Communication
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Full-Color Micro-LED Display with CsPbBr3 Perovskite and
CdSe Quantum Dots as Color Conversion Layers
Yongming Yin, Zhiping Hu, Muhammad Umair Ali, Miao Duan, Lu Gao, Ming Liu,
Wenxiang Peng, Jing Geng, Su Pan, Yongwei Wu, Jun Hou, Jack Fan, Dongze Li,
Xin Zhang, and Hong Meng*
Combining blue micro-light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with color conversion
layers (CCLs) is a promising approach to develop efficient full-color displays.
However, no such practical display is reported so far potentially because of
two major challenges, i.e., rarely available color conversion materials and
severe crosstalk effect among adjacent pixels due to the thick sapphire sub-
strates of LED chips. Here, a full-color micro-LED display prototype by com-
bining rationally designed blue micro-LEDs backlight with CsPbBr3 perovskite
and CdSe QDs as green and red CCLs, respectively, is presented. The color
gamut of the fabricated display can reach as high as 129% of the National
Television Standards Committee (NTSC). Notably, the color gamut can still
reach 126% NTSC even when only green light is converted through perovskite
CCL while the other two colors are achieved from conventional micro-LEDs.
This is the first demonstration on employing perovskite materials as CCL in
full-color micro-LEDs display.
Micrometer-scale light-emitting diode (micro-LED)[1–7] displays
are regarded as the fourth-generation display technology after
cathode-ray tube (CRT), thin-film transistor liquid crystal dis-
play (TFT-LCD), and active matrix organic light-emitting diode
(AMOLED) displays due to their superior characteristics, such
as high brightness, low power consumption, high contrast
ratio, and long lifetime.[8–10] In recent years, some excellent
micro-LED display products, for instance, Crystal LED Inte-
grated Structure (CLEDIS) by Sony[11] and “The Wall” by Sam-
sung,[12] have been launched. Considering exciting features of
Y. Yin, Dr. Z. Hu, M. U. Ali, Dr. M. Liu, Dr. Y. Wu, Prof. H. Meng
Shenzhen Graduate School
Peking University
Shenzhen 518055, China
E-mail: menghong@pku.edu.cn
Y. Yin, Dr. Z. Hu, Dr. M. Duan, L. Gao, W. Peng, J. Geng, Dr. S. Pan,
Dr. Y. Wu, J. Hou, J. Fan, Dr. D. Li, Dr. X. Zhang
TCL China Star Optoelectronics Technology Co., Ltd. (CSOT)
Shenzhen 518132, China
M. U. Ali
Department of Materials Science and Engineering
College of Engineering
Peking University
Beijing 100871, China
The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article
can be found under https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202000251.
DOI: 10.1002/admt.202000251
Adv. Mater. Technol. 2020, 2000251 2000251 (1 of 6)
micro-LED displays, most of the main-
stream display corporations, LED chip
manufacturers, and consumer electronic
giants are in competition to further
develop this novel technology.
While micro-LED display technology
offers a range of benefits, there remain
issues to be addressed before it can
achieve further development. Besides the
mass-transfer challenge for large-scale
commercialization, significant difference
in electroluminescence (EL) efficien-
cies of red, green, and blue (RGB) LEDs
is another pivotal issue. Specifically, blue
LEDs perform the best while the red coun-
terparts are ranked the lowest among RGB
LEDs in terms of EL efficiency.[13] On the
contrary, the brightness of blue light is
the lowest among these three primary
colors. In this scenario, the TFT design of
the corresponding pixels is required to be made quite different
for each color to compensate the aforementioned disparities,
which would inevitably increase the complexity of the display
panel. To resolve this issue, combining blue micro-LEDs with
red and green color conversion materials (CCMs) is considered
as a potential approach to develop efficient full-color displays.[4]
It is established that RGB colors could be obtained through
phosphors or QDs in combination with ultraviolet (UV) or blue
LEDs.[14–18] Theoretically, in case of CCM-incorporated micro-
LED displays, the pixel design and LED chip transfer process
would be quite easier since only one type of LED is needed as
the backlight, whereas, rest of the two emissions are achieved
via color conversion layers (CCLs). Nevertheless, previous
reports only provide preliminary results, however, no practical
display product based on this concept is demonstrated so far.
There are two major challenges which should be addressed
to realize efficient display based on CCL-incorporated micro-
LEDs, including: i) crosstalk effect among adjacent pixels due
to the thick sapphire substrates of LED chips,[16] and ii) rarely
available appropriate CCMs for efficient and complete photo-
conversion. Perovskite and conventional inorganic QDs have
been proposed as efficient CCMs owing to their high color
purities and photoluminescence (PL) efficiencies.[19–23] A key
requirement for efficient photoconversion is to fabricate pat-
terned QD films with sufficient thickness. In our recent reports,
we have shown efficient photoconversion in micrometer-thick
uniform perovskite and inorganic QD films through inkjet
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printing (IJP) with UV-induced polymerization or vacuum-
drying approach.[24–27] Here, by addressing the aforementioned
issues, we successfully demonstrate a 4-in. full-color prototype
based on blue micro-LED backlight and QD CCLs. A bottom-
emitting blue micro-LED backlight is rationally designed and
successfully manufactured to avoid the crosstalk among adja-
cent pixels. Besides, CsPbBr3 perovskite and CdSe QDs are,
respectively, adopted as green and red CCLs for their superior
photoconversion performance. By incorporating these CCLs
with blue backlights (with peak emission @ 452 nm), the color
gamut of the fabricated full-color display could reach as high as
129% of the National Television Standards Committee (NTSC),
which is much higher comparing to conventional full-color dis-
plays purely based on LED chips. To the best of our knowledge,
this is the first full-color display prototype comprising blue
micro-LEDs and perovskite CCLs.
TFT backplanes were firstly fabricated through display
panel manufacturing flow which consists of cyclic sputtering,
chemical vapor deposition, exposing, developing, etching, and
testing processes. Micro-LED chips were then transferred to
these prefabricated backplanes and bonded (Figure S1, Sup-
porting Information) at appropriate places with chip directions
matching the anode and cathode pad design inside the pixels.
Here, the pixel pitch is 500 μm large while size of the LED
chips is 100 × 200 μm (Figure S3, Supporting Information).
With such design, a pristine blue micro-LED backlight was
successfully obtained. As can be seen in Figure 1a, the fabri-
cated backlight manifests high luminance uniformity along the
full panel which indicates that our pixel circuit design and the
manufacturing process are successful. However, obvious and
strong side emissions were observed in the magnified image,
Figure 1. Characteristics of blue micro-LEDs. a) Photograph of a blue micro-LED backlight. b) Microscopic image, c) cross-section schematic, and
d) view-angle characteristics of blue micro-LED chips.
Adv. Mater. Technol. 2020, 2000251 2000251 (2 of 6)
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as shown in Figure 1b. Thick sapphire substrate (Figure 1c)
could be the potential cause for this phenomenon. Later, the
view-angle characteristics of blue micro-LED chips were also
evaluated. The view angle at a luminance degrading to half
maximum could be as high as 160° (Figure 1d), which further
confirms the side-emission problem.
Considering such high view angle of blue micro-LEDs
and similar size scale between the subpixel and LED chip
(Figure S3, Supporting Information), there would be high
chances of severe crosstalk among adjacent subpixels if the
CCLs are directly deposited on top of the sapphire substrates.
To confirm our speculations about crosstalk effect, a simulation
analysis was performed. In this simulation model, the hori-
zontal positions of LED chips and CCL patterns were arranged
in accordance with the pixel design. The vertical distance
between blue light emissions and CCLs was selected as a major
influencing factor on the photoconversion performance. The
resultant intensity of red and green CCLs converted from side
emissions of the middle alight blue micro-LED was selected as
the parameter to judge the crosstalk effect. First, the distance
was set to be equal to the thickness of sapphire substrate, i.e.,
65 µm, considering the CCLs are directly deposited on its sur-
face. For this case, severe crosstalk (7.6% blue-to-red and 10.5%
blue-to-green photoconversions) was observed, as manifested in
the first column of Figure 2, which is consistent with the afore-
mentioned assumptions. Obviously, weakened crosstalk effect
could be observed when the distance was reduced to 30 µm.
Finally, the distance was further reduced to 10 µm which led to
significantly suppressed crosstalk effect, as obvious in the last
column of Figure 2. These simulation results suggest that the
distance between blue light emission and CCLs should be kept
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Figure 2. Crosstalk simulation of photoconversion performance. Simulation results of the model with a distance of (first column) 65 μm, (second
column) 30 μm, and (third column) 10 μm between blue light emission and QD films.
around or below 10 µm to realize efficient display performance
with less crosstalk effect. For this purpose, a novel bottom-
emitting blue backlight was designed, which was manufactured
atop a 10-µm-thick colorless polyimide (CPI) substrate. With
the assistance of a layer of reflective white seal (Figure S4, Sup-
porting Information), the LED emission direction was adjusted
inversely, i.e., emitting out from CPI side. Ignoring the thick-
ness of TFT circuits, the distance would be roughly equal to the
thickness of CPI substrate, i.e., ≈10 µm. The detailed manufac-
turing process for this bottom-emitting design could be found
in Figure S5 (Supporting Information).
With our prefabricated bottom-emitting blue backlight,
a CCL plate was needed, followed by assembling the two
plates together for the target full-color display. Prior to the
manufacturing of CCL plate, photoconversion performance
of CsPbBr3 and CdSe QDs was investigated. Similar to our
former works,[25,27] where the fundamental optoelectronic as
well as thickness-dependent characteristics of these materials
as CCLs have already been investigated, UV-induced polymeri-
zation strategy was adopted to obtain micrometer-thick QD
films for efficient photoconversion. Before UV-curing process,
the QD inks were inkjet-printed into the prior-prepared banks.
As can be observed in Figure 3a,b, the thickness of CsPbBr3
and CdSe QD films was 6 and 9.8 µm, respectively. The cor-
responding PL characteristics of these films were analyzed.
As manifested in Figure 3c, green and red CCLs exhibit peak
emissions at 528 and 636 nm with full width at half maximum
(FWHM) of 21 and 27 nm, respectively. Such high color puri-
ties of our adopted CCLs reveal encouraging prospect for the
realization of efficient display performance with high color
gamut. Furthermore, strong absorption around 452 nm could
also be observed (Figure 3c), which suggests that our selected
blue micro-LED light source is reasonably compatible with
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CCLs for photoconversion. In addition, green and red color
filters (CFs) were utilized to guarantee chromatic light out-
puts. The photoconversion performance of this CCL design
was further characterized which revealed pure green and red
emissions upon illumination by blue micro-LEDs backlights, as
shown in Figure 3d–f. Besides, no residual blue light could be
found for both CCLs, which indicates complete green and red
photoconversions were successfully achieved. For a backlight
luminance of 1000 cd m−2, the resultant green and red emis-
sion brightness could reach as high as 556 and 318 cd m−2,
respectively. The luminance conversion efficiency (LCE)[28,29]
of CsPbBr3 and CdSe CCL were 55.6% and 31.8%, respectively.
The actual LCE would be somewhat higher considering poten-
tial light losses because of CFs (Figure S6, Supporting Informa-
tion) and glass substrate modes.[30] In addition, the external
photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) data from forward
direction have been calculated and provided in the Supporting
Information. The calculation process is as follows[31]
External PLQY = N p _ out /N p _ in (1)
where Np_in is the number of photons offered by the light
source and Np_out refers to the number of resulted photons. The
number of photons is estimated using the following relation
L I( λ ) ⋅ λ
∫
780
N p = π ⋅ 780 ⋅ dλ (2)
380 683 ⋅ hc
∫ I(λ ) ⋅K (λ )d λ
380
where L is the brightness of light source or converted emis-
sions; I(λ) is the corresponding spectra; K(λ) is the photonic
function; h is the Planck’s constant; and C is the speed of
light. Based on the above formulae, the external PLQY from
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Figure 3. Film morphology and optoelectronic characteristics of CCMs. a,b) Cross-sectional SEM images of green and red CCMs. c) UV–vis absorb-
ance and PL spectra of CCMs and EL spectra of blue micro-LED. d,e) Microscopic images of green and red CCMs illuminated by blue backlights.
f) Photoconversion performance of CCMs.
forward direction under the blue light could be obtained. For
details about the photoconversion performance, please refer to
Table S1 (Supporting Information). For blue pixels, patterns
contained TiO2 sphere scatters were fabricated to obtain con-
sistent display performance with red and green pixels. Based
on these designs, a full-color CCL plate consisting of red,
green, and blue patterns was finally fabricated (Figure S6b,
Supporting Information). Furthermore, we also tested the
stability of CsPbBr3 and observed a decay of only 1.4% in the
brightness after exposing the film to ambient environment for
one month (Figure S6c, Supporting Information), revealing
reasonably good stability of the perovskite CCL employed
herein.
Finally, blue backlight and CCL plates were capably assem-
bled to obtain the full-color prototype, as demonstrated in
Figure 4a,b. Peking University logos in different colors, ena-
bled by this prototype, are displayed in Figure 4c–e which
exhibit high color purities. Furthermore, a colorful image of
strawberries (Figure 4f) is also well-displayed by our QD CCLs-
incorporated micro-LED display. These demonstrations con-
firm that incorporating CsPbBr3 perovskite and CdSe QD CCLs
with bottom-emitting LEDs is an effective strategy to realize
efficient full-color micro-LED displays. The color gamut of this
demo was also calculated, as indicated in Figure 4g (Detailed
Commission Internationale de L’Eclairage (CIE) coordinates,
please refer to Table S1, Supporting Information), which could
reach as high as 97% Broadcasting Service Television 2020
(BT.2020) or 129% NTSC. These color gamut values are much
higher than counterpart purely based on RGB micro-LED chips
which exhibited 74% BT. 2020 or 99% NTSC (Figure 4g). Such
significant color purity difference between conventional and
CCL-incorporated micro-LED displays could also be observed
in Figure S7 (Supporting Information). Furthermore, the color
Adv. Mater. Technol. 2020, 2000251 2000251 (4 of 6)
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gamut could still reach 94% BT. 2020 or 126% NTSC even when
only green light is converted through CsPbBr3 CCL while the
other two colors are achieved from conventional micro-LEDs.
It is worth mentioning that the perovskite CCL utilized here
played a vital role in achieving such high color gamuts. Con-
sidering these excellent results, it is obvious that incorporating
perovskite CCLs with micro-LEDs is a promising approach to
realize efficient full-color display.
In summary, a novel full-color display based on bottom-
emitting blue micro-LED backlight with CsPbBr3 perovskite
QDs as CCL is demonstrated. By adopting bottom-emitting
backlight design, the risk of crosstalk among various pixels is
effectively eliminated. In contrast to conventional micro-LED
displays purely based on RGB LEDs, this prototype manifests
significantly higher color gamut which could reach as high as
129% NTSC or 99% BT. 2020. Notably, the color gamut could
still approach 126% NTSC or 94% BT. 2020 even when only
green emission is obtained from perovskite CCL while red
and blue colors are achieved from conventional micro-LEDs.
This full-color display fabrication approach simultaneously
harnesses the potential of perovskite materials with high color
purity and LEDs with high efficiency and stability. We antici-
pate that these results would further promote the development
of perovskites as CCLs for full-color display applications. The
correlation between the internal quantum efficiencies of CCL
materials and the photon conversion efficiency of each unit
needs to be further investigated and would be carried out in
future work.
Experimental Section
Preparation of TFT and CF Backplanes: TFT and CF plates were
manufactured in two individual and parallel processes. The TFT
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Figure 4. Schematic structure and display performance of the fabricated prototype. a) Schematic illustration and b) cross-section structure diagram
of the prototype. c–e) Red, green, and blue images of Peking University logo and f) vivid strawberry image manifested by this CCLs-incorporated
micro-LED display. g) Color gamut of BT. 2020, NTSC standard, the demonstrated module and conventional micro-LED display purely based on RGB
LED chips.

backplanes were obtained through a series of cyclic processes which
contain sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, exposing, developing,
etching, and testing steps. While the patterned CF and bank patterns
were fabricated with conventional photolithography procedure which
consists of coating, baking, exposing, and developing processes.
Manufacturing of Blue Micro-LED Backlights: The micro-LED chips
were purchased from San’an Optoelectronics Co., Ltd. Based on
prefabricated TFT backplanes, the active-matrix blue micro-LED
backlights were manufactured through three key steps (Figure S1,
Supporting Information). First, tin (Sn) solder paste was printed onto
the pads (anodes and cathodes) through a printer equipped with a
metal stencil. Then, micro-LED chips were transferred on the printed Sn
patterns with appropriate electrode directions with a die bonder. Finally,
the panel was directly transferred to an oven chamber to undergo reflow
process. The microscopic features of the backplane after each step are
presented in Figure S2 (Supporting Information).
IJP of Patterned QD Films: CsPbBr3, CdSe QD, and scatter inks were
purchased from Suzhou Mesolight Nanotech Co., Ltd. The QD inks were
comprised of acrylic resin (tetradecyl acrylate, ≈75 wt%), a photoinitiator
(phenyl bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phosphine oxide, 10 wt%), and QDs
(≈15 wt%). In case of scatter ink for blue pixel, the QD component was
replaced with TiO2 spheres (diameter ≈ 20 µm). A programmable Dimatix
Fujifilm DMP-2831 machine equipped with 10 pL cartridge was employed
to obtain patterned QD films. A customized voltage waveform was set
to eject appropriate volume of inks. After IJP process, micrometer-thick
QD films were finally obtained after exposure to UV light (wavelength
of 365 nm with an intensity of 150 mJ cm−2) in nitrogen atmosphere for
5 min.
Simulation and Characterization: The crosstalk simulation work was
performed with Light Tools software. UV–vis absorption and PL spectra
were obtained with a PerkinElmer Lambda 950 spectrophotometer
and a PerkinElmer LS 55 Fluorescence spectrometer, respectively.
A multichannel photometry detector was adopted to collect the
transmittance spectra. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images
were obtained using FEI Scios operated at 10 kV. A programmable
spectrometer (Photo Research PR655) integrated with a Keithley 2400
source meter was utilized to measure the photoconversion performance.
All these measurements were performed under ambient conditions.
Supporting Information
Supporting Information is available from the Wiley Online Library or
from the author.
Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by the Key-Area Research and
Development Program of GuangDong Province (No. 2019B010924003),
Shenzhen Peacock Plan (KQTD2014062714543296), Shenzhen

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Engineering Laboratory (Shenzhen Development and Reform
commission [2018]1410) and the Shenzhen Science and Technology
Research Grant (JCYJ20170818085627903, JCYJ20160510144254604,
JCYJ20170818090312652, JCYJ20170818085627721), the China (Shenzhen)-
Canada Technology Collaboration Project (GJHZ20180420180725249),
the China (Shenzhen)-Israel Technology Collaboration Project
(GJHZ20170313145720459), Shenzhen Hong Kong Innovation Circle Joint
R and D Project (SGLH20161212101631809), the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (Grant No. 51803005) and China Postdoctoral
Science Foundation (2019M650331 and 2019M660288).
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Keywords
color conversion, full-color displays, micro-LEDs, perovskites, quantum
dots
Received: March 20, 2020
Revised: May 7, 2020
Published online:
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