2 2 dr

3. x œ et and y œ 9 e2t Ê y œ 9 x# ; v œ dt œ et i ! 49 e2t j Ê a œ et i ! 89 e2t j Ê v œ 3i ! 4j and a œ 3i ! 8j at t œ ln 3

dr dv
4. x œ cos 2t and y œ 3 sin 2t Ê x# ! "9 y# œ 1; v œ dt œ ("2 sin 2t)i ! (6 cos 2t)j Ê a œ dt
œ ("4 cos 2t)i ! ("12 sin 2t)j Ê v œ 6j and a œ "4i at t œ 0

MATH 206.
5. v œ œ (cos t)i " (sin t)HOMEWORK
dr
dt j and a œ œ "(sin t)i " (cos t)j5 SOLUTION.
È2 È2
dv
dt

Ê for t œ 14 , v ˆ 14 ‰ œ # i" # j and

È2 È2
a ˆ 14 ‰ œ " i" j ; for t œ 1# , v ˆ 1# ‰ œ "j and

Section 13.1:
# #
a ˆ 1# ‰ œ "i

760 Chapter 13 Vector-Valued Functions and Motion in Space

9. r œ (t ! 1)i ! at# " 1b j ! 2tk Ê v œ ddtr œ i ! 2tj ! 2k Ê a œ ddt r œ 2j ; Speed: kv(1)k œ È1# ! (2(1))# ! 2# œ 3;
v œ ddtr œ ˆ"
6. Direction: 2 sin it!‰2(1)
v(1) i !j !ˆ22k cos
œ 3"#i‰!j and
t 2 a 2œ dv ˆ" 2 2 ‰
kv(1)k œ # 3 3 j ! 3 k dtÊ v(1) œ 3 3 i ! 3 j ! 3 k
œ ˆ" cos # ‰ i ! ˆ" sin # ‰ j Ê for t œ 1, v(1) œ "2i and
t t

10. ra(œ
1)(1œ!"t)ji; !
fort t œ 31t
, v ˆ 3#1 ‰vœœ"dÈ
r 2i " È2t2 j and d r 2
j ! 2tk ; Speed: kv(1)k
È2 j !# 3 k Ê dt œ i ! È2 j ! t k Ê a œ
#
dt œ È2
È È
a ˆ 3#1 ‰ œ #22(1)
i " # #2 j v(1)
i!
2(1)
j ! (1 )k
œ Ê 1 ! Š È2 ‹ !
# (1# )# œ 2; Direction: kv(1)k œ 2
# œ "
# i! "
È2 j ! #" k Ê v(1)

œ 2 Š "# i ! "
È2 j ! "# k‹

11. œ (2ddtr cos

7. rv œ œ (1 ! cos
t)i " t)i t)!j !
(3 sin (sin
4tk andvaœœddtrddtvœ ("2 sin t)i ! (3 cos t)j ! 4k Ê a œ ddt r œ ("2 cos t)i " (3 sin t)j ;
t)j Ê
œ (sin ¸t)viˆ!1 ‰(cos
Speed: Éj ˆÊ
¸ œ t) "2 for sin t1# œ !, ˆv3(1cos
‰# 1 ) œ12‰i# and
! 4#a(œ
1)2œ
È"5;jDirection:
; vˆ ‰
2 ¸v ˆ ‰¸
for t œ 3#1 , v ˆ 3#1 ‰ œ i " j and a ˆ 3#1 ‰ œ "i
#

œ Š" # È 2
5
sin 1# ‹ i ! Š #È 3
5
cos 1# ‹ j ! #È 4
5
k œ " È"5 i ! È25 k Ê v ˆ 1# ‰ œ 2È5 Š" È"5 i ! È25 k‹

12. r œ (sec t)i ! (tan t)j ! 43 tkdv Ê v œ ddtr œ (sec t tan t)i ! asec# tb j ! 43 k Ê a œ ddt r
8. v œ ddtr œ i ! 2tj and a œ dt œ 2j Ê for t œ "1,
a sec t tan t sec
v("1) œ i " 2j and a("1) œtb i a2 2sec t œtb 0,
t tan
j ; for (0) œ i¸vand
j ; vSpeed: ˆ 16 ‰¸ œ Ɉsec 16 tan 16 ‰# ! ˆsec# 16 ‰# ! ˆ 34 ‰# œ 2;
# $ #
œ ! !
4
a(0) œ 2j ; for
Direction: v(1)
v ˆ 6 ‰t œ 1,ˆsec œ 6i‰ !
6 tan i!2 j and
ˆsec 6 ja!
‰ (1)3 k œ 2"j
œ 3 i ! 32 j ! 32 k Ê v ˆ 16 ‰ œ 2 ˆ "3 i ! 23 j ! 23 k‰
¸v ˆ ‰¸ œ #
6

13. r œ (2 ln (t ! 1))i ! t# j ! t
2 k Ê vœ dr
dt œ ˆ t !2 1 ‰ i ! 2tj ! tk Ê a œ d r
dt
"2
œ ’ (t ! 1) “ i ! 2j ! k ;
2
Š ‹ i ! 2(1)j ! (1)k
Speed: kv(1)k œ Ɉ 1 !2 1 ‰ ! (2(1))# ! 1# œ È6;Section 13.1
Direction: v(1)
Curves
1
in Space and Their Tangents 761
#
kv(1)k œ È6

i !t)È 2
j!# È k
1
6 ŠœPearson È 2
k‹j ! ePublishing
j !ve(1) i !t)iÈ!Education
j ! sin
"
6 Copyright © 2010
" "
19. r(t) È6(sin i!6 at " cos tbÊ k Ê v(t) È(cos 6 (2t !È 6 t)Inc. as Addison-Wesley.
k ; t! œ 0 Ê v(t0 ) œ i ! k and
œœ t œ t
6
r(t0 ) œ P! œ (0ß "1ß 1) Ê x œ 0 ! t œ t, y œ "1, and z œ 1 ! t are parametric equations of the tangent line
dr d r
14. r œ ae"t b i ! (2 cos 3t)j ! (2 sin 3t)k Ê v œ dt œ a"e"t b i " (6 sin 3t)j ! (6 cos 3t)k Ê a œ dt
20. r(t) œ t2 i ! a2t " 1b j ! t3 k Ê v(t) œ 2t i ! 2 j ! 3t2 k ; t! œ 2 Ê va2# b œ 4 i ! 2 j ! 12k and
œ )aeœ"P b iœ kvz(0) Éa"e! b ! ["6 sin 3(0)]# ! [6 cos 3(0)]# œ È37;
œk 8œ! 12t
t
r(t 0 !
" a(18
4ß 3ßcos Ê jx"œ(18
8b 3t) 4 !sin
4t,3t)
yœk ;3Speed:
! 2t, and are parametric equations of the tangent line
Direction: v(0)
kv(0)k œ a"e b i " 6 sin 3(0)j ! 6 cos 3(0)k
È37 œ " È"37 Section
i ! È637 k13.1
Ê vCurves in ŠSpace
(0) œ È37 " È"37 and
i ! ÈTheir
6
37
k‹ Tangents 761
t!1 1 3
21. r(t) œ aln tbi ! t"2 j ! at ln tbk Ê v(t) œ t i! at " 2b2
j ! aln t ! 1bk ; t! œ 1 Ê va1b œ i ! 31 j ! k and
19. r(t) œ (sin t)i ! at# " cos tb j ! et k Ê v(t) œ1 (cos1t)i ! (2t ! sin t)j ! et k ; t! œ 0 Ê v(t0 ) œ i ! k and
r(t0 ) œ P! œ a0ß 0ß 0b Ê x œ 0 ! t œ t, y œ 0 ! 3 t œ 3 t, and z œ 0 ! t œ t are parametric equations of the #tangent
line
15. rv(tœ
0) 3 P!È
œi ! œ3(0
j! 1ßk1)andÊa œ
ß "2t xœ2k0 !
Êt œ t, yœœ3i"!1,È
v(0) and
3 j zand
œ 1a(0)
! tœare2kparametric
Ê kv(0)kequations È3tangent
œ Ê3# !ofŠthe œ È12 and
‹ ! 0#line
22. r(t) œ (cosÈt)i #! asin tb j ! (sin 2t)k Ê v(t) œ (" sin t)i ! (cos 1t)j ! (2 cos 2t)k ; t! œ 1# Ê v(t0 ) œ "i " 2k and
20. rka(t)(0)œk œ
t2 i !2a2tœ"2;1bv(0)
j ! †t3ak(0)Êœ v0(t)Êœ cos
2t i !
)œ2 j0!Ê
3t2 k
) ;œt! #œ 2 Ê va2b œ 4 i ! 2 j ! 12k and
r(t0 ) œ P! œ (0ß 1ß 0) Ê x œ 0 " t œ "t, y œ 1, and z œ 0 " 2t œ "2t are parametric equations of the tangent line
r(t0 ) œ P! œ a4ß 3ß 8b Ê x œ 4 ! 4t, y œ 3 ! 2t, and z œ 8 ! 12t are parametric equations of the tangent line
È È
2 œ "(sin 2t)i ! (cos t)j Ê a(t) œ "(cos t)i " (sin t)j2 ; È È È # È #
23. v œv(t)
16. (a) i ! Š # t !"1 32t‹ j and a œ "32j Ê1 v(0) œ3 # i ! #2 j and a(0) œ "32j Ê kv(0)k œ 1
Ê Š #2 ‹ ! Š #2 ‹
21. r(t) (i)œ#alnkvtb(t) i! j at ln t b k
k œt "È2 ("sin t)# ! (cos t)# œ 1 Ê
! Ê v (t) œ i
t constant
! j
at " 2b2speed;
! aln t ! 1 b k ; t ! œ 1 Ê v a1 b œ i ! 3 ! k and
j
È È2
È "16È2 È
œ " #2ofÊ œ 341 line
rœ(t0 )1(ii)
and P!vkaœ†(0)0k ßœ
aaœ (" Ê32)
0ß 0bt)(cos xt)œ 32;
œ0(cos vœ yaœ
(0)t, †t)
! tt)(sin (0)0 œÊŠ13 tyes,
#œ‹orthogonal;
1("32) œ "16 2 Ê cos ) œ
3 t, and z œ 0 ! t œ t are parametric 1(32)equations the)tangent
#
œ (sin " !
(iii) counterclockwise movement;

17. rv(t)œœˆ t(cos

22. ‰t)ir!
(iv) 2t yes, (0) œ1 i t!
ˆasin ‰b j0!
! 1 i ! t ! 1 j ! tat ! 1b
j (sin# 2t)k ""Î# Ê vk(t) andœ a("
œsin ’" 2ti !
t) “ i "t)’jat!!2t(2
!2 (cos cos 2t)’k ; t!" œ “1# kÊÊv(tv0(0)
“j ! ) œœ"jiand
" 2k and
(b) v(t) œ "(2 sin 2t)i ! (2 cos 2t)j Ê a(t) œ "(4 cos 2t)i " (4 sin 2t)j; at ! 1 b 1 b at ! 1b
r(t0 ) œ P! œ (0ß 1ß 0) Ê x œ 0 " t œ "t, y œ 1, and z œ 0 " 2t œ "2t are parametric equations of the tangent line
2 È
a(0)(i)œ 2ikv!(t)kk œÊÈk4v(0) # ! 1# œ È5; v(0) † a(0) œ 0 Ê cos ) œ 0 Ê ) œ 1
sin#k 2tœ !1 4and cosk#a2t
(0)œk œ Ê 2constant speed; 2

v(t) œv †"a(sin
23. (a) (ii) œ 8t)sin
i !2t(cos
cos 2t
t)j"Ê 8 cos
a(t)2tœsin"2t(cos
œ 0t)iÊ yes, orthogonal;
" (sin t)j ;
2 2
18. v œ(iii)
(i)
3 (1 counterclockwise
! t) i (1 movement;
t) j k and a
kv(t)k œ È3("sin t)# ! (cos3 t)# œ 1 Ê 3constant
"Î#
" " "Î#
! "
œ "
(1 ! t)""Î# i ! 3" (1 " t)""Î# j Ê v(0) œ 23 i " 23 j ! 3" k and
speed;
(iv) " yes, "r(0) œ i ! 0j È
œ 3 iv!† a3 jœ
a(0)(ii) (0)k œt)É
(sinkvt)(cos "ˆ(cos
2 ‰# t)(sin
! ˆ" t)32 ‰œ! 0 ˆÊ" ‰#yes, orthogonal; É ˆ " ‰#
1 and ka(0)k œ ! ˆ "3 ‰ œ 32 ; v(0) † a(0) œ 29 " 2
# #
" sin ˆt " 1# ‰ i ! cos ˆt " 31# ‰ j Ê a(t) 3 ˆtœ " 1# ‰ i " sin ˆt " 1# ‰ j ;3
Ê
(c) v(t) œ œ " cos 9
œ 0(iii) counterclockwise
Ê cos )œ0 Ê #ˆ
) œ1movement;
1
Ésin ‰# #ˆ 1‰
(iv) kvyes,
(i) (t)k œ
r(0) œ i !t "0j # ! cos t " # œ 1 Ê constant speed;
 0 0
(i) kv(t)k œ Éc "a2t sin tb d# ! (2t cos t)# œ È4t# asin# t ! cos# tb œ 2ktk œ 2t, t 0
œ clnasec t ! tan tbd !/4 i ! ctan t " td !/4 j ! ct cos t " sin td !/4 k œ lnŠ1 ! È 2‹i ! ˆ1 " 14 ‰j ! Š È 1
" È1 ‹k
4 2 2
Ê variable speed;
(ii) v † a œ 4 at sin t ! t sin t cos tb !
#
t
#
t t
Section
4 at cos 13.2
#
t " t cos
#
Integrals
t sin tb œof
4t Vector Functions;
Á 0 in general Projectile
Ê not orthogonal Motion
in general; 765
11. r œ '(iii)
("ticounterclockwise
" tj " tk) dt œ "movement;
# i " # j " # k ! C ; r(0) œ 0i " 0j " 0k ! C œ i ! 2j ! 3k Ê C œ i ! 2j ! 3k
/4 t r(0) œ i !Š0"j t ! 2‹ j ! Š" t'!/43‹ k
10. 'Ê rc(iv)
aœ
yes,
secŠt"bi #!!atan
1‹ 2i t!
bj ! a#t sin tb kd dt œ # 0 casec tbi ! asec2 t " 1bj ! at sin tb kd dt
0

œ cplnœ
24. Let asec t !2jtanktbdenote
2i !! d ! i !the/4
ctanposition
t " td !vector
j ! cof
/4
t costhet point
" sina2, td !2, k /4
1bœ and Š1 !
lnlet, uœ È2" ‹i " !È ˆ"1 j"and
1‰
œ ŠÈ"3È
vj ! i !"È"3È1j !
1
‹k" k.
È2 2 # 4 16 $4‘ 2 2 È3
12. r œ ' c(180t)i ! a180t " 16t# b jd dt œ 90t# i ! ˆ90t# " 16 t $‰
j ! C ; r(0) œ 90(0) #
i ! "90(0) " (0) j ! C
Then r(t) œ p ! (cos t)u ! (sin t)v. #Note that# (2ß 216ß 1)$ is3 a point on the plane and n œ i ! j " 2k is3 normal to
œ 100j Ê C œ 100j Ê r œ 90t i ! ˆ90t " 3 t ! 100‰ j
the plane.œtiMoreover, u and
i !œv(sin are orthogonal unit vectors
t)i !with u †t)njœ ; kvvk†#nœ 0 Ê u andt)#v !
aresin
parallel
t œto2the" 2 cos t Ê kvk# is at a max
œ 'v("
11. r(b) (1 costkt) " t# t)i j"andt a œ t (sin (cos œ (1 " cos
tj " ) dt # j " # k ! C ; r(0) œ 0i " 0j " 0k ! C œ i ! 2j ! 3k Ê C œ i ! 2j ! 3k
#
""
plane. Therefore, r(t) identifies a point that lies in the plane for each t. Also, for each t,#(cos t)u ! (sin t)v
t these values of t, kvk œ 4 Ê max kvk œ
È 4 œ 2; kvk# is at a min
13. risÊ
œa 'rwhen
"œ
unit Š"cos
ˆ vector.
3
!t 1œ
t "Î#
# (t ! #1)Starting
i !1at
‰‹i "
! e Štthe tˆt œ
j"!point
Ê
# t!
" ‰
21‹k,j‘!
! 1 Š2
3!
1,1Šœ5"1(t,t !etc.,
dt , 2 #"!1) 13$Î#and
,‹1k
i‹"theat j ! lnr(tat!
e vector 1)k !out
b traces C ;a circle of radius 1 and
È È
$Î# t œ 1 Ê t œ 0, 21 , 41 , etc., and at these values of t, kvk œ 0 Ê min kvk œ 0; kak œ sin t ! cos t œ 1
2 2
(0) œwhen
(0 ! 1)cos
# # # #
rcenter i " e j ! ln (0 ! 1)k ! C œ k Ê C œ "i ! j ! k
(2ß 2ß 1) in the plane x ! y " 2z œ 2.
Ê r'forœ "(t
every
! 1)$Î#t Ê" 1‘max
i ! a1kakœe t bmin kak!
j ! [1 ln È 1 1)]
(t ! # k1 16 $
c(180t)i ! a180t " 16t b jd dt œ 90t i ! ˆ90t " 3 t ‰ j ! C ; r(0) œ 90(0) i ! "90(0) "
#" #œ 16
(0) ‘ j ! C
œ
12. r œ # # $
3
Copyright © 2010# Pearson Education Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.
œ 100j $ Ê C œ 100j Ê r œ 90t i ! #ˆ90t# " 16 $
3 t2t ! 100 j
‰
2 jÈ
2(0)
27. r dtdœ ('r c†atr)!œ4trb i† !ddtrtj!
14. #
! d2tr †kdrdtœœ2Š
t
dt
t dr 2t ‹ i ! j !
r 4† ! 0 0
dt œ 2 † 02 œ 0 3Ê r † r is a constant
#
Ê“ ik!
k ! C ; r(0) œ ’ 4 ! 2(0) rk œ ! r 3† rkis!constant
C

œ i ! j Ê C œ i ! j Ê r œ Š t ! 2t# ! 1‹ i ! Š t ! 1‹ j ! 2t
k
13. r œ ' d"ˆ 3# (t ! 1)"Î# ‰ i !due t j ! 4ˆ t !" 1 ‰ k‘ dt œ
d (t ! 1)
# $Î#
i "due3 t j ! ln (t ! 1)k ! dCv ;
28. (a) (u † v ‚ w ) œ † (v ‚ w ) ! u † (v ‚ w ) œ † (v ‚ w ) ! u † ˆ ‚w!v‚ dw ‰

Section 13.2:
r(0) œdt(0 d! 1)$Î# i " e dtj ! lndv(0 ! 1)k ! Cdtœ kdwÊ C œ dt dt dt
u
"i ! j ! k
dr v‚
† (dt œw ) !‘ku!†Cdt" ; ‚
d r w!u †!v8‚
15. dtÊœ r œ (t k!) 1)
œ(""dt
32 "32t j !8i[1
1 i ! a1 "dt e(0)t b œ !j lnÊdt(t ! 1)]k k ! C" œ 8i ! 8j Ê C" œ 8i ! 8j
"32(0)
' $Î# "
(b) dt dtdœ’8ri †!Š8djdtr"‚32tddtkr;‹r“œœ' (8
dr dr i ! 8djr" 32t
d kr) dt œ 8ti !d8trj " 16t
d r# k ! C# ; r(0) d rk
dr œ 100 dr d r
dt † Š dt ‚ dt ‹ ! r † Š dt ‚ dt ‹ ! r † Š dt ‚ dt ‹ œ r † Š dt ‚ dt ‹ , since A † (A ‚ B) œ 0
Ê
Ê 8(0)i $! 8(0)j " 16(0) k #! C# œ 100t k Ê #C# œ 100
#
t
k Ê 2t
r œ 8ti ! 8tj ! a1000
" 16t b# k
#
0 2(0)
ca t A
14. r œ 'and ! †4t(bBi !
‚ tB d dt any
j )!œ2t 0kfor œ Š vectors
4 ! 2t ‹Ai!
3and2 jB! k ! C ; r(0) œ ’ 4 ! 2(0) “ i ! 2 j! 3 k!C
766 Chapter 13 Vector-Valued Functions and Motion in Space
r
16. ddtœ œi !
' j"Ê (i !Cj !œki) !
dt jœ Ê"(tir!œtjŠ!t4tk!) !
2t#C!
"; 1‹ i ! Š t ! 1‹ j ! 2t k
dr
dt (0) œ 0# Ê "(0i ! 30j ! 0k) ! C" œ 0 Ê C" œ 0
29.
19. x(a) u
œ d(v cos
œ f(t)
)ti ! g(t)
(21 j h(t)
km)
! ˆ k
1000 mʉ c u
(840
œ cf(t) i
m/s)(cos! cg(t)
60°)t j ! ch(t)
t k 21,000
Ê d
m (c uœ) œ df
i ! c dg j ! c dh
50 cseconds dt k
Ê dtr œ "(ti ! tj ! tk) ; r œ ' 1"km(ti ! tj ! tk) dt œ " Š t# i ! t# j ! t# (840
k‹ ! C# ;dtr60°)
(0) œ 10i !dt10j ! 10dt
Ê œ Ê œ
k
! ! m/s)(cos
df dg dh du
œ"v'Š 0("iŠ ‹ ; dr (0)
r
15. ddtÊ
œc i!
32dtk0 ) dt œ0dt"32tkdt! C
j! k œc
dt œ 8i ! 8j Ê "32(0)k ! C" œk8i ! 8j Ê C" œ 8i ! 8j
# ! # j ! # k‹ ! C# œ 10idt! 10j ! 10k Ê C# œ 10i ! 10j ! 10 v
"
20. R œ drg sin 2! and maximum R occurs when d! œ 45° Êdf 24.5 km œdfŠ 9.8 # m/s ‹df(sin 90°) dg
8ift!f(t)
8ji " k ; jr! ' (8ik! Ê8j " t32t k ’ 8tif(t) j" “ r(0)!œf 100“kj ! ’ df h(t) ! f
k!!’C# ;g(t) dh
dt “ k
(b) rdtfœuœŠœ 32t
f g(t) tœf h(t) (f u )) dt ! 8t f 16t i
‹ Š ‹ Š ‹
Ê œ
10! i 10 j dt 10 œ k dt ! dt dt dt dt
! œi È
Ê " ! ! " ! ! " !
Ê v8(0) ! (9.8)(24,500)
8(0)j " 16(0)m # /s œ 490 m/s
k ! C œ 100k Ê C œ 100k Ê r œ 8ti ! 8tj ! a100 " 16t# b k
# ## # #
Ê
df dg# df du
[f(t)i ! g(t)j ! h(t)k] ! f ’ df
dt i ! j! dh
k“ œ u!f
#
œ dt dt dt dt dt
17. ddtv œ a œ 2v 3i "sin j! ! k2(500 v(t) œ45°)
Ê m/s)(sin 3ti " tj ! tk ! C" ; the particle v travels in(500the direction of the vector
m/s)
21. d(a)
r t' m/s"(ti !¸tj72.2 seconds; R dr œ g sin 2! œ 9.8 m/s (sin 90°) ¸ 25,510.2 m
16. (4 ( ig! j œ k ) dt tk ) C ; travels in a straight line),0jand
(0) 0 (0 i ! 0atktime
)!C 0 it0 has C" œ 0
œ 9.8œ
dt " 1)i ! (1 " 2)j ! (4 " 3)k œ 3i " j ! k (since it dt
œ " ! ! ! " œ Ê " ! tœ" œ Ê speed
5000 m
Let xdur œœ(vf!" (t)
30. (b) cosi !2 f# (t)j ! f$ (t)
!)t Ê 5000 m œ k and
(500 vm/s)(cos i ! gÊ
œdrg" (t)45°)t # (t)ttj œ gt$ (t) k.t Then 14.14 s; thus,2
œk') œ
!6(500 m/s)(cos 45°) ¸
2
2ÊÊ dtv(0) œ" œ(tÈi 9!! 1tj!! 1 "
tki )";# rj !
(3 "(tCi"!Ê tj !dt tk œ) vdt(t)œœ"Š3t Š #!i È !11#‹"ji !" Št ! k‹È! C ‹ #j ;!r(0)
Št !œÈ10 i‹!k 10j ! 10k
u !yvœœ(v[f (t)!!)t g!
! "sin " (t)] i ! [f y(t)
# gt Ê # ¸! (500 (t)]j ! [f45°)(14.14
g# m/s)(sin $ (t) ! g$ (t)] s) !k # a9.8# m/s# b11(14.14 s)# ¸ 4020 11
m
r"(t)dŠœ0 Ši(v3#!tsin
#0 6 0
!!j) È! t ‹ ki ‹ Š C
" #
t 2
10 i t ‹ j
10 j Š t
10
" #
k
2
t
C ‹ k C
10 i; r (0)
10 j i 2
10kj 3 k C
#u ! v
dt (œ #) œ œ [f#" (t)2! # i!
g#" (t)] 11[f # (t) ! m #g# (t)]j 11 ! [f#$ (t) ! g$ (t)]k
Ê w((500 " m/s)(sin 45°))
! ! ! ! œ ! ! œ
(c)Êymax È
6378 È
w w w w w
Ê 11 ! œ ! ! Ê œ ! !
# #
2g a9.8 m/s b ¸
r (t)w œ Š 3 tt#w ! 6 t ! w 1‹ i " Š t 2 w
t 2 ‹ j wŠ " t# ! 2dut ! 3d‹ vk
œ [f (t)Ši "
!# f ! (t)10j! ‹ if$!(t)Šk"] !! t [g ‹ ijÈ
" (t) !11g Š#"(t)j !
t g$‹(t)#kk] œ ;
" w#
ÊÊ r "œ #
È 11 #
# 10 ! !
#
" ! 10
! È11 !
dt dt
22. yœuœŠ""#yv!t#" !(v [f!2"sin
(t) (3)tig" j#!gtik!
" (t)] ![f(#iy(t) j32
!gft k") (32
#3(t)] j !ft/sec)(sin
[f$ (t) " g30°)t $ (t)]!k # a32 ft/sec b t Ê y œ 32 " 16t ! 16t ;
" # " # # #
œ È11 t‹ " ! ! )Ê !œ2"
the balld hits the ground wwhen y wœ(t)]0 Ê !tj0[f!œ w 32 " 16t ! 16t#[fÊ t" œ g!w 1(t)]
or t œ 2 Ê t œ 2 sec since t # 0; thus,
17. ddtvÊœ adtœ(u3i""vj)!œk[fÊ " (t)v" (t)gœ " 3tii" # (t) ; Èthej !
gw#"(t)] $ (t) travels $ inkthe direction of the vector
w
tk "!C particle
3
dxv œ (vw! cos !) tw Ê x œw (32 ft/sec)(cos
!2ii(1 2)kjj! k w ! 30°)t
(t)jitk! w ;32
j! Š it w‹ (2)travels
¸œ55.4 duinftthe
" ddtvdirection
18. (4 "[fa1)"œi(t) jf#!(t) !(4fv$" (t)3)
(t) œ]k2t i! [g3it"j" !!kgC (t)
" the
#(since $ (t)k] in
#gtravels
particle adtstraight line), andof the vector
at time t œ 0 it has speed
œ !" Ê œ
dt œ ! "œ
(3 " 1)i ! (0 " ("1)) 2 j ! (3 " 2)k œ 2i ! j ! k (since dr it travels in a straight 6 line), and at 2time t œ 0 it has2 speed 2
2 Ê v(0) œ È9 ! 1 ! 1 (3i " j ! k) œ C" Ê dt œ v(t) œ Š3t ! È ‹ i " Št ! È ‹ j ! Št ! È ‹ k
2 dr 11 11 11
vR(0) v (2i ! Ctv!". Ê # ! 4 ‹ i# !
Šv2t # Št ! 2 ‹ j ! Š t ! 2 ‹ k
31. Suppose
23. (a)
Ê œœgrÈsin is43!continuous
21 ! Ê 10jm k)tŠœ
!atœ ‹ (sin
Then dt œ v(t) Ê
lim
90°) œr(t) œ r98
È(t6!m) sÍ Êlim vÈ 9.9 im/s;
! 6¸[f(t) ! g(t)È6 j ! h(t)k]
#!1 6
œ "9.8#m/s 2 !œ 2
Ê r(t) œ Š # t ! È11 t‹ i " Š # t ! È11 t‹t jÄ!t Š # t ! È11 t‹ k ! tCÄ " # t
# ; r(0) œ i ! 2j ! 3k œ C#
m/s) 4 t‹ i ! Š " t# ! 2 t‹ j ! Š " t# ! 2 t‹ k ! C ; r(0) œ i " j ! 2k œ C
)i Š!
(9.9
(b)
Ê œ r6m(t) œ
f(t !¸
t# !
9.8g(t m/sÈ ! )6(sin
j ! 2h(t !)! )#Ê
k Í sinÈ26!lim ¸ 0.59999f(t)
# œ f(t Ê 2! lim
È!6 ), ¸ 36.87°
#g(t) or
œ143.12°
g(t! ), and Ê !lim ¸ #18.4°
h(t) orœ71.6°
h(t! ) Í f, g, and h are
Ê r(t) œ Š#3# t# ! 6
t ! 1 ‹ i " Št "Ät#t ! 2 t " 2‹ jt ! ÄŠt " t# ! 2 t ! 3‹ k t Ä t
4 È11 #2 È11 2# È11 2
Ê r(t) œ Št at
continuous ! tÈœ t ! 1‹ i ! Š # t ! È6 t " 1‹ j ! Š # t ! È6 t ! 2‹ k œ Š # t ! È6 t‹ (2i ! j ! k) ! (i " j ! 2k)
6 t! .
" # " # " #

24. vœ! œŠ "#5t#‚!10È211 m/s t‹and (3i x"œj ! 40kcm ) !œ(i 0.4 ! 2m; j !thus 3k)x œ (v! cos !)t Ê 0.4m œ a5 ‚ 10 m/sb (cos 0°)t
' '

766 Ê tChapter œ 0.08 ‚ 10 13 Vector-Valued

!'
s œ 8 ‚ 10 s; also,Functions
!)
y œ y! " (v! sin and!)tMotion
! # gt in Space
" #

Ê y œ a5 ‚ 10 m/sb (sin 0°) a8 ‚ 10 sb ! # a9.8 m/s b a8 ‚ 10!) sb asœAddison-Wesley.

' Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education #Inc. Publishing
!3.136 ‚ 10!"% m or
!) " #
18. ddtv œ a œ 2i ! j ! k Ê v(t) œ 2t i !mtj ! tk ! C"!"# ; the particle travels in the direction m of the vector
19. !x 3.136
œ (v!‚cos 10 !)tcm.
!"#
(21
ÊTherefore, km)ˆit drops
Copyright
1000
1 © 2010
km
‰3.136
œ (840 ‚ 10m/s)(cos
Pearson cm. 60°)t Inc.
Education t œ (84021,000
Ê Publishing œ 50 seconds
as Addison-Wesley.
m/s)(cos 60°)
(3 " 1)i ! (0 " ("1))j ! (3 " 2)k œ 2i ! j ! k (since it travels in a straight line), and at time t œ 0 it has speed 2
2 dr 4 2 2
m/s)C" Ê dt œ v(t) œ Š2t ! È ‹ i ! Št ! È ‹ j ! Št ! È ‹ k
25. RÊœ vg(0) (2i !mj œ k) œ
v ! (400
v sin 2! 16,000 9.8 m/s sin 2! Ê sin 2! œ 0.98 Ê 6 2! ¸ 78.5° 6or
v 2! ¸ 101.5°6 Ê ! ¸ 39.3°
œ È4Ê!1! 1
20. R œ g sin 2! and4 maximum R occurs
2
when" !# œ 45°
2
Ê 24.5 km œ Š 9.8 m/s ‹ (sin 90°)
or r(t) œ Št# !
Ê50.7° È6 t‹ i ! Š # t !
" #
È6 t‹ j ! Š # t ! È6 t‹ k ! C# ; r(0) œ i " j ! 2k œ C#
Ê v! œ È(9.8)(24,500) m# /s# œ 490 m/s
Ê r(t) œ Št# ! 4 t !4v1‹ i ! Š " t# ! v 2 t " 1‹ j ! Š "# t# ! È26 t ! 2‹ k œ Š "# t# ! 2
t‹ (2i ! j ! k) ! (i " j ! 2k)
26. (a) R œ (2vg ) sin 2È!6 œ g sin 2! #œ 4 Š gÈ6sin !‹ or 4 times the original range. È6

2(500 m/s)(sin 45°) v v

(500 m/s)
Section 13.3:
2v sin !
21. (b)
(a) Now,
t œ let the initial
œ range be R œ ¸sin
g 72.2
2!.seconds;
Then we R
9.8 m/s œ thesin
want 2!pœso that pv will
factor (sindouble
90°) ¸the25,510.2
range m
g
9.8 m/s !
g
(b) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.
xʜ(pv(v)! sin
cos2! 5000 m
! )tœ 2ÊŠ g5000 m‹œÊ(500 p# œm/s)(cos 45°)t
È2 or t œ141%. 14.14 s; will
thus,
v
g sin 2! 2 Ê pœ Êabout The same
(500 m/s)(cos 45°) ¸ percentage approximately
y œ (v ! sin !)t !
double the height: apv0#singt
"
!b Ê2ay
#2
œ v0 sin
¸ !(500
b 2 m/s)(sin 45°)(14.14
Ê p œ 2 Ê p œ È2.
# s) ! "
# a 9.8 m/s #
b (14.14 s)#
¸ 4020 m
2g 2g
(v sin !) ((500 m/s)(sin 45°))
(c) ymax œ 2g œ 2 a9.8 m/s b ¸ 6378 m
dy
27. The projectile reaches its maximum height when its vertical component of velocity is zero Ê dt œ v0 sin ! ! gt œ 0
2
22. yÊœt y! v"
0 sin(v
! ! sin !)t ! " gt# Êv0 sin sin !"b2a32avft/sec
0 sin !b b t
Ê ymax œ av#0 sin !bŠ yg !œ‹ 32
! "#ftgŠ"v0(32
sin ! ft/sec)(sin
av0 sin !b230°)t y œflight
32 " 16t ! 16t# ;
2#

g ‹ œ ! av0!
#
œ g g find
Ê the
2g # œ 2g time. To
thefind
ballthe
hits thewhen
ground when y œ 0 Ê av00
sinœ!b32
t !""# g16t !016t
Ê tˆvÊ t œ !"1 or t œ 2 Ê t œ 2 sec since . t # 0; thus,
0 sin ! ! # g t‰ œ 0 Ê t œ 0 or t œ
#
2v0 sin
we time the projectile lands: t2 œ g
!
È3
x œ (v cos !) t Ê x œ (32 ft/sec)(cos 30°)t 2vœ0sin32 ! Š ‹ (2) ¸ 55.4 ft
 œ '0 13 dt œ 13t! Ê t! œ 21, and the point is P(21) œ (5 sin 21ß 5 cos 21ß 241) œ (0ß 5ß 241)

10. Let P(t! ) denote the point. Then v œ (12 cos t)i ! (12 sin t)j ! 5k and
t t
"131 œ '0 È144 cos# t ! 144 sin# t ! 25 dt œ '0 13 dt œ 13t! Ê t! œ "1, and the point is
P("1) œ (12 sin ("1)ß "12 cos ("1)ß "51) œ (0ß 12ß "51)

11. r œ (4 cos t)i ! (4 sin t)j ! 3tk Ê v œ ("4 sin t)i ! (4 cos t)j ! 3k Ê kvk œ È("4 sin t)# ! (4 cos t)# ! 3#
t
œ È25 œ 5 Ê s(t) œ '0 5 d7 œ 5t Ê Length œ s ˆ 1# ‰ œ 51
#

12. r œ (cos t ! t sin t)i ! (sin t " t cos t)j Ê v œ ("sin t ! sin t ! t cos t)i ! (cos t " cos t ! t sin t)j
t
œ (t cos t)i ! (t sin t)j Ê kvk œ È(t cos t)# ! (t cos t)# œ œ Èt# œ t, since 1# Ÿ t Ÿ 1 Ê s(t) œ '0 7 d7 œ t
#
ˆ ‰
Ê Length œ s(1) " s ˆ 1# ‰ œ 1
# " # œ 31
8

13. r œ aet cos tb i ! aet sin tb j ! et k Ê v œ aet cos t " et sin tb i ! aet sin t ! et cos tb j ! et k
t
Ê kvk œ Éaet cos t " et sin tb# ! aet sin t ! et cos tb# ! aet b# œ œ È3e2t œ È3 et Ê s(t) œ '0 È3 e7 d7
œ È3 et " È3 Ê Length œ s(0) " s(" ln 4) œ 0 " ŠÈ3 e! ln 4 " È3‹ œ 3È 3
4

t
14. r œ (1 ! 2t)i ! (1 ! 3t)j ! (6 " 6t)k Ê v œ 2i ! 3j " 6k Ê kvk œ È2# ! 3# ! ("6)# œ 7 Ê s(t) œ '0 7 d7 œ 7t
Ê Length œ s(0) " s("1) œ 0 " ("7) œ 7

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

772 Chapter 13 Vector-Valued Functions and Motion in Space

15. r œ ŠÈ2t‹ i ! ŠÈ2t‹ j ! a1 " t# b k Ê v œ È2i ! È2j " 2tk Ê kvk œ ÊŠÈ2‹ ! ŠÈ2‹ ! ("2t)# œ È4 ! 4t#
# #

1
œ 2È1 ! t# Ê Length œ '0 2È1 ! t# dt œ ’2 Š 2t È1 ! t# ! ln Št ! È1 ! t# ‹‹“ œ È2 ! ln Š1 ! È2‹
"
"
# !

16. Let the helix make one complete turn from t œ 0 to t œ 21.
Note that the radius of the cylinder is 1 Ê the
circumference of the base is 21 . When t œ 21 , the point P is
(cos 21ß sin 21ß 21) œ (1ß 0ß 21) Ê the cylinder is 21 units
high. Cut the cylinder along PQ and flatten. The resulting
rectangle has a width equal to the circumference of the
cylinder œ 21 and a height equal to 21, the height of the
cylinder. Therefore, the rectangle is a square and the portion
of the helix from t œ 0 to t œ 21 is its diagonal.

17. (a) r œ (cos t)i ! (sin t)j ! (" " cos t)k, 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 21 Ê x œ cos t, y œ sin t, z œ 1 " cos t Ê x# ! y#
œ cos# t ! sin# t œ 1, a right circular cylinder with the z-axis as the axis and radius œ 1. Therefore
P(cos tß sin tß 1 " cos t) lies on the cylinder x# ! y# œ 1; t œ 0 Ê P(1ß 0ß 0) is on the curve; t œ 1# Ê Q(!ß 1ß 1)
Ä Ä
is on the curve; t œ 1 Ê R("1ß 0ß 2) is on the curve. Then PQ œ "i ! j ! k and PR œ "2i ! 2k
Ä Ä Ô i j k×
Ê PQ ‚ PR œ "1 " " œ 2i ! 2k is a vector normal to the plane of P, Q, and R. Then the
Õ "2 0 2 Ø
plane containing P, Q, and R has an equation 2x ! 2z œ 2(1) ! 2(0) or x ! z œ 1. Any point on the curve
will satisfy this equation since x ! z œ cos t ! (1 " cos t) œ 1. Therefore, any point on the curve lies on the
intersection of the cylinder x# ! y# œ 1 and the plane x ! z œ 1 Ê the curve is an ellipse.
(b) v œ (" sin t)i ! (cos t)j ! (sin t)k Ê kvk œ Èsin# t ! cos# t ! sin# t œ È1 ! sin# t Ê T œ kvvk
œ (! sin t)i " (cos t)j " (sin t)k
È1 " sin t Ê T(0) œ j , T ˆ 1# ‰ œ !i"k
È2 , T(1) œ "j , T ˆ 3#1 ‰ œ i!k
È2

(c) a œ (" cos t)i " (sin t)j ! (cos t)k ; n œ i ! k is

normal to the plane x ! z œ 1 Ê n † a œ " cos t ! cos t
œ 0 Ê a is orthogonal to n Ê a is parallel to the
plane; a(0) œ "i ! k , a ˆ 1# ‰ œ "j , a a1b œ i " k ,
a ˆ 31
#
‰œj

2
(d) kvk œ È1 ! sin# t (See part (b) Ê L œ '0 È1 ! sin# t dt
(e) L ¸ 7.64 (by Mathematica)

18. (a) r œ (cos 4t)i ! (sin 4t)j ! 4tk Ê v œ ("4 sin 4t)i ! (4 cos 4t)j ! 4k Ê kvk œ È("4 sin 4t)# ! (4 cos 4t)# ! 4#
2
œ È32 œ 4È2 Ê Length œ '0 4È2 dt œ ’4È2 t“ œ 21 È 2
1Î#

!
(b) r œ ˆcos t‰
# i ! ˆsin t‰
# j ! k Ê v œ ˆ"
t
#
"
# sin t‰
# i ! ˆ #" cos #t ‰ j ! #" k
4
œ 21È2
È2 È2 È2
Ê kvk œ Ɉ" "# sin #t ‰ ! ˆ "# cos #t ‰ ! ˆ #" ‰ œ É 4" !
%1
Ê Length œ '0 dt œ ’ t“
# # # "
4 œ # # 2 !
(c) r œ (cos t)i " (sin t)j " tk Ê v œ (" sin t)i " (cos t)j " k Ê kvk œ È(" sin t)# ! (" cos t)# ! ("1)# œ È1 ! 1
0
œ È2 Ê Length œ ' È2 dt œ ’È2 t“ œ 21 È 2
!
2 !#1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 13.4:
 10 3
0.2
! 2lva1.6bl ! 4lva1.8bl ! lva2bl‹ ¸ 3 Š1 ! 4a1.0837b ! 2a1.3676b ! 4a1.8991b ! 2a2.6919b ! 4a3.7417b
0.2
! 2a5.0421b ! 4a6.5890b ! 2a8.3800b ! 4a10.4134b ! 12.6886‹ œ 3 a143.5594b ¸ 9.5706

13.4 CURVATURE AND NORMAL VECTORS OF A CURVE

1. r œ ti ! ln (cos t)j Ê v œ i ! ˆ !cos

sin t ‰ È1# ! (" tan t)# œ Èsec# t œ ksec tk œ sec t, since
t j œ i " (tan t)j Ê kvk œ
ˆ " ‰ ˆ tan t ‰
" # $ t $ # Ê T œ kvk œ sec t i " sec t j œ (cos t)i " (sin t)j ; ddtT œ (" sin t)i " (cos t)j
1 1 v

ˆ ddtT ‰
Ê ¸ ddtT ¸ œ È(" sin t)# ! (" cos t)# œ 1 Ê N œ ¸ ddtT ¸ œ (" sin t)i " (cos t)j ; , œ 1
kv k † ¸ ddtT ¸ œ "
sec t † 1 œ cos t.

2. r œ ln (sec t)i ! tj Ê v œ ˆ secsec

t tan t ‰
t i ! j œ (tan t)i ! j Ê kvk œ È( tan t)# ! 1# œ Èsec# t œ ksec tk œ sec t,
since " # $ t $ # Ê T œ kvk œ ˆ sec tt ‰ i " ˆ sec1 t ‰ j œ (sin t)i ! (cos t)j ; ddtT œ (cos t)i " (sin t)j
1 1 v tan

ˆ ddtT ‰
Ê ¸ ddtT ¸ œ È(cos t)# ! (" sin t)# œ 1 Ê N œ ¸ ddtT ¸ œ (cos t)i " (sin t)j ; , œ 1
kv k † ¸ ddtT ¸ œ "
sec t † 1 œ cos t.

3. r œ (2t ! 3)i ! a5 " t# b j Ê v œ 2i " 2tj Ê kvk œ È2# ! ("2t)# œ 2È1 ! t# Ê T œ kvvk œ È 2 i ! !2t
j
2 1"t 2È 1 " t
Í
Í # #
Í
œ È "" i " È t" j ; ddtT œ !t
i" "
j Ê ¸ ddtT ¸ œ " !t # ! "" "
#
1 t 1 t ŠÈ 1 " t ‹ ŠÈ1 " t ‹ Ì ŠÈ1 " t ‹ ŠÈ1 " t ‹

ˆ ddtT ‰
œ É a1 ""t b œ "
1"t Ê Nœ ¸ ddtT ¸ œ !t
È1 " t i" "
È1 " t j; , œ 1
kvk † ¸ ddtT ¸ œ "
† "
1"t œ "
# a1 " t b3/2
#È 1 " t

4. r œ (cos t ! t sin t)i ! (sin t " t cos t)j Ê v œ (t cos t)i ! (t sin t)j Ê kvk œ È( t cos t)# ! (t sin t)# œ Èt# œ ktk œ t, since
t % 0 Ê T œ kvvk œ (t cos t)i"t (t sin t)j œ (cos t)i ! (sin t)j ; ddtT œ (" sin t)i ! (cos t)j Ê ¸ ddtT ¸ œ È(" sin t)# ! (cos t)#
ˆ ddtT ‰
œ1ÊNœ ¸ ddtT ¸ œ (" sin t)i ! (cos t)j ; , œ 1
kv k † ¸ ddtT ¸ œ "
t †1œ "
t

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

774 Chapter 13 Vector-Valued Functions and Motion in Space

5. (a) ,axb œ 1
kvaxbk † ¹ dTdtaxb ¹. Now, v œ i ! f w axbj Ê kvaxbk œ É1 ! c f w axb d2 Ê T œ v
kvk
!1Î2 !1Î2
œ Š1 ! c f w axb d2 ‹ i ! f w axbŠ1 ! c f w axb d2 ‹ j. Thus dT
dt axb œ !f axbf axb
2
3 2 i! f axb
2
3 2 j
Š1 " c f axb d ‹ Š1 " c f axb d ‹
Í
Í 2 2
dTaxb Í !f axbf axb
f axb cf axb d2 Š1 " c f axb d2 ‹ kf axbk
Ê ¹ dt ¹ œ ” Š1 " c f axb d2 ‹ • ! "
3 2
3 2# œ Ë 3 œ
Ì 2
Š1 " c f axb d ‹
2
Š1 " c f axb d ‹
2
¹1 " c f axb d ¹

1 kf ax bk kf a x b k
Thus ,axb œ † k1 " Òf axbÓ2 k œ
a1 " Òf axbÓ2 b1 2
2
Š1 " c f a x b d ‹
3 2

(b) y œ ln (cos x) Ê dy
dx œ ˆ cos" x ‰ (" sin x) œ " tan x Ê d y
dx œ " sec# x Ê , œ k! sec xk
œ sec x
ksec xk
c1 " (! tan x) d
œ "
sec x œ cos x, since " 1# # x # 1
#
(c) Note that f ww (x) œ 0 at an inflection point.

Þ
6. (a) r œ f(t)i ! g(t)j œ xi ! yj Ê v œ xi ! yj Ê kvk œ Èx# ! y# Ê T œ v x
Þ y
i! j
Þ Þ Þ Þ
kvk œ ÈxÞ " yÞ ÈxÞ " yÞ

yay x # x yb 2 xax y # y xb 2 ay " x bay x # x yb2

Þ Þ ÞÞ Þ ÞÞ Þ Þ ÞÞ Þ ÞÞ
yay x # x yb xax y # y xb
Þ Þ ÞÞ Þ ÞÞ Þ Þ ÞÞ Þ ÞÞ Þ Þ Þ ÞÞ Þ ÞÞ
dT ¸ dT ¸
dt œ axÞ " yÞ b3/2 i ! axÞ " yÞ b3/2 j Ê dt œ Ê’ axÞ " yÞ b3/2 “ ! ’ Þ 3/2 “ œ Ê Þ 3
ax " y b
Þ
ax " y b
Þ

k y x # x yk k y x # x yk lxy#yx l
Þ ÞÞ Þ ÞÞ Þ ÞÞ Þ ÞÞ Þ ÞÞ Þ ÞÞ
œ kxÞ " yÞ k ; , œ kv1k † ¸ ddtT ¸ œ È Þ 1 Þ † kxÞ " yÞ k œ Þ Þ 3/2 .
x "y ax " y b
cos t
(b) r(t) œ ti ! ln (sin t)j , 0 # t # 1 Ê x œ t and y œ ln (sin t) Ê x œ 1, x œ 0; y œ œ cot t, y œ " csc# t
Þ ÞÞ Þ ÞÞ
sin t
k! csc t ! 0k csc t
Ê ,œ œ csc t œ sin t
a1 " cot t)b
(c) r(t) œ tan (sinh t)i ! ln (cosh t)j Ê x œ tan!" (sinh t) and y œ ln (cosh t) Ê x œ 1 "cosh t
!" Þ "
sinh t œ cosh t
sinh t k sech t sech t tanh t k
œ sech t, x œ " sech t tanh t; y œ cosh t œ tanh t, y œ sech t Ê , œ œ ksech tk œ sech t
ÞÞ Þ ÞÞ # "
asech t " tanh tb

7. (a) r(t) œ f(t)i ! g(t)j Ê v œ f w (t)i ! gw (t)j is tangent to the curve at the point (f(t)ß g(t));
n † v œ c" gw (t)i ! f w (t)jd † cf w (t)i ! gw (t)jd œ "gw (t)f w (t) ! f w (t)gw (t) œ 0; "n † v œ "(n † v) œ 0; thus, n and "n are
both normal to the curve at the point
(b) r(t) œ ti ! e2t j Ê v œ i ! 2e2t j Ê n œ "2e2t i ! j points toward the concave side of the curve; N œ knnk and
knk œ È4e4t ! 1 Ê N œ !2e2t
È1 " 4e4t i! "
È1 " 4e4t j

(c) r(t) œ È4 " t# i ! tj Ê v œ !t

È4 ! t i ! j Ê n œ "i " t
È4 ! t j points toward the concave side of the curve;

Nœ n
knk and knk œ É1 ! t
4!t œ 2
È4 ! t Ê Nœ" "
# ŠÈ4 " t# i ! tj‹

8. (a) r(t) œ ti ! "3 t$ j Ê v œ i ! t# j Ê n œ t# i " j points toward the concave side of the curve when t # 0 and
"n œ "t# i ! j points toward the concave side when t % 0 Ê N œ "
È1 " t at# i " jb for t # 0 and
Nœ "
È1 " t a"t# i ! jb for t % 0

(b) From part (a), kvk œ È1 ! t% Ê T œ dT

j Ê ¸ ddtT ¸ œ É 4t
t !2t 2t 6 " 4t2
"
È1 " t i! È1 " t jÊ dt œ i! a1 " t b
a1 " t b a1 " t b
2ktk ˆ ddtT ‰ !2t 1"t 2t
œ 1"t
; Nœ ¸ ddtT ¸ œ i!
2ktk Š j‹ œ È!t i ! È t j; t Á 0. N does not exist at t œ 0, where the
a1 " t b a1 " t b ktk 1 " t ktk 1 " t

curve has a point of inflection; ddtT ¸ tœ0 œ 0 so the curvature , œ ¸ ddsT ¸ œ ¸ ddtT † ds
dt ¸
œ 0 at t œ 0 Ê N œ ," ddsT is
undefined. Since x œ t and y œ 3 t Ê y œ 3 x , the curve is the cubic power curve which is concave down for
" $ " $

x œ t # 0 and concave up for x œ t % 0.

9. r œ (3 sin t)i ! (3 cos t)j ! 4tk Ê v œ (3 cos t)i ! ("3 sin t)j ! 4k Ê kvk œ È(3 cos t)# ! ("3 sin t)# ! 4# œ È25
œ 5 Ê T œ kvvk œ ˆ 35 cos t‰ i " ˆ 35 sin t‰ j ! 45 k Ê ddtT œ ˆ" 53 sin t‰ i " ˆ 35 cos t‰ j

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

 12. r œ (6 sin 2t)i " (6 cos 2t)j " 5tk Ê v œ (12 cos 2t)i ! (12 sin 2t)j " 5k Ê kvk œ È(12 cos 2t)# " (!12 sin 2t)# " 5#
œ È169 œ 13 Ê T œ kvvk œ ˆ 12 ‰ ˆ 12 ‰ 5 dT ˆ 24 ‰ ˆ 24 ‰
13 cos 2t i ! 13 sin 2t j " 13 k Ê dt œ ! 13 sin 2t i ! 13 cos 2t j
ˆ ddtT ‰
Ê ¸ ddtT ¸ œ Ɉ! 24
13 sin 2t
‰# " ˆ! 24
13 cos 2t
‰# œ 24
13 Ê Nœ ¸ ddtT ¸ œ (! sin 2t)i ! (cos 2t)j ;
,œ 1
kvk † ¸ ddtT ¸ œ 1
13 † 24
13 œ 24
169 .

13. r œ Š t3 ‹ i " Š t# ‹ j , t # 0 Ê v œ t# i " tj Ê kvk œ Èt% " t# œ tÈt# " 1, since t # 0 Ê T œ v

kvk

j Ê ¸ ddtT ¸ œ ÊŠ
# #
t 1 dT 1 t !t
œ Èt " t i" Èt " 1 j Ê dt œ i! "
‹ "Š ‹
at " 1 b at " 1b at " 1 b at " 1b
778 Chapter 13 Vector-Valued
ˆ ddtT ‰ Functions and tMotion in 1Space
¸ dT ¸
œ É at1 "
"t
œ "
t "1
1
Ê Nœ ¸ ddtT ¸ œ Èt " 1 i! Èt " 1 j; , œ kvk † dt œ 1
† 1
t "1 œ "
.
1b tÈt " 1 t at " 1b
P2 := implicitplot( (x-C[1])^2+(y-C[2])^2 = 1/kappa^2, x=-7..4, y=-4..6, color=blue ):
acos$ tb[P1,P2],
14. r œdisplay( i " asin$scaling=constrained,
tb j , 0 $ t $ 1# Ê title="#27(e)
v œ a!3 cos#(Section t sin tb i 13.4)"
" a3 sin ); # t cos tb j
776Mathematica
Chapter 13 Vector-Valued
: (assigned#functions and Functions
parameters may and
vary) Motion in Space
Ê kvk œ Éa!3 cos t sin tb# " a3 sin# t cos tb# œ È9 cos% t sin# t " 9 sin% t cos# t œ 3 cos t sin t, since 0 $ t $ 1#
In Mathematica, the dot product can be applied either with a period "." or with the word, "Dot".
kT2ak ˆ dT ‰
17.Similarly,
yÊ œ ax yw œ 2ax
Êv cross y(sin 2a; fromdT Exercise 5(a), , (x) œ ¸ ddt4a œb È
¸xthe sink2a
# t k" a1cos
to#4a 1b Ê or
t œxarrow)
# # "$Î#
T œthe kvk œ (!product
cos t)Ê i" j Ê
œt)applied œ (sin t)ia"very t)j Ê
(cossmall N with
# ww
can be either
dt with "x"
a1 !(in palette
œ next ! the œ ¸ ddtTthe
¸ word,
dt
"Cross". However, 3 the Cross 1command ¸ ¸
d T "&Î#assumes
1 the vectors 1 are in three dimensions
œ (sin
Ê , (x)
w t)i œ " # kt)2a
" (cos j;k,a1œ!kv4a k † xdtb œ 3a8a
# #
cos t x
#
b ;t thus,
sin † 1 œ ,3 cos
w
œ t0. Ê x œ 0. Now, , (x) # 0 for x $ 0 and , (x) $ 0 for
(x)t sin w w
For the purposes of applying the cross product command, we will define the position vector r as a three dimensional vector
x # 0 so that , (x) has an absolute maximum at x œ 0 which is the vertex of the parabola. Since x œ 0 is the
with zero for its z-component. For graphing, we will use only the first two components.
15. only tcritical
i " ˆat,cosh
r œClear[r, pointt ‰for ,(x), the curvature has not minimum value.
x, y]a j , a # 0 Ê v œ i " ˆsinh a ‰ j Ê kvk œ É 1 " sinh# ˆ a ‰ œ É cosh# ˆ a ‰ œ cosh a
t t t

Êr[t_]={3
T œ v Cos[t], œ ˆsech t‰
5 Sin[t] i "} ˆtanh t ‰ j Ê dT œ ˆ! "a sech at tanh at ‰ i " ˆ "a sech# at ‰ j
18. r œ (a coskvt)k i ! (b sinat)j Ê v œ a("a sin t)dti ! (b cos t)j Ê a œ ("a cos t)i " (b sin t)j Ê v ‚ a
t0=
â dT 1 /4; tmin= 0; tmax= â21;# t ˆ dT ‰
â ¸ dt ¸i œ
Êr2[t_]= É "
{r[t][[1]], sechj # ˆ t ‰ktanh
r[t][[2]]} â ˆ ‰ "
sech % ˆ t ‰ œ " sech ˆ t ‰ Ê N œ dt œ ˆ! tanh t ‰ i " ˆsech t ‰ j ;
â â
a a a " a a a a ¸ ddtT ¸ a a
œ â "1 a sin t b 1cos t " 0 â œt abk "Ê kv#‚t ak œ kabk œ ab, since a # b # 0; , (t) œ kvkv‚k ak
â kvk † ¸ dt ¸ œ cosh t † a sech
d T
, œpp=ParametricPlot[r2[t], ˆ a ‰ œtmax}];
{t,â tmin, sech ˆ ‰ .
â " a cos t " b sin a t 0â a a
mag[v_]=Sqrt[v.v]
3
ab aa sin r'[t]t ! b cos tb
# "$Î#
; , (t) œ " # (ab) aa# sin# t ! b# cos# tb a2a# sin t cos t " 2b# sin t cos tb
# # # w "&Î#
œ vel[t_]=
16. r œ (cosh t) i ! (sinh t) j " t k Ê v œ (sinh t) i ! (cosh t) j " k Ê k v k œ È sinh # t " (! cosh t)# " 1 œ È 2 cosh t
" 3# (ab) aa# " b# b (sin 2t) aa# sin# t ! b# cos# tb
œ speed[t_]=mag[vel[t]] ; thus, , w (t) œ 0 Ê sin 2t œ 0 Ê t œ 0, 1 identifying
"&Î#
v dT
T œ kvkvel'[t]
Êacc[t_]= œ Š È tanh t‹ i ! È
" "
j " Š È sech t‹ k Ê dt œ Š È sech# t‹ i ! Š È" sech wt tanh t‹ k
" "
points on the major 2 axis, or t œ 1 ,2 31 identifying 2 points on the minor 2 axis. Furthermore, 2 , (t) $ 0 for
3
# #
curv[t_]= mag[Cross[vel[t],acc[t]]]/speed[t] //Simplify ˆ ddtT ‰
0Ê$ ¸t dt
d$¸ #œand
T 1
É #for
"
sech
1 $t "
% " 3
t $# sech 1
; ,#w
(t)
t tanh
# 0
# tfor
œ È
1
#2
" $ t
sech $ t1 ÊandN 3 1
œ $ d t
T
¸ dt ¸
$ œ2 1 . Therefore,
(sech t) i ! (tanhthe
t)kpoints
; associated
unittan[t_]= vel[t]/speed[t]//Simplify
# #
with t1œ ¸0dT
, œunitnorm[t_]= and
¸ t œ 11 on the " major axis give
sech t œ # sech t.
" absolute
# maximum curvature and the points associated with t œ 1#
kvk † dt œ È
31
unittan'[t]
2 cosh t
† È/ mag[unittan'[t]]
2
andctr=
t œr[t0] # on + (1the/ curv[t0])
minor axis give absolute
unitnorm[t0] minimum curvature.
//Simplify
{a,b}= {ctr[[1]], ctr[[2]]}
a
19.To
, plot
œ a the Ê dda, œcircle,
! b osculating
"a ! b
aa ! bload
Copyright b
; dda œ0 Ê
a©graphics
,
2010 "a# Education
package
Pearson ! and b# œthen0 Inc.
ÊplotaPublishing
it,œand „ bshowÊasitaAddison-Wesley.
œ b since
together a, bthe original
with 0. Now, d,
da # 0 if
curve.
a $<<Graphics`ImplicitPlot`
b and dda, $ 0 if a # b Ê , is at a maximum for a œ b and , (b) œ b !b b œ 2b "
is the maximum value of , .
pc=ImplicitPlot[(x ! a)2 + (y ! b)2 == 1/curv[t0]2 , {x, !8, 8},{y, !8, 8}]
radius=Graphics[Line[{{a, b}, r2[t0]}]]
20. (a) From Example 5, the curvature of the helix r(t) œ (a cos t)i ! (a sin t)j ! btk, a, b 0 is , œ a !a b ; also
Show[pp, pc, radius, AspectRatio Ä 1]
Section 13.5:
kvk œ Èa# ! b# . For the helix r(t) œ (3 cos t)i ! (3 sin t)j ! tk, 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 41, a œ 3 and b œ 1 Ê , œ 3 !3 1 œ 3
10
4
13.5 TANGENTIAL
and kvk œ ÈAND NORMAL
K œ ' COMPONENTS
3 È
10 dt œ ’ 3 OF
t“ACCELERATION
%1
10 Ê œ 121 0 10 È10 È10
!
r(t)t)œ kv(a È1#! 4t## ;
k œcos
1. r (b)
œ (aycos
œ xt)i "Ê(a xsinœt)tjand
" btyk œÊt ,v"_ œ (!$a tsin j "ti b!k t Ê j Êkvk vœœ Èi(! !a2tsinj Ê
# # #
$ t)_ i "Ê (a cos t)# " t) " b
œ ÈaT# "
1
œ bÈ# 1 Ê ai ! È
d 2t
kv k j ; dT
0;
dt aœ (
"4t
a cos3/2 it)!
i (
2
a 3/2 jt)
sin ; j¸ ddtTʸ œ
ka É
k È
2
16t ! 4
( a3 cos
œ 1t)
2
#4t". (Thus
a sin t)# œ È a# œ kak
! 4t T œ dt1 ! 4t œ œ a1 ! 4t b
! "a1 ! 4t b
! œa1 ! 4t b
! ! !
œÉ 1# 2 É
kak# ! 02 # œ3k.aThen 2 Èk1ak!N4t# ‹ dt œ '
kak NŠœ 2
Ê aN, œ Èk1a!
k 4t! †a#T1 !œ4t œ k œ kakKÊ
œ a' œ (0)T " 1!4t dt
ŠÈ1 ! 4t ‹ ŠÈ1 ! 4t ‹
0 b
b
2. r œ (1 œ lim
a Äi "
" 3t)
' 2 k !Ê lim
(t ! a2)j1!!4t3tdt
'0 1j !!24t3kdtÊœ akvÄklim
v œ_3i " È3ctan
""
"d a(!
# " 1#2t œ_Èc19
!3)#lim tanÊ
""
2tad 0œ
!
d
kvk œ 0; a œ 0
!_ bÄ œ
!_ bÄ T dt
lim # a" tan 2a b lim a tan 2b b 1 1
É
"" ""
Ê a œa Äka!_
œ
N k ! a œ 0 Ê a œ (0)T " (0)N œ 0
# !
T
œ # !œ
bÄ_
# 1

21.r rœœ(tt"
3. i !1)(sin t)j "Êt# kv œ
i " 2t Ê i v!œ(cos œÈ
i "t)2j "Ê2tkkvkÊ kvk1œ
#!È(cos
1# "t)2## œ È1# !
" (2t) œcos 4t# ¸Ê
È5# t" Ê v ˆ 1#a‰T ¸œœ"#É b # ˆ #(8t)
a51"!4tcos
# !"Î# 1‰
œ 1; T œ v
kvk
¸ ¸
ai 5! "
œœ4tÈ cos t j#
4t2 bÊ
!"Î#dT
Ê a sin
(1)t cos
œ tÈ49i
dt œ aT1 ! cos2 tb3/2 !
œ 4 "sin t
; a œ 2kj Ê a¸ d(1)
T¸
œ 2kksinÊ
tk
¸ ddtTk ¸œ 2 œÊ asin
ka(1)
dt œ 1 ! cos2 t ;
œ2 Ékœ ak#11!œa#T1.œThus ˆ 12ˆ‰34 ‰œ#
É2#,! 1
†1œ1
1 ! cos t a31 ! cos2 tb3/2 tœ 1 ! Ncos2 ˆ ‰
2 2
1

20 œ "2È is 2ˆ 15ß 0‰ Ê ˆx " 1 ‰#

È
œ É 9 œ 1 3œ5
Ê 3 1Ê
anda(1)
the œ 4
center
3 T " 3# N # ! y# œ 1

coslnt)t)i i""(tˆsin
22.r rœœ(t(2
4. t !t)"tj‰"j tÊ v œvˆœ2t ‰(cos
k Ê i " tˆ! " ‰t)i " (sin t "
t sin Ét cos
4 t)ˆj " 2t1k‰2 œ t2 !2 1 Ê T œ v œ 2 2t i " t22 " 1 j;
1" t j Ê kvk œ t2 ! 1 " t2
#
t kvk t !1 t !1
Ê kvk "œ2ˆÈ (cos t ! t sin t)# " (sin t " t cos t)# " (2t)# œ È5t# " 1 Ê aT œ "# a5t# " 1b 2 (10t)
!"Î#
t2 " 1‰ 2 " 1b2 ! 16t2
¸ ¸ 4 t
œ t2 ! 1 . Thus , œ kvk † ¸ dt ¸ œ t2 ! 1 † t2 ! 1 œ at2 ! 1b2 Ê ,a1b œ
2
dT 4t d T a 2 1 d T t 2 2t 2
dt œ at2 ! 1b2 i " at2 ! 1b2 j Ê dt œ Ê at2 ! 1b4 22

œ "
# Ê 3œ "
, œ 2. The circle of curvature is tangent to the curve at P(0ß "2) Ê circle has same tangent as the curve
Ê v(1) œ 2i is tangent to the circle Ê the center lies on the y-axis. If t Á 1 (t # 0), then (t " 1)# # 0
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.
Ê t# " 2t ! 1 # 0 Ê t# ! 1 # 2t Ê t !t 1 # 2 since t # 0 Ê t ! "t # 2 Ê " ˆt ! "t ‰ $ "2 Ê y $ "2 on both
sides of (0ß "2) Ê the curve is concave down Ê center of circle of curvature is (0ß "4) Ê x# ! (y ! 4)# œ 4
is an equation of the circle of curvature

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

780 Chapter 13 Vector-Valued Functions and Motion in Space
5. r œ t i " ˆt " "3 t$ ‰ j " ˆt ! "3 t$ ‰ k Ê v œ 2ti " a1 " t# b j " a1 ! t# b k Ê kvk œ É(2t)# " a1 " t# b# " a1 ! t# b#
#

9. ByÈExercise 9 in Section 13.4, T œ ˆ 3 cos t‰ i ! ˆ" 3 sin t‰ j ! 4 k and N œ (" sin t)i " (cos t)j so that B œ T ‚ N
œ â 2 at% " 2t# " 1b œ È2 aâ1 " t# b Ê 5aT œ 2tÈ2 Ê 5aT (0) œ 0; a 5œ 2i " 2tj ! 2tk Ê a(0) œ 2i Ê ka(0)k œ 2
â i j kâ
# œ È24# â! 0# œ
â É #
Ê cos tkak "!35 asin
œ âaN35 œ T 2 Ê
t 5 â œ ˆ 45 cos t‰ ia" 4 (0)T‰" 2N3œ 2N
(0)ˆœ
5 sin t j " 5 k . Also v œ (3 cos t)i ! ("3 sin t)j ! 4k
â â
â " sin t " cos t 0 â
6. r œ aet cos tb i " aet sin tb j " È2et k Ê v œ aet cos t ! et sin tb i " aet sin t " et cos tbââ j " È t
i 2e k j kâ
â
â â
Ê a œ ("3 sin t)i ! ("3 cos t)j Ê da œ ("3 cos t)i ! (3 sin # t)j and v ‚ a œ
â 3 cos t "3 sin t 4 â
Ê kvk œ Êaet cos t ! et sin tb# " aet sindtt " et cos tb# " ŠÈ2et ‹ œ È4e2t œ 2et Êâ aT œ 2et Ê aT (0) œ 2; â
â "3 sin t "3 cos t 0 â
aet cos cos ktvb i‚"aake2t œ È 2et k
et sin ! ett)sin !tba"
t
aœ
œ (12 costt)!i " (12t sin j "t 9!ke Ê sinat12 et cos
" cos tb#t "
t
! ea"cos ! ettb#sin
12 tsin j"9b# œ 225. Thus
â â
â tb j " È 2e k Ê a(0) œ 2j " È 2k Ê ka(0)k œ Ê2# " ŠÈ2‹ œ È6
#
â 3t cos t !3 sin t t 4 â
œ a!2e
â sin tb i " a2e cos
!3 sin t !3 sin t 0
t
â â
â â
â !3 cos t 3 sin t 0â 4†a!9#sin t!9 cos tb !36 4
k# ! a#T œ ÊŠÈ6‹ !
Ê aN œ Éka225 2# œ È2 Ê225a(0) œ 225T " È2N
7œ 225 œ œ œ"

10. By Exercise 10 in Section 13.4, T œ (cos t)i ! (sin t)j and N œ (" sin t)i ! (cos t)j ; thus B œ T ‚ N
7. r œ â(cos t)i " (sin t)j ! kâ Ê v œ (! sin t)i " (cos t)j Ê kvk œ È(! sin t)# " (cos t)# œ 1 Ê T œ kvvk
â i j kâ
â â 1 ‰ # t !È È
È(! cos t)# " (! sin t)#
â sin
œœ(! cost)ti " (cos T ˆacos
sin tt)j 0Êâ œ 2 #
sin tb k 2œ kd.TAlso v œ (t cos t)i ! (t sin¸ t)
4 œ ! # i " # j ; dt œ (! cos t)i ! (sin t)j Ê
dTj¸
â â dt œ
â â
â " sin t cos t 0 â â i j kâ
da 2 i ! 2 j ; B œ T ‚ N œ ââ ! sin t â
ˆ ddtT ‰ È È
œN
œÊ1 aÊ ataœ"sin
¸ ddtT ¸ tb costbt)i i!!a(sin
œ!(!cos t cost)jt ! N tˆb14j ‰Ê
Êsin œ! # a"t cos t " sin t " sin âtbi ! a"t sin 0 â tœ!kcos tbj
cost t! cos
dt œ # â
â â cos t sin t 0 ââ
â kâ
! !
i j
2 â È È2 È2 È2 â
œ aB"ˆt 14cos
Ê ‰ œt k", the tbi ! to
normal
2 sin a2the
cososculating
t " t sin tplane; r ˆ 14v‰‚œa #œ
bj. Thus iâ" jt ! k tÊ P œ Š
cos ß !t 1‹
# ß t #sin 0 â the
lies on
â #
â
È2 È2 â a"t sin t ! cos tb at cos t ! sin tb 0â
osculating plane Ê 0 Šx ! # ‹ " 0 Šy ! # ‹ " (z ! (!1)) œ 0 Ê z œ !1 is the osculating plane; T is normal
2
œ [(t cos t)(t cos t ! sin t)È" (t sin t)(
È2"t sin È
t! k 2œ t# k Ê kv ‚ ak œ at# b È
cos t)]È œ2 t4 . Thus
#
2 2 È2
to the âânormal
t cosplane
t Ê Št !
sin t# ‹ Š0xâ!
â
# ‹"Š # ‹ Šy ! # ‹ " 0(z ! (!1)) œ 0 Ê ! # x" # yœ0
â â
â cos t ! t sin t sin t " t cos t 0 â
Ê !ââx!2"siny tœ
! t0cos
is tthe2 cos
normal t 0 â N is0 normal to the rectifying
t ! t sinplane; plane
â
œ 4Èœ 0
y œ !1 Ê x " y œ È2 is the
7 œ È2 Èt42 È2 È2 È2
Ê Š! ‹ Šx ! # #‹ " Š! ‹ Šy !t 2 ‹ " 0(z ! (!1)) œ 0
# # Ê ! # x! #

rectifying plane
11. By Exercise 11 in Section 13.4, T œ Š cos È t ! sin t
2
‹ i ! Š sin tÈ"2cos t ‹ j and N œ Š ! cosÈt !2 sin t ‹ i ! Š ! sinÈt "2 cos t ‹ j ; Thus
â â
â t)j "itk Ê v œ (!
8. r œ (cos t)i " (sin â t)j " k Ê kvk œ Èsin# t " cos# t " 1 œ È2 Ê T œ kvvk
j sin t)i "k (cos
â cos t ! sin t sin t " cos t
0dTââ œ ’Š cos" t ! 2 cos t sin t " sin "t ‹ ! Š sin t " 2 sin
BŠœ!T "‚ sin
Nœ â dT t cos t " cos t ‹“ k
t‹ âi " ŠÈÈ2 cos t‹ j " È2 k Ê dtâ œ Š! È2 cos t‹ 2 i " Š! È sin t‹ j Ê ¸ dt 2¸
œ "2 È"2
È2
â ! cos t ! sin t ! sin t " cos t 0 â 2
â È2 È2 ˆ dT ‰ â
œ É "# cos# t " "# sin# t œ È" Ê N œ ¸ ddtT ¸ œ (! cos t)i ! (sin t)j ; thus T(0) œ È" j " È" k and N(0) œ !i
1 " sin 2a2tb 2 2
œ ’Š 1 ! sin a2tb
â ‹“ k œ k . Also, v œ aet cos t " et sin tb i ! aet sin t ! et cos tb j
dt

2 ââ i ‹ !jŠ k2 â
â " ââ
ÊB
Ê œ cœetââa"0sin tÈ""
a (0) 2 È2tb
cos âœ!! et aÈ
cos
"
j t""È"sin di !
k t,bthe c et acos
normal sin tb ! eplane;
t "osculating
to the
t
asin t r!(0)cos d j=aP(1
œ tib Ê "2e t
ß 0ß sin tb ion
0) lies ! a2et cos tb j
â !1 0 â 2 2 â â
â 0 â â i j kâ
da â â
t
acos Ê sin!tb1)
i !!2e"t a" " tbj. Thus v ‚ a œ â et acos t " sin tb et asin t ! cos tb 0 â œ 2e2t k
the dt œ "2e
Êosculating plane t !0(x sin t ! cos
È2 (y ! 0) " È2 (z ! 0) œ 0 Ê y ! âz œ 0 is the osculating plane; T is normal â
â "2et sin t 2et cos t 0â
to the normal plane Ê 0(x ! 1) " "
È2 (y ! 0)â " t È"2 (z ! 0) œ 0 t Ê y " z œ 0 âis the normal plane; N is normal to
â e acos t ! sin tb e asin t " cos tb 0 â
â t t â
!2e!
the rectifying plane Ê !1(x ! 1) " 0(y ! 0)ââ" 0(z 0)t œ 0 Ê 2xe œcos1t is the 0rectifying
sin â plane.
â
2 â !2e acos t " sin tb 2et a!sin t " cos tb 0 â
t
Ê kv ‚ ak œ a2e b œ 4e . Thus 7 œ
2t # 4t
4e4t œ0

12. By Exercise 12 in Section 13.4, T œ ˆ 12 ‰ ˆ 12 ‰ 5

13 cos 2t i " 13 sin 2t j ! 13 k and N œ (" sin 2t)i " (cos 2t)j so
â i j kâ â
â
â 5 â
B œ T ‚ N œ â ˆ 12 cos 2t‰
Copyright ©ˆ" 12
2010 sin 2t‰
Pearson ˆ 5Inc. Publishing
‰ ˆ as
5 ‰ 12
13 ââ œ 13 cos 2t i " 13 sin 2t j " 13 k . Also,
Education Addison-Wesley.
â 13 13
â a" sin 2tb a" cos 2tb 0â
v œ (12 cos 2t)i " (12 sin 2t)j ! 5kÊ a œ ("24 sin 2t)i " (24 cos 2t)j and ddta œ ("48 cos 2t)i ! (48 sin 2t)j
â â
â i j kâ
â â
v ‚ a œ â 12 cos 2t "12 sin 2t 5 â œ (120 cos 2t)i " (120 sin 2t)j " 288k Ê kv ‚ ak2
â â
â "24 sin 2t "24 cos 2t 0â
œ (120 cos 2t)# ! ("120 sin 2t)# ! ("288)# œ 120# acos# 2t ! sin# 2tb ! 288# œ 97344. Thus

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

 Section 13.5 Tangential and Normal Components of Acceleration 781
â â
â 12 cos 2t !12 sin 2t 5 â
â â
â !24 sin 2t !24 cos 2t 0 â
â â
â !48 cos 2t 48 sin 2t 0 â 5†a!24†48b 10
7œ 97344 œ 97344 œ ! 169

13. By Exercise 13 in Section 13.4, T œ at "t1b1/2 i " at "11b1/2 j and N œ Èt 1" 1 i ! Èt t " 1 j so that B œ T ‚ N
â i j k ââ â # â
â ât t 0â
â t 1
0 â â â
â â da
œ â t "1
È È
â œ !k. Also, v œ t i " tj Ê a œ 2ti " j Ê dt œ 2i so that ââ 2t " 0 ââ œ 0 Ê 7 œ 0
#
t "1
â t â â 2 0 0â
â Èt " 1 Èt " 1 0 â
" !

14. By Exercise 14 in Section 13.4, T œ (! cos t)i " (sin t)j and N œ (sin t)i " (cos t)j so that B œ T ‚ N
â â
â i j kâ
â â
œ â ! cos t sin t 0 â œ !k . Also, v œ a!3 cos# t sin tb i " a3 sin# t cos tb j
â â
â sin t cos t 0 â
Ê a œ dt a!3 cos# t sin tb i " dtd a3 sin# t cos tb j Ê ddta œ dtd ˆ dtd a!3 cos# t sin tb‰ i " dtd ˆ dtd a3 sin# t cos tb‰ j
d
â â
â !3 cos# t sin t 3 sin# t cos t 0â
â d â
Ê ââ dt a!3 cos# t sin tb d
dt a3 sin t cos tb
#
0 ââ œ 0 Ê 7 œ 0
â d ˆ d a!3 cos# t sin tb‰ d ˆ d a3 sin# t cos tb‰ 0 â
â dt dt dt dt â

15. By Exercise 15 in Section 13.4, T œ kvvk œ ˆsech at ‰ i " ˆtanh at ‰ j and N œ ˆ! tanh at ‰ i " ˆsech at ‰ j so that B œ T ‚ N
â i j k ââ
â
â sech ˆ t ‰ tanh ˆ a ‰ 0 ââ œ k. Also, v œ i " ˆsinh at ‰ j Ê a œ ˆ "a cosh at ‰ j Ê ddta œ a" sinh ˆ at ‰ j so that
t
ω a
â â
â ! tanh ˆ a ‰ sech ˆ at ‰ 0 â
t
â â
â1 sinh ˆ at ‰ 0â
â â
â 0 " cosh ˆ t ‰ 0 â œ 0 Ê 7 œ 0
â a a â
â 0 " sinh ˆ t ‰ 0 â
â a a â

782 Chapter 13 Vector-Valued Functions and Motion in Space

16. By Exercise 16 in Section 13.4, T œ Š È"2 tanh t‹ i ! È"2 j " Š È"2 sech t‹ k and N œ (sech t)i ! (tanh t)k so that
â â
â â
â the moving mass Ê v œ i ! 2tj Ê kvk œ È 1 ! 4t#
i j k
r(t) œ ti ! t#ââj "is the position vector of
B œ T ‚ N œ â" È2 tanh t È2 È2 sech t ââ œ Š È"2 tanh t‹ i " È"2 j " Š È"2 sech t‹ k. Also, v œ (sinh t)i ! (cosh t)j " k
!" "

Ê T œ È1â! 4tsech (i t! 2tj0). At!(0 ß 0): T(0) œ i, N(0) œ j and ,(0) œ 2 Ê F œ ma œ m(100,)N œ 200m j ;
tanh t ââ
â
â Èââ2
At ŠÈ2ß 2‹ : T ŠÈ2‹ œ " Ši ! 2È2j‹ œ "3 i ! 2 3 2 j ,ââ N iŠÈ2‹ œ È
È j " 2k 2
â i ! 3 j , and , Š 2‹ œ 27 Ê F œ ma
"
a œ (cosh t)i ! (sinh t)j Ê ddta œ3 (sinh t)i ! (cosh t)j and v ‚ a œ â sinh t ! cosh t 13 â
â â
ˆ 200 ‰ 2È 2 400È2 â cosh200
t ! sinh t 0 â
œ m(100, )N œ 27 m Š" "
3 i ! 3 j‹ œ " 81 mi ! 81 mj
œ (sinh t)i " (cosh t)j " acosh2 t ! sinh2 tbk œ (sinh t)i " (cosh t)j " k Ê kv ‚ ak# œ sinh# t " cosh# t " 1. Thus
â â
â sinh t ! cosh t 1 â
â â
â cosh t ! sinh t 0 â
2 3
ˆ ds T‰ ‚ ’ ddt2s T ! ,ˆ ds ‰ ˆ ds ‰
â â 2
ds d s 2
7 œa œ a T ! a Nœwe dt N “ œ Š dt dt2 ‹aT ‚ Tb ! , dt aT ‚ Nb
21. By have!" v ‚ a œ !"
â sinh t ! cosh t 0 â
sinh tT sinh t " cosh t " 1 œ # coshdtt .
" cosh t"1N
3
ds 3
œ ,Ifˆ dtthe‰ car
17. Yes. B.isItmoving
follows v ‚ apath,
thata lcurved
along l œ ,then ds
¹ dt ¹, lÁB0l œ
and,aNlvœ kvk,
l ,Ê 3 lv‚al
lvl3 a œ aT T " aN N Á 0 .
Á0 Ê
# œ

d
18. kvk constant Ê aT œ kvk œ 0 Ê a œ aN N is orthogonal to T Ê the acceleration is normal to the path
22. aN œ 0 Ê , kvk# dtœ 0 Ê , œ 0 (since the particle is moving, we cannot have zero speed) Ê the curvature is zero
19. aso¼the
v Êparticle
a ¼ T is
Êmoving along
aT œ 0 Ê d a straight line
kvk œ 0 Ê kvk is constant
dt

d d
20. aFrom T T " aN N , 1, kvk œ dt kva
k Nœœ aN aœN œ, ,kvkkv#k Ê , ,œÊkvaNka œ
œ 0tTt "
(t) œ aExample where aT œ " , N. Now, from
23. t and dt (10)
t so œ 0 and
that œ 100 œ100
t ,tÁ0 Ê 3œ œt
# "
,
kf (x)k 2 2
Exercise 5(a) Section 12.4, we find for y œ f(x) œ x that , œ #
œ œ ; also,
!1 " af (x)b ‘ c1 " (2x) d a1 " 4x b

24. r œ (x! ! At)i ! Copyright

(y! ! Bt)©j ! ! Ct)kEducation
(z!Pearson
2010 Ê v œInc.
AiPublishing
! Bj ! C askAddison-Wesley.
Ê a œ 0 Ê v ‚ a œ 0 Ê , œ 0. Since the curve
is a plane curve, 7 œ 0.

25. If a plane curve is sufficiently differentiable the torsion is zero as the following argument shows:
r œ f(t)i ! g(t)j Ê v œ f w (t)i ! gw (t)j Ê a œ f ww (t)i ! gww (t)j Ê ddta œ f www (t)i ! gwww (t)j
â â
â f (t) g (t) 0 â
â â
â f (t) g (t) 0 â
â â
â f (t) g (t) 0 â
Ê 7œ kv ‚ a k
œ0

26. v œ "aa sin tbi ! aa cos tbj ! b k and a œ "aa cos tbi " aa sin tbj
25. If a plane curve is sufficiently differentiable the torsion is zero as the following argument shows:
r œ f(t)i ! g(t)j Ê v œ f w (t)i ! gw (t)j Ê a œ f ww (t)i ! gww (t)j Ê ddta œ f www (t)i ! gwww (t)j
â â
â f (t) g (t) 0 â
â â
â f (t) g (t) 0 â
â â
â f (t) g (t) 0 â
Ê 7œ kv ‚ a k
œ0

26. v œ "aa sin tbi ! aa cos tbj ! b k and a œ "aa cos tbi " aa sin tbj
â â
â " a sin t a cos t b â
â â
â "a cos t " a sin t 0 â
â â
â a sin t "a cos t 0 â bˆa2 cos2 t ! a2 sin2 t‰ a2 bˆcos2 t ! sin2 t‰ b a "b
To find the torsion: 7 œ 2 œ a 2 a a2 ! b 2 b œ a 2 aa 2 ! b 2 b œ a2 ! b2 Ê 7 w (b) œ aa ! b b
;
Ša È a 2 ! b 2 ‹
a "b
7 w (b) œ 0 Ê aa ! b b
œ 0 Ê a# " b# œ 0 Ê b œ „ a Ê b œ a since a, b # 0. Also b $ a Ê 7 w # 0 and b # a
a
Ê 7 w $ 0 so 7max occurs when b œ a Ê 7max œ a !a œ "
2a

27. r(t) œ f(t)i ! g(t)j ! h(t)k Ê v œ f w (t)i ! gw (t)j ! hw (t)k; v † k œ 0 Ê hw (t) œ 0 Ê h(t) œ C
Ê r(t) œ f(t)i ! g(t)j ! Ck and r(a) œ f(a)i ! g(a)j ! Ck œ 0 Ê f(a) œ 0, g(a) œ 0 and C œ 0 Ê h(t) œ 0.

28. From Exercise 26, v œ "(a sin t)i ! (a cos t)j ! bk Ê kvk œ Èa# ! b# Ê T œ v
kvk
ˆ ddtT ‰
œ "
c"(a sin t)i ! (a cos t)j ! bkd ; ddtT œ È "! c"(a cos t)i " (a sin t)jd Ê N œ
Èa ! b ¸ ddtT ¸
a b
â â
â i j k â
â â
œ "(cos t)i " (sin t)j ; B œ T ‚ N œ ââ " Èa ! b â
a sin t a cos t b
Èa ! b Èa ! b â
â " cos t sin t 0 â
â " â
b sin t b cos t a dB dB
œ Èa ! b i" Èa ! b j! Èa ! b k Ê dt œ "
Èa ! b c(b cos t)i ! (b sin t)jd Ê dt † N œ " Èa b! b

Ê 7 œ" "
kvk
ˆ ddtB † N‰ œ Š" È "
‹ Š" Èa b! b ‹ œ b
a !b , which is consistent with the result in Exercise 26.
a !b

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.