approved June 15, 1968 to encourage, promote, and assist the development and use of alomic energy for peaceful purposes as a means to improve the health and prosperity of the inhabitants of the Philippines and to contribute and accelerate scientific, technological, agricultural, commercial, and industrial progress. + Presidential Decree No. 49, s. 1972 established the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services (PAGASA). Is function was to provide environmental protection and to utilize scientific knowledge fo ensure the safety of the people. + Presidential Decree No. 334, s. 1973 created the Philippine National Oil Company to promote industrial and economic development through effective and efficient use of energy resources. + RA. 8749 ~ The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 was enacted by Congress on June 23, 1999 to protect and preserve the environment and ensure the sustainable development of its natural resources. + RA. 8792 — An Act Providing for the Recognition and Use of Electronic Commercial and Non-Commercial Transactions and Documents, Penalties for Unlawful Use Thereof and For Other Purposes passed in June 15, 2000. This Act aims to facilitate domestic and international dealings, transactions, assignment, agreements, contracts and exchanges and storage of information through the uilization of electronic, optical anc similar medium mode, instrumentality and technology to recognize the width and reliability of electronic documents related to such activities and to promote the universal use of electronic transactions in the goverment and the general public.+ RA. 9367 - ‘Biofuels Act of 2006" - An Act to Direct the Use of Biofuels, Establighing for this Purpose the Biofuel Program, Appropriating Funds Therefore, And For Other Purposes. This Act was enacted by Congress on June 12, 2007 to develop and utilize indigenous and sustainable sources, clean energy sources to reduce dependence on imported oil « RA. 9513 - “The Renewable Act of 2008" was passed by Congress to acceleraie the development of the country’s renewable energy resources by providing fiscal and non-fiscal incentives to private investors and equipment manufacturers/fabricators/suppliers, + RA. 10175 - Philippine Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 passed September 12, 2012. An Act Defining Cybercrime, Providing for the Prevention, Investigation, Suppression and the Imposition of Penalties Therefore and For Other Purposes. + R.A. 10612 — An Act Expanding the Coverage of the Science and Technology Scholarship Program and Strengthening the Teaching of Science and Mathematics in Secondary Schools and For Other Purposes. . This Act shall be known as the Fast-Tracked Science and Technology Scholarship Act of 2018. It shall strengthen the country's Science and Technology education by fast-tracking graduates in the science, mathematics, and engineering who shail teach in secondary Schools throughout the ‘country. Towards this end, scholarships shall be provided to finance the education of talented and deserving students in the third year of college and pursuing a degree or training in the areas of science and technology and to provide incentives for them to pursue a career in teaching in high schools in their home regions. + RA. 10844 - An Act Creating the Department of Information and Communication Technology (DICT) which was signed into law on May 23, 2016. In accordance with the law, the Department of Information and Communications Technology (DICT) shall be the primary policy planning, coordination, implementing, and administrative entity of the Executive branch of the government that will plan, develop, and promote the national ICT development agenda. Major Science and Technology Development Plans + Science and Technology Master Plan (STMP). This plan was submitted to the President in March 1989 by the presidential task force composed of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), Department of Agricutture (DA), Department of Trade Industry (DTI), Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC)}, as well as the presidential adviser on public resources: and three academic institutions directly involved in S & T. The development of fifteen (15) leading edges to steer the country toward industrial development were: (1) aquaculture and (2) marine fisheries, (3) forestry and (4) natural resources, (5) process industry, (6) food and (7) feed industry, (8) energy, (9) transportation, (10) construction industry, (11) information technology, (12) electronics, (13) instrumentation and control, (14) emerging technologies, (15) pharmaceuticals.To attain the objectives set in the STMP the following strategies were pursued: modernize the production sectors through massive technology transfer from domestic and foreign sources; upgrade the R & D capability through intensified activities in high priority sector and S&T infrastructure development such as manpower davelopment; and develop information networks, institutional building and S&T culture development. Science and Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND Philippines 2000. This plan was initiated during the term of President Ramos and it embodied the country's technology development plan in the medium- term, in particular, for the period 1993-1998. The STAND identified seven export winners, 11 domestic needs, three other supporting industries, and coconut industry as priority investment area. The seven identified export winners were computer software: fashion accessories; gifts, toys, and houseware; marine products; metal fabrications; fumiture; and dried fruits. The domestic needs included food, housing, health, ciothing, transportation, communication, disaster mitigation, defense, environment, manpower development and energy. Because of their linkages with the above sectors, three additional support industries were included in the list of priority sectors, namely: packaging, chemicals, and metals. Lastly, because of its strategic importance, the coconut industry was included in the list National Science and Technology Plan (NSTP 2002-2020). The Department of Science and Technology (DOST), with the mandate of formulating S&T policies, programs, and projects in support of national development priorities has remained, driven by these guiding visions stated in the NSTP mainly: By 2004, S&T shall have contributed significantly to the enhancement of national productivity and competitiveness and to the solution of pressing problems. By 2010, the Philippines shall have eared niches and become a world class knowledge provider and user in selected science and technology areas, and shall have developed a vibrant S&T culture. By 2020, the Philippines shall have developed a wide range of globally competitive products and services which have a high technological content, The 12 priority areas for S&T development are: a) Agriculture, forestry & natural resources; b) Health and medical services; ¢} Biotechnology; ) Information and Communication Technology ) Microelectronics; f) Materials, science and engineering; g) Earth and marine services; h) Fisheries and aquaculture; i) Environment; j) Naturat disaster mitigation; k) Energy; and 1) Manufacturing and service engineering,Status of Science and Technology and Plans for Development under President Rodrigo Roa-Duterte The Duterte administration reassured its commitment to science, technology and innovation sector. This was established in the increase in the budget of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST). In a speech of President Duterte delivered by Budget Secretary Benjamin E. Diokno during the opening of the National Science and Technology Week 2017, he stated that the budget of DOST has quadrupled in the last seven years “from P50 billion in 2010 to P208 billion in 2017. The budget for research and development grew by neatly 6X over the same period of time from P1 billion in 2009 to P5.8 billion in 2017. This was disclosed in his speech during the celebration of the National Science and Technology Week at the World Trade Center in Pasay City on July 11, 2017. # In the 10-point economic agenda, the promotion of science, technology and Creative aris was included to enhance innovation and creative capacity towards self-. sustaining inclusive development. S&T must create an avenue for development in various sectors, such as in the economy. DOST Secretary Fortunato de la Pena identified the focus of the Department as technology transfer and commercialization thus ten Percent of its overall budget’ was allocated for technology transfer. This resulted to generation of 1000 new intellectual properties that can be adopted in just one year. Major accomplishments of the Duterte administration are: * Entry into the frontiers of space through its support to the Philippine Space Technology Program. DIWATA-1 satellites which was launched in 2016 was made by Filipino scientists who were trained in Japan. The DIWATA:2 which will be iaunched in 2018 has improved the capabilities to better monitor the country. This was made by another batch of Filipino scientists. This space technologies can also be utilized in other sectors, such as in agriculture and disaster preparedness . + A Memorandum of Agreement between Russia and the Philippines regarding the space program will soon materialize. Republic Act 11035 “An Act Institutionalizing the Balik Scientist Program’ was signed into law by the President on June 15, 2018. This law would give more incentives to returning Filipino experts, scientists, inventors, and engineers who would share their expertise in the country. * On telecommunication, Department of Information and Communication Technology, National Telecommunication Commission and telecommunication Companies have agreed to standardize vaice call charges to P2.50. * On weather, 271 new weather stations were installed by the Department of Science and Technology throughout the country. The Zamboanga Doppier Weather Radar System was also installed.