ASSIGNMIENT- 3 the conetyetion of D.C. diagram €xplain * Se 2 Se an ee eee Le i eat fj with on yoke fav oni pole shoe Pole core Armature winding Armature tpoth *) Tt serves the purpose of outtmmost covey of the dC machine 90 that the insulating maktyials Jet Prtccted fom hampu | StmesPheric elements like mdistwe, dust and Various gases |ike So, acidic Fumes eke LTE Prtvides me chonica| Suppers to tHe poles he magnetic cimwirt .Z& provides a path of Chance fow magnetic Flux, The important to % fort of low yeluctance Path is wid wostnge of Power te Provide same Huge and hence the Power is necessary HP the path Longe cmeLane Ha, duce the he pro has high velackence he PI shape jar Mdlealen a Se os be ete wily iT po Sem ) Each pole is divided into two Pasts nanely 4) Coch pole is ij Pole Shoe oe ¢ a) Fanckions of pole cove. od #3) folk. cre basically comes gis 4 Produce the fluy Ie shoe = eld winding which is necessary diets 4. Flax Produced Ureugh airy gap te armature, oe net pole #) Pole, Flay , 5 Core t> come acess the induced tmP To achieve bolted 4s the yone 5 necessary +o Produce larger + Pee shoe has been” -then 3 Field winding # 4] The Feld winding diction a] Funckions ° To OMY Cumenk due te the Field, winding which pol is phed behaves 1 ids Ron which ect, edcing as ME Cesar Huy. " “lecoomagthe Field i.e &xerbing Field winding “alled has 2 caty Gantt hence obviously abminins 5 coPper conducting material, $0 c weake ony “BPO Bat Feld coils are requrved R bend about Pole core and. copper has good. cn, nape tnolessteal ee et can bad easily 19 divided. inte vecvionS coils called Pield oils ennecked . in gevies with wach one 2 wound in direction -.avound pole-n auch that alienate 'N 5 ox formed \ nanber ef poles ip deneted. 95 P 4] Armakine = marta TJ Armature winding [Armature Core F Aimatere core 15 Gylindvical i shape mounted on Shah or he. Te coreits oF clots on its Peviphoy and the air ‘ a the aly How deigh” amie Oe me apes made Amma ornate ee Core Provides house for avmakur winding i.e J} 7o Pavide a Poth of SO dng low reluctance to the majnctic Hux Prdecedgerade Conductor is of DC. denevatoy 5) Commuctct0¥ “he basic natwe aldonating . This needs hich i5 possible by device Te is oylintyicdl oh em induced in Case eceioctions fale RO aa in Shape made. of hard ated fom cach datan Coffer segments. These segments are insula other by a fayey of mica J Bushes & Bwsh gear 2 > Brushes collect fom Commutntoy F make it available to Sttionay fxternal creat > Ball beaving are coually ag they are more veliable. > Fer heavy dindy machines voltty benvings arc Prefened BA) Aibaal iaotint ons denies an overs equation of D.C genanter? Ske PSNo of poles $> The magnekic Pix per pole 2 > Tokal No. of conductors A> No.of poyalle| Paths on this the avingture winding N+ Rokaticnal sped of vator in ypm Gonsider one evolution of the eer AS the wkOY makes N makes *orolitions in one ‘ minutes pL “ oe makes Wee revolutions in one “2 Time taken in makin e oe 5 OMe —YeVolution bo. Yoo N Boag. |. #1 the magnetic Puy cae WL poles, the +t!creravaed. rons RUuCoRN gee Toa a this. amatine ux Eransvers : i vg ive br © Single Conduciay the Chands, 7 sae veieion SL GPP nduced EmP per conductor ad _ Pe - Ned A 60 is gen by Paraday's lass as & At Gy coils. and the coils axe connected 40 make collect the emt The brushes The net em E generated e conduceors axe ced te fev parallel Paths fem oll these identical Poralllel paths . NM eG hs Gms cs ae cael Gane TCE Pavaltal Poth As the owmatiwe has 2 numbus of Conductors and there are A number of poxallel paths , The umber oF conductors por povallel path io 2 A Beye A Se) €- gan? Goh Nokes =P (Sup winding) A=2 (wave nding)torque developed in g far actor 3) Desive an expression of ie ois bout an axis 15 colled torque PThe tuning oy twisting Force consider oa wheel of vadins R meters acted upon by a circumferential force F newts a5 shown in the Figure > The wheel is wodating at a speed of N vepim. then 5 angular Speed 16 = STN doce, rn 60 a $0 wovtlene “ia lone vel Con ois W=F Distance travelled in one RVolution =F xaRR Joules F= pmer developed = Workdone Time = EXT Rees on Time fer Trey = a) Txu9. at] Torque in Nm = Angular speed in vadlsec whet, Tetl wemeture of bogie developed by the arma Pe ae armature rye rt io aldo colled ” armatuve 19 Ela, hanical Power developed in the armature is ne qyoss mechani 5: sean om’ othe Power GRU RENT shen speed. of the motor 19 N vip ‘i in Armature © Aymatsre dovyue 0 Tee Toe BN 3 60 >tut Ev in a motor is given by, Eye pene 2 GONZ y Tee Tex ZEN 60A 0 199 ¢ Te, PZ oa 3 | -Tavetcleaeeagita nas OUT sis a YTis is the torque epution of D.C motor 4y what is back emt. ? Stak 5 Significance ? +] TH is seen tn the Geneaking action, that when a conduct cuts the Vines of Flux emt gets induced in the conductow In 0 D.C motor, atley 0 mrboving action, amature stats votnting and amature conductors Cut the main Hux, 50 rk there Generating action existing tn a motor after motoring action 4) There 5 an induced mh in dhe. Yotuting amature conductors acervding to Fovadays lau of Clectomagnet ie induction , This induced tomP in the gormature always acts in tha oppositeLena's jo dy & Be i ie €.0 ie is ahd hinge dnectie® che MSE eo ees uf producing divection uk sae cht an oppose ° oy voltage, fe iS Called, js denoted 0 Ey action which ug the Supply a] is this Em olonys oppee' ote back ema and danoted 5 genented by ob genenttors erect oe os a magnitude can bosically it 90 hen een pate 15 OT b i dio) atch d. earlier Se ri fe; ge which Is derive “ determined by the na [exe geN2 oles ~ Goh whoe all synbol5 Cary the game meaning a4 Seen ealion in Case oF genemtors A) Wis Em# i shown schematically so HP Vis Supply voleaga in Volts ond Ru is he value of the omotioe resistance, the equivalent electric civeuk can be shown in ig | a) Buck emt ina dcmotoy ENeHOge equation of DC tage, ') tfpivalent come , ae 4) From the Guile Gralla, can be obtained as, Henge’ equation ov a. D.C. rotor N= 64 TRG Bah depeglectécl Te con be expressed as, dc, motor becomes mit Hhe : a weselp to dvaw the motor adjusts ty the load demand satis. +, is le of this fact is that the back 2 principle © ie base pepe of te fe poputional 4 epee. Eb motor ‘tries +2 ood 15 Suddenly pute on te the motn¥, down . $0 5 of oy yducls Idee “Ee which back €.m $ " peed oetor ‘ whi ve 5 a 4 Cases Sy the nek voltage. acres the armeture (V-e Iso decrtases So the we moter dyans move ortatnre cure inGses ond me by the <4 the incaced ametve cunene, Force Cepettenced, a onibidors and hence the torque 97 the omodtenre re, fs newtase in the mrque ip Just sufficient gactishy incrtased danareh when load on the motoy ig decrosed the Speed of the motor -tries Hence back E.md increases This causes (v- ee) te veduce with evertuelly he speed Stops amufiae 4 increase, The inexcaging when the Cartnk Produce the ess foryee required by ree load *}Sd back emf wegulates He Piow of ovmectine cument § it aurtematically alteys amen Gente te meet Le joad Yeysihenent This) isaeetleeap racial syrteind ofconductors , = ve, 500 amactun erectov Seat hee will be EMF Geel 0.0! at (000 yon? wha driven +0 BJA & Pole De gen jf Useful flux per pole ° 2 p crne Chal ane Yin? Be ae wave wound? if winding i tal must be de epail o% which Produce the same unt te we te Z= S00 conductors G = 0,065 wh N= tooo xpm when He lap Connect Axp.8 § Ey=? & BPNZ S 0.065% 8x looox 300 _ gt ge on Seca i} N=? when Eq = SWH.66TV § winding 16 wave connected he Azo SUILECT = 0.065 x 8x Ny S00 6 Xo N = SULCETx Coxe 0.065 x8 x Soo» y-pole g20V lap conmuttd OC shure motor has 36 slots, v4! j set creel ol omenreucen aia drs 2 cuntnt oF och 3° ™ iat bpm ta supply . The field resistence and amature a vene av WoL $ ol vespeesively The moter act pak Power af Gicw, The Hux Per pole is the Speed Aythe orn developed. Bey the eemnacins the. shad - Torque. ai develops an Hom wh calculate Pek Wap comected. As Patt mot oY 22364 162516 eo Geeta potox lo” wb Bice ae es o Ne Ep x GOA gP2 shunt motor + Take 1.0, b= V- TaRe 1 Ey = V- Ta Ra = 220- 3b%0.1 E,= 216.2 V N= Eyx6oxh i X60 KI gP2 oh See Loyyo®y 4xST6ASSLSNMEN T - 4 the emP equation of a Transformer and hence obtain Cunent - Ty ansformertion Yatios 2 veliage and the no of tums of primary winding 2 no OF BRwee OR secondary winding 9 weber AMS Value of fmf induced in Primary induced i Secondary < RMS value of tnt uppy voltage i applied prinayy winding atemeting Hux, g-Hec an EMF 'E, $ °E," are induced in primary 5 Secondayy winking vespectively ez ds —@ at which stats Consider one cycle of EME VA Lik eee consider Vath cycle ob EME ne chinge ip iw an Vee 49 = bn0= 4m FS cea Pele is Fthe-tine takin to complete Yer oF od « time de Vyp substiecting ag kde in gm TL we get Eauy = 46 = dn. ath im oe Vp ; ns Easy { Exmg = ll x 44 gb em : Eons = Hilt din induced fer tush TEN, be no of tam th primary then = UH Fo Nols TENG be no of aun in secondary then G2 belle thm Na vols a an or Voltage Rectio wea E, = 4a Fg, EG, = Ul Po, No Taking votio Ee _ nt Py. Na Se a Uae, Ny The transformer voting 45 done in VA (ole omphere) (PouwX)VA vocking Gf sbans-Poimey aVsWT, Ne oe vi To.various 1055e5 in transformer $ hows te minimize then? dain s) ex? 5 two types oF losses ag enn stent has 4au0 typ \ an W958 [eratant, loses] es [eu losses] we caused by ahemating Flix in Care of -busformer Gare te 6 aloe Known 05 Cort 1055 Tron \p59 occurs iN fecther divided toto hysteresis 4 eddy camewt less once the core is manudackoed_ octurs in Gre OMe constant Hence the Name i] nysteresis_Lose + Due to olttvnacking Hue setup in cove of Transformer i magnetisection and dhe eoag nekisaction, Due undergoes a cycle oF te hystresis Beck Heel i” (oss oP enirayl in this: Process wtih j5 called hysteresis [o55. J Eddy Gurtnt_Loss + The EME induced in winding Set up an eddy Cunmtné in cove losses duc to edly canine called eddy Cantnt losses : The ely Goavtné Joss in minimised by making core with thin laminationsdak of Tae Vos a winding ‘Copper losses Ce’ pur ost moe geonlary The copper [v5se5 art ay yesistance of primary 4b pend. on magnitude op when (oad /3.geeiaes ue. start Movs ing i, per os de she GP Cunent Plowing thergh windings dows the transformer “the cunt Primary and secondary’ winding The losses can be minimized by designing winding with lo Resistance conducting metsval Thus total fosses in transformer = fron fosses + copper lo5se5 2 Pi ae ee 3) Devive the cindiion tor which the eff, Evansformer 16 maximum? Te i ey ae a fou, cg asettey iene Tren loss = hysterbsis bss + eddy curntnt loss Wi = Wh +We Taking the Primary Input = VTi cos, H= Vi Tos, - losses OG 59) = MEicos pi = (Weuttai) VT Gs 6, = MTC, = HR, NT, cong, = Ne SAR oN 4 eat 089, ONT agLas F RMS wae Ties have prerciak 99 perentlt9d dns 0 eee +a The Vertical ports oP the core SE know a5 Iimbs while +m and bottom ports called yolk, > thee ‘oienee separodtt electrical thingh a dammon magne Fam each othey electsically winding which: are Inked ive | hese. winding 5: ax olabiel | >the coil Tree aan chetical ene SY is ted i Pena, wining (9) Bis Ree alld ane abil he other cdl Bom, hich eledercaltreqy called the Secondary winding (4) has N, Number of tains of secondary pray winding tang lng, hos Ny Panber oF comected. to an alttrmating voltage » alkeynoting Cunent Plows through its the primary er atlernacking Hux p , path of this Hux being indicated entire. Hux provided by P’ th ack nn ap eee hen He primary winding 3 steel cove , He mean dobied the TE the through 5, the emp induced fox P anh © Jame selt induced tmeP €, i9 the eke mutual induckion, i th secondary 2 iemating Pox g Preduas Primoyy winding P, while due Prddes Produces mutually induced &mF €, 1% winding 5 emf's ae = -Ndv § €,2- ar ee Nolinge. -bansformation Rertio _ > wha ee “or : then thi Sanday 16 Oh offen civcuit , its -ttyminal voltage 15 the same a5 +the induced ¢mnP | The primary Curetnt 5 then quite small $0 that the applied voltage V, id Practically equal & offosike. te he amb induced in P Naseerjn almost [Oi 1 efhicancy of a tvansformer fretoy = VT, x Secondary 0.43 As the 4oll iT, x Prima Pow * primary & secondary tbs are alos equal on fall loadats NEN With neat civauit diagyam and switching table Explain pio way orl rveel Gy cee les atay Uae ~ SDB ICSE aes nea eases cm Re Two-way contol is usually used for staivcase lighting The lamp an be contvolled fom tio different pinks; one at the *P and the bobtem — using tuo — way switches which soap wrth in bedrooms , big halls, and ines wnitrconne ck . They are algo used lovge Covvidors , Switches 51 and 92 are *tWo- Way switches th a paix of terminals 1§2,and 354 yes pecevely, when the dich 31. in posttton 4 and Switch 92 is in postion +, the 0 path for OFF, when $2 ik pte ne ear) ioe eee Peaaleme no ae ae atelc Canert tee Hil Shoat evento items hanged te Position 2 the cincue gets Completed. S hence the lamp glows oy 16 ON Now if 52 15 changed to position > with 51 ot position 2 the chtute Continuity is broken and ‘the lanp is OFF, thas the leap can be controlled fom x0 aitferenk points Toxo way Contve] of lamp“ane 1. pstionng_ ot Suikehte : Ce Ve Position of Sf | Posrtion of 52 | Condikion of lamp) 1 3 ON gi 4 2 3 is a i b) Three-way Contvol of toad (lamp) oF comidor lighting + Th case of very long Covridors, rE 94 be necessary ko Conta he lamp fom 2 diPferent prints, In such cases the civeuit Conmeckion requies two} two-way switches 54 & sreod an intermediate Switch 53.Rn inberm@diacke switch ‘oa Combination of culo, two-way suitches coupled, together, TE has tH Henimls ABCD, TE can be conrmected in to” ways iT] sevaight Connection ii} Cx055 Connection Tn case oF stright Connection, the terminals ov prints AB and CD are Connected 05 shown in Fig 4} © chile in case of C55 connection the kerminals AB and CO 15 comected 93 shown in Cigatt eal atrol the lamp in OW) iP the fe the civeurk dees oat Complete. and 15 Orr closed loop. nme | Bt suprly Table 2. Pos Sitioning of witches Pa 5 in Straight ¢ he tale ig ©1055 Connection ition 53 | Position of54 | Position of Sp adie oF the | aP ae. Steg ON OFF oFF oN Cpe on oN OFF2} With diagvam explain the working of fuse ? > Ain electric Fuse i5 an electric device which intympls 4, How of curent in an electric civnit. Tt is Installed in a circuit 49 stop the How of excessive Cumert. A Fuse 15 usually a short Piece of wire The fuse ig madeup oa. madtrial which has -high wsistivity 5 lous melting Point, So that it melts down’ duc to overheating oF Be wire curing high currene How The thickness of the fuse wit is determined based on the amour quartnt How in Cirit , Normally an alloy of tin F lead fe used a5 fase wive, as ik ums high yesistivity and low metthg point, 12 0 fault causes a Pow of xen Ahe Chewik by meting oy sparing it the thin condatter Ved 5 Known as an Electric Fuse The electric fuse works based on the heating effect of the eleckvic carent TE is composed of a non-flammable Ahin metallic wive with a fow meting point. TF a high amount gh electricity is Passed fran the eclectic fuse, there is a particular paduction oF heat which causes the Fuge to melt which leads +0 the opening of the. Cimwit F the blockage of current Once a Puse melts. re can be changed oy yeflaced with a new Fuse, A fuse ie normally mode uP of clements life zine aluminium ond Power Rocking of Household Appliances = Je THowghade Min Power | Max Power [yin eneray | max Energy Ne] Appliances i w&) (ens) (oun) aa [Ai Conditioners 1000 1500 a iS 2] PCs 100 450 0.10 o.4S 3| Laptops Lo 20 0.04 o.le m Kiet ———— [' | Prinbeces Lo 30 von 0.0>Power vatings of diPfevent home appliances Home APPliona | Power in We AC Riv Conditioner 1130 %s coal Lapko Ps | 100 pastes Gust one the points tor necessity oF earthing 7 explain the plate earthing ? > faxthing 15 crhectng the Exposed metal parts of te appliances to grand (ox earth) by using conductor of Very low resistance The carting pmewdiace #) Te carting wine brraght ont fon the efuipmente is Joined he earthing clecbede Ahanagh the earthing tinal of the Pin Socket. ¥) The earthing cechode may be « galvanized inom (Gr) pipe ot = vod of 0 lake ov may be a styiP +) A pit is dag) Gn the grand) of size 300m x 30cm for eck: least 2m depth beltus the grand. level a pit is halt Gilkd with © lager of common salt § charcoal a5 shown, ‘) Dbove #) Dbove his the remaining depth is filled by soil till gyound level | #) The earthing ehctrtde ig imbedded in @ Piteen de of copper ov & 7 . Tn s ploke earthing, earthing flac ade of coppe a 4 s buvied into the gyound at a depth more than 3 = a the ground level | This earthing plete is embedded. in an alternekive layer of coke $ salts 4) Tr this method. a capper plate of Goon Goemx 3.IBem ov a &z Pate of th Size Gocm x Goemx 6.25em 16 used for earthing “J The flee 5 Pace vetialy dron inside “he gwund ot od, OF 3m andls ftmteddél helionat eliyesinoh elt aril o thickness of 15 em, +) ah jeddreteedeg Pruved tor keeping the earth ele chode Tesistance Walue well belew eo maximum of 5 ohms #) The earth wives Secuaely bolted to the earth plate #) A coment MASONS chamber ris abi 2) yal ion cover fey Wales rendre eneet eee oF pnts. arta £ pth oP embedding +) The disadvantages 35 thot disconctinuitey oF eorth Plate comets be observed NOY increases with in cvdse.3) ripe costing Dinsain 2% z hic=7r 37 oe noe aie Lu EL es salt | ——— fienbole ve | —— salt Ce ei oe | charcoal Pipe easthing