CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

MEAE1113

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abdul Rahman Mohd.Sam

CRC C09/M46-353
019-7549774
(abdrahman@utm.my)
• Concrete is a composite material composed of
fine and coarse aggregate bonded together with
a fluid cement (cement paste) that hardens
(cures) over time.

• Technology - (the study and knowledge of)

the practical, especially industrial, use
of scientific discoveries:
 Current Concrete Technology
Developed/Studied

• Concept of Green and Sustainable Concrete

• Bio-Concrete or Self-Healing Concrete
• Self-Curing Concrete
• Nano materials in concrete
• MAINTENANCE FREE CONCRETE
• Others….
Reinforced Concrete
Concrete Cover
 REQUIREMENTS
• STRENGTH (Gr 40)

• DURABILITY (100 years)

 PERMEABILITY

Important Criteria for

Durability
 B

A
C
Hydration products of cement
 BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR CONCRETE

3. DENSE
2. DURABILITY
4. Cement + H2O ---- CSH gel + Ca(OH)2
1. STRENGTH
5. SiO2 + Ca(OH)2 ------ CSH gel
STRUCTURAL FAILURE???
Corrosion Problem
Important
Corrosion of Steel Reinforcement
 What is Green Construction?
• Green construction looks beyond the readily
apparent aspects of the office or building to
create a space that addresses the comfort,
health and broader environmental impacts of
the construction/remodeling process.
 Why do Green Construction?

• Buildings, infrastructure and the environment

are inextricably linked.
• Energy, materials, water and land are all
consumed in the construction and operation of
buildings and infrastructure.
• Green construction aims to create the balance
between what we seek to build and what our
environment can ultimately support.
 What is green building?

• A ‘green’ building is a building that, in its design,

construction or operation, reduces or eliminates
negative impacts, and can create positive impacts,
on our climate and natural environment.

• Green buildings preserve precious natural

resources and improve our quality of life.
Construction
 Green Building

• Green building refers to both a structure and the

application of processes that are environmentally
responsible and resource-efficient throughout a
building's life-cycle:

• From planning to design, construction, operation,

maintenance, renovation, and demolition.
• Wikipedia
 Features which can make a building ‘green’.
• Efficient use of energy, water and other resources
• Use of renewable energy, such as solar energy
• Pollution and waste reduction measures, and the
enabling of re-use and recycling
• Good indoor environmental air quality
• Use of materials that are non-toxic, ethical and
sustainable
• Consideration of the environment in design, construction
and operation
• Consideration of the quality of life of occupants in design,
construction and operation
• A design that enables adaptation to a changing
 Green Concrete

• About 8 to 10% of the world's total CO2 emissions come

from manufacturing of cement.
• The global warming gas is released when limestone and
clays are crushed and heated to high temperatures.

• Green concrete is defined as a concrete which uses

waste material as at least one of its components, or its
production process does not lead to environmental
destruction, or it has high performance and life cycle
sustainability.
 Comparison

Normal Concrete Blended Cement Concrete

• 1. • 1.
• 2. • 2.
• 3. • 3.
 Green Concrete
The concrete which can fall in the category of
green must have the following characteristics
• Optimizes use of available materials
• Better Performance
• Enhanced cohesion workability / consistency
• Reduced shrinkage / creep.
• Durability – Better service life of concrete
• Reduced carbon footprint
• No increase in cost
 Green Materials
Green materials may involve an evaluation of one or
more of the following criteria
• Locally available: Construction materials, components, and
systems found locally or regionally, saving energy and
resources in transportation to the project site.
• Salvaged, re-furnished, or re-manufactured: Includes
saving a material from disposal and renovating, repairing,
restoring, or generally improving the appearance,
performance, quality, functionality, or value of a product.
• Reusable or recyclable: Select materials that can be easily
dismantled and reused or recycled at the end of their useful
life.
 Sustainability

• Sustainable structural engineering follows the

basic principle that the energy and resources
consumption due to the construction and
operation of a structure must be minimized.

• Relating to concrete structures this principle can

be realized by the use of the material in the
most efficient way considering its strength and
durability within the service life of the structure
 HOW to use construction
materials in the most efficient
way????
Volatile organic compound
100% recyclable
Innovation….
 Self-Healing Concrete
• Self-healing concrete is a product that will
biologically produce limestone to heal cracks
that appear on the surface
of concrete structures. ...
• These self-healing agents can lie dormant
within the concrete for up to 200 years.
Cracks in concrete
 Type of bacteria

• Bacillus Megaterium bacteria were used in

concrete and results shows 24% increase in
compressive strength [12].

• The deposition of calcium carbonate in

concrete by Bacillus Sphaericus improves the
durability of concrete [13].Oct 15, 2017
 Mechanism

• The principle of bacteria-based self-healing

concrete is that carbonate
precipitating bacteria are added
into concrete during the mixing process.

• When cracking occurs, the bacteria will be

activated to precipitate CaCO3 to in-situ
heal concrete cracks. Sep 21, 2016
 Importance of Self-Healing Concrete
• Self-healing of cracks in concrete would
contribute to a longer service life
of concrete structures and would make the
material not only more durable but also more
sustainable.
• Bacterial concrete is a material, which can
successfully remediate cracks in concrete.
• This technique is highly desirable because the
mineral precipitation induced as a result
of microbial activities is pollution free and
natural.
 Self-Curing Concrete

• [8] defines self-curing concrete as “the process by

which small inclusions dispersed within
the concrete hold the water during mixing and up
to the setting time and release it
during cement hydration.” The practice of self-
curing is a likely method that can provide more
water to concrete for more effective hydration of
...Aug 14, 2018
 Self-Curing Concrete

• Self-curing concrete is one type of

modern concrete, which cure itself by retaining
water (moisture content) in it.

• The use of POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL in

conventional concrete as an admixture helps
better hydration and hence the strength
of concrete.
 Curing of Concrete

• Curing of concrete is defined as providing

adequate moisture, temperature, and time to
allow the concrete to achieve the desired
properties for its intended use. ...
• When these recommendations are properly
specified and performed in the field, the final
properties of the concrete mixture will be
achieved.
 No Proper Curing
• If curing is not done, there is water deficiency
which causes insufficient hydration.
• As a result there will be capillary pores which
won't be segmented, causing cracks and
shrinkage in the long run.
• Thus the concrete if not cured results in poor
strength development and lower durability.
WHY????
 Self Cleaning Concrete

• Self-Cleaning Concrete is an innovative construction

material that has been developed in the past
decades providing the “self cleaning” ability
of concrete surfaces, by retaining their light colour
for longer, along with the property to remove
airborne toxins, particularly nitrogen oxides.
 Nano Materials in Concrete

• Nanosilica and nanotitanium dioxide are probably

the most reported additives used in
nanomodified concrete.
• Nanomaterials can improve the compressive
strength and ductility of concrete.
• Carbon nanotubes or nanofibers (CNT-CNF) have
also been used to modify strength, modulus and
ductility of concretes.
We need….
 BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR CONCRETE

3. DENSE
2. DURABILITY
4. Cement + H2O ---- CSH gel + Ca(OH)2
1. STRENGTH
5. SiO2 + Ca(OH)2 ------ CSH gel
Thank You