Application of Artificial intelligence on water testing
laboratory production processes
Ndala Yves Mulongo
Faculty of Engineering and The
Built Enviroment
University of Johannesburg
South Africa
Abstract— This study investigates the application of Artificial
Intelligence in laboratory processes. The role of water testing
laboratories is to perform water quality analysis to provide a level
of confidence to consumers that the product is safe to consume.
Testing laboratory production processes can be complex and is
however time consuming, labour intensive, and prone to human
errors. Thus, the implementation of AI systems in the laboratory
production processes may allow laboratories to be flexible in the
ever-changing demands of its customers. This study highlight the
advantages and difficulties that laboratories encountered when
implementing the AI in the laboratory production processes. The
effectiveness and productivity of laboratory procedures are
likewise impacted by the installation of these AI systems. A
PRISMA approach methodology was used to identify studies of
concern. The outcome of this study offer a platform for the
decision makers on opportunities and challenges of implementing
AI systems within laboratory processes to improve productivity
and customer satisfaction levels in testing laboratories. The
present paper also contributes to the knowledge base over the
effect of Artificial Intelligence on productivity and customer
satisfaction in laboratory production processes.
Keywords—Artificial Intelligence, water testing, South Africa
I. INTRODUCTION
Artificial Intelligence has emerged as one of the most
significant technologies of our tie, promising to transform every
aspect of our lives. AI methods are used in various applications,
from health care to finance, transportation, and entertainment.
AI systems typically have elements of planning, learning,
control, logic, and perception. Machine learning, including
supervised and unsupervised learning, is one of the methods
and tools that make up an AI system (UNESCO, 2020).
Advanced AI systems can benefit South Africa's current
economic situation. AI systems might offer a way to mitigate
the problems brought on by load-shedding and Covid-19
lockout incidents, as well as improve the unemployment rate
and corporate growth. Although some people in South Africa
are a little afraid of the introduction of AI since they believe
that these systems would replace workers in certain areas. Yet,
it does not particularly address the employment but rather
Jwalane Elizabeth Bosae
Faculty of Enginnering and The
Built Enviroment
University of Johannesburg
South Africa
possible benefits to change the character of some duties in the
industrial production processes. The advantages of integrating
AI into production processes are numerous, and it can have a
big impact on those processes since it enables businesses to
expand operations, increase efficiency, lower costs, and
improve quality. Predictive maintenance is made possible and
downtime is decreased by AI's ability to automate repetitive
activities, monitor equipment performance, and spot anomalies
in real time.
In addition, by predicting demand and adjusting inventory
levels accordingly, it helps improve supply chain operations.
Production processes can become more adaptable and sensitive
to shifting client demands thanks to AI. AI may assist
businesses in identifying prospects for new products or
services, optimizing pricing strategies, and enhancing the
customer experience by evaluating data from consumer
interactions and market trends. This can assist businesses in
remaining competitive and better meeting the changing needs
of their clients.
The purpose of water quality analysis performed by testing
laboratories is to give customers some assurance that a product
is safe to use/consume. Customers of the laboratory anticipate
that information relevant to them and the findings of their
samples will be managed in confidence. This is especially true
now that South Africa has adopted the POPIA Act 2013, which
supports the protection of personal information processed by
both public and private organisations. This implies that
laboratories have a much bigger duty to implement IA systems
that include the act. A study by Wirtz et al (2018) spoke on the
ability of AI in processing data and analysis many times over,
and how AI has served as a great improvement in managing
public data.. It can be understood that the progressive
implementation of AI in working environments can improve the
production rates and thus the efficiency of laboratory
operations. Yahyaomi et al., 2023 discovered that an AI auto
verification system improved the efficiency of medical
laboratories. A water testing laboratory based in Gauteng South
Africa has been experiencing delays in the sampling activities
within their production workflow which leaves its customers
frustrated. The productivity and efficiency levels of this
laboratory have also dropped significantly. Therefore, this
research study seeks to address the impact of AI in lab
production processes mitigating challenges that affect
sampling, sample analysis, reporting of results, authorization of
results, and customer report generation.
II. LITERATURE
Artificial intelligence is transforming the world in a
variety of ways, including production processes. In the past few
years, the application of AI has grown significantly in different
industries, including the laboratory sector. The literature review
will discuss AI and its impact on production processes.
Artificial Intelligence integrates the capabilities that require
human intervention and can be performed by a machine. The
capabilities that AI computer systems possess, are those of
problem solving, decision making, data analysis, human
cognition, emotions and thinking (Nishant et al.,2020).
Machine Learning (ML) is the ability of a machine to act in a
human intelligent manner without being explicitly programmed
(Chopra & Khurana, 2018). Machine learning is then divided
into three divisions namely supervised, unsupervised, and
reinforcement learning. It can be said that adopting AI and ML
in processes can enhance efficiency and productivity
(Ramachandran et al., 2021).
a. AI techniques Applications
AI has numerous applications that can assist with the efficiency
of processes in production. Through ML, Cognitive computing,
NLP and IOT, some common applications in production
processes can be used in preventative maintenance, quality
control, and process optimization (Day, 2020; Li et al., (2020)
; Fern ́andez-Lucas et al., (2021)). It can be said that the use of
these applications leads to an improvement in customer
experience, increased efficiency, and cost savings in service
operations Wang et al., 2022.
• Predictive maintenance/ Preventative maintenance
As production processes become more automated, there is a
growing need to deal with predictive maintenance on those
processes. Predictive maintenance AI tools can be used to
monitor equipment performance and predict when the
maintenance is required. A study by (Li et al., 2020) showed
that with the use of AI predictive maintenance in a chemical
plant there was a reduction of maintenance costs by 25% and
increased equipment efficiency by 20%. Through predictive
analysis benefits of proper planning, reducing downtime, and
enhanced productivity can be achieved.
• Quality Control
Quality control AI can be used to in monitoring the product
quality in real time while identifying defects and reducing
waste. The results from the use of machine algorithm in a
kidney stone analysis offered a promising approach to
improving the accuracy and efficiency of clinical laboratory
testing, while providing high quality results (Day, 2020). With
the use of quality control in production processes, data fed to
the machines can be analysed and any abnormalities identified
be corrected or removed. In another study, the use of
Laboratory Information Systems (LIMS) which contained
algorithms for quality control measures ensured that the
accuracy and reliability of laboratory results (Marescotti,
2021).
• Production optimization
Production optimization through Artificial Intelligence could
be employed to optimize production processes, identify
inefficiencies, and improving output. The use of advanced
computational tools and ML algorithms can analyse large
amounts of data generated during bioprocessing and identify
patterns and trends that can be used to optimize process
performance (Fern ́andez-Lucas et al., 2021). In the
optimization of production processes, the integration of tasks
promotes productivity.
b. AI in laboratory production processes/ tools of AI in
production processes
The application of AI in laboratory production processes has a
potential of transforming production processes. AI application
can improve efficiency, reduce costs, and produce better data
quality (Hase et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2019). Its application
could be broken down into two categories namely automation
and decision-making.
• Automation
Automation involves using machines to perform tasks that are
repetitive, time consuming or dangerous to humans. AI can
automate production processes by using robotics , machine
vision, and ML e.g., Robots being used for repetitive tasks in a
laboratory for sample preparation, pipetting, and data entry.
O’Neill, 2021 argued that automating repetitive tasks may free
up the researchers to focus on more complex work. A study by
(Jarvi et al., 2023) describes how drones were used to improve
the process of measuring air pollution in a street canyon
network, as the readings were limited due to the size and shape
of the street canyons and couldn’t accommodate mobile
laboratory used for the collection of air pollutants. Another
study by (Pasquier et al., 2021) found that the use of aquatic
drones significantly reduced the time and effort required to
collect samples from variety of surface water bodies, including
rivers, lakes, and ponds.
• Decision making
AI can be used to support decision making in laboratory
production processes. It can be used to analyse data whilst
identifying patterns or variances which employees may miss.
AI can also be used to optimize production processes by
identifying the most efficient parameters for a given
experiment. Decision making applications improve the
efficiency and quality of processes. (Wang et al., 2019) showed
that the use of image analysis in histopathology led to higher
accuracy and faster processing times compared to manual
analysis. The use of human collaboration robots enhances the
safety of humans by delegating hazardous and repetitive tasks
to robots , allows for flexibility and adaptability to changes in
production demands (Hirata & Hirano, 2019).
c. Benefits, challenges/limitations of AI in production
processes
• Benefits
There are multiple benefits pertaining to the employment of
Artificial Intelligence in production processes as described in
the above sections. Research studies indicate that with AI
implementation in production processes there will be increased
efficiency, reduced costs, improved quality. Thus, improving
the capabilities of organizations while achieving a competitive
advantage . AI systems can produce better quality data at
reduced costs (Hase et al., 2019). Through IOT there is better
collaboration and data sharing (Denny-Gouldson, 2018).
• AI challenges/limitations
Although there are several benefits to the implementation of AI
in production processes, research has also argued on the
challenges and limitations of the use of the technology. With
the use of AI to deal with big data there is also a concern over
the privacy and security over intellectual property, confidential
information and generated data, the data needs to be protected
from unauthorized access and breaches (Hase et al., 2019;
Denny-Gouldson, 2018; Wang et al., 2019). The use of AI in
production processes the safety of human beings may be
compromised with the use of robots in shared workspaces
(Hirata & Hirano, 2019). The implementation costs of AI
technologies and systems can also be severe (O’Neill, 2021).
Researchers argue that AI technologies may not fully replace
human judgement(Mullin, 2018). Some industries may be
restricted in terms of regulations pertaining to cloud
infrastructure (Denny-Gouldson, 2018). AI systems are also as
good as the data it has been trained on (O’Neill, 2021), therefore
these systems may be susceptible to bias and raises a question
of ethics. In smaller organizations it can become costly to
implement these Artificial Intelligence systems. AI based
inspection systems may require periodic updates to maintain its
accuracy and effectiveness, which can become costly and time
consuming (Goffin, 2022). The application of AI technologies
in production processes can revolutionize processes however,
it is also important to note the challenges and limitations they
impose.
III. METHODOLOGY
AI systems typically have elements of planning,
learning, control, logic, and perception. Machine learning
applications are based on ideas/data given to the machines so
that the machines may function on their own with little human
interaction. Testing laboratory production processes could be
complex, and labour intensive.. Thus, the implementation of AI
systems in the laboratory production processes allows
laboratories to be flexible in the ever-changing demands of its
customers. This study seeks to address the impact of AI in lab
production processes mitigating challenges that affect
sampling, sample analysis, reporting of results, authorization of
results, and customer report. A testing laboratory based in
Gauteng South Africa experiences delays in its daily activities
within their production workflow which leaves its customers
frustrated. The productivity and efficiency levels of this
laboratory have also dropped significantly. The main goal of
this paper is to review AI applications in laboratory setting and
how they impact the efficiency of laboratory operations,
performance of the laboratory and the customer satisfaction.
The outcome of this review will setting provide literature on the
opportunities of and challenges of AI application in laboratory
setting. This review will also provide recommendations for
future research on AI in laboratory processes.
PRISMA approach methodology was used to collect, analyse,
and interpret published literature on the impact of AI in
laboratory production processes. PRISMA methodology is
defined as a systematic methodology PRISMA methodology
used to review published information on a subject matter for
knowledge gaps, through scanning of the literature using
inclusion and exclusion criteria and making use of statistical
method for the interpretation of results (Selçuk, 2019). The use
of a twenty-seven checklist can be followed to formulate the
systematic review on AI impact in production processes. A
PRISMA methodology was then used to address the question
“What is the impact of AI on the Accuracy, efficiency of
laboratory processes”.
A multiple search was conducted on studies relevant to the
topic. The search was performed in the following databases
namely, Web of Science, Science Direct, and the EBSCO host.
The following terms were applied to the search engine; (AI OR
Artificial Intelligence) AND (Production processes OR
laboratory processes ) AND (operational efficiency OR
Accuracy) . The different terms were used to produce a larger
search of published articles. The articles were refined with the
inclusion criteria of articles from 2013-2023, academic
journals, peer reviewed articles. The exclusion criteria were
applied to articles that were not published in English,
Documents which were not academic journals , were publisher
over the 10-year period. Due to the time constraint on the study
where data collection involved screening of the articles and
they were screened for specifics on laboratory setting,
laboratory tests/analysis involving AI .
IV. FINDINGS
The article by (Fantke et al.,2021) reviews the current AI data
driven approaches, computational approaches, and process
modelling technologies in the chemical space which assist in
the optimization of chemical processes. The author also
discusses the how AI tools transition the world of chemistry R&
D through use of Machine learning, Natural language
processing, robotics which can contribute to waste reduction
and reduced accidents in the workspace , processing of large
data. The AI digital tools can assist in decision making,
increasing the efficiency of processes and increasing
performance. Limitations of employing these technologies in
the chemistry Research & Development is the need for skilled
personnel to manage and interpret digital data, challenges with
phasing in the digital tools into existing workflows or the
system. Therefore, there is a gap in the standardization of
approaches in data collection, analysis, and interpretation.
The article by (Baccolo et al.,2021) discusses the use of an
automated untargeted Gas Chromatography-Mass
Spectrometry(GC-MS) in the analysis of a chemical sample.
The authors discuss how samples are analysed by the GC-MS
which contains AI algorithms that assist with the data analysis.
The study involved machine learning algorithms that were
trained to identify certain peaks. This type of AI technology can
improve the accuracy and time it takes to perform the task. The
limitation identified in the study relates to the data entering, and
the model interpretation. Thus, the Authors identifies a need for
further research in areas of interpretability, generalization,
transferability of the data.
The study by (Naugler & Church, 2019) discusses the current
and potential automation and Artificial Intelligence (AI)
technologies within the clinical laboratories. The author
indicates that with automation there are multiple benefits such
as efficiency, improved accuracy of results, cost effectiveness
in laboratory processes. Processes such as sample preparation,
testing of the samples, and the reporting of the produced results
may be enhanced with the use of AI technologies . AI also has
the potential to assist with the data analysis process by means
of machine learning (ML) algorithms, predictive analysis, and
decision support systems. The limitations of the study were
over the concern over data security and privacy of information.
Challenges of integrating the AI systems into laboratory
processes. Thus, the Authors see a gap for future research in the
cost effectiveness of the AI and automation technologies, as
well as the impact of AI and automation on the laboratory staff
and the patients. Future research can also address the need for
regulatory guidelines and ethical considerations with the
application of AI and Automation. Future research needs to
look into the validation and standardization of implementing AI
technologies to ensure the effective adoption of these
technologies.
The article by Ayres et al., 2021 outlines the applications of AI
in the analytical chemistry sector. The authors argue that AI has
the potential to process data, recognize patterns in the data,
provide predicted results, and optimize processes in analytical
chemistry. ML algorithms can be applied to data, such as
chromatographic data, Mass Spectrometric data, Spectroscopic
data, and overall improve the efficiency of solving complex
problems. The limitations identified in the study is the
challenges regarding data quality, interpretability, and
generalization. As the manner in which data is handled will
affect the end result. Future research can look into the
standardization and reproducibility of AI in analytical
chemistry, also the need for developed algorithms.
The study of Gruson et al., 2021 discusses the potential and
issues of utilising data science, AI and ML in the medicine
laboratories but also discusses the importance of regulating the
employing AI. With the utilisation of the AI and ML
technologies there can be improvements in patient care,
improved diagnostics, data analysis, personalized medication.
Challenges of fairness, biasness, data quality and interpretation
of AI models. The authors support that future research can
cover the protocols of implementing the AI technologies,
standardizing the format of the data, Validation of the
implementation of the AI.
Bai et al., 2022 discuss the evolution of automation in
laboratories. Laboratory automation evolved from
implementation of hardware and software into the laboratory
processes. These technologies saw the improvement in the
productivity of laboratory processes. Then automation systems
included data driven methods such as Machine Learning and
Artificial Intelligence, to optimize and improve the laboratory
processes. Machine learning and Artificial Intelligence also
improved the laboratory processes with the decision-making
tasks. Knowledge graphs can also be used to identify the
relationship between substances and their properties.
Knowledge graphs enable data integration, and advanced
analytics, improves data management and decision-making
tasks. It can be noted that there are challenges with
standardization, the quality of data, and the implementation of
knowledge graphs in laboratories.
The article (Abolhasani & Kumacheva, 2023) provides a
perspective on the rise of self-driving laboratories in the
chemical and material science sector. Self-driving laboratories
utilize automation and Artificial intelligence to improve the
process of discovery of chemical and materials. The author
reports on the benefits of AI as increased process efficiency,
reproducibility of produced data. The limitations of this study
were that self-driving laboratories are still relatively new;
therefore, more research is needed to optimize their
performance. The article suggest that future research look into
the cost and accessibility of the chemicals or materials. Another
factor that may be considered is the implementation of the self-
driving laboratories in different geographical regions. The bias
of data selection and interpretation of the data are proposed for
future research.
Mateescu & Suba, 2013 discuss an AI Decision Supporting
Tool(DST) that assist laboratories in making informed
decisions about the testing procedures. The authors discuss the
4 types of criteria to be considered when making informed
decisions with regards to selection of methods and allocation of
resources. The 4 types of criteria’s being related to technical
criteria, economic criteria, operational, environmental criteria.
The DST tool can assist laboratory management in scheduling
and improving processes of the laboratory. The right number of
staff members, equipment needed and turnaround time
calculation call all be done through the DST tool. The study
proves that the DST tool can be regarded as a tool that can
ultimately improve the performance of the laboratory. The
limitation of this study is that the DST tool was conducted on a
single case study, which makes the results of this study biased.
Future research can be conducted to test the DST in different
laboratories, to validate the effectiveness of the tool.
Wang et al., 2019 discusses the use of AI technology to identify
drug designs by the analysis of large data sets. The benefits of
using AI in drug designs are that AI can reduce the cost of a
clinical trial, provide efficiency to the drug processes,
determine the drugs toxicity. One of the studies the author has
commented is where AI was successful in predicting the
toxicity of a compound in a drug, the compound aimed at
targeting cancer. Also, AI in the study being deployed to
critically assess huge set of information to successfully identify
new biomarkers for disease diagnosis and treatment. The AI
algorithms are used can be trained to identify patterns in the
data making the diagnosis process efficient. The results of the
study are constrained because they were based on a literature
assessment of earlier studies, thus they are not presented as new
research findings. Use of AI in drug design applications is also
relatively new and the data on the performance of it is limited.
Future research may look into the biasness of the selection of
data, the cost implications. Future research can also look into
the validation and calibration of the AI technologies.
The article by Marescotti et al, 2022 discusses the how
Artificial Intelligence (AI) was used to assist with the
optimization of laboratory workflow during the Covid-19
pandemic. Since laboratory processes make it challenging to
implement social distancing measures AI can be used in the
laboratory processes. The implementation of AI workflow
system done, the system utilised machine learning algorithms
in analysing data form the different processes. The authors
argue that with the implementation of the AI system the
laboratory was able to achieve quicker turnaround times which
ultimately correlates with customer satisfaction. The workflows
were optimized and resources used effectively. With the use of
the system, it was able to identify bottlenecks within the
processes and they could be resolved. Th use of this system can
make recommendations from its analysis of the laboratory
processes and effectively optimize the operations, improving
the efficiency of laboratory processes. There was no
comparison done on the traditional method workflows to prove
that the AI system can be more efficient. The future research
can address the algorithm bias in the AI workflow system,
investigate the data security and the data privacy of the AI
workflow system.
A study by (Fedderson et al, 2023) involves an AI assisted
digital metaphase chromosome workflow. A traditional
workflow requires manual labour and time consuming, thus in
event where there are staff shortages, the pressure in the
chromosome workflow becomes high. The study evaluated the
effectiveness of using the Artificial Intelligence (AI) in a digital
analysis within a cytogenetics laboratory. A digital metaphase
chromosome analysis workflow was used in conjunction with
deep neural network (DNN) algorithms in the process of
separating chromosomes and karyogram preparation. The
implementation of DNN algorithms in the workflow showed
improved efficiency and accuracy in the karyotype preparation
process. Thus, freeing up the staff time to focus on other
responsibilities. Future studies may investigate the validation
and optimization of the AI system in other areas.
The article by Keisuke et al., 2023 argue that laboratory
processes such as , workflows, data handling and interpretation
are fast being digitized. Traditional processes should either be
increased to keep up with the AI technologies or be replaced
altogether by AI technologies. The Authors also discuss the
benefits of implementing AI technologies in laboratory space
such as it can assist with the making up for staff shortages and
process efficiencies. However, they also note that AI methods
bring various challenges in the laboratory space. Challenges
over data privacy and security, biasness of the AI algorithms.
The article also discusses the influence of AI adoption on
technological, legal, societal factors, and clinical factors. It is
apparent that AI may also remove the expertise of pathologists
in areas they specialize in leading to burnout. The article
reviews studies that evaluated the performance of the
algorithms. Limitations noted in these studies is the small
sample size and lack of the population diversity. Future
research should investigate more on the performance of
algorithms in larger populations, evaluate the AI algorithms
that can detect and remove biases in existing data.
The article by (Steiner et al., 2020) discusses the potential of
Artificial Intelligence (AI) of improving the accuracy
reproducibility and efficiency of the process of diagnoses in
pathology. The review discusses the widespread of AI
applications in pathology laboratories and the authors argue that
the AI applications still have a gap in the translation
applications in the laboratory space. Recent applications of AI’s
ability to digitalize pathology images has seen significant
improvements in the laboratory workflow. Expert level
performance has also been observed with the utilisation of ML
tools within the different clinical laboratory disciplines. AI has
also benefitted this pace by increasing the productivity levels of
in the operation processes, ultimately assisting with the staff
shortage . AI algorithms implemented in this space can assist
with filtering of out negative biopsies and automating routine
tasks such as mitosis counting. With the use of the AI the review
indicated that it is also important to note the potential biasness
in the quality of data. Future research can investigate the
standardization and regulation of the data and algorithms.
The article by Derbenev et al., 2022 reviews software tools and
their use in research laboratories. The review is based on a
software designed to assist with the planning and performing of
chemical experiments. Increase in digitalization opens up an
opportunity of using the computational tools to streamline
routine work in laboratories. The authors further discuss the
scope of the software tools. Reaction prediction tools use
machine learning algorithms to predict chemical reactions.
Optimization of reactions can also be achieved through
simulation of chemical processes. The study indicates that
software tools improve the efficiency of chemical processes,
and that these tools also have their limitations which indicate
the lack in standardization and validation of the algorithms.
Future research can address the validation and standardization
of the algorithms, bias and errors of the algorithms that can
promote green and sustainable chemistry.
The study by (Grady et al., 2020) Technologies discussed in the
review include optical sensors, biological sensors,
electrochemical sensors ,remote sensing technologies. The
benefit and limitations of each of the technologies is discussed
by the authors. Optical sensors may be used to measure the
absorbing and scattering of light particles found in the water,
provide a high resolution. Biological sensors can also be used
in the measurement of pathogens and contaminants that exist in
the water, whilst remote sensing technologies offer the benefit
of monitoring water quality over large areas. The ML and AI
integrated into the sensors can help in the analysis and
interpretation of big data. The tiered approach in the study
allows the collection of accurate water quality data from
different scales of catchment areas. The ML configured in the
sensors also assist in detecting changes in the water quality. The
limitation of the study was that it covered all technical aspects
of water quality monitoring and did not cover the economic and
social implications of implementing the framework. Future
research may address the use of ML and AI in analysing and
interpreting big data produced by the sensors.
V. CONCLUSION
The main goal of this paper was to conduct an investigation into
the impact of AI on laboratory production processes,
specifically addressing challenges related to sampling, sample
analysis, reporting of results, authorization of results and
customer satisfaction in a testing laboratory based in Gauteng,
South Africa. Reviewing AI applications in a lab environment
and assessing their impact on operational effectiveness,
performance, and customer satisfaction were the studies’ main
objective. Fifteen related articles were analysed as part of the
studies’ PRISMA methodology to acquire data. The project’s
findings demonstrate the potential of AI to enhance laboratory
procedures. The literature demonstrated several AI
applications, such as automation, ML, knowledge graphs, and
DST, which improved laboratory workflows’ productivity,
accuracy, and decision-making. The AI technologies and
systems helped with process optimization, resource allocation,
and bottleneck detection, which increased efficiency and sped
up the turnaround times. Additionally, the research’ AI
algorithms demonstrated the capacity to large data, forecast
outcomes, and support decision-making processes. The study
was conducted with the aim of addressing the difficulties
testing laboratory face, and how such difficulties may affect lab
operations. The study’s goal was to offer insights that help
guide decision-making and aid in the deployment of AI
technologies to address problems, enhance productivity,
improve customer satisfaction. It was done by investigating
how AI has affected laboratory production processes.
Recommendations can be made considering the finding. The
validation and optimization of AI system algorithms in different
laboratory environments to ensure they are effective across all
different applications. Also, efforts should be made to address
challenges related to data standardization, algorithm bias ,
algorithm interpretability, and privacy and security in AI
applications in laboratory processes. Future efforts should also
be made to include larger and diverse populations in AI
applications to ensure that algorithms perform effectively.
Researchers and scientists should collaborate more to promote
knowledge sharing, best practices and the development of AI
driven solutions specific to the needs of laboratory production
processes.
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