Mas Va gale ify ANIMAL KINGDOM- ANIMALIA PHYLUM, SUBPHYLUM owe BIOLOGICAL TAXONOMY OF KINGDOM ANIMALIA R.H. Whittaker organized organisms into five kingdoms, He classified organisms based on cell structure, mode and source of nutrition and body design. The five kingdoms proposed by Whittaker are Monera, Protista, Fungl, Plantae and Animalia, Let us learn about the animal kingdom, L.e., Kingdom Animalia, Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Animalia constitutes all animals. Amongst the five Kingdoms, the largest kingdom is the animal kingdom. Animals are multicellular eukaryotes. However, like plants, they do not possess chlorophyll or a cell wall, Therefore, members of the animal kingdom exhibit a heterotrophic mode of nutrition. Kingdom Animalia has been classified into ten different subphyla based on their body design or differentiation. The different phylum of the animal kingdom are as follows: Porifera, Coelenterata (Cnidaria), Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, ‘Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata Phylum Porifera Porifera means organisms with holes. They are commonly known as Sponges. Features of the poriferan are: Seer: ‘Alot LH foregoneate Lost prs. 1. Non-motile, multicellular organisms with a hard outer skeleton. 2. Have a porous body. 3. Pores on the bodies create a canal system which helps in the circulation of ‘substances. 4. Not differentiated into head and tail; do not have a well-developed organ or organ system. 5. Include marine habitat. aqua fic saysernen} Examples of phylum Porifera include- Spongilla, Sycon. Phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria) The term Coelenteratais derived from the Greek word “kilos” which means hollow-bellied. Theirfeatures are: pay refs h Phsgtoen oF aquesticmostly manne 4. Have a hollow body cavity. 2. The body is differentiated into two ends. 3y ‘Includes all aquatic animals. 4. The body is made of two layers of cells: inner and outer linings. 5. Live in colonies (corals) as well as solitary (Sea anemone). Classifrecl as! Prathozea i 7Examples of phylum Coelenterata include - Hydra, Jellyfish ©) Phylum Platyhelminthes Platyhelminthes are commonly known as flatworms, Their features are: Dorsoventvally flattened body, Complex and have differentiated body structure. Tissues are differentiated from three layers of cells and are triploblastic. ' 4 4. Do not have @ true intemal cavity or coslom. 6 Haye bilateral symmetry, Fither free-living (Planaria) or parasitic (iver flukes), fi Pldy \rlenw Mes cross 0 {197 |ineare Ne caherwtida Phaydiephar a Vncluda He Tretlwng Tetledlesy 1 ke Cvamplos of phylum Piatyhelminthes Include “Tapeworm, Planaria, ry —— = erin 1as = ervpurn Nematode Morogenita ancl Phylurn Nematoda consists of nematodes oF roundworms Their features are’ ' He Enclopnc 1, Nematodes have # ofindrical body. 1 2, bilaterally syrnmeteical and inploblastic, Went Bbed ox 4, Have paudocaalom, a false body cavity.4. Parasitic and cau: Examples of Phylum Ne: ==) Phylum Annelida Annelids are feat: commonly known as segmented or ringed worms. They have the following ee @8 diseases such as elephantiasis, ascarlasis. matoda include - Ascaris, Wuchereria. - Have a segmented cylindrical body. . The body is differentiated into head and tail. . Bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic. . Have a true body cavity. 5. Habitat: marine, freshwater and land. Examples of phylum Annelida include - Earthworm, Leech. Ee) Phylum Arthropoda Arthropod means jointed legs. Animals which have jointed appendages belong to this phylum. This is the largest phylum in the animal kingdom. Other features are: PONS 1. They are bilaterally symmetrical. 2. Have jointed appendages, exoskeleton and a segmented body. 3. Have well-differentiated organ and organ system. 4. Have an open circulatory system, but do not have differentiated blood vessels. Examples of phylum Arthropoda include - Spiders, butterflies, and mosquitoes. => Phylum Meitusca : Phylum Mollusca consists of a large group of animals. Features are:3. Well-developed organ and organ system. 4. Typically, open circulatory system. . Limbs are present. Examples of phylum Mollusca include- Snails and octopus. Phylum Echinodermata The term Echinodermata is derived from the Greek words, echinos meaning hedgehog and derma meaning skin. Thus, echinoderms are spiny-skinned animals. 1. Radial symmetry and triploblastic. 2. Have true coelom. 3. Have hard calcium carbonate skeleton structure. 4. Free-living marine animals. Examples of phylum Echinodermata include- Sea urchins, starfish.Phylum Hemichordata The characteristics of phylum Hemichordata are as follows: The body is soft, fragile, and divided into a proboscis. . The epidermis is single-layered. It comprises worm-like marine animals with an organ-system level of organi They have an open circulatory system. . They respire through gills since they are marine. They have separate sexes and extemal fertilization is seen. . Development is direct. NOMEona =) Phylum Chordata ‘The Chordates possess the following characteristics: 1. They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic with an organ-system level of classification. 2. They possess a notochord and a nerve cord. 3. The circulatory system is closed type. Phylum Chordata can be divided into the following sub-phyla: + Urochordata + Cephalochordata + VertebrataPlant Kingdom - Members of Pre “ingdon ntae Plant Kingdom - Plantae Kingdom Plantae in cl autotrophic cigenlere at and chlorophyll Pigment, Becher Veadans whildeer (64 jes all the plants, They ae , They are eukaryotic, multiceliuier and he plant cell contains a rigid cell wall. Parts have chloroplast which is required for photosynthesis pho} Characteristics of Kingdom Plantae The plant kingdom has the following characteristic features: A, a 3. 4. 5. 6. They are non-motile. They make their own food and hence are called autotrophs. They reproduce asexually by vegetative propagation or sexually. These are multicellular eukaryotes. The plant cell contains the outer cell wall and a large central vacuole. Plants contain photosynthetic pigments called chlorophyll present in the plastids. They have different organelles for anchorage, reproduction, support and photosynthesis. Classification of Kingdom Plantae A plant kingdom is further classified into subgroups. Classification is based on the following criteria: - 1. 2. 3. Plant body: Presence or absence of a well-differentiated plant body. E.g. Root, Stem and Leaves. Vascular system: Presence or absence of a vascular system for the transportation of water and other substances. E.g. Phloem and Xylem, Seed formation: Presence or absence of flowers and seeds and if the seeds are naked or enclosed in a frult. The plant kingdom has been classified into five subgroups according to the above- mentioned criteria: Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms Thallophyta Thallophytes lack a well-differentiated body structure and the plant body Is thallus like. i . The plant body Is Thallophyta includes plants with primitive and simple body structures. thallus; they may be filamentous, colonial, branched or unbranched. Exaile poe green algae, red algae and brown algae. Common examples are Volvo’ ‘Spirogyra, Chara, Polysiphonia, Ulothrix, etc.Bryophyta Bryophytes do not have vascular tissues, The plant body has root-like, stem-like and leaf- like structures, Bryophytes are torrentrial plants but are known as “amphibians of the plant kingdom” as they require water for sexual reproduction, They are present in moist and shady places. Bryophyta Includes mosses, hornworts and liverworts, Some of the common examples are Marchantla, Funarla, Sphagnum, Antheoceros, etc. Pteridophyta Pteridophytes have a well-differentiated plant body into root, stem and leaves. They have a vascular system for the conduction of water and ‘other substances. Some of the common examples are Selaginella, Equisetum, Pleris, etc. Gymnosperms Gymnosperms have a well-differentiated plant body and vascular tissues. They bear naked seeds, i.e. seeds are not enclosed within a fruit. Some of the common examples of gymhosperms are Cycas, Pinus, Ephedra, etc. Angiosperms Angiosperms are seed-bearing vascular plants with a well-differentiated plant body. The seeds of angiosperms are enclosed within the fruits. Angiosperms are widely distributed and vary greatly in size, e.g. Wolffia is ‘small measuring about 0.1 cm and Eucalyptus trees are around 400 m tall. Angiosperms are further divided into monocotyledons and dicotyledons according to the number of cotyledons present in the seeds. Some of the common examples are mango, rose, tomato, onion, wheat, maize, etc. 22.