Unit V— Complex Analysis Complex Numbers and Functions 1. Complex Numbers. 2. Argand’s diagram. 8. Geometric representation of 1 +22 ; z DeMoivre’s theorem, 5. Roots of a complex number. 6. To expand sin n0, cos n@ and tan n0 in powers of sin 6, cos @ and tan 9 respectively ; Addition formulae for any number of angles ; To expand sin” 6, cos" @ and sin” @ cas" @ in series of sines or cosines of multiples of 8. 7. Complex function: Definition, ‘8 Exponential fmetion ofa complex variable. 9. Circular functions of a complex variable. 10. Hyperbolic functions. 11. Inverse hyperbolic functions 12, Real and imaginary parts of circular and hyperbolic functions. 13, Logarithmic functions of a complex variable. 14. Summation of series ~'C + iS’ method. 15. Approximations and Limits. 16, Objective Type of Questions. 19-1. COMPLEX NUMBERS. Definition. A number of the form x-+iy, where x and y are real numbers and i=\(~1), is called a complex number. xis called the real part of x + iy and is written as R(x + iy) and y is called the imaginary part and is written as I (x + iy). A pair of complex numbers x + iy and x - iy are said to be conjugate of each other. Properties : (1) If.xy + iy =%2 + iyo, then xy — iy = 2 — iva. (2) Two complex numbers x + iyy and xg + iy are said to be equal when Rex +9) = Rea + yy), be. 4 = 2p and Tey + yy) = Heep + ty2), be. 91 = 92. (3) Sum, difference, product and quotient of any two complex numbers is itself a complex number. If.x; + iy, and xp + iyg be two given complex numbers, then @ their sum = Gy +i) + 499) = 0 +a) +10, +9) (i) their difference = Gey + iy) ~ Oy + yn) = 1 — 29) +4 0, ~ 90) (iii) their product (xy + iy Mea + iva) = 212-2 + i (eye +291) pws and (iv) their quotient nay ay yy (A) Every complex number x + iy can always be expressed in the form r (cos @ +i sin 0). Put Rex+ iy), ie. lo and Iex+iy), li) ‘Squaring and adding, we get x°+y?=r? ie. r= Vix?+y%) (taking positive square root only) Dividing (éi) by (i), we get y/x = tan @ i.e. = tan~* (y/x). ‘Thus x+ iy =r (cos 8+ sin 6) where r= Vix? +y%) and @=tan~1(y/2). {Qe agrve 702COMPLEX NUMBERS AND FUNCTIONS aes Definitions. The ny, the mln oy and writen imber p= 2 mod (x +iy) or |x + iy] mre Meee The angle 6 is cath amp (x +iy) or arg erm) ‘he amplitude or argument of x+iy and is written as is called the modulus of x + iy and is written as Evident! ; eae theprinie 9 has an infinite number of values. The value of @ which lies between to mean the principal value “%M* of the amplitude. Unless otherwise specified, we shall take amp (2) Note. cos 8+ i sin 0 is bri Aly written as cis ® (pronounced as ‘sis 0) (8) If the conjugate of 2 45 cis 8 (pronounced as ‘sis 6') =x +iy bez, then 1 = 2E*DI@= 7-H @ |2| VR @+P@=121 (ii) 22 = | 2 |? () 2122 =2) - 2, (iv) HFRH=Z+% (vi) B7zy =71/ %, where Z #0. 2 Example 19:1, Find the modulus and amplitude of 9= 02”, I+3 ~ so. S=N2i?_ 9-2-6 vai (7-6 Vana - 2 7-12 V2-i 6 V2+14) 142) 142i (+2n0-2) ~ 5 -1(6V2+14 12 Modulus = W=229"-6 18 47 1195 ag amplitude = tan Example 192. Reduce 1 ~cos «+i sin 0. to the modulus amplitude form. Sol. Put 1 - cos a =r cos @ and sin «=r sin 8. s 1 — cos a)? + sin® a= 2~2 cos a= 4 sin? a/2 2sin a/2 sino ie. 2 sin a/2 cos a/2 _ ; cot 0/2 2sin? w/2 na aa in isin E= Thus 1~cos@+sina=2 sin $ [oe isin?5] _ Example 19:3. Find the real values of x, y so that ~ 3 + ix’y and x +y +4i may represent lex conjugate numbers. Sol. Ifz =~ 3 + ix’y, then Z=2? + +4i so that z=@?+y)-4i ES 34 ixty ax? +y-4i Equating real and imaginary parts from both sides, we get =3=x7+y,x°y=-4 Eliminating x, 0 +3) y=~4 or y+ 8y-4=0 ie. y=1 or -4 Wheny=1, x2=-3-1 or x=+2i which is not feasible. Wheny=-4, x?=1 or x=41 Hencex=1, y-4 or x=-1, y=~4.704 HIGHER ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS: 192, (1) GEOMETRIC REPRESENTATION OF IMAGINARY NUMBERS Let all the real numbers be represented along XOX, the positive real numbers being along OX and negative ones along OX’. Let OA be equal to one univ of measurement (Fig. 19-1). Take a point L on OX such that OL =x (0A). x ‘Then L on OX represents the positive real number 2, de Lis) 9} Ali) Lia) x and i.ix =i%x =—x is represented by a point L’ on OX’ distant OL from 0. From this we infer that the multiplication of the v real number x by i twice amounts to the rotation of OL Fig, 194 through two right angles to the position OL’. Thus it naturally follows that the multiplication of a real number by i is equivalent to the rotation of OL through one right angle to the position OL”. Hence, if Y’OY be a line perpendicular to the real axis X'OX, then all imaginary numbers are represented by points on Y°OY, called the imaginary axis, the positive ones along OY and negative ones along OY’.* ‘Obs. Geometric interpretation of i". From the above, itis clear that i is an operation which when multiplied to any real number makes it imaginary ‘and rotates its direction through a right angle on the complex plane. (2) Geometric representation of complex numbers Consider two lines X’OX, Y'OY at right angles to each other. Let all the real numbers be represented by points on the line X’OX (called the real axis), positive real numbers being along OX and negative ones along OX’. Let the point L on OX represent the real number x (Fig. 19:2). Since the multiplication of a real number by i is equivalent to the rotation of its direction through a right angle. Therefore, let all the imaginary numbers be represented by points on the line Y’OY (called the imaginary axis), the positive ones along OY and negative ones along OY’. Let the point M on OY represent the imaginary number iy. Complete the rectangle OLPM. Then the point whose cartesian co-ordinates are (x, y) uniquely represents the Fig. 192. complex number 2=x+iy on the complex plane z. The diagram in which this representation is carried out is called the Argand’s diagram. If (r, 6) be the polar co-ordinates of P, then r is the modulus of z and 0 is its amplitude. ‘Obs, Since a complex number has magnitude and direction, therefore, it can be represented like a vector. Hereafter we shall often refer to the complex number 2 =x+ iy as i) the point z whose co-ordinates are (x, y) or (i) the vector z from O to Pls, y) Example 19-4, The centre of a regular hexagon is at the origin and one vertex is given by \3 +i on the Argand diagram. Determine the other vertices. * The first mathematician to propose a geometric representation of imaginary number i was Kuhn of Denzig (1750—51). +The geometric representation of complex numbers came into mathematics through the memoire of Jean Robert Argand, Paris 1806.‘GoMPtEXNUMBERS AND FUNCTIONS 705 5 gol. Let OA=3+i so that OA=2 and ZXOA= tan 1/\3 = 30°. (Fig. 193) Being a regular hexay =0C= gon, OB = OC =2 a A ZXOB = 30° + 60° = 90° ZXOC = 80° + 120° = 150° Xe _ 0° + 120° = 150: [2 ag s Ob =2 (ers 90° + sin 90%) =2 g~ | OC =2 (cos 150° +i sin 150° D a ee since AD, BE, CF are bisected at 0, = ~ E Ob=-0A=-V3-i Fig. 193. DD =~ OA 193. Ok =- OB =- 24 ana OF -- 00-13 -i. 19.3, (1) GEOMETRIC REPRESENTATION OF 21 + 22 ex, + iyy and 2p =¥2 + v2 FB- 15-4) | Let Py, Pz represent the complex numbers 2 Complete the parallelogram OP,PP,, Draw Pyls P)M and PN 1 s to OX. Aiso drow PKL Sine ON = OL + LN = OL + OM=x1+%2 y p [: LN=P)K=0Ml nd NP=NK+KP=LP\+MP2=91 +92 The co-ordinates of P are (1+%2071 resents the complex number areca ig +i at yD)= Lt D+ CR 2) 21 ‘Thus the point P which is the extremity of the diagonal of ‘and OP as adjacent sides, the parallelogram having OP: ts the sum of the complex numbers P,(#1) and P9(29) aed +yg) and it late! = OP and amp (21 +22) = 4XOP. =, “obs. Vectorially, we have (2) Geometric representation of 21-72 Let Py, Po represent the complex numbers 21=¥1 +191 and 2242+ iyg (Fig. 195). Then the subtraction of 22 from 2, may be tak ition of 2 to - 22 “Pred s "220 ackewards to R such that OR =OPs, Then the coordinates of R are evidently C2 yg) and soit corresponds to the ~o1 ‘complex nuinber ~*27 wea 2% Complete the parallelogram ORaP = 2 = 0Q=PaPi- py OQie. 21 ex number 21~ 22 #8 represented by the vector y es OP, +PiP=OP. then the sum of 2, and = 24) is represented Hence the com?! P»P1.206 HIGHER ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS (Obs. By means of the relation P,P, = OP, ~ OP, any vector P2P, may be referred to the origin. Example 195. Find the locus of Pz) when Pee) @ |z-a[ =k; Gi) amp (@ ~ a) = a, where k and @ are constants. (Gorakhpur, 1999) Sol. Let a,z be represented by A and P in the complex plane, O being the origin (Fig. 19-6). > Then z—a=OP-OA=AP (@ | z-a | =k means that AP =k. Lo Thus the locus of P(z) is a circle whose centre is A(a) and radius k. Oé—______,y Gi) amp (2 -a), i.e amp (AP , means that AP always makes a Fig. 19.6. constant angle with the X-axis, Thus the locus of Pz) is a straight line through A(a) making an Z 0. with OX. Example 19-6. Determine the region in the z-plane represented by @1<|2+2i|s3 WRE>3 (iii) 2/6 < amp (2) < n/3. Sol. (i) | z+2i | =1 is a circle with centre (-2i) and radius 1 and | z +2i | =3 is a circle with the same centre and radius 3, Hence 1< | z +2i | <8 represents the region outside the circle | 2+2i | =1 and inside (including circumference off the circle | 2 +2i | = 8 (Fig. 19.7]. (i) R@) > 3, defines all points (2) whose real part is greater than 3. Hence it represents the region of the complex plane to the right of the line x=8 [Fig. 19.8]. (di) Ifz =r (cos 6 + i sin ®), then amp (2) = 6. “. 7/6 < amp (2) < x/3 defines the region bounded by and including the lines 6= 1/6 and O=n/3. [Fig. 19.9]. Fig. 19-7, Fig. 19.8, Fig. 19.9, Example 197. 1f 21,29 be any two complex numbers, prove that707 OMLEXMIMBERS AND FUNCTIONS PAU ae ue i se ea e complex numbers 21,22 (Fig. 19-10). Complete parallelogram OP;PP», so that anemia ae P 121 1=0P), | 22 |=0P)-Pyp, eet | 21 +22 | =OP. 7 Now from AOP;P, OP OP, +P,P, the sign of equality! a corresponding to the case when O, P,, P are collinear. Fig. 1910. Hence |zitz0 1S 121 | +] 21 - Again Jay ]=| @1~22) +29 |< | 21-20 1+ 122 a Toms | a-22 12 141 1- [a0 | oO Obs. | 21 +22+23 | S| 241+] 22/4! 25 | Ingeneral, | 21 +2,+...42, |S] 21] +] 2, |+--+L 91 Example 198. If |2; +2)| = |21 ~z9|, prove that the difference of amplitudes of 2; and zp 8, 2. Sol. Let 21 +22 ‘Then 22 =F [(cos 8 + cos 9) +i (sin 8 + sin @)] =r{ 20s 92 0 952 aisn 2s 252} (cos 6 +i sin @) and 2,~zy=r(cos +i sin 9) or aan eos 95 (cos 32 +1ain®3#) ie. amp @)= 95% i) Also 2zy =r (cos @ ~ cos ) +i (sin 6 - sin 4) | =2r sin 95° - n 852s iem52 | | or sanrsin 95 2{ oo( 5 Sg? asain 5494) ie. amp @)=5 Hence (ii) ~ @)], gives amp (en) ~ amp (e))= 5 Example 19-9, Show that the equation of the ellipse having foci at 2, 2, and major axis 2a, lz-zil + 2-22] =2a. is Also find its eccentricity. Sol. Let P (2) be any point on the g:ven ellipse (Fig. 19-11) having foci at S (2,) and S" (@2) 50 ‘ that SP = |z-z,| and S’P= |z~z2|- We know that SP + S‘P = AA’ (= 2a) Pe) ie, le-z21| + [2-221 = 2 which is the desired equation of the ellipse. ‘Also we know that SS’ = 2ae, ¢ being the eccentricity. [OB - 08 = 2ae or |z9-2| =2ae 2ae whence e = |21~z2|/2a. or or lax -221 =m HIGHER ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS numbers (3) Geometric Representation of 2129. Let P,, P2 represent the complex 21 =21 + iy, =7y (cos 0 + sin 8) 22 =X2 + iyg =r (cos 82 +i sin 8) Measure off OA = 1 along OX (Fig. 19-12). Construct A OP2P y on OP» directly similar to A OAP}, so that OP/OP, = OP2/OA i.e, OP = OP : OP2=T1r2 and ZAOP = ZAOP, + ZP,0P = ZAOP) + ZAOP, = 05 +01 +. P represents the number Tyra [cos (8; + 62) +i sin (8; + 6)). and Hence the product of iwo complex numbers 21,22 is represented by the point P, such that (i) |z 22 | = | 21 | - | 22 |- (i) amp (2129) = amp (21) + amp (22). Cor. The effect of multiplication of any complex number z by cos @ + i sin @ is to rotate its direction through an angle 6, for the modulus of cos 6 + i sin @ is unity. (4) Geometric representation of 21/29. Fig. 1912. Let P;, Pz represent the complex numbers 21 =21 + iy, =ry (cos 0, + isin 6) and 29 =4 + ig =r (cos Oy +i sin 0). Measure off OA = 1, construct triangle OAP on OA directly similar to the triangle OP2Py (Fig. 19-13), so that OP, OP, r # = ow, ie. OP= oF, Bs and ZXOP = ZP,0P, = ZAOP, - ZAOP, = 6} - 0. P represents the number (r1/r2) [cos (6; - 6) + i sin (0; - 89)]. Hence the complex number 21/2 is represented by the point P, such that @ | aya |= | m1 1/1 29 | Gi) amp (1/29) = amp (23) - amp (2). Note. Jf P;(z;), Po(¢q) and P3(2,) be any three points, then oy 2c, Fig. 19:13, Join O, the origin, to Py, Pz, and Py, Then from the figure 19:14, we have = = PyPy=2-2. and PyPy=zy~2 ~ 23722 PoPs mp |= —— abe ae PoP rs) a Fig. 19-14, = amp (P3P,) — amp (PP) :- 709 ‘COMPLEX NUMBERS AND FUNCTIONS =B-a= ZP\PoP,, Example 19-10. Find the locus of the point z, when ofS Fl =* - ‘z-a 2) ono =p } = awhere k and a are constants. Sol. Let A(a) and B(b) be any two fixed points on the complex plane and let P(2) be any variable point (Fig. 19:15). (Since | z-a | =APand | 2-6 | =BP. qT _lz-a|_AP he point P moves so that | 2=$ | = <5 1= pp ie P moves so that its distances from two fixed points are in a constant ratio, which is obviously the Appollonius circle. When k = 1, BP =AP ie P moves so that its distance from two fixed points are always equal and thus the locus of P is the right bisector of AB. Hence the locus of P(z) is a circle (unless k = 1, when the locus is the right bisector of AB). Obs. For different values of k, the equation represents family of Pe) non-intersecting coaxial circles having A and B as its limiting points. Fig. 1916. (ii) From the figure 19-16, we have ool Hence the locus of P(2) is the are APB of the cirele which passes through the fixed points A and B. If, however, P(@) be a point on the lower arc AB of this circle, then -a amp ( = Obs. For different values ofa from-n to x, the equation represents a family of intersecting coaxial circles having AB as their common radical axis. Example 19-11. If 21, zg be two complex numbers, show that |= ZBP’A = 4m, which shows that the locus of P’ is the arcAP’B of the same circle. (e+ 20)? + 1-20)" = ler? + lzol7) Sol. Let z,= ry cis @, and 22=72 cis 0 so that Jey +2p|2= (rz €08 0) +72 608 8)” + (ry sin 8 +72 sin 83)” = rh +13 +2ry rz 00s (02-81) and |2y~ 2p[2= (ry cos 0; ~ rz 608 02)” + (7 sin 8} ~ rp sin 0)? =r} +r} 2ry 72008 (02-8) Jey +29/2+ len z0l7=2 9 +79)=2{ eal? + eel?HIGHER ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 710 Example 19-12. If 2), za, zg be the vertices of an isosceles triangle, right angled at zp, prove that 29 4.29 +223 = 229 (21 +23) Sol. Let A (21), B (zy), C (29) be the vertices of 4 ABC such that AB=BC and ABC =n/2. (Fig. 19-17) 23-22 =7 (say). then amp (eg - zg) = 7/2 +8 AA rag) ‘Then |2,-zo| If amp (@ - 29) 21-22 =r (cos 0+isin 0), Fig. 19.17. a Jeresino ices x aA mt tne on Foe) ie. 2g ~ 22 =r (cos 0 +i sin 0) =i (21-22) or (2g — 29)" =~ (1 -29)* or 2f +29 + Qe} = Deg (ey +20) Example 19-13. If 21, 22, 23 be the vertices of an equilateral triangle, prove that Sol. Since AABC is equilateral, therefore, BC when At) rotated through 60° coincides with BA (Fig. 19-18). But to turn the direction of a complex number through an 2 8, we multiply it by cos 6 +i sin 6. > ~ BC (cos n/3 +i sin n/3)=BA 1+iv3 te ana )oa en xX Bley) Cles) EV8 (23 — 29) = 221 -2z2-z3 Fig. 1918. or Squaring, - 3 (23 ~ 22)” = (22 ~zy 24)" or 4 (ey? +29? +25” — 2129 — Z925 - 2921) = 0 whence follows the required condition. 1. Express the following in the form a + ib : 213i +i @ 2, Express the following in the modulus-amplitude form : @-V34i (ii) 1+ sin a+ i cos a. 5, ¥, u, v being real quantities, express v in terms of x and y. iy By +4i 4. Ifx andy are real, solve the equation 2-225" =, ote ae 5. Find what curve 22 + (1+i)2+ (1-1) 2=0 represents? 6. In an Argand diagram, show that 9 + i, 4+ 18i, ~ 8+ 8i and - 3-4 form a square. 7. If | 21 | =| 22 | and amp (21) + amp (22)=0, then show that 2 andzp are conjugate complex numbers.- NUMBERS AND FUNCTIONS m cOMPLEX| its centre ¢. Arrectangle is constructed in the complex plane and its sides parallel to the axes and siiuated at the origin. If one of the vertices ofthe rectangle is 1 +3, find the complex numbers representing the other three vertices of the rectangle. Find also the area of the rectangle. 9, An equilateral triangle constructed in the complex plane h ein . ja its one vertex at the pt Ao mplex numbers representing the other two vertices, Othe vorigin being its cireum-centre 10, The centre ofa regular hexagon is atthe origin and one vertexis given by 1 +onthe “Axgand diagram. Find the remaining vertices, 41, What domain of the z-plane is represented by @2s|z+3| <4 (ii) Ie) >2 (ii) n/3. < amp (2) Sy ceca tein eee rane) cos isin a cosa+i sina = (Cos 01 + cos B + cos 7) ~ i (sin a + sin B+ sin y) =0 or be +ca+ab=0 4B 4c = (a+b +0)-2 (be +ca+ab)=0 [by (1) & (2) (cis 0) + (cis B)* + (cis +)? =cis 2a + cis 2B + cis 2y=0 Equating imaginary parts from both sides, we get sin 2a +sin 2B + sin 2y=0 (ii) Since a+b +c=0, a? +b%+c3 = Babe or (cis a)? + (cis B)° + (cis )° =3 cis acis Beis or cis 3a. + cis 3B + cis 3y=3 cis (0+ B+y) Equating imaginary parts from both sides, we get sin 3a. +sin 38 + sin 3y=3 sin (a+ B+) (iii) From (1),a+b=-c or (a+b)’=c? or a? +b?-c?=-2ab ‘Again squaring, a* + b* +c! + 2a7b? - 2b?c? - 27a” = 4a°b? ie. at+b4+ct=2 (a2b? + b%c? + c7a%) or (cis a4 + (cis By + (cis Wt = 2D, (cis a)? (cis BY or cis 40+ cis 48 + cis 4y=2), cis 2acis 28 = 2) cis 2 (a+) Equating imaginary parts from both sides, we get, sin 4a.+sin 4B + sin 4y=2 ) sin 2(a+8). (iv) From (2), ab + be +ca=0 or cis acis B +cis Beis y+cis ycis a=0 or cis (a +B) + cis (B+) +eis (y+0)=0 713 el DD (Given) (2) 8)714 HIGHER ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Equating imaginary parts from both sides, we get sin (0+ B) +sin (B+ + sin (y+ a) =0 as (cos 58 — i sin 56)? (cos 70 + i sin 76) \. Pa that (i) ee ee) (cos 48 —i sin 49)° (cos 6 +i sin © ) (eos a+ isin at (sin B +i cos p)® 2. Ifp = cis @ and q = cis 6, show that a 2 : =1)_sind+sing OFF aa itan Se Era baad snd tsin ¢ — Eurukshetra, 2005) 8. Ifa = cis 2a, b = cis 28, c= cis 2yand d = cis 28, prove that, @ ye + VS =2eos(a+B-Y (ii) ve + Vee = 2 coe (a+ B—y~5), 4. Ths, = cis (n/2!), show that Lt xy xp...) =-1 a1 O+isin = sin (401+ 5B) —icos (4a+ 58). (iii) (s Wi sin 0+ i cos 6 cos 80 + i sin 86, 5. Find the general value of 0 which satisfies the equation (cos @ + i sin @) (cos 20 + isin 26) ... (cos n@ +i sin n8) = 1, 8. Prove that (i) (a+ ib)" + (a— iby™™ =2 (924 52)” cog ( + A+" +0122? cos neg, + Simplify (cos a — cos B + (sin a - sin 6)" {eos a — cos B— i (sin a — sin By)" . Prove that PENT sess ef at 2 2 4°02 [| L+sinaticsal (ng . (ne col eel na) (S.V.T.U,, 2006) 9. M2cosO=14 1/x and 2cos ¢=y-+1/y, show that one of the values of 1. w@xy" + pyr 820s (mo+ng) .(S.V.7.U,, 2007) i) st i82.cos (mn). (Madras, 20008) 10. Find the modulus and Principal value of the argument Of (1 +i 13)" (yg _ yt, Le Frag be the rots of? —2r+4=0, prove that of «gh gre 12. Ifx?~ 2x cos 041 = show that 2" — 22" cos ng 4 4 — . 18 Ifx=con a+ sin a,y=c08 +i sin 2 - tyteet =0. 14, If sin 8+ sin 9+ sin $088 008 6+ c08 y cos nn/3, (Dethi, 2002) oh ee a Prove that £05 0+9+y) Les2G+y) Gv) 08 (8 + 6) + 08 (9+ y) + 008 V+8)=0 15. Ifsin a+2sinB +3 siny=0, cos q Prove that sin 3a.+8 sin 98 4'27 sin andCOMPLEX NUMBERS AND FUNCTIONS OOTS OF A. COMPLEX NUMBER “ There are q and only q distin ict val _ Since cos 6 = cos (2nz +6) an ‘atues of (cos 0 +i sin @) 4, q being an integer. d sin 0 = sj cine Cis = cin Qe voy ne M+ 8), where nis any integer By De Moivre's theorem one of the values of (cis 6)"4 = (eis (oan + oa = s (Onn + 0)/ Ad) Giving n the valu and 4 (as 0y"*, es 0, 1, 2, 8, ....., (@—1) successively, we get the following q values of cis 6/q (for n = 0) cis (2n + 8)/q (for n = 3 cis (4x +8)/q (orn 23) cis [q~1) x q (for =e Putting n =q in (1), we get a value of (cis 6)!/4 = ae on as the value for n =0. lue of (cis 6)'/4 = cis (2n + 6/q) = cis 6/q, which is the same Similarly for n = q +1, we get a value of (cis 6)'/* to be cis (2x + 8)/q, which is the same as the value for n = 1 and so on. Thus, the values of (cis 6)'”4 for n = q,q +1, q + 2ete. are the mere repetition of the q values obtained in (2). Moreover, the q values given by (2) are clearly distinct from each other, for no two of the angles involved therein are equal or differ by a multiple of 2n. Hence (cis 6)!4 has q and only q distinct values given by (2). Obs. (cis 6°“ where p/q is a rational fraction in its lowest terms, has also q and only q distinct values; which are obtained by putting n = 0, 1, 2, ..., q— I successively in cis p (2nx + 8)/q. Note that (cis 6)" has only 5 distinct values and not 15 ; because 6/15 in its lowest terms = 2/5. :. In order to find the distinct values of (cis 6?’ always see that p/q is in its lowest terms. Note. The above discussion can usefully be employed for extracting any assigned root of a given quantity. We have only to express it in the form r (cos @ + i sin ®) and proceed as above. Example 19-18. Find the cube roots of unity and show that they form an equilateral triangle in the Argand diagram. Sol. Ifx be a cube root of unity, then x= (1) = (cos 0 +i sin 0) = (cis 0)'/° = (cis 2nz)" = cis 2nx/3 where n =0, 1, 2. «. The three values of x are cis 0= 1, i cis 2n/3 = cos 120° +i sin 120° and cis 4n/3 = cos 240° + i sin 240° = be roots are represented by the points A, Bom ae iegeea diagram such that OA = OB =OC and ZAOB = 120°, ZAOC = 240° (Fig. 19:19). ¢ «+. These points lie on a circle with centre O and unit radius such that ZAOB = ZBOC = ZCOA = 120° i.e. AB =BC =CA. Hence A, B, C form an equilateral triangle. Fig. 19:19.6 HIGHER ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Ry Example 19-19. Find all the values of| 3e ss Also show that the continued product of these values is 1. Sol. Put 1/2 = cos @ and V3/2=r sin @ so that r= 1 and = %/3 (172-4 N3i/2)° = ((cos 2/3 + sin n/3)514 = (cis n) 4 = [cis (2n + 1)n]!/4 = cis (2n + 1) x/4 where n =0, 1, 2, 3. Hence the required values are cis n/4, cis 3n/4, cis 5n/4 and cis 7"/4. TR) 6 Their continued product = cis(* +5" + 5% i cis n= 1. Example 19:20, Use De Moivre's theorem to solve the equation state xr+1=0. (P.T.U,, 2005) x+1'is a GP. with common ratio (- x), therefore Soft xt - x9 +2? x#-1 or +120 | ie Hence the values are cis /5, cis 3x/5, cis x, cis 78/5, cis 9x/5 | or cos © +i sin ¥, cos 2 + isin 2, - 1, cos 2 — i sin 38, cos ¥ - i sin 2. 5 a 5 a 5 5° 5 5 Rejecting the value ~ 1 which corresponds to the factor x + 1, the required roots are : cos x/5 +i sin n/5, cos 3n/5 +i sin 3n/5. Example 19.21. Show that the roots of the equation (x — 1)" = are 3 (1+ i cot ra/n), where r has the values 1,2, 3, mj n= 1. ", n being a positive integer Sol Given equation (#4 Jn or 1-220)!" x : mn - or Fol aMta1-cis 2%, 7=0,1,2,...n- 1. or (1-8) sin 2% = 2 sin? 7 _ 94 sin ™ coe n a nn sin = +i cos ™ | ni OS 2sin™ n = 1+i cot =o ay" , 2, ... (n- 1). * cot0> Hence the roots of the given equation are i (1+ cot rn/n) where r= 1, 2, 3, .... (n - 1). Example 19-22. Find the 7th roots of unity and prove that the sum of their nth powers always vanishes unless n he a multiple number of 7, n being an integer, and then the sum is 7. (Kurukshetra, 2005), ONPLEXNUMBERS AND FUNCTIONS _ _ Sol. Weave (1)7= (os dra +i sin 2ray!7 = cis OF = (* #) ; 7 : 6 Putting? <0, t, 2, 8, 4,6, 6, we: find shat 70h roots ofuniig are 1, PAP PP p=cos 2n/7. :, Sum S of the nth powers of these roots = 149" +p +......+ 9" al 1-pm = aa being a G.P. with common ratio p When n is not a multiple of 7, p" = (p")" = (cis 2n)" = 1 ie. 1-p™=0and 1-p"40, as nis not a multiple of 7. Thus S=0 When n is a multiple of 7 = 7p (say) From(i), S=1+ P+ PH? +... + NP H=14 1414141414157. Example 1923. Find the equation whose roots are 2 cos 0/7, 2 cos 3n/7, 2 cos 5/7. Sol. Let y= cos @ +i sin 8, where @=1/7, 3R/7, .., 19/7. Then y7=(cos @+i sin 8)" cos 70 -isin7@=-1 or y’+1=0 or +) 6-95 494-2 +y?-y + =O. Leaving the factor y + 1 which corresponds to @ = x, We get y®-y° +y*-y? +y?-y+1=0. ) Its roots are y = cis @ where 0 = 2/7, 31/7, 5n/7, , 9R/7, 11n/7, 13R/7. Dividing ( by y°, 0° + 1/99) - G7 + 1/9?) +74 1/y)-1=0 or (y+ 1/83 + I) - (+ Vy)? 2)- + 1/9) -1=0 or ox?-2+1=0 Adi) where x=y + I/y=2.036. Now since cos 13r/7 = cos n/7, cos 11n/7 = cos 3n/7, cos 9n/7 = cos 5x/7 Hence the roots of (i) are 2 8 %, 2 ons 98,2 os 5. eee. 1, Find all the values of asi (Madras, 1996 S) (i) (-140% (i) C1413? (iv) (1+ N39 + (1 - iva)” 2. Ifw is a complex cube root of unity, prove that 1 +w +u?=0. 8, Find all the values of (~ 1)". 4. Mark by points on the Argand diagram, all the values of (1 + iV3)"”" and verify that they form a pentagon. Use De Moivre's theorem to solve the following equations : @x541=0. (ixtex448 +120 (ii) x2 +05 -x4-1=0 (Madras, 2000) (iv) (&- 1) +25 =0 6. Find the roots common to the equations x* + 1=0 and x°-i=0, 7. Solve the equation x! 1 = 0 and find which of its roots satisfy the equation x* +3? + 1= 0, (Gorakhpur, 1999)718 HIGHER ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. 8. Prove that the nth roots of unity form a geometric progression. Also show that the sum of these n roots is zero and their product is (- 1)"~!. 9, Find the equation whose roots are 2 eos 21/1, 2 cos 4n/7, 2 cas 6n/7 19. (1) To expand sin né, cos nd and tan nd in powers of sin 8, cos @ and tan 6 respectively (n being a positive integer). We have cos nO + i sin n0 = (cos 0 +i sin 6)" (by De Moivre's theorem) = cos" 8+ "Cy cos" 16 (sin 6) + "Cp cost~28 (sin 6)? +"Cy cos” ~* 0 (sin 8)" +... (by Binomial theorem) = (cos" @— "Cy cos"~? 0 sin? 0+.....)+ £(°C, cos*~ O sin 0- "Cs cos"~ 98 sin? 0+.. Equating real and imaginary parts from both sides, we get cos n8 = cos" @— "Cp cos"~? 0 sin? @+ "Cy cos" * 8 sin‘ 0- sin n0 = "C, cos"~} 0 sin — "C3 .cos"~$0 sin? @ + "C5 cos" 5 @ sin® 0 - ) A) (2) Replacing every sin? 8 by 1—cos” @ in (1) and every cos” @ by 1- sin” @ in (2), we get the desired expansions of cos n@ and sin n0. Dividing (2) by (1), "C, cos" 16 sin 8 "Cy cos" "20 sin? @ + "C5 cos"~* 0 sin® @ - 0s” 6— "Cp cos"? 6 sin? 0+ "Cy cos"~* 8 sin* @—..... tan nd= and dividing numerator and denominator by cos” 8, we get ™C, tan @- "Cg tan? 0+ "Cs tan’ @- 1- "Cp tan? 6+ "Cy tan‘ - Example 19-24. Express cos 60 in terms of cos 8. (Madras, 2002) Sol. We know that cos n8 = cos” @- "Cy cos” ~? sin? @+"C, cos"~* 0 sin* Put n =6, then cos 60 = cos® 6 ~ ®Cp cos* @ sin? 6 + °C cos” @ sin* 6 - °Cg sin® 6 = cos @ ~ 15 cos! @ (1 - cos 8) + 15 cos” 6 (1 - cos” 6)% (1 - cos” 8)° = 82 cos @ — 48 cost 8 + 18 cos” 8 - 1. (2) Addition formulae for any number of angles We have, cos (83 + 82 + vm +0q) +i sin (0) +09 + sn + O,) (cos 0; +i sin 6,)(cos @ + i sin 0,).....(cos 0, +i sin ,) Now cos 6; +i sin 6; = cos 6 (1 +i tan 8), cos @, +i sin G, = cos 82 (1 +i tan 62) and so on +0,) +i sin (Bj + 02+ smn + On) cos 0, (1 +i tan 0,)(1 +i tan Oy)....(1 +i tan ,) tan n0= cos 6, [1 +i (tan 6; + tan @ +......+ tan B,) +i? (tan 6, tan Oy + tan G tan Q +.......) +i (tan 8; tan @ tan 0 +. = 005 8} C08 Op enn C08 Oy (1 +i84 ~ 89 —i8g +54 + wa) where s; = tan 0 + tan 9 +....... + tan @,, 82 = E tan 6) tan Op, s3 = E tan 0 tan 2 tan Q; ete. Equating real and imaginary parts, we have 608 (8) +p +... + On) = COS 81 COS Op ...... COS By (1 — $y +84 — sin (01 + 09 + «ns + Oy) = C08 8; COS @..... C08 By (81-93 +55, COMPLEX NUMBERS AND FUNCTIONS ny and by division, we get. tan (6 + 6) 8) ~ 85+ S5— + On) T= 52+ 54-586 * sxample 19:25. If tan!» + tan : Example 19-25. If tan”! x + tan~"y + tan"! 2 =1/2, show that xy + y2 +2%= 1 | (P.T.U., 2003) efi i Sol. Let tan” x=a, tan”! y=8, tan”'z=ysothatx=tana, y=tan B, 2= tan We know that tan (a +f + y) - tan a+ tan B + tan y- tan a tan B tan 1-tan a ten B - tan B tan y- tan y tan & tan n/2 = 272 t2— 2 . E 1a Ty abe © Lnay-ye- 24-0 Hence xy + yz +2x = 1 Example 1926. If 6,,05,0; be three values of @ which satisfy the equation tan 20=Atan (+0) and such that no two of them differ by a multiple of m, show that 01 + 0) + 03 + Gis a multiple of x. Sol. Given equation can be written as _t+tan@_ where ¢=tan® 1-t- tana or 8+ (h-2) tana 4(2-2)t-Atana=0 .. tan 0}, tan 0p, tan 63, being its roots, we have sy = tan 6) = [By § 13] sp = tan 0 tan 03 = and sg=tana@ $1783 _(-1+2/) tana-tana 1-32 1-(2/4-1) = -tana=tan (nm-a) ‘Thus 0) +02 + 93 = nx — at, whence follows the result. tan (0; + A) +05) = (3) To expand sin™ 6, cos" 6 or sin” 6 cos” @ in a series of sines or cosines of multiples of If z=cos 0 +i sin @ then 1/z = cos 6 ~i sin @. By De Moivre’s theorem, «? 10s p0 +i sin pO and 1/2” = cos p0 ~i sin p® 24 1/2 =2.cos 0, 2 1/2 =2i sin 0 ; 2” + 1/2” =2 cos pO, 2” ~ 1/2? = 2i sin pO ‘These resuilts are used to expand the powers of sin @ or cos 8 or their products in a series of sines or cosines of multiples of @. Example 19.27. Expand cos® 0 in a series of cosines of multiples of 8. Sol. Let z=cos@+isin@, sothatz+1/z=2 cos @ and 2” + 1/2” =2 cos pb. (2 cos 0)® = (2 + 1/2)* chet teens 1, oes 1 anyt 2 tc8 Weel, ec ol + Cpl a+ Cx! z + Ce ‘4 7 Cee’ pe ‘Cee’ aie ‘Cz zt = (84 1/25) + 80ye + 1/28) + SCxe* + V/24) + BCye? + 1/27) + 8Cy = (2 cos 80) + 8(2 cos 68) + 28(2 cos 46) + 56 (2 cos 20) + 70. Hence cos? 0 = 355 [cos 86 + 8 cos 60 + 28 cos 40 +56 cos 26 +35].HIGHER ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Example 19.28. Expand sin” @ cos’ @ in a series of sines of multiples of 8. Sol. Let z=cos 0+ isin ® P-V/eP =2i sin pd. 24 1/2=2co8 0,2-1/z=2isin 9 and so that (2i sin 0)" (2 cos 6)? = (2 - 1/2)" @+ vey =(@-1/2)* le - Veye + 1/2)" = @— aay @ = 1/27)8 S (etence *) (cae -(°-35}-+f -4}+8(" -3) +8 (* =i sin 100 — 4(2i sin 80) + 9(2i sin 68) + 8(2i sin 40) ~ 14(2i sin 26) Since i, 14 sin 26]. sin” 0 cos? @ = ~ pin 100 - 4 sin 80 +3 sin 60+ 8 sin 40 series of sines or cosines of multiples of ® according as m is odd ‘Obs. The expansion of sin” @ cos” 0is a . Ena 1. Express sin 60/sin @ as a polynomial in cos @? Prove that (2-5): 2. sin 76/sin 0 = 7 - 56 sin” 6 + 112 sin‘ 6-64 sin® 6. (Madras, 2002) cvs 6. (Madras, 1999) g, 1420878 _ (3.294 +1)?, where x= ‘1+ cos ® 4, 2 (1+ cos 88) = (x*— 4x” + 2)? where x= 2 cos 6. St= 102+ shore '=tan 8, 5, tan 58 = a ad 6. Iftan~!x+tan”!y+ tan”! z=", show that +y+2= 32. 7. Ifa, B, ybe the roots of the equation x° + px” + gx + p =0, prove that tan”! a+ tan”! B+tan”!y=ne radians except in one particular case. Prove that (8-12) 8. 26 sin’ 9 = 35 sin @ ~ 21 sin 30 + 7 sin 50 - 70. (Madras, 1997) (Madras, 2003 5) 9. cos? 6 = 2 (cos 70 +7 cos 50 +21 cos 30 +35 cos 8). 10. sin® 8 = 2-7 (cos 80 ~ 8 cos 68 + 28 cos 40 — 56 cos 20 + 35). (Madras, 2001 S) 108 68 — 2 cos 40 cos 20+ 2. 11, 32 sin‘ 6 cos? @= (Madras, 2003) 12, sin® 6 cos? 6 = 2 (sin 70 3 sin 58 + sin 30+ 5 sin (Madras, 2002) 18. Expand cos® @ sin” @ in a series of sines of multiples of @ ? 4. If cos® @ =A cos 6 +B cos 38 + C cos 58, find sin® in terms of A, B,C. 15. If sin‘ 0 cos® @ =A, cos @ + As cos 38 + As cos 58 + Ay cos 78, prove that A, +9.Ag +255 +49 Ay = 0.SoMPLEKNUNBERS AND FUNCTIONS 197. COMPLEX FUNCTION iz Definition. If for each val ane onmore values of a end te complex variable (=x) ina given region B we have wou 3) + 6.9)=f1) wher ot said fe «complex funotion of = and ve wnt Oreictodn inctions of x and . Peril ee . ioare Corresponds one and only one value of w, then w is said to be @ sre valued function andy ener ee & Multi-valued function. For example w= 1/2 is & gcrties plats ces A wm is a multi-valued function of z. The former is defined at all va “pt at z= 0 and the latter assumes two values for each value of z except atz=0, 198. EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE (1) Definition : When x is real, we are already familiar with the exponential function Sets ae PRL AT AT tet tm Similarly, we define the exponential function of the complex variable 2 =x + iy, as e? or exp (z)=1 (2) Properties : I. Exponential form of 2 = re® af 3 5 “(ete epRe- Jeera Thus =e -e¥ =e* (cosy +i siny) Also x +iy =r (cos @ +i sin 0) =re™. Thus, 2 = re! Il. e* is periodic function having imaginary period 2 ni, (. &*"™" = 2" =e] II. € is not zero for any value of 2. Since ead t hare or Fc =re® cs r=e'>0,y=6, |e? | =1, Thus wv. Since 1 =e (easy ~isiny) F (cosy Hsiny) =e 19.9. CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE (1) Definitions : Since e =cosy+isiny and e”” = cos y—isiny. ‘: The circular functions of real angles can be written as aed Peed cosy = 2 +2 — and soon. siny= i)722 HHGHER ENGINEERING WarheMarg It is, therefore, natural to define the circular functions of the complex variable z by yp, equations ; —— i $ = 2 tan 2= Cos 2 With cosec z, sec z and cot z as their respective reciprocals. 1 Circular fureions are periodic : sin, cos? ae pace functions bavine Teal petiod 25 while tan z, cot z have period r. [sin ( + 2n7) Fs e IL, Even and odd functions : cus 2, sec 2 are even functions while sin z, cosec z are od functions. [cos 2 =°— 3° = cos 2. and sin (-2) =" 9; ig giz gif _g-it 2 sinz] ; a UI. Zeros of sin z are given by z=+2nn and zeros of cos z are given by 2= £5 (2n+1)5, 0, 1,2, . IV. All the formulae for real circular functions are valid for complex circular functions eg. sin? z + cos z=1, sin (zy +29) = sin 21 cos 22 + cos 2 sin 2. (3) Euler’s theorem e* = cos z +i sinz. re? By definition cos z +i sin z =“—S°— + i FF where 2 =x + iy. Also we have shown that e” = cosy +i siny, where y is real. Thus e'* = cos 0 +i sin 0, where 0 is real or complex. This is called the Euler's theorem.* Cor. De Moivre's theorem for complex numbers Whether @ is real or complex, we have (cos 8 +i sin 6)" =e)" =e"* = cos nO +i sin nO Thus De Moivre's theorem is true for all 6 (real or complex). Example 19:29. Prove that (i) {sin (a + 8) ~ e'* sin 0)" = sin” ae "® Gi) sin (a -n0) +e sin n0 =e !® sin Sol. (i) LH.S. = [sin «cos @ + cos ct sin 0 ~ (cos «+i sin @) sin 6)" = (sin @ cos 6 -i sin a sin @)" sin” o: (cos 6 ~i sin 0)" = sin” a (e~®y" sin” o e"® (i). L.H.S. = sin a cos n0 ~ cos o sin nO + (cos ati sin a) sin n8 sin @cos n@~ isin a sin nO =sin ot (cos n6 ~ i sin n8) =sin ae i"® ae + p Lp giving the values of A and 0. _R+Lp? CR 1)+Lpi io Example 19:30. Given pit 4 wkere L, p, R are real, express p in the form Ae' Sol. LpRi Ri (R- Lp*CR) ~ iL fA i — x R= Lp"CR) ~ iLp (R-Lp?CR)+iLp (R— Lp°CR) ~ iLp L?p°R +i LpR (R -Lp?CR) _ (R - Lp?CR)? + (Lp)? =A (cos 6 +i sin 6), say * See foot note p.oMPLEX NUMBERS AND FUNCTIONS ee Fquating real and imaginary parts, we have 2 Acoso=-——_?p'R__ _ Ai) (R ~ Lp? CR?) + (Lp? ‘Asin 9 = —ZPR (R-Lp’CR) «Adi (R- LCR? + (Lp? Squaring and adding (i) and (i), A2= 20PR) «L?o*R? (R—Lp?CRP 9 9 — (Rpt P+ pre NUR Eph CRY+ PY siti) Dividing (ii) by (), R- Lp" tan o= B18 R or @=tan’ {Ra;zesh} tiv) p Hence P=A (cos 0 +i sin 6)=Ae® where A and 0 are given by (iii) and (iv) 19-10. HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS: (1) Definitions : If x be real or complex, o£ a e+e* 2 is defined as hyperbolic sine of x and is written as sinh x. is defined as hyperbolic cosine of x and is written as cosh X. @w ‘Thus sinh x = Also we define, sinhx tanh x =o Thg sech x= ‘cosh x (2) Properties L Periodic functions : sink z and cosh z are periodic functions having imaginary period 2xi. [sinh @ + 2 ni) =sinh z ; cosh (¢ + 2ni) = cosh z IL Bven and odd functions : cosh z is an even function while sink z is an edd function IIL sinh 0 = 0, cosh 0 = 1, tanh 0=0. IV. Relations between hyperbolic and circular functions. 0p Since for all values of ®, sin 8 2. Putting @=ix, we have sin i=" andand .. HIGHER ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Ai) Aiiy iii) (iv) (vi) Thus Cor. V. Formulae of hyperbolic functions (a) Fundamental formulae 5 (3) coth? x — cosech” x = 1 (1) cosh? x — sinh?x = 1 (2) sech? x + tanh? x =1 (®) Addition formulae Mitel pane sacka dake Gl aah yincm erie sob scat, tanh x + tanh, (6) tanh @£9)= 7S taah tanh > (c) Functions of 2x. (7) sinh 2x =2 sinh x cosh x (8) cosh 2¢ = cosh? x + sinh? x =2 cosh?x—1=1+2sinh? = (©) tanh 2x -—2 tanh 1+ tanh? x (d) Functions of 3x (11) cosh 8x = 4 cosh? x ~ 3 cosh x (10) sinh 3x =3 sinh x +4 sinh® x 3 (22) tanh ax = 2tanh2 + tanh” x 1+3tanh*x (e) (13) sinh x + sinh y =2 sinh a cosh a (14) sinh x - sinh y = 2 cosh aan sinh om (15) cosh x + cosh y = 2 cosh =$% cosh #5 (16) cosh x~ cosh y = 2 sinh *5> sinh “>> Proofs. (1) Since, for all values of 8, we have cos” 6+ sin” @ = 1. . Putting @ = ix, we get cos” ix + sin? ix = 1 or cosh? x — sinh? x= 1 eo 42) =1 Apo exten inh? x = = 2 apis 2 Otherwise : cosh? x — Similarly we can establish the formiilae (2) and (3). (4) sinh (« +) = (1/i) sin i (& +) =~ i [sin ix cos iy + cos ix sin iy] =-ifésinhx- cosh y + cosh x- i sinh y] = sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y- Otherwise : sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y GaeF te! Ste ® One? Ft et) a SR Sesion 49) Similarly we can establish the formulae (5) and (6). 3 tan A— tan’ A 12) tan 3A= a 1-3tan?A ee . 3 Putting Ath, tandir= SBE =U gp i taah ge = 3 tanh») — (tana) eee 1-3 ( tanh s) tanh 3x = S-tanhs + tanh? x 1+3 tanh? x Similarly we can establish the formulae (7) to (11),_ is ET ae aaa aero cere cteneeem COMPLEXNUMBERS AND FUNCTIONS 725 (16) cos C-cos D=~2 sin C+D 2 Putting C= ix, and D = iy, cos ix ~ cos iy = x+y E-y sini *22 5 in i* D> sini => 4 cosh x ~ cosh y =~ 2 ( sinh Sh sinh 2 #} 2 sinh £22 sinh 5 Similarly we can establish the formulae (13) to (15). 19-11, INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS. () Def. If sink u=2, then w is called the hyperbolic sine inverse of z and is written as u=sinh™ z, Similarly we define cosh“! z, tanh z, ete. The inverse hyperbolic functions like other inverse functions are many-valued, but we shall consider only their principal values. (2) To show that (i) sinh” 2 = log [z + Ve? + 1)] Gi) cosh"! z = log e+ V2), (ii) tant 1z dog oe (@ Let sinh” !z =u, then 2 = sinh w “ae -e%) or 2z=e"—1/e" or e* — 22e"-1=0. This being a quadratic in e“, we have 2 =eEME HD sae? +, «, Taking the positive sign only, we have ef 22+ N22 +1) or u=log e+ Vie? +I). Similarly we can establish (ii) (iii) Let tanh” * 2 =u, then z ee tanh w ie. s= eee Applying componendo and dividendo, we get +* or =log ota E pan follows the result. (P.T.U., 2005) Example 19.31. If u =log tan (n/4 + 0/2), prove that @ tanh u/2 = tan 0/2 (P.T.U., 2006 ; Madras, 2003) (ii) 0 =~ i log tan +3) (Kurukshetra, 2006) 9 w/e _1+tane/2 Sol. We have =tan (i i 3] or wap By componendo and dividendo, we get on -eW" tono/2 ie. tanh =tan® ] ie. tanh“ =tan® ease? am anh’ — tanHIGHER ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 726 or or or or or or or or 1 jog Lt tan iu/2 tanh“? (0 3} 298 1 — tan iu/2 a, iw (ii) i log tan (+3) _ " rukshetra, 2005) Example 19:32. Show that tanh”! (cos 8) = cosh“ (cosec®) Kw Sol. Let tanh”? (cos 8) = 9 so that cos @ = tanh 6 5 tanh? = cos?6 or 1 ~sech” = c0s”6 sech? 9=1-cos’@=sin?6 or sech = sin ® cosh 9 = cosec 8 or —=cosh”! (cosec 8). Example 1933, Find tanh x, if 5 sinh x - cosh x =5 Sol. We have 5 (sinh x - 1) = cosh x 25 (sinh x - 1)? = cosh? x= 1+ sinh? x 24 sinh? x -50 sinh x+24=0 or 12sinh?x-25 sinhx +12=0 (sinh x~4) (4 sinhx-3)=0 whence sith x=4/3 or 3/4, cosh =V(1+sinh?x)=5/3 or -5/4[- cosh x=5/4 does'nt satisfy (i) Hence tanhx=5 or ~3, 1. Separate into real and imaginary parts (@ exp @) where 2 =x + iy Gi) exp (6 + in/2) (ii) exp (6 + 31 2. From the definitions of sinz and cos z, prove that (9 e08 22 = 2 cos? 21 i) Sine T= cos 2 =o # Git) sin 32 =3 sin z—4 sin’ 2, 3. Prove that UG OM nO int in -n8) 40° sin ng | 2 4: Iee show that titan z 5. Eliminate z from p cosech 2 + sech 2 4r<. } P’ cosech2 +4’ sechz +7'=9, 2 (tan" x — cot” x) 6. Ify=log tan x, show that sinh ny = 7 Tan, = tan o tanh f and tan 2= cot a tanh p, oars Prove that tan (+2) = sinh 28 cosec 25. @ cosh (4+ B) ~ cosh (a) =2 sinh «sinh ® (i) sinh (a+ cosh 0B) = sinh 2+ sinh 29) cosh 69 + sinh 69,COMPLEX NUMBERS AND FUNCTIONS wat 11. If sin 0 = tanh x, prove t : 12, Iftan x/2 a4 eee as (i) tan x= sinh w and cos x cosh uv 38, Ifcosh x= sec 8, prove that (tanh? x/2 = tan? 6/2 (i) w= log, tan (n/4 + 3/2) (i) x=log, tan (n/4 + 0/2) 14, Show that tar 15. Prove that (@ sinh”! x= cosh" V (1 + 3%) = tanh? cosech”1 —1—5 a+ (i) tanh x = sinh"! —* va- 16. Show that (@ sink? (tan @) = log tan (n/4 + 6/2) (ii) sech ' (sin 8) = log cot 02. 17, Find tanh x if sinh x ~ cosh x=5. 19-12. REAL AND IMAGINARY PARTS OF CIRCULAR AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS (1) To separate the real and imaginary parts of (i) sin (x + iy); (di) cos (x + iy); (iii) tan (x + iy); (iv) cot (x + iy); (v) see (x + iy (vi) cosec (x + iy). Proofs. (i) sin (x + iy Similarly, cos (x + iy (iii) Let atip sin x cos iy + cos x sin iy = sin x cosh y +i cos.x sinh y "0s x cosh y ~i sin x sinh y. an (x+iy) then oi =tan (x -iy). Adding, Qa. = tan (x + iy) + tan (x iy) ih = Sine tiyte—iy) ne = eos (x + iy) cos (x ~ iy) ~ €08 2x +c0s Ziy cos 2x + cosh 2y Subtracting, 2iB = tan (x + iy) — tan (x ee ip= sin 2i) os sinh 2y 2 cos (x + iy) cos (x -iy) cos 2x + cosh 2y ___sinh 2y B= cos2x + cosh 2y Similarly, cot (x +iy)= ae tsinh (v) Let a+iB=sec(x+iy) then a—iB=see (x—iy). Adding, 2a = sec (x +iy) + sec (x iy) fe = 908 (x iy) + ons (x + iy) _ 2 cos x cos iy a 2cos x cosh y 7” 2 cos (x + iy) cos (x iy) cos 2x + cos Ziy cos 2x + cosh 2y Subtracting, ip = sec (x + iy) — sec (x iy) cos (¢ -iy)- cos (x +iy)__2sinxsiniy _ 2isinxsinhy_ 1B =o cos @+ iy) cos (iy) cos 2x + c0s Ziy cos 2x + cosh 2y 2sinxsinhy B= os 2x + cosh 2y . _ sin x cosh y—icos x sinhy Similarly, cosec (x + iy) =2 cosh 2y—cos2e (2) To separate the real and imaginary parts of (i sinh &+iy); (iid cosh + iy); (iii) tanh (x + iy).