TRONICS TSC) yeIT 1 INTRODUCTION Environmental aspects of electric energy conversion: impacts of renewable energy generation on environment (cost-GHG Emission) - Qualitative study of different renewable energy resources: Solar, wind, ocean, Biomass, Fuel cell, Hydrogen energy systems and hybrid renewable energy systems. UNIT Il ELECTRICAL MACHINES FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY CONVERSION Reference theory fundamentals-principle of operation and analysis: IG, PMSG, SCIG and DFIG. UNIT Il] POWER CONVERTERS Solar: Block diagram of solar photo voltaic system -Principle of operation: line commutated converters (inversion-mode) - Boost and buck-boost converters- selection of inverter, battery sizing, array sizing Wind: Three phase AC voltage controllers- AC-DC-AC converters: uncontrolled rectifiers, PWM Inverters, Grid Interactive Inverters-matrix converters.UNIT IV ANALYSIS OF WIND AND PV SYSTEMS Stand alone operation of fixed and variable speed wind energy conversion systems and solar system Grid connection Issues -Grid integrated PMSG, SCIG Based WECS, grid Integrated solar system UNIT V HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS Need for Hybrid Systems- Range and type of Hybrid systems- Case studies of Wind-PV Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)Ss UNIT Il ELECTRICAL MACHINES FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY CONVERSION Reference theory fundamentals-principle of operation and analysis: IG, PMSG, SCIG and DFIG.ERATORS USE ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM e IG—power factor poor e SEIG- power factor improved e SCIG —constant speed WECS e DFIG(WRIG)- variable speed generator e PMSG —Permanent Magnet Synchronous GeneratorSs TREE DIAGRAMRated | Rated Windspeed | Power Power Output (KW) | Wind Speed (mph or m/s Cutin CutoutSs Induction Generators e Same basic construction as squirrel-cage induction motors e Drive at a speed greater than the synchronous speed e Not started as a motor e Operated by wind turbines, steam turbines, etc. ECE 441Ss Self Excited Induction Generator Capacitor BankSs Speed —Torque curveSs PMSG Advantages over the DFIG e The PMSG does not require DC excitation as the magnetic field is produced by the permanent magnets rather than by the coil. e Hence, the PMSG does not require slip rings and brushes, which reduces the weight, cost, losses, and maintenancee PMSG, connected to the power electronic converter, can operate at low speeds; hence, a gearbox is not requiredSs Classification of PMSG Based on the direction of the flux lines: e Radial flux PMSGs e Axial flux PMSGs and e Transverse flux PMSGs Based on the location of the permanent magnets on the rotor: e Surface inset PMSGs e Surface mounted PMSGs and e Interior PMSGsSs Equivalent circuit of PMSG d-axis equivalent circuit, (b) q-axis equivalent circuitSs Clarke’s Transformation a B e Ig traygforms abc quantity into stationary g_and 2G = ais coingides with phase a-axis and leads the DY (tago] = (Tapolfan] e The equation aerith 1 2 (Topol = 5 0 33 a I 1 io] foie r & é o=0 1 (Tago)! =| ~ c-axisSs Park’s Transformation e It was proposed by Robert H. Park from MIT e There are wide ranges of application from machine simulation, control, drives, etc. e This transform is one of the most important application for power engineers.Ss Park’s Transformation (2) Basics + Avector in a space can be referred to differently by using various frames of reference + — The same vector of interest can be transformed from one reference to another * In any specific application, we choose the reference frame that would make an analysis most simple and convenientSs Park’s ,Jransformation (3) ef ny ~~ ~*~ seen from several coordinate © We can chance fram ana eanrdinate to another coordinate x,|_|cos@ —siné || x, y, [sind cos@ || y,Park’s Transformation (4) Therefore, a linear transformation from the V-basis reference to the U-basis reference can be done through a transformation matrix, cos@ -sind sin0d cos? T(0)= where: @ = angle(V,) - angle(U,) if Dis fixed, 18 is a time-invariant linear transformation, i.e. Tis constant. If Bis moving, 19 is a time-varying linear transformation.Ss Park’s Transformation (5) Motivation + Transform a problem described in a time-varying fashion into a time-invariant * Transform coupling circuit variables into decoupled ones. + Transform AC analysis to DC analysis which will simplify the problem, especially for steady-state analysis.Tha ahe ta dan trancfarmatian b-axis Definition: Fijg,= K(®)"Fabe Where F can be a vector of voltages, currents, or fluxes. Fase= (Fa Fy Fl" Fig EY By Hal” g-axis is perpendicular to, and leading d-axis by 90°. K(@) : a 3x3 transformation matrix @ — - angle difference between d-axis and a-axis Drop : angular speed of the reference frameSs Tha ahr ta dan trancfarmatian 12) The transformation matrix K(@) defined as: cosO cof 9-7) oof 0472) 3 8 K()=2 -sin@ ~sin( 9-72) -sin{ 0422) 3 3 3) a a I 2 2 2 where O(t) = 6(0)+ Jo(2de 0Ss The abc to dao transformation (3) For inverse transformation: Fie = K"() Fin cos@ —sind 1 K"(0)= cos( 0-7) -sin( 0-22 1 cos} 6p. —sin 42H 1 3 5Ss The abc to dao transformation (3) An alternative form of the abc-to-dgo transformation cos@ vos o 22) vos + 2) 3 3 Ko) 2 —sind -sin(o-72 sin 9422) ah x ‘ v2 v2 v2 Note : K,(@) is an orthonormal matrix. Hence; Fie = KO) FonTransformation | Variable Interpretation Speed of RF Stationary circuit variables K, s referred to arbitrary RF rep Stationary circuit variables D,ef= OQ, referred to rotor RF ref r Stationary circuit variables Qep= Q, referred to synchronous RF eg : Stationary circuit variables Q,e¢= 0 referred to stationary RF : The o-component, F,, independent of type of RF.Ss Transformation Between Reference Frame u-axis Transformation from abc-to-dgo qy— axis of x and y references: Pigg = KO) Fave A Pigg = (8) Fate d, axis 5 Transformation from x to y reference _— directly: Pigg = KA! Fay cos(,-8,) sin(@, -A,) 0 *K? =K(0,)(K“(0.)) =|-sin(0, -8,) cos(0, -8,) 0 0 0 1Terminal voltage equations of the abc- . VN fs ir windings (in abc-frame): vy 3 PV. _ vi —_— Mae rT] Line - PY osc ie. WN Where r [I] : 2 3x3 identity matrix * 3 PY, Pp: time derivative operator, i.e. —————_—.- d ey =— + 7 dt a Ye 3 PY.es ee eS a SS Terminal voltage equations of the abc- windings (in dqo-frame): Vg. =H] i, + PV gg + K PK") Wage > ; = — By, b : 1 . V, = 71, + PY. Og VY, rT OW, IY, = Ti, + PY, t+ Oy We ‘s pea Vv, =7i, + PY. Additional terms, which are a function of RF speed, Dep: can be referred to as speed voltage terms.