Chapter One ENGINEER “THE MASTER” N the recent times, a lot has been said concerning the engineer and his profession-ENGINEERING. From what has been said in the introduction, ENGINEERING is a profession in which the knowledge of Mathematics, Natural Science and even Social Science, coupled with experience in practice, is applied, with qualitative judgement and qualitative development that will benefit mankind. The ENGINEER, on the other hand, is that individual that puts to work what the scientists discovered, the technologists suggest and what the public demands, thus arriving at a desired solution to technical problems that constitute a challenge to the society, This therefore means that the Engineer is a problem solver as he has been found to be solely responsible for every innovation in technology development. Of course, the well being of mankind, the economic, social and political development ofany society depends on technology development. This two distinct and clear cut definitions show that the engineer is an elite who is a well educated individual.The Engineer in Society 8 j -ere mainly Irrigators, eation WETE J The first engineers ae ee These set of people came to diate needs of man as at that ded food, shelter, clothing and er on Classified as Civil] Architects and Tool Ma being as a result of imme time. At that time man nee It defense. These engineers were a and Military Engineers. During project execution, the eng monks oo other professionals who are in various 1elas 0: engineering. This is why he cannot be said to be the leader in an engineering project accomplishment. He may however be said to the grinding force behind every engineering conquest. He is an expert in that which he has been exposed to. This then means that engineering accomplishment is by the courage, determination and persistency of the engineer to conquer the forces of nature. The engineer is a person who is very useful in all manufacturing industries. His achievement can in no way be denied as that which he claims to have done is always seen physically. It is very important to say that the life of the engineer is caught up between the world of the administration and the world of academics. More often than not, the society contributes to the success and failure of the engineer. This is to say that the engineer can design and build a much more economical, safer and smaller cars but the society will not conform to buy them. Again, the same engineer can design small community centers such as settlement areas where houses with common walls and roofs are built instead of the usual separated scattered houses for individuals self comfort. Economically, the former ig a Jot cheaper in9 Engineer “The Master" design, best form of energy saving and social living. Another good example mass transit vehicles which involve the t of trains and buses. This of course is safer, cheaper and more beneficial to the environment as compared to individual trying and struggling to buy personal ears because of absolute sake of freedom of movement. This attitude made a one time American President Abraham Lincoln to say, “With public sentiment nothing can fail, without it nothing can succeed”. This then means thal the government should always involve the governed when attempting to make and decide on a policy that will affect the existing technology or trying to change the old onc. 4 THE ATTRIBUTES OF THE ENGINEER World wide today, the society is undergoing dramatic change which is indirectly from engineering activities. The larger role of the engineer has its emphasis on creativity and decision making as well as analysis and design. The professionals and specialists therefore derive their rewards from inward standards of excellence. This they obtain from their professional society and from intrinsic satisfaction of their task. This then means to say that the engineer has the following attributes: 1, He is always committed to the task and professional standards rather than the job or his boss. He is never committed to anybody except to the challenging environments where he can play with problems. He is always committed to his own career and self» 10 wgineer 1 Society 10 s him to: .ofindependence, nizations AS an assoc} i Cc hen he is faced with More at. This make fulfillmet » power DE have the pow™ . ii function est pie : iii. Innovate new idea roblems. iv. preogniZ the need for team work which takes as transicn . h . Subordinate himself to the team fora white . his own terms but never On Permanen, submergence. h to problems is always based on 4, His approach rational thinking rather than emotional reaction, He maintains a firm stand on decisions b main ase rationalized facts. on . Heisadocraswellasa planner. 7. He is responsible for the completion of an overall project involving many other human re: (professional colleagues, labour etc) Sources , . ve 8. He is alwa ys capable t under pressure. © work long hours and even 9. He often b ear: ; adverse effccte i. sponsibility to anticipate any allure since his work affects lives. 13. He has hi : s his mi in engineerin ind open to conti 8 And its related mane education both ields,1 Engineer “The Master” 14, He contributes regularly to the strengthening of professional bodies. 15. He ensures that the corporate bodies play their role admirably in the professional and national affairs, 16. He critically examines his own role as to what to do soas toachieve the desired excellenc 17. He is always nepative to just being satisfied in counting blessings in what he has been instrumental in endowing. 18. He is always at the center of properly formulated policy of national development of his country. THE ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE ENGINEER The prime mover of technology initiation, advancement and development is the ENGINEER. By this, he is solely responsible for the innovation on which the well being, economic, social and political development of the entire society depends. Once there is an innovation, the engineer sees to it that it is useful and beneficial to the entire society. This means that if the engineer is sincerely well motivated and given the desired recognition as regards functioning in his career and capacity, all the required infrastructures in any society will be developed satisfactorily. If otherwise, the engineer and engineering practice will become Marginalised thus making non engineering personnel to dominate the implementation and execution of an engineering project. If this happens, the project will be of low quality on completion and will also be grosslyin Society 12 The ines? -t}e sociely: inadequate for the § jolitical situation that jdered is the right training for the consiiwironment for him to operate and Hines! se of responsibility for SOClO-E One important factor for 8 needs to be engineer and ! vir function with highest degre ing project, the engineer is exec anenpincer n In the exceution ofan engl ing Pyne conception to the stapes right involved in all the stages righ : ° ‘ dehvery /commissioning- It is therefore a mus that the engineer should put inte consideration all bape Leb socio-political, economic and engineering factors that will be involved in all the stages of the project. By so doing it will make him arrive at sound decisions that will enable him put his best into the project. THE ENGINEER AND THE LAW Everybody is protected under the general law against torts of others, i.e. nuisance, negligence, libel, slander, trespass and assault. An employer is usually responsible for torts committed by his employees during the course of their employment. However, an employer will not be responsible for the criminal liabilities of any of his employees. , A company becomes a nuisance when there is an / unreasonable interference with individual either by the use of land, noise from the factory or unpleasant smell The complainant can therefore only apply to a law court for damages, redress or for an injunction so as to prevent the nuisance. The company can equally be accused 0 negligence if it can be shown that unintended dan has resulted from a failure in the legal duty of:13° Engineer “Thy Master” However, test must have been done so AS to avo; This action can be taken if one qualified. id injury. 1S professionally Generally, whatever safety precautions that may be put in place by an employer, some work still remains inherently dangerous, This is why visitors into a factory are owed a common duty of care and hence must be properly warned of the existing potential dangers. HEALTH AND SAFETY There is an ACT in respect of Health and Safety as they are both important aspects in manufacturing industries. This is why the employer is bound to provide a safe working environment and system. In doing this, the company must provide the following: * competent workers * safe place for working * working equipment thatare safe to use * adequate safety and protective equipment * properly organized working environment * insurance for the employee against hazards * good welfare packages for the employees MANAGEMENT OF PEOPLE BY THE ENGINEER Most registered engineers have become MANAGERS such that majority of them find the task of managing people more demanding than the technical aspects of their work, For this purpose therefore such engineers require good leadership quality.EE TEAR OCCT Lh Basically, for senior posts in any establishment, leadership of the highest order is very much needed even though at all levels and down the line leadership quality may be exercised amongst the employees: The qualities of Icadership therefore include the following: * ability to organize and integrate t people involved * decisiveness * selfassurance * persuasiveness * intelligence * initiative + intellectual honesty he work and other + integrity * ambition + focused With the quality of a good leadership, there is a range of management styles. 1. AUTOCRATIC: This wields personal power, makes decisions himself and announces decisions as a fait accompli to his staff. This type of a leader can be appropriate as a worker in a store house. 2. DEMOCRATIC: This will always encourage staff working with him to bring forth Suggestions, even make decisions and he will pl i a such. By his actio ption to ieeuen, te ofien Produces a happi lo decreased factory output,15 Engineer "The Master” Leadership can be enhanced by: + staff being treated as intelligent and individuals. + a leader maintaining a high standard of personal conduct and not behave as one of the lads. + aleader keeping his attitude flexible and be Teady to modify his style of leadership so as to meet up with an unprecedented change. + a leader being able to design work that will motivate the staff working with him. + a leader taking pain to know his staff individually so that he will be able to know who to praise and who to rebuke. + a leader treating his staff with respect on the assumption that ‘if] was in their position’. creative LABOUR Labour is a resource that accounts for a substantial proportion of the expenditure of a company. It is therefore important that human resources should be carefully planned and utilized. This process must then involve the following stages. 1. taking stock of existing resources 2. estimating future requirements 3. manpower plan RECRUITMENT OF THE ENGINEER The recruitment of staff is often done through advertisement which can be classified as INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL. Where it is Internal the advertisement6 _ senginoer on 80H TS tice boards within t, mre » no isted On (he Hobe pe ; wy ablishment .ement is always by weighteg. through adc ed candidates are Score ia a s hod, The short IS! d on their qualifications sures methe interview base! Hed fot interview. Select semance atthe INEER AREAS OF FUNCTION OF THE ENG 1. Research: This is the area “ cw engineer ‘ searches for new knowledge so as to ve p ms arising from an old work or just opening up new ones within the environment and which have no immediate solution. e.g. discovery of a new metal, 2. Development: This is an area where the engineer applies existing and new knowledge in order to develop prototypes of new devices, structures and Processes, e.g. bridges, buildings, roads, etc. 3. pesign: this is the area where the engineer applies Envinees Drought forward by the Research services, gt, 88 1 produce detailed design of SeTVIces, Structures d tric Power installatig a processes, e.g. elec | n, dams, alrports, highways, etc. 4. Testing; iS is the . Performs tests the areg where the engine materials ta he yeey new engineering products instruments, equips Producing another thing, €. lingsatioundatge ns Soil test for roads ani 1 Construction; is ; ving. engineer is mo 7 7. 'Y con : ‘i of buildings such as nd with the constructio OUSinw --+-. } | |10. 11 17 Engineer “The Master" seaports, airports, multistory buildings, etc. operation: This is the area where the engincer is seen TuUNnINE and maintaining the production facilities particularly in the industries, e.g. plants andcquipment. production: This is the area where the engineer sees to the production line to appropriate the quality of products being produced. sales: This is the area where the engineer is engaged in advertising the product of his company to the public as he already has the knowledge of it, e.g. Feedback, TEQuipment, etc Managing: This state of the engineer is for him to manage and coordinate the activities of the technology team in the company, ©-8- Project Engineer, Work Engineer, etc. Consulting: This is the area in which all engineers are involved. The engineer is a specialist in his field and is called upon to assist or give advice in the design of a new approach to an engineering project. He can equally be invited to supplement the in- house available engineering talents to accomplish the task. Academic: This is the area in which an engineer is seen impacting knowledge through training and quality education to desiring individuals in tertiary institutions and even other engineers in their various fields to acquire more knowledge at advanced level. The training can be in the form of lectures or workshops.The Engineer in Society 18 gincer in any of the above area, 12. professional: Anet 7 oy essional merce is a professional. Hence, & must have . . . extensive intellectual capability and with iainy oat qualifying examinavions SO aS to ge stered with the appropriate regulating Body, ¢.8 COREN, NSE, IEE, IEEE, CIE, ete, - vital skill ; ~ monopoly of P ractice ~ autonomy to be se ifregulated + code ofethics ‘ THEENGINEERIN GOVERNMENT | 7 rking in government start their career as Pupil Engineer and rise to the peak as Director General. They are at times appointed in the capacity of political office holder as Permanent Secretary, Adviser, Commissioner Or Minister. The different cadres of engineering status an engineer passes through are as follow: + Pupil Engineer + Engineer! « Engineerl + Senior Engineer Principal Engineer ssistant Chief Engi Chief Engineer Bineer Assistant Director Deputy Director Director Director General Most of the engineers wo19 Engineer “The Master” ¢ cadres of engineering p sonnel are mostly volved in project planning, execution, operation, in Henance, COMMISSIONING, ¢ nd even consulting. In oe cases, they offen serve as committee members murine the commission, of @ project, equipment crrehase, construction, installation, arbitration and even during planning of such. All thes Ministry in which an engineer can work in The : 1 government varies and this depends on the specializaion required. Some Ministries are specialized, and such ones include the following: + Works and Housing +» Transport + Commerce and Industries + Science and Technology + Agriculture + Communication + Mines, Power and Steel The engineer can equally be found in various Government Parastatals and Agencies such as Research Institutes, Aviation, Companies, Council, etc. The role of the engineer in these environment is mainly to give appropriate advice, help to plan and also supervise on going project. While in the area of research and maintenance his knowledge to bring out new ideas is applied so as to improve the old ones. THE ENGINEER AS A CONSULTANT In any profession the highest qualification for a Professional in his particular field is for him to become aThe Engincer in Society 20 CONSULTANT. In engineering, profession for exa, ' consultant in engineering is the i highly TeSpeq personality; and this also applic © every ott profession such as Medicine, Law, etc. . By a way of defining who the Consultant in engineer; : he can be said to be a professionally qualified engine, who has been practicing the profession for some year, the execution of engineering projects or giving advice, same. From this definition it can be stated tha Consultant in engineering is one . + who is engaged in finding solution to engineer: problems that may arise in the planning, desig construction, installation, etc. * that belongs to a professional society, e.g. Niger: Society of Engineers (NSE). * that belongs to the Association of Consult: Engineers, e.g. Association of Consultati: Engineers of Nigeria (ACEN). * thatis fully registered by the professional regulat: body, e.g. Council for the Regulation of Engineert in Nigeria (COREN). ’ THE ENGINEER ASA CONTRACTOR The engineer who operates as a contractor is pro! ional who converts the design of an engineer Fr oecrts Contained in the drawings, specifications, ? oot and the contract conditions into phys!® eee S supposed to understand ne eering and the drawings attached to it management of men and materials the manageme 2 Nt of adequate operate with, dequate fin : as! ancial resources21) Engineer “Th. {HE ENGINEER IN INDUSTRY phere are three distinct areas in the industry ngineer can operate; : cub 1 Manufacturing: Here the engineer is involved in the design and manufac various consumable items and = produc conceives the idea and then uses rinciples to bring about the design for suct and products. It often happens that he may work with other professionals. Marketing and Sales: When the producis hav been produced the’ engineer together with marketing personnel come together to see how the goods can reach the consumers. The main roles the engineer here are: j. To make sure that the products reach the consumers without damage ii. To demonstrate the operation and the performance of the products iii, To make sure that there is after sales service Operation and Maintenance: This is the area where the engineer shows his skill in order to bring out quality products. More often than not, the products from other countries are not easily accessed for maintenance, because many do come with enough information on after sales maintenance. Consequently, the engineer becomes handicapped even though he still strives to use his experience and knowledge to put something in place as regards the maintenance of a product (equipment) when faulty. Where the engineer is22 The Engineer in Society oduced the product th, budgeting allocation te ice. This same idea alg. 80 among the team that pr may not be enough operation and maintenar applies to the consumer THE ENGINEER IN TRAINING AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE Training and Research are areas where the engincer is displaying his professional and qualification expertise Here, there are three categories: " 1. In the University, the engineer operates as 4 lecturer and research works 2. In the Polytechnic and Technical Colleges, the engineer operates as 4 lecturer but lays emphasis on the technical terminologies in engineering. 3. In Research Institutes, the engineer operates asa researcher looking for new ways of solving engineering problems and new approach to old ideas of finding solutions to engineering problems. In general or jn an ideal situation (like in the developed countries), the engineer in the Research Institute, University, Polytechnic and Industry work together so as to bring out quality products for the consumption of mankind. This, however, is not often so in developing countries as there is no clear cut reasoning an approach to this. ee and development are well funded, good pete often emerge. This is why the researchers, the policy ma kers and private sector should come togethet good ideas so as to make research and development23° Engineer "The Master" areality through proper funding. POLITICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE ENGINEER Most of the developing countries of the world experience political instability, hence the governments often change suddenly by forceful rule of military personnel. The politicians when in power always introduce policies in their approach to every aspect of life. This they do to the extent of disregarding expert advice on critical issues no matter how objective and important such may be. This action of the politicians often affects professional development and particularly engineering and the engineer as a person. The present day politics still carries along with it + tribalism + nepotism + religion These three distinct factors have ruined the growth of development of many nations of the world today and which have had adverse effect on the engineer in the area of technology development. One fact remains that the economy of developing nations of the world is mainly dominated by the developed foreign countries. For this reason, importation of goods is the order of the day because of easy access to foreign exchange. From this point of view, engineering practice and devclopmentare highly affected. The effects of this are: ‘There will be a continuous struggle for a breakthrough.The Enginee? in Society echnolory development wil} nic situation, be Lol education al all levels will becop resull Mr poor acrmimisitaiye approach The lecturers and teachers alike are cul off [rom nM scientific, Snincerinhand technological world, The researchers ind it difficult to CONVINCE the industrics for support. Greed 10 the attitude 0 e the country expe . The enginecting and greatly attected bY the ¢ +» The standart very low as scOL ader who will always f the le false growth without mak rience development. Again, using these factors, various governments often promulgate sontrary policies and these always negate the technology advancement of the country as the engineer will not be able to experience any backup from gineer should be called them. In some cases where the en upon to display his expertise, foreign experts are often invited and who may even be less qualified. In fact the foreign nations have actu: ally not done any better because they use the situation to exploit foreign exchange gain which they often run after. This idea is ol course very detrimental to any nation. ROLE OF THE ENGINEER Generally all over th : e world, th i i : dramatic ch » the society 18 a 7 with the ange and a a the ce associate activities. It i indirect! ineeri oe aetal a me importance th ee ee needed to a een des decisions and will at basiee that for the soluti evelopmental goal a are broad! ution of these protien: s. Itis then obviow' = : s society must lool26 Engineer “The Master” forward to what the engineering profession can deliver he larger role of the engineer has its emphasis on creativity and decision making as well as analys This is why a professional or a specialist ¢ s from inward standards of excellence, from his professional socicly and from intrinsic satisfaction of the task. The engineer is therefore generally committed to the task and prof ional standards rather than the job or his boss. He is therefore not committed except to the challenging environments where he can play with problems. It has often been said in Management that because the engineer is committed to his own career and self fulfillment + he hasa power base of independence.. - he functions best in organizations as an associate because he moves from slot to slot in a complex pattern that is largely self motivated. » heinnovates when he is faced with more problems. + he recognizes the need for team work but he takes i as transient. » he subordinates himself to the team for a while 0! his own terms but never on the basis of permaner submergence. The approach of the engineer to problems is based ¢ rational thinking rather than emotional reaction. | maintains a firm stand on decision based on rationaliz' facts. Itis this approach that sometimes makes others dub him as rigid or inflexible. UANNER. He is a DOER as well as a PIL ( overall pro} The engineer ; he completion of an responsible for ti voty 26 The Engineer in Sociely #° Ic. He is capable of work, 5 »r people. He 15 ©" involving many One ‘ein situations wl ih involving MAM der pressure in Sh ua Here every long hours ¢ oan financial oss to him, In hout lve the future, nae Cee to Make decisions under conditions ' > ake ‘ Oe aint: As his work may and genera ly affect ¢ : ives of many people he be i responsibility anticipate an adverse effect of fai : ‘oles of th A Based on the above, therefore, ther 1 © engines, are: a. + must avail himself training that will ena + mustcontinually have + must be amenable to practice . . . must have his mind open to continued education both in engineering and its related fields - must contribute his little efforts regularly to the strengthening of the professional bodies through which he can air his views, share his professional knowledge and experience + must ensure critical examination of his own role as to what to do, so as to be able to achieve the desired excellence in his own areas of function * must not be satisfied with merely counting the blessings he has been instrumental in endowing | ofnational developmer of properly formulated policy pment of his country of the basic education ang ble him to perform excellence inquiring mind discipline in the professional It is i mae paanention that an engineer, because of his » training and activities, is necessaftily to be at the center of pro ie] . development ofa perly formulated policy of nation co! ee ofdevelopment, untry that is still at the primary level27 Engineer “The Master" « THE PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER The journey of a professional engineer starts fro institution of higher learning when a candidate starts program in engineering. At this time he can decide rs register with professional Socicty/Association in his field. By law, every professional Society/Association will always require that a prospective candidate graduates om an institution with accredited engineering program of his choice. The basic requirement, therefore, is that the candidate must have passed a written professional examination after completing a four years engineering experience. The Nigerian Society of Engineers for example always organizes Workshop and Examination for prospective candidates twice a year (April and September of every year). When an engineer is registered with the Nigerian Society of Engineers, he is free to practice anywhere in the country.Chapter Two ENGINEERING nginecring is a profession which is used to develop the needs of mankind. There are various engineering accomplishments today through innovations and research works. Such accomplishments include dams, skyscrapers, bridges, communication devices, internet network, etc. There are failures encountered during the design and construction of these accomplishments and such failures often lead to more engineering successes. It is of course true that without such failures there would not have been a strong drive for the engineers to rebuild and improve on them. This then means that the level of engineering development as seen today would not have been attained. It further means that most engineering accomplishments have been as a result of the courage of the engineer, and his determination and persistency to conquer the forces of nature. Generally in engineering, facts are often proven to be correct by starting with an assumption to the contrary. So also, failure is first well studied and understood prior to the design ofa better structure.win Society 30 The Enginet ngincering can be mi {hate Is) sary to know tha ed. A good example ot Iris neces ss and mista olor to a far digta,, ‘his mis pre’ alo wy, or drivin “hat has a valye’® in is war {ee pane \ produ of the fuel that wi Not order to? he value . b, : > to the . ear on the vehj fe commens algo the \ rand t 4 Cle, consumed -_ - estruct; 10; Wy - hazard Wartechnology ildings s Poor installation 1 build antities - fraud Over estimation of Billo’ say that the society equally ion to 7 It is not an exaggeration uccesses and failures, contributes to engineering s Ie taking decision on the prope; i i ing technology ; i ular engineering BY, it e or misuse of a particule echn eatey important to consider the harm tt will fe oF constitute against its benefit to mankind within g projected time, space and cost. This then means that whi In fact, engineering is the leading profession in the conquest and utilization of matter, energy, time and space. However, while the engineer cannot claim to be the leader, he is the grinding force behind an engineering conquest. This is why the decisions on most engineering works are not made by the engineer but by people who are not knowledgeable in any field of engineering. In the early years of inventions Age, most of the en; people who either , Starting from the Bronze gineering inventions were the work of do not belon, those who do not k31 Engineering minimal. This was why an inventor does not necessarily need to take his educational background too seriousl even though it can help. ¥ ary to know that the predominantly science hnology is engineering, and itis also the center nerve of technology. With this in mind, it then means that right from the initial take off of the physical production ofa product, many skills are brought to bear. This is why it can be said that the skills of people in different areas of engineering fields must be readily available in the construction and in the manufacture of an engineering product. Such engineering personnel with their diverse skills will therefore need to work with an understanding as a team so as to attain the desired result. By this, it can be seen that in engineering profession no individual can work in isolation of the other. INNOVATIVE FACTS AIDING INVENTION The innovative facts aiding invention are not too numerous, however the two major ones are: + Engineering courses are well structured with facts and figures thus discouraging unorthodox thinking such that they allow no risk. Results are with safety factors in calculations, application of principles and methodologies. + The engineer working in an industry is made to do one and the same thing over a long period of time. To some extent this is good as it often leads to proficiency. By this, the engineer becomes an expert in that which he has been exposed to. Unfortunately, | less efficient as there ,. however, the engineck is in his job. Wit not be any ¢ reativily again 2. ment in : develop Vari With the constant technology , * has become Oy, ee the engine plications (by the Ory plectrical / Electron facturing industries, ey ields) of enginecritgy a larly in Computer @ usefal pared ari of sofiware packages), > manu industries compared Lo the m: for most enginee;; It is important to note Laden been some failun, 8 accomplishments, there have tess agony. Usually thes, challenges, struggles and en®” = iS be built and mcse z complishments take some acess. hy lives are sometimes lost in the P most SUCCEsSsez ; It is also very important © a ae iganatirics as it ‘ae engineering do not take place in d Literature. 7 n Sciences, or on paper as it 1s in Arts ani t - The achievements made by the engineer are always seen physically and this is why it can be clearly stated that the life of an engineer is based on one important fact and thi: is a physical product which he can not be denied becauy he has been involved in its production or construction This is to say that if his work does not work he i: dammed, e.g. building structure. The reason attributed to this is simply because th policies on engineering are not made by the engineer bu by politicians or administrators who are nc knowledgeable in the field. This then makes it easy to sa an engineer is caught up b ; ight up between the worl of academics and the world of politicians /adminisrators The present day technology has €ven shown that i33 Engineering growth and development of engineering did not actually start at onee but it went through a gradual process in research and development , ENGINEERING DISCIPLINES There are various engineering disciplines and these include: Aeronautics Agriculture (Mechanization) Chemical Civil Computer Electrical/ Electronics Geological Industrial Marine Mechanical Metallurgical Petroleum Production Structural Each of these disciplines, again, has specialized fields. » ENGINEERING EDUCATION Engineering education is the putting together of the scientific knowledge in various branches and then putting them into practical usage so as to develop ways that will benefit mankind. Engineering education if acquired is basically for sustainable development which is an economic philosophy that recognizes everyone to live and improve on ones standard of living, whilesoriety at she Engineer in Society * : The Enginver in So _, the environment fo, otecling sously prole y simultancoush Jeconomy ‘ sbal ec! 7S improvement of gle ing education is for: jecring ’ utilization at enpit Itcan thus be seen thal e i ; tewardship @ ny al econo! + resour ate + improvement of globe “valves eaten , jon in | gineering educa ojects which can lead ty Ge engl “} ‘ “ ae forms of engine! ing Pn today. As of today ther, human development as itis So fields that one can g, human deve opm ne engineering are various a : list. into so as to become a specia is still opening up other 1 in technology # ought aboy are oof engineering i ea nd technologies areas a nted rate of scientific a’ neering € i o developments and even expansion of engi i ation can also be taken as having an tneeeeoe ie eal knowledge. It has aorually improved the lot of man. New approaches are always opening up as there is constant increase in knowledge and more insight into innovations for technology development. Through engineering education there has been development in the areas of manufacture and research, p ation has been seen as a source of eat In all fields of human endeavour. As en ayaa, te vations ae sl educational fields 172, C@8iS even for use in othe ; s. It alg by this Maximi, a1SO empowers the indiv; i n result into izes national intellecty, dividual ani cI Sustainable Social ang ce ‘a! resources which nom; ‘0: a Omic progress fol35° Engineering the benefit of man, There are two forms of engineering education: el. Academic education: This is going through engineering courses ina tertiary institution so asta obtain a degree or diploma in an engincering field 2g. Practical training: This takes place after graduating from a tertiary institution. It is a training that involves the application of the theory obtained in the classroom which is then put into practice for the benefit of mankind. Basically, engineering education entails quality education, training and experience. It is very important to note that there is no self reliant scientific or technological development that can be feasible without the development of the engincering facilities needed for building the equipment required for research in technology. It is on this basis that the respective nations of the world have educational policy of the training of the engineers. By this policy, it becomes imperative that cenginecring students must be very good in science subjects while in the secondary school classes. Engineering education therefore involves thorough understanding of the fundamental scientific principles and the practical applications of the basic. knowledge underlying the branch of engineering field being studied. The theoretical aspect of engineering 1S covered in the classroom while the practical aspect is covered in an industrial environment. Again, the academic education is taken care of by the academic engineer while the practical aspect is taken care of by the practicingThe Enginee! in Soctely 30 er or by @& onsultant has become the by ag or todays roach, 08 0! ‘actice. It h re vaaeerine pe cation and a hnical as been fost ofengines’ A. superior to the Le ae approach, tific approach to enginees! I o be more § The sciel engine Scientht app oul | yestervears educauon as been able lo: se for ing the ex, provide the basis - knoe veloped. Tiss of a process before it! . : isto. for example an electri al engineer during the deg, of electrical power installation into a buildin, ig know the amount of illumination required in area of the building before fixing the lighting poing dea of the risk level that wij; | provide a good i results are known (facts involved when the exact safety) This then means that the engineer is alwa scientific analysis to measure how far he is fontiat : This further means that the impact of sci a increase the confidence of the society and nee creating technology based systems ewrarenea Consequentl . ly, the mor . hi e the applicati . ad ary Sellers in the product ordeal : developme y the engi: . ct and servi ntand human developmentin ee eerie | meral. Again, engi develo; Sinecring edi : pment w ‘ucation h; er orldwi as velopment of Scion be his is a az technolo Science, Engineer; that t Sineering and TechnoldBASIC EDUCATION Education is the acquisition of knowledge and it is open to whosoever desires it. It ts the bridge across the ocean of ignorance. |t alw: carries a niche for itselfin standard with a preat penchant for an enviable height. It can also be said to be the center for diversity and variety of experiences that cultivate the mind, body and soul. It moulds characters and enriches spiritual growth of man right from kindergarten to the university in various fields. Education can also be taken as increase in knowledge. This is why the Bible says “My people are destroyed because of lack of knowledge”. It can thus be said that engineering education is a veritable weapon of social change that influences and equalizes the social conditions of man. It has improved the lot of human race worldwide today. A wise man, John Locke to be precise, said, “If education is expensive then try ignorance”. Through engineering education people become well informed and the Nation sees the impact of it on her economy. Formal education actually focuses on the youths and this is future oriented. It is actually a preparation for life and to a large extent, it is a process for accumulation of knowledge which will be applied in the future. This is to say that as educational knowledge is acquired another room for more is opened. New approaches are opened up as knowledge and insight to issues pertaining to development are increased. Through knowledge there will always be development in the area of manufacturing and research.The Engineer in Society 38 n has been seen as q co Today, engincering educatio of empowerment in all ficlds of human endeavour, Th, are various innovations in all fields of engineering whe" fields in education. le} are being used by other There has been in recent times, rapid growth in Scie, and Mathematics which are the basic foundation j which engineering courses are built. The study of science actually starts from ane Stug which involves the knowledge of living and non livin things. This study involves their existence and thg usefulness to nature. The study of N amorphosed into Gener Science and then into Biology, Chemistry and Physics. | is from these three science subjects that various fields engineering emanated. It can thus be secn tha engineering education is a gradual process that canno be rushed for acquisition. e is a way of life and it is a never endin, ledge and truth. The early man in a! derstand the phenomenon an ture, evel ature met Basically, scienc' search for know. attempt to un relationship between various elements in na including himself, embarked on an exhilaratin| intellectual adventure. Since engineering educatiot starts from the study of science it becomes ver} necessary to define science. Definition: ema peat be defined as man's organized attemp e study of empirical phenomena so as “discove wat scover how things work asc j z Tk as casual system systems in engineering edu up afar resultant bodies of acetic reconstruc t in aaa el the world by the proc. Mpt to em zation. This process is done process of systemauc thought which are ex § one by means of mathematical terms. ‘pressed principally in a Di It is very important i ; acy of oe ne thet 3 right ae joes Rear the course in engineering. It is not just to teach the # aber that is important but making the pupils do thin abject are related to it with their own hands. The same gues with Mathematics where the use of lego toys must be ised to count numbers even to build structures. In the secondary schools, the foundation of scientific and engineering interest 1s concretized. This is where the true foundation is laid even as related tolife. With the above in mind, it becomes necessary that dedicated and innovative teachers must be available to teach Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics and Physics as stated earlier. For the study of these core subjects well equipped laboratories must be made available for the students to be able to perform experiments. By this a good-would-be engineer will become exposed to the bjects. It therefore means fundamentals of these core Su ore eh that for good potential engineer to be birthe' : government should make enough funds available for the teaching of these subjects.The Engineer in Soctely 40 3, it is necessary th, 7 results, ! a Again, in order 10 Re geod red with good pay Packet \ * Noreare adequately ter nice. When all ack ‘i mae and good condition 0 ‘vill definitely hse ' lace the tearibraries must be stuffeg’,.! Po jovme! he libraries \ i ment. Also, the ries Tor the studs ee ectente and mathematics ve pe niudents top onde on so as lo under e aie sts and My hands on, s ’ i" ’ to be 7 achers in like manner ndithieoe : ferther Tnake the students under amid . abies th ace fairs and competition s. Banin, science fa among secondary schools regularly. TERTIARY EDUCATION Tertiary education is the process of attaining a high, degree or diploma, For engineering education, therefor tertiary education can be through 1. direct admission into the University with the aim, obtaining a degree in engineering 2. direct admission into the Polytechnic so as to obtai Higher National Diploma and then a Post-Gradua Diploma direct admission into the Technical College then’ the Polytechnic and then obtain a Post Gradua Diploma In most advanced countrie most acceptable. The oth enginecring family as su 80 beyond the Pp! s, the first type of admission er two are often admitted in Pportive staff when they don 0 technological A pr grammes at operant ‘chnical training are ve41 Engineering engineers in translating enginccring designs into concrete physical facilities. PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING EDUCATION Basically, the predominantly science based technology is engineering which is equally the center nerve of technology. In any engineering design a.well qualified and expericnced engineer is often called upon to do the design and probably to even do the construction, e.g. electrical installation of a building. Engineering education, therefore, should be structured to produce the professional engineer as laid down by the conditions defining the engineer. It is therefore necessary that engineering education should be geared to making people to have the necessary scientific knowledge. This is to enable: +» the understanding of various materials. * acquisition of necessary skills and methods. * management of men and materials resources effectively. According to David, E. E., the goals of engineering education in tertiary institutions are to be able to: * understand the evolution of social or organization within the environment and of the influence of science and engineering on its development. * have ability to recognize and make critical analysis of a problem involving social and economic elements so as to arrive at an intelligent opinion about it and to read with discrimination and purpose towards these ends.The Engineer in Sociely 4 have ability € organize thoughts, oprcally a ve press: the lucidly and con gly in oral t express them \ 2 written form. qaint with son and an nce Upon of the great master pig standing of their setting 4 : : jvilizalion. + acql literature and influe + develop of moral, essential. + satisly personal philosophy. career which is consistent with public welfarg onalattitude. an interest and pleasure jy s of an inspiration to; ethical and social concep, s] + havea + haveasound professi + read an attainment of these pursuits and thu continued study. Professional engineering education, therefore, start = a potential engineer is in his third year in the ertiary institution. At the end of the third year, he is i on industrial training for about six months in an oe iene training is to back up the theoretical : has already obtained i with practical lessons in the laboratory Classroom along his industrial training j volve stu strial ‘aining involves not only the t t tudent bul also the instituti stitution, t professionalenginecra® government, the industry and When wo @ studen engineering program , ld of st i ld udy for 4 Supervision of a aeniol#3 PRA' ; CTICAL ENGINEERING EDUCATION this is the Pupil Engineers’ rganized by the Federal Mi National Electric Powe Au Jecommunicaton ga host of others. A good example of Program always 0 Works and Housing. Nigerian International Te! National Shipping Lines, an Some big companies also have training programmes for their new in-take of professionals such that the new employees get themselves acquainted with the t d also the task ahead. This type of establishment an 7sinver in Soctely a Ihe iy can either be in- ning when 8° organized hous. ltée , contrat ted out. this initial training for new inet of great necessity as it enhances able to adapt and fit inte anics. In many companies, Ita be has been fount = spyinecrs lo D young engined i ° system ofoperation of the comps Cy he he snpineer finishes his in-door train; Then a young engince = ‘ raining ae he is again made to get Boma with the various engineering departments on et company. This then means that the establishment! r © all the } the enabling environment 5, ry resources and f ; be able to achieve his goals ang nec 3 the young enginecr to developmental needs. One very important and good practical developmen program for engincers is a well structured Career development plan that must be put in place by all engineering establishment. A well structured career development plan must contain the following: well defined typical career paths for the different engincering disciplines within the organization * required competency for each work level . ae development and _ training :s available for deliveri ies i the relevant work levels ing the competencies in * clear cut asse ssment iteri isi performance of theengineen for appraisingWA Engineering: From the above lean be said that: + aneffective orpaniaation will emerye wher there is the enpanementot facilitating development « there will he encouragement of the working engineering force so as to enhance their shall and knowledge, + there will emerge creativity and initiative whieh are part of a drive for continuous improvement in enginecring. Potting there in place isto confirm that onpineering, ts the bed roek of uation building, Mot thin purpose, therefore, and fora nation fo tee forward ccononically, the aren of coneentradan Tut be ti the: trata ol enpmecring personnel Ty thin, an engyiniect with practical (raining, becomen practically Knowlodpouble and possesion the techuieatition (hat my be dnvelved tn a job, He willahways come Up WITH practical salutions to technical problonia that nay be encountered ana roaull of hin experience, Through the practical (raining the engineer hart already acquired, he will always show alot of courage and ability to discharge his cuties and necomplish goals within the limits of his resources and authority. It can thus be seen that @ period of supervised engineering experience serves as an inter-ship for individuals who are academically qualified and may subsequently apply for professional registration, 1 is a period when the engineer ¢ the realm of professional practice. This experience always has as much significant for the organization as well as for the engincer. The experience should be compatible with theenvir onmental j issues 0 Senet or Preduct Specification compen ibd17 Engineering iii. integration of components and sub systems into large systems : " iv. reliability and maintenance factors Vv. human and environmental aspects societal implications of t he product or process vi. 3. testing methods which include j. devising testing methodology and techniques ij. functional specification verification jii, mew product or technology commissioning and assessment 4. implementation methods which include i. technology application ii. engineering cost studies optimization techniques 1. iv. process flow and time studies v. quality assurance implementation vi. cost benefit analysis . vii. safety and environmental issues including recommendations . viii. maintenance and replacement evaluation , TRAINING PROGRAMME ally designed for employee So as 1] and approach Training program is usu: as demanded of to provide the required knowledge, ski that will help him accomplish the task him. s immediate practical application done. It also assists the employee ture responsibilities of a e of proficiency. Basically, training ha on the job that is to be in preparing himself for fu different nature or higher degre!TRAINING NEEDS ly, each est shment and more pay, {entify training needs -thereis information on sually drawn bearing in mea q people that will be involved” t teu, Gene for production industr employees, Immedia needs, a scheme 18 number and category of therefore, training can be arty ng Based on the above asa result of the following: * high labour turn over + unsatisfactory performal * technological change + planned expansion nce The content of the training program must: + be specific bringing about the knowledge and, various skills (new where necessary) to be learnt, + include knowledge development which is to cre interest and motivate the employee so as to be abk work and appreciate how best to live and behave the environment. There are two basic types of training: 1. OFF-THE-JOB TRAINING hen an employee goes for t t, in which case it can be outs of training includes This is the case WI rain outside his environmen his country of residence. This type i orientation/ induction. ii film show which involves probably the proc of production and even at times ! " organizational chart of the establishment. iii lecture during which the employee is made know the history of the establishment § other issues like CAUTIONS and ETHICS.2. ON-THE-JOB TRAINING 2 5 = 8 en than not. monitoring é 7 | er be centralized or dec attend ie averse very important that the training programme is closel “inked with the overall human resource development imaten and policy of the unit department that will benefit Tromit On-the-job training is often put in place in developed environment. At the end of the training, there is usually evaluation which will include: i, Reaction: This will show the emotional response of the trainees as regards the training. ii. Learning: This measures the acquired knowledge. iii. Behaviour: This is to measure the change in the skill that has occurred as a result of the training. iv. Result: This measures on the establishment. the effect of the training BENEFITS OF TRAINING nefits that ca ut in place for n be derived when a There are several be training program is p the employees 17 establishment: + greater satisfaction is achieved. + Jess wastage and spoilage will be ac! + lower absentecism and turnover. + improved operative methods and systems. nieved.The Engineer i Society 50 + less supervisory purden- lower over lower mac ht grievance me costs. ne maintenance costs. + less lower injury employee rsatility. . grea terc ° 4 . better communica LOM . improved morale. eration: greater coop: : greater input. eypes OF TRAINING FOR THE ENGINEES There are various forms of training for engineer, personnel and these are: In-house training: organized by an the training that establishment to enhan; productivity, more knowledge and skill of t engineering personnel. This same training ce equally be arranged in such a way by inviting consulting firm to come and conduct the trainin; The bottom line of the training is to impro productivity of the establishment. 2. Users' training: This is the training that is organize by an establishment for the benefit of anothe establishment. There are two types of this training: - through proposal submitted by a consulting firmt training staff ofan establishment training programme requested by an establishmen for its employees, 3. i : an eant This can be arrange! aboutthe fotest poner to intimate the sta opment or new trends in’ 1. This is51 Engineering particular area of tect ul scchnology, Anothe a = ff 7 . . rooWwa organizing this is by organizing it for th eed pu “ V ‘ vthe sole aim of creating aware sin the new trends ina particular field in engineering, : 4. Consultancy training: This is the situation whereby an establishment requests for the training of ite employees by inviting a renowned consultancy firm Another possibility is that an establishment can request for such training from a consulting firm that is known to be well informed in the area that the training is being requested. 5. Special package courses for users on request: This is a training that is specially designed and organized for an external establishment by special request. PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE IN ENGINEERING ‘Experience is the best teacher’. This is why for every employment in engineering, well experienced engineering personnel are always sought after by every establishment. Practical experience in engineering is an important factor in the development of an engineer for him to be well equipped in his field. It provides the engineer with the opportunity to become aware of the practical limitation of his profession. It also gives him the opportunity to apply his knowledge of the theory he has had practically. Practical experience includes the following: ; + visits to existing engineering works with theThe Engineer in Society 52 equipment and systems ; ntenance circums Sin tas part of th were so ibility, the role of cone fing the end product. "buy: are knowledge and under. cal enginecring, and ret shieve desired goals, oy to gain more knowledge in of time in engineering processes. the ty to see aJand mat nees, 7b squipmer forelit oppor tuni operation! + application of including merit and understane . opportunity toga me the limitations of prac human syste i . opportunity significance ce in engineering wor, ments and studying te ment. It also involve, 1 experience actual, ij practical experien! erforming experi u chines and equi tenance. Practical Basically starts from P' behaviour of ma' testing and main starts from: still in school and while engage, + laboratories (while ina research). + supervised works experi the end of the fourth sem institution). industrial training he eighth semester in ity); after the second higher institution - Univers! semester of Higher National Diploma - Polytechnics) + workshop exercises in professional courses minars and workshops). ence program SWEP (afte; ester in the highe IT (after t (se! + supervised industrial training scheme i nervis e engineering SITSE (at the end of a program in highet institution(B.Sc and HND). Ww D voles Eaverd denned a professional engineer as ? penivasionial who is competent by virtue of his al education and training and applying54° Engineering scientific methods an@ outlook to an solution to engineering problems, alyze and find He also stated that the work of the engineer + is more of intellectual than routine physical character, eomental. and + requires the exercise of origi qu s ina’ j ability to supervise and lead. Mame Sapa The engineer must therefore be closely and continuall follow the progress of the work in his hand including other branches of engineering. 8 From the above then, it can be clearly stated that the practical training that may have been acquired by an engineer is less important compared to his training in creative and logical thinking, communication skills and leadership. Practical training is highly essential in the training of an engineering personnel in any establishment where his services will be required. The word ‘practical’ simply means what is seen done and felt physically. By this it will be immediately observed that the solution to a problem can be deduced. One truth is that no one can better understand what is learnt until itis well practiced either in the laboratory workshop orin the field. A well established organization will always employ well experienced and skilled personnel. oe aan enhance creativity and initiative as part of the drive continuous improvement of engineering.voly 5 The Engineer in Sociely 54 ouicY ON ENGINEER), K GOVERNMENT P TRAINING ; asad , 7 ACE Se i . world, _ aces, cInany nation Te Te funda fr Research * Jovern . a . on is ne ernment is 0 B nerd allocation, arch 9 Development with a guide the fund goes into design 3, fi technological projects. At tines, ivate engine irm 4 ngage privat ering’ firm y engag t, e.g oil exploration in Nigerj, Generally, developmento government ma research and developmen o Research and Development, there ay With respect t two types: 1. Basic researc: for the understan with the expectatio h which is concerned with the search ding of a process or subject matter n ofa direct pay off. 2. Applied research which is concerned with the probes of the unknown fora specific goal or reason. Development on its own is the application of science and tec mn Oby that will be required to take a successfully applied research project to its logi oti consequent commercial gale, iogjoaicomplehion ane There is no doubt j ay bt in sayj developed nations of the oe that the governments 0! contributing world have always ai in industries pupPort research wed ays ane, sill ae it the wypport allows for mee ement ci esults hate the objective ing Tesults that willenhance nara of coming up with goud tonal growt} ne55 Engineering On the other hand, companies also have been { researc h and development: more parti slaly pate agricultural sector, c.g. UAC Foods and UTC Foads. the At the same time, Research Institutes established by, overnment are very much involved in research : ay development. ch and SOCIAL IMPLICATION OF ENGINEERING The social implications of engineering are becoming an increasingly important aspect in the practice of engineering. The working environment must therefore provide realistic involvement for the potential consequences, both positive and negative of the project heisworkingon. Such aspects should include: + recognition of the value or benefits of the engineering works to the public + safe guards put in place to protect the public and mitigate adverse impacts + understanding of the relationship between the engineering activity and the public + demonstrated interest and involvement in the broader social implications of engineering * recognition of the significant role of regulatory agencies on the practice of engineering However, the over-riding objective of engineering practice is to foster an awareness of the professional responsibilities of the engineer so as to guide against conditions dangerous or threatening to life and property or even the environment.The Engineer in Society 56 DEMOCRATIG APPRO ENGINEERING acH TO THE CONTR, : Ik 3 oral responsib;; SI strine and mor Pp Sibility, Basically, the doc » full responsibj); arg is to lake fu l iit scientists and engineers Is is is to sm ve th . oon as of technology: Th ay that the the consed s a i owledge ¢ duty ) develop an outstanding kn ge that the, . oO 6 c ; perceive to be good. ; + toact promptly in or of fields of knowledge harmful to nature. der to prevent ie ae ny that they believe from being segs Cr . Unfortunately, there is limitation to ae Recauise it is one thing to urge the need for exper’ pon ion at every stage in making policy, it is anot her hing and a very different thing all together to assist in making the judgement of the expert to be final. Furthermore, an ‘engineering expert will always not want to see every judgement he makes, which is not factual in nature, ‘bring ng with ita scheme of values which have no special validity about it. For this reason he usually confuses the importance of his facts with the importance of what he Proposes to do about them, The only thing that can be said and which is contrary to this doctrine is that technology is uncontrollable, Another doctrine w CONTROL of Technolo; the decisi “stablich: whice ‘one *stablishing which technology is good and democratically the Suc decisions are taken S giv locastvote. 8iving each person the opportunity hich is called DEMOCRATIC gy is that which is concerned with57 Engineering Most governments often have mixed decisions involving both technology and value. Suc hae inion usually involve extrapolation of known sc ientific facts or currently available technology. The decisions are co an of suff Nt political or moral importance. for ach enee of opinions are bound to appear. This is why a nual input from the scientific community to decision makers of governments should be from Scientific Advisory Committee such as NSE COREN IEE, IEEE, CIE, etc. ‘ ~ During evaluation of scientific advice on issues of great social importance, it should first be recognized that the moral responsibility which many scientific engineers feel very deeply about can easily affect their judgement as to the state of scientific fact especially when the pertinent scientific facts are not yet made crystal clean. Furthermore, it is very important to be cautious of the selection of members into Scientific and Engineering Committees. This is simply because some of the members may have dealt deeply into the subject under discussion and have pre-concerned ideas about what the outcome should be while some are unprejudiced but also relatively uninformed on the subject matter. Fortunately, scientific and engineering committees usually play influential roles in decision making without considering political responsibility. One good fact in a well organized democratic government 18 that political decisions can not be separated from scientific and engineering information. This can be better shown by answering the following questions:- 58 Gocely ver in Sort “ bomb? ‘ ogen should we puilda hydr ge ab? ; puilda hydroge® 2 canwe a stions %"- pased on the two ques” ill arise at the | ase cisions as comments and dects! committee mectings. F cwrenufic and engineer © ays separate s: scr 7 4 : ortant nents of a reason It IS 7 y impe scientific compo: an ponents comp decision of this nature. -_ ain democratic Contry Therefore, in order to maint reat care sho ed decision, it is essential Sty aey, esen to avoid the inva: ye Ly OD gh moral and political views. sion of o! More than often, most of the Lace eae the are conducted in public, tec: Sect. inated or answere: . not challenged other technical claims such that the opponents a“ = = escalating process generates enormous confusion in the minds of the public. RISK AND SAFETY IN ENGINEERING Generally, the society comprises the government, cooperation and individuals that build and operate engineering systems to meet human needs. In a simple term, an e or device in which mat observable and defin another definable left or maintained external forces. In ngineering system is that process tter, energy or information in one ‘able condition is transferred into condition, The system can equally be such osinal State when subjected to na system, therefore, the total cost59 Engineering expended on it can be said to be a meas benefit of the system itself, Smeasure a the worth or It is often evident that any newly designe engineering is subject to possible alee oes consequent failure, particularly when its lite cone and close. When this happens, the risk that will bye nv ved i the allotment of some funds for its re lacement at maintenance so as to avert failure that will be experienced on it. mn te _ Generally, by code of practice, all systems ar i run appropriately without failure within, ite erecitc period of operation. However, the few failures that often occur in the life ofan operational system can be said to be isolated cases which are termed ACCIDENTS. _ Accidents in design technology can be defined as one ora combination of unanticipated failures which bring about stored energy that directly or indirectly cause injury, property damage or malfunction of the system and this may even probably include other systems. = One truth, however, is that accidents cannot be removed in engineering design despite all the safety precautions and awareness that may be introduced during the initiation. For this reason Insurance Policy or Guaranty is always introduced to back up the failure or malfunction ofa system. The impact of the society has made it possible to consider: a, a improved communication system which is now incorporated in air crafts so as to constantly contactThe Engineer in Society 60 i ‘unctioning of i control tower during malt 8g One oy ne engines. f nuclear weapons and Nuclea bo b development 0! C rious concerns or long Vey y posing 8 which are now posing " niet ic increage eas that there should be came Coren, c awe ‘SS | na a concern for the welfar' * ‘ environment. The factors for an acceptable on therefore, are: . One group is made for an . d There a vast difference between the actus : quantified level of risk and the level of risk th a, at is perceived in the minds of individuals or Groups o, individuals. _ 3. Zero risk which is an unreasonable utopian idea 4. Lower risk which can be achieved by Teducin benefits or by increasing the cost of safety s: ystems, In most engineerin, Mponents More particularly in electric i z accidents are either accide SAY that o, leaking, the n the assump; . destroyer aS Will become Tran that the Pipes are atmosphere angen » hy rocarbel fhe bear ings nd become Nn will escape Pourised,GL Engines y nature, sue : vad with th @ gas is Combustible and hence s flame or sp the oxygen of the air in an areaiolioniie ja spark an explosion will occur and ee result into fire out break. If the fire 1s contact with more of hydrocarbon ‘ani nee ‘ thus leading to more destruction of prope ties ‘th even involve human beings being seriously inj i is nt evan sly injured in the From this example, it can be seen that the level of a ri related to the malfunction of so many components ofa system. The end result of this is loss of ‘en Tey. Consequently, risk is a ‘cause and effect relati onship between input events which can lead to energy releasé and output events which are the results of the released energy. This again means that the cause aspect of an accident therefore implies that any quantitative description of risk contains a measure of probability that agiven failure must occur. - This probability can only be determined by the frequency of occurrence of such incidents which is the number of failures that may have occurred during a given period of time divided by the number of units that are operating within the same given period. The second part of the cause is the severity which is associated with a given failure. With the example in view, severity is related to the energy released by the failure event multiplied by the probability that a sufficient portion of the enersy impacts injury oF malfunctioning effect on a person or object. Itcan again be seen that the fundamental notion that the