Professional Documents
Culture Documents
● Revision
● Phonetics & Phonology
● Aims of CAP
● Practice
Phonetics
O’Grady (2005)
ultrasound.
Acoustic phonetics
- studies the sound in the air that travels from a speaker to
a listener.
- phoneticians need to turn sounds into visual
representations, and from these graphs, we can analyze
and compare frequencies and other properties of sounds,
Acoustic phonetics (cont.)
- Results of measurements:
- duration,
- intensity,
- and pitch
Auditory phonetics
- Main concern: is the action of speech sounds hearing and
their perception in the listener’s perspective → studies
surround the relationships between speech stimuli and a
listener’s responses to such stimuli,
- Physical properties of sounds to be measured: amplitude
(intensity), fundamental frequency, spectral structure,
and duration → loudness, pitch, sound quality, and length.
- Asking listeners to report on what they hear and
understand.
Phonology
- Studies the systematic organization of sounds in a language.
- Aim: establish distinctive differences between sounds,
identify and describe the phonemes and the phonemic
system of a language.
- There are mainly two approaches, i.e., formally
distributional approach and semantic method.
- Distributional approach: analyzing the position/distribution of the
sound in the word,
- Semantic method on the meaning generated by the sounds.
Phonological tools
- To facilitate the analyzing process, it is necessary to
represent speech sounds on the page. → phonetic
symbols (i.e., the IPA)
- The analysis is performed through the system of
phonological 24 oppositions,
- A phoneme and an allophone
- Phonological rules (phonological process)
- Syllable structure
- Distinctive features
- Prosody: The suprasegmental features occur simultaneously with
vowels and consonants but stretch 26 across larger units like syllables,
words, or sentences
- Stress & intonation
Similarities & Differences in
Phonologies of Languages
←> ergonomics of the speech process
- Distinctions: easy to perceive/produce
E.g.: [t] [n]
all languages: dental/alveolar [t] and [n], 64% [d]
< 0.5% [ no]
- Low-cost contrasts → consonants and vowels →
universal & innate
Similarities & Differences in
Phonologies of Languages
1, Varying complexity
- Number of segments
[z] - [s].