MIDTERMS REVIEWER (APRAC, ASPEC, & BU)
● The Commission shall be headed by
APRAC
RA 8981 - PRC Modernization Act of 2000
Approved: December 5, 2000
“An act modernizing the professional regulation
commission, repealing for the purpose
presidential degree numbered two hundred
and twenty-three, entitled "creating the
professional regulation commission and
prescribing its power and functions," and for
other purposes.”
SECTION 1.
● The act shall be called the “PRC
Modernization Act of 2000”
SECTION 2. Statement of Policy
● The state recognizes the important role
of professionals in nation- building and,
towards this end, promotes the
sustained development of a reservoir of
professionals whose competence has
been determined by honest and credible
licensure examinations
● and whose standards of professional
service and practice are internationally
recognized and of professional service
and practice are internationally
recognized and considered world-class
brought about the regulatory measures,
programs and activities that foster
professional growth and advancement.
SECTION 3. Professional Regulation
Commission.
● Thereby created a three-man
commission to be known as the
Professional Regulation Commission,
hereafter referred to as the Commission,
which shall be attached to the office of
the President for general direction and
coordination.
SECTION 4. Composition
one (1) full-time Chairperson and two (2)
full-time Commissioners, all to be
appointed by the President for a term of
seven (7) years without reappointment
to start from the time they assume
office.
● Appointments to a vacancy that occurs
before the expiration of the term of a
Commissioner shall cover only the
unexpired term of the immediate
predecessor.
● At the expiration of the Chairperson, the
most senior of the Commissioners shall
temporarily assume and perform the
duties and functions of the Chairperson
until a permanent Chairperson is
appointed by the President.
● The Chairperson or commissioner shall
be at least forty (40) years of age,
holding a valid certificate of
registration/professional license and a
valid professional identification card or a
valid certificate of competency issued by
the Commission.
● One must also have a valid professional
license issued by any government
agency, familiar with the principles and
methods of professional regulation
and/or licensing and has had at least
five (5) years of executive or
management experience: Provided,
That, one (1) of the Commissioners
must be a past Chairperson/ member of
a Professional Regulatory Board.
SECTION 5. Exercise of Powers and
Functions of the Commission.
● The Chairperson of the Commission,
and the Commissioners as members
thereof shall sit and act as a body to
exercise general administrative,
executive and policy-making functions of
the Commission.
● The Commission shall establish and
maintain a high standard of admission to
the practice of all professionals and at
all times ensure and safeguard the
integrity of all licensure examinations.
 MIDTERMS REVIEWER (APRAC, ASPEC, & BU)
● The Chairperson shall act as the
presiding and chief executive officer of
the Commission. As presiding officer,
he/she shall preside over the meetings
of the Commission sitting as a collegial
body.
● As chief executive officer of the
Commission, he/she shall be
responsible for the implementation of
the policies and the programs adopted
by the Commission for the general
administration of the Commission.
● He/she shall perform such other
activities, which are necessary for the
effective exercise of the powers,
functions and responsibilities of the
Commission.
SECTION 6. Compensation and Benefits.
● The Chairperson shall receive
compensation and allowances
equivalent to that of a Department
Secretary while the Commissioners
shall receive compensation and
allowances equivalent to that of an
Undersecretary.
● The Chairperson and the members of
the Commission shall be entitled to
retirement benefits provided under
Republic Act Numbered Fifteen
Hundred and Sixty-Eight, as amended
by Republic Act Numbered Three
Thousand Five Hundred and
Ninety-Five.
SECTION 7. Powers Functions and
Responsibilities of the Commission.
The powers, functions, and responsibilities of
the Commissioner are as follows:
(a) To administer, implement and enforce
the regulatory policies of the national
government with respect to the
regulation and licensing of the various
professions and occupations under its
jurisdiction including the enhancement
and maintenance of professional and
occupational standards and ethics and
the enforcement of the rules and
regulations relative thereto.
(b) To perform any and all acts, enter into
contracts, make such rules and
regulations and issue such orders
another administrative issuance as may
be necessary in the execution and
implementation of its functions and the
improvement of its services;
(c) To review, revise, and approve
resolutions, embodying policies
promulgated by the Professional
Regulatory Boards in the exercise of
their powers and functions or in
implementing the laws regulating their
respective professions and other official
actions on non-ministerial matters within
their respective jurisdictions;
(d) To administer and conduct the licensure
examinations of the various regulatory
board in accordance with the rules and
regulations promulgated by the
Commission; determine and fix the
places and dates of examinations; use
publicly or privately owned buildings and
facilities for examination purposes;
conduct more than one (1) licensure
examination: Provided, further, That, fi
only one (1) examination is given in a
year, this shall be held only on
weekdays: Provided, finally, That, the
Commission is also authorized to
require the completion of a refresher
course where the examinee has failed to
pass three (3) times, except as
otherwise provided by law; approve the
results of examinations and the release
of the same; adopt measures to
preserve the integrity and inviolability of
licensure examinations; appoint
supervisors and room watchers from
among the employees of the
government and/or private individuals
with baccalaureate degrees, who have
been trained by the Commission for the
purpose and who shall be entitled to a
 MIDTERMS REVIEWER (APRAC, ASPEC, & BU)
reasonable daily allowance for every
examination day actually attended, to be
determined and fixed by the
Commission; publish the list of
successful examinees; provide schools
colleges and universities, public and
private, offering courses for licensure
examinations with copies of sample test
questions on examinations recently
conducted by the Commission and
copies of the syllabi or terms of
specifications of subjects for licensure
examinations; and impose the penalty of
suspension or prohibition from taking
licensure examinations to any examine
charged and found guilty of violating the
rules and regulations governing the
conduct of licensure examinations
promulgated by the Commission;
(e) To admit successful examinees to the
practice of the profession or occupation;
cause the entry of their names of its
registry book and computerized
database; issue certificate of
registration/professional license, bearing
the registrant's name, picture, and
registration number, signed by all the
members of the Board concerned and
the Chairperson, with the official seal of
the Board and the Commission affixed
there to which certificate shall be the
authority to practice; and at the option of
the professional concerned, ministerially
issue the professional identification
card, to be used solely for the purpose
of identification, upon payment of the
appropriate amount: Provided, That
marine deck and marine engineer
officers shall also be issued
endorsement certificates exclusively by
the Commission pursuant to the 1978
and 1995 Standards of Training,
Certification and Watch- keeping
(STCW) Convention, to the exclusion of
any other government agency, Section
1(2) of Executive Order No. 149, Series
of 1999 and provisions of other existing
laws, executive orders, administrative
issuances/regulations to the contrary
notwithstanding: Provided, further, That,
once a certificate of registration
professional license, or certificate of
competency. in the case of marine deck
and engine officers are issued, this
cannot be withdrawn, canceled,
revoked, or suspended except for just
cause as may be provided by law after
due notice and hearing;
(f) To have custody of all the records of the
various Board, including examination
papers, minutes of deliberation, records
of administrative cases and
investigations and examination results
for control and disposition;
(g) To determine and fix the amount of fees
to be charged and collected for
examination, registration, registration
without examination, professional
identification card, certification, docket,
appeal, replacement, accreditation,
including surcharges and other fees not
specified under the provisions of
Republic Act Numbered Four Hundred
Sixty Five as amended by Republic Act
Numbered Sixty Five Hundred and
Eleven or to charge and collect
reasonable fees at the rates higher that
the rates provided there under subject to
the approval by the Office of the
President;
(h) To appoint subject to the Civil Service
laws, rules, and regulations, officials and
employees of the Commission
necessary for the effective performance
of its functions and responsibilities;
prescribe their duties and fix their
compensation subject to the provisions
of Republic Act Numbered Six
Thousand Seven Hundred and
Fifty-Eight and allowances including
other fringe benefits; and to assign
and/or reassign personnel as the
exigency of the service requires subject
to the Civil Service laws, rules and
 MIDTERMS REVIEWER (APRAC, ASPEC, & BU)
regulations; and to organize or
reorganize the structure of the
Commission; and create or abolish
positions or change the designation of
existing positions in accordance with a
staffing prepared by to and approved by
the Office of the President upon the
recommendation of the Department of
Budget and Management (DBM) to
meet the changing conditions or as the
need arises: Provided, such changes
shall not affect the employment status of
the incumbents, reduce their ranks
and/or salaries nor shall result in their
separation from the service;
(i) To submit and recommend to the
President of the Philippines the names
of licensed/registered professionals for
appointment as members of the various
Professional Regulatory Boards from
among those nominated to fill up
vacancies pursuant to the provisions of
Executive Order No. 496, Series of
1991;
(j) Upon recommendation of the
Professional Regulatory Board
concerned, to approve the registration of
and authorize the issuance of a
certificated of registration/license and
professional identification card with or
without examination to a foreigner who
is registered under the laws of his state
or country and whose certificate of
registration issued therein has not been
suspended or revoked: Provided, That
the requirements for the registration or
licensing in said foreign state or country
are substantially the same as those
required and contemplated by the laws
of the Philippines and that the laws of
such foreign state or country allow the
citizen of the Philippines to practice the
profession on the same basis and grant
the same privileges as those enjoyed by
the subjects or citizens of such foreign
state or country: Provided, further, That
the Commission may, upon
recommendation of the Board
concerned authorize the issuance of a
certificate of registration/license or a
special temporary permit to foreign
professionals who desire to practice
their professions in the country under
reciprocity and other international
agreements; consultants in
foreign-funded joint venture or
foreign-assisted projects of the
government, employees of Philippine or
foreign private firms or institutions
pursuant to law, or health professionals
engaged in humanitarian mission for a
limited period of time: Provide, finally,
That agencies, organizations or
individuals whether public or private,
who secure he services of a foreign
professional authorized by law to
practice in the Philippines for reasons
afore mentioned, shall be responsible
for securing a special permit from the
Professional Regulation Commission
(PRC) and the Department of Labor and
Employment (DOLE), pursuant to PRC
and DOLE rules;
(k) To authorize any officer of the
Commission to administer oaths;
(l) To supervise foreign nations who are
authorized by existing laws to practice
their professions either as holders of a
certificate of registration and a
professional identification card or a
temporary special permit in the
Philippines; to ensure that the terms and
conditions for their practice or of their
employment are strictly complied with;
to require the hiring or employing
government agency or private
entity/institution to secure a temporary
special permit from the concerned
Board subject to approval by the
Commission and to file a criminal
complaint against the head of the
government agency or officers of the
said private entity/institution, who shall
be liable under the penalty provided for
 MIDTERMS REVIEWER (APRAC, ASPEC, & BU)
in the concerned professional regulatory
law or the penalty imposed pursuant to
this Act, when the professional was
hired and allowed to practice his/her
profession without permit; to file upon
due process request for deportation with
the Bureau of Immigration and
Deportation (BID); and to supervise
professionals who were former citizens
of the Philippines and who had been
registered and issued a certificate of
registration and a professional
identification card prior to their
naturalization as foreign citizen, who
may, while in the country on a visit,
sojourn or permanent residence,
practice their procession: Provided,
That, prior to the practice of their
profession they shall have first been
issued a special permit and updated
professional identification card by the
Board concerned subject to approval by
the Commission and upon payment of
the permit and annual registration fees;
(m)To monitor the performance of schools
in licensure examinations and publish
the result thereof in a new paper of
national circulation;
(n) To adopt and institute a comprehensive
rating system for universities, colleges,
and training institutes based on the
passing ration and overall performance
of students in board examinations;
(o) To exercise administrative supervision
over the various professional regulatory
boards and its members;
(p) To adopt and promulgate such rules and
regulations as may be necessary to
effectively implement policies with
respect to the regulation and practice of
the professions;
(q) To implement the program for the full
computerization of all licensure
examinations given by the various
professional regulatory boards including
the registration of professionals not later
than the year 2003 and other operations
of the Commission.
(r) To investigate and decide administrative
matters involving officers and
employees under the jurisdiction of the
Commission;
(s) To investigate motu proprio or upon the
filing of a verified complaint, any m e m
b e r of the Professional Regulatory
Boards for neglect of duty,
incompetence, unprofessional,
unethical, immoral or dishonorable
conduct, commission of irregularities in
the licensure examinations which taint
or impugn the integrity and authenticity
of the results of the said examinations
and, found guilty, to revoke or suspend
their certificates of registration and
professional licenses/identification cards
and to recommend to the President of
the Philippines their suspension or
removal from office a s the case may be;
(t) To issue summons, subpoena and
subpoena duces tecum in connection
with the investigation of cases against
officials and employees of the
Commission and the members of the
Professional Regulatory Boards;
(u) To hold in contempt an erring party or
person only upon application with a
court of competent jurisdiction.
(v) To call upon or request any department,
instrumentality, office, bureau, institution
or agency of the government including
local government units to render such
assistance as it may require or to
coordinate or cooperation in order to
carry out, enforce or implement the
professional regulatory policies of the
government or any program or activity it
may undertake pursuant to the provision
of this Act;
 MIDTERMS REVIEWER (APRAC, ASPEC, & BU)
(w) To initiate an investigation, upon
complaint under oath by an aggrieved
party, of any person, whether a private
individual or professional, local or
foreign, who practices the regulated
profession or occupation without being
authorized by law, or without being
registered with and licensed by the
concerned regulatory board and issued
the corresponding license/professional
identification card or temporary or
special permit, or who commits a n of
the prohibited acts provided in the
regulatory laws of the various
professions, which acts are criminal in
nature, and fi the evidence so warrants,
to forward the records of the case to the
office of the city or provincial prosecutor
for the filling of the corresponding
information in court by the lawyers of the
legal services of the Commission who
may prosecute said cases upon being
deputized by the Secretary of justice;
(x) To prepare an annual report of
accomplishment on the programs,
projects and activities of the
Commission during the year for
submission to Congress after the close
of its calendar year and make
appropriate recommendations on issues
and o/r problems affecting the
Commission, the Professional
Regulatory Board, and the various
professions under its jurisdiction; and
(y) To perform such other functions and
duties as may be necessary to carry out
the provision of this Act, the various
professional regulatory laws, decrees,
executive orders and other
administrative issuance.
SECTION 8. Regional Offices.
● The Commission is hereby authorized to
create regional offices as may be
necessary to carry out their functions
mandated under this Act.
SECTION 9. Powers, functions and
Responsibilities of the Various Professional
Regulatory Boards.
The various, professional regulatory boards
shall retain the following powers, functions and
responsibilities:
(a) To regulate the practice of the
professions in accordance with the
provision of their respective professional
regulatory laws;
(b) To monitor the conditions affecting the
practice of the profession or occupation
under their respective jurisdictions and
whenever necessary adopt such
measures as may be deemed proper for
the enhancement of the profession or
occupation and/or the maintenance of
high professional, ethical and technical
standards, and for this purpose the
members of the Board duly authorized
by the Commission with deputized
employees of the Commission, may
conduct ocular inspection in industrial,
mechanical, electrical or chemical plants
establishments, hospitals, clinics,
laboratories, testing facilities, mines and
quarries, other engineering facilities and
in the case of schools, in coordination
with the Commission on Higher
Education (CHED);
(c) To hear and investigate cases arising
from violations of their respective laws,
the rules and regulations promulgated
thereunder and their Codes of Ethics
and for this purpose, may issue
summons, subpoena and subpoena
duces tecum to alleged violators and/or
witnesses to compel their attendance in
such investigations or hearings:
Provided, That, the decision of the
Professional Regulatory Board shall,
unless appealed to the Commission,
become final and executory after fifteen
 MIDTERMS REVIEWER (APRAC, ASPEC, & BU)
(15) days from receipt of notice of
judgment or decision;
(d) To delegate the hearing or investigation
of administrative cases filed before them
except in cases where the issue or
question involved strictly concerns the
practice of the profession or occupation,
in which case, the hearing shall be
presided over by at least one (1)
member of the Board concerned
assisted by a Legal or Hearing Officer of
the Commission;
(e) To conduct, through the Legal Officers of
the Commission, summary proceedings
on minor violations of their respective
regulatory laws, violations of the rules
and regulations issued by the boards to
implement their respective laws,
including violations of the general
instructions to examinees committed by
examinees, and render summary
judgment thereon which shall, unless
appealed to the Commission, become
final and executory after fifteen (15)
days from receipt of notice of judgment
or decision;
(f) Subject to final approval by the
Commission, to recommend registration
without examination and the issuance of
corresponding certificate of registration
a professional identification card;
(g) After due process, to suspend, revoke
or reissue, reinstate certificate of
registration or licenses for causes
provided by law;
(h) To prepare, adopt and issue the syllabi
or tables of specifications of the subjects
for examinations in consultation with the
academe; determine and prepare the
questions for the licensure examinations
which shall strictly be within the scope of
the syllabus or table of specifications of
the subject for examination; score and
rate the examination papers with the
name and signature of the Board
member concerned appearing thereon
and submit the result in all subjects duly
signed by the members of the Board to
the Commission within ten (10) days
from the last day of examination unless
extended by the Commission for
justifiable cause/s; and subject to the
approval by the Commission, determine
the appropriate passing general average
rating in an examination if not provided
for in the law regulating the profession:
and
(i) To prepare an annual report of
accomplishment on programs, projects
and any activities of the Board during
the year for submission to the
Commission after the close of each
calendar year and make appropriate
recommendations on issues or
problems affecting the profession to the
Commission.
SECTION 10. Compensation of the
Members of the Professional Regulatory
Boards.
● The members of the Professional
Regulatory Boards shall receive
compensation equivalent to, at least,
two salary grades lower than the salary
grade of the Commissioners: Provided.
That the Chairperson of the Regulatory
Board shall receive a monthly
compensation of two steps higher than
the members of the Board and:
Provided, further, that they shall be
entitled to other allowances and benefits
provided under existing laws.
SECTION 11. Person to Teach Subjects for
Licensure Examination on all Professions.
● All subjects for licensure examinations
shall be taught by persons who are
holders of valid certificates of
registration a valid professional license
of the profession and who comply with
the other requirements of the CHED).
 MIDTERMS REVIEWER (APRAC, ASPEC, & BU)
SECTION 12. Assistance of the Law
Enforcement Agency.
● Any law enforcement agency shall, upon
call or request of the Commission or of
any Professional Regulatory Board,
render assistance in enforcing the
regulatory law of the profession
including the rules and regulations
promulgated thereunder by prosecuting
the violators thereof in accordance with
law and the rules of court.
SECTION 13. Appropriations.
● The amount necessary to carry out the
initial implementation of this Act shall be
charged against the current year's
appropriations of the Professional
Regulation Commission.
● Thereafter such sums as may be
necessary for the continued
implementation of this Act shall be
included in the succeeding General
Appropriation Act.
SECTION 14. Authority to Use Income.
● in addition to the annual appropriations
of the Commission provided under the
Annual General Appropriations Act, the
Commission is hereby authorized to use
its income not exceeding the amount of
Forty-five million pesos
(P45,000,000.00) a year for a period of
five (5) years after the effectivity of this
Act to implement the program for full
computerization of the operations of the
Commission, subject to the usual
accounting and auditing requirements.
SECTION 15. Penalties for Manipulation and
Other Corrupt Practices in the conduct of
Professional Examinations.
(a) Any person who manipulated or rigs
licensure Commission after the close of
examination results, secretly informs or
makes known licensure examination
question prior to the conduct of the
examination or tampers with the grades
in professional licensure examinations
shall, upon conviction, be punished by
imprisonment of not less than six (6)
years and one (1) day to not more than
(12)years or a fine of not less that Fifty
thousand pesos (P50,000.00) to not
more than One hundred thousand pesos
(P100,000.00) or both such
imprisonment and fine at the discretion
of the court.
(b) In case the offender is an officer or
employee of the Commission or a
member of the regulatory board, he/she
shall be removed from office and shall
suffer the penalty of perpetual absolute
disqualification from public office to
addition to the penalties prescribed in
the preceding section of this Act;
(c) The penalty of imprisonment ranging
from four (4) years and one (1) day to
six (6) years or a fine ranging from
Twenty thousand pesos (P20,000.00) to
not more than forty-nine thousand pesos
(P49,000.00), or both imprisonment and
fine at the discretion of the court, shall
be imposed upon the accomplices. The
penalty of imprisonment ranging from
two (2) years and one (1) day to four (4 )
years or a fine ranging from Five
thousand pesos (P5,000.00) to not more
than Nineteen thousand pesos
(P19,000.00), or both imprisonment and
fine at the discretion of the court, shall
be imposed upon the accessories.
SECTION 16. Penalties for Violations of
Section 7, subparagraph (1) by Heads of
Government Agencies or Offices of Private
Entities/Institutions.
● Any head of a government agency or
officers) of a private firm/institution who
violates Section 7- subpar.
● (1) of this Act shall be punished by
imprisonment of not less than six (6)
months and one (1) day to not more
than six (6) years, or a fine of not less
than Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00)
to not more than five hundred thousand
 MIDTERMS REVIEWER (APRAC, ASPEC, & BU)

pesos (P500,000.00) or both at the it requires completion of the

discretion of the Court. requirements of the Continuing
Professional Education as a condition
SECTION 17. Implementing Rules and for the renewal of the license are hereby
Regulations. repealed. All other laws, orders, rules
● Within ninety (90) days after the and regulations or resolutions and all
approval of this Act, the Professional part/s thereof inconsistent with the
Regulation Commission, together with provisions of this Act are hereby
representatives of the various repealed or amended accordingly.
Professional Regulatory Boards and
accredited professional organizations, SECTION 21. Effectivity.
the DBM, and the CHED shall prepare ● This Act shall take effect fifteen (15)
and promulgate the necessary rules and days following its publication in the
regulations needed to implement the Official Gazette or in two (2)
provisions of this Act. newspapers of general circulation,
whichever is earlier
SECTION 18. Transitory Provisions.
● The incumbent Commissioner and two
(2) incumbent Associate commissioners RA386 (ARTICLE 1723)
shall serve as Chairperson and CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
Commissioners, respectively, under the
terms for which they have been
“An act to ordain and institute the civil code of
appointed without need of new
the Philippines.”
appointments.
● The incumbent Executive Director shall
SECTION 3. Contract for a Piece of Work
likewise serve as Assistant
ARTICLE 1723.
Commissioner without need of new
● The engineer or architect who drew up
appointment.
the plans and specifications for a
building is liable for damages if within
SECTION 19. Separability Clause.
fifteen years from the completion of the
● If any provision of this Act or the
structure, the same should collapse by
application of such provision to any
reason of a defect in those plans and
person or circumstances is declared
specifications, or due to the defects in
invalid or unconstitutional, the remainder
the ground.
of this Act or application of such
● The contractor is likewise responsible
provision to other persons or
for the damages if the edifice falls,
circumstance shall not be affected by
within the same period, on account of
such declaration.
defects in the construction or the use of
materials of inferior quality furnished by
SECTION 20. Repealing Clause.
him, or due to any violation of the terms
● Republic Act. No. 546, Presidential
of the contract.
Decree No. 223, as amended by
● If the engineer or architect supervises
PresidentialDecreeNo.657, Republic
the construction, he shall be solidarily
ActNo. 5181, and Executive Order No.
liable with the contractor.
266, Series of 1995 are hereby
repealed. Section 23 (h) of Republic Act
No. 7836, Section 4 (m&s ) . Section 23
of Republic Act No. 7920, and Section
29 of Republic Act No. 8050, insofar as
 MIDTERMS REVIEWER (APRAC, ASPEC, & BU)

RA8293 - INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

CODE OF 1997

An act prescribing the intellectual property

code and establishing the intellectual property
office, providing for its powers and functions,
and for other purposes

Section 186. Work of Architecture.

● Copyright in a work of architecture shall
include the right to control the erection
of any building which reproduces the
whole or a substantial part of the work
either in its original form or in any form
recognizably derived from the original:
● Provided, That the copyright in any such
work shall not include the right to control
the reconstruction or rehabilitation in the
same style as the original of a building
to which that copyright relates.
 MIDTERMS REVIEWER (APRAC, ASPEC, & BU)

ASPEC 4. restoration and preservation of paintings, old

WO2: Specialization books, art works, artifacts and the like
TOPIC: HERITAGE 5. community participation and protection of
● the traditions, achievements, beliefs, historical districts and heritage zones.
etc., that are part of the history of a
group or nation (Encyclopedia
Britannica)
● Heritage is the past made present
● Heritage is anything valued by people
today that was also valued by previous
generations.
● Heritage is what we have accepted as
gifts from those who came before us.
● Heritage is our inheritance of land,
language, ecosystems, knowledge, and
culture.
CULTURAL HERITAGE
● Refers to the totality of cultural property
preserved and developed through time
and passed on to posterity.
CULTURAL PROPERTY
● All products of human creativity by
which a people and a nation reveal their
identity, including churches, mosques
and other places of religious worship,
school and natural history specimens
and sites, whether public or privately-
owned, movable or immovable, and
tangible or intangible.
Why does heritage matter?
● Heritage is a fundamental source of
individual and group identity, vitality, and
solidarity.
● Heritage is a universal process by which
humans maintain connections with our
pasts, assert our similarities with and
differences from one another, and tell
our children and other young people
what we think is important and deserves
to be part of the future.

Heritage related Job Opportunities

1. building, beautification and management of
museums, monuments, plazas and parks
2. maintenance, repairs and rehabilitation of
old buildings and houses
3. adaptive re-use and creative use of historic
buildings, houses and establishments for
business purposes
TANGIBLE CULTURAL PROPERTY
● cultural property with historical, archival,
anthropological, archaeological, artistic
and architectural value, and with
exceptional or traditional production
 MIDTERMS REVIEWER (APRAC, ASPEC, & BU)
whether of Philippine origin or not,
including antiques and natural history
specimens with significant value.
INTANGIBLE CULTURAL PROPERTY
● the peoples’ learned processes along
with the knowledge, skills and creativity
that inform and are developed by them,
the products they create and the
resources, spaces and other aspects of
social and natural context necessary for
their sustainability.
• the practices, representations,
expressions, knowledge and skills, as
well as the instruments, objects and
artifacts associated therewith, that
communities, groups and individuals
recognize as part of their cultural
heritage.
(1) oral traditions, languages and expressions
(2) performing arts
(3) social practices, rituals and festive events
(4) knowledge and practices concerning
nature and the universe
(5) traditional craftsmanship
NATIONALLY SIGNIFICANT HERITAGE
• refers to historical, aesthetic, scientific,
technical, social and/ or spiritual values
that unify the nation by a deep sense of
pride in their various yet common
identities, cultural heritage and national
patrimony.
NATIONAL CULTURAL TREASURE
• refers to a unique cultural property
found locally, possessing outstanding
historical, cultural, artistic and/ or
scientific value which is highly significant
and important to the country and nation,
and officially declared as such by a
pertinent cultural agency.
HISTORICAL SHRINES
• refer to historical sites or structures
hallowed and revered for their history or
association as declared by the National
Historical Commission of the
Philippines.
HISTORICAL MONUMENTS
• refer to structures that honor illustrious
persons or commemorate events of
historical value as declared by the
National Historical Commission of the
Philippines.
HISTORICAL LANDMARKS
• refer to the sites or structures that are
associated with events or achievements
significant to Philippine History as
declared by the National Historical
Commission of the Philippines.
NATURAL PROPERTY OF CULTURAL
SIGNIFICANCE
• refer to areas possessing outstanding
ecosystems with flora and fauna of
national scientific importance under the
National Integrated Area Protected
System (NIPAS).
PRESUMED IMPORTANT CULTURAL
PROPERTY
• For purposes of protecting a cultural
property against exportation,
modification or demolition, the following
works are considered important cultural
property, unless declared otherwise by
the pertinent cultural agency:
Unless declared by the NCCA
a) Works by a Manlilikha ng Bayan
b) Works by a National Artist Unless
declared by the National Museum
c) Archaeological and traditional
ethnographic materials (unless declared
by the National Museum)
d) Works of national heroes
e) Marked structure
f) Structures dating at least fifty (50) years
old
 MIDTERMS REVIEWER (APRAC, ASPEC, & BU)

(f) train stations

(g) lighthouses
(h) small ports
(i) educational
(j) technological and industrial complexes,
and their settings, and landscapes with
notable historical and cultural
significance.

CONSERVATION OF CULTURAL PROPERTY

• refers to all the processes and
measures of maintaining the cultural
significance of a cultural property
HERITAGE ZONE including, but not limited to:
• refers to historical, anthropological, (a) preservation
archaeological, artistic geographical (b) restoration
areas and settings that are culturally (c) reconstruction
significant to the country, as declared by (d) protection
the National Museum and/or the (e) adaptation or any combination
National Historical Commission of the thereof.
Philippines.

WORLD HERITAGE SITE

A place listed by the UNESCO (United Nations
Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
Organization) as having outstanding universal
value. In the Philippines these include:
• Puerto Princesa Subterranean River
National Park
• Tubbataha Reefs National Park
• • Mt. Hamiguitan (protected)
• Rice Terraces of the Cordillera (a living
cultural landscape)
• Historic Town of Vigan (cultural site)
• Four (4) Baroque Churches in the
Philippines:
1. Paoay in Ilocos Norte
2. Santa Maria in Ilocos Sur
3. Miag-ao in Iloilo
4. San Agustin in Manila

BUILT HERITAGE
• refers to architecture and engineering
structures such as, but not limited to:
(a) bridges
(b) government buildings
(c) houses of ancestry
(d) traditional dwellings
(e) quartels
 MIDTERMS REVIEWER (APRAC, ASPEC, & BU)

WO3: Specialization • In reference to the built environment, the

TOPIC: VALUE AND IMPORTANCE OF issue of integrity is relevant especially in
HERITAGE RESOURCE relation to urban and regional planning
• Concepts of value processes, but also the Venice Charter
• Different types of value refers to integrity (articles 6 to 14). The
• Benefits of heritage issue of integrity is one of the elements
• Importance of construction of the theory of restoration by Cesare
Brand.

AUTHENTICITY
• can be referred to several attributes of
the heritage resource from form to
substance and other qualities.
• authenticity to three fundamental issues:
a) the creative process
b) the documentary evidences
c) the social context

The condition of “integrity”

• In relation to natural heritage sites, the
concept of a biotope is defined as a
region environmentally uniform in
conditions and in the flora and fauna
which live there. Within a particular
habitat, the different organisms living
together interact forming an ecosystem
within its own functional integrity.
 MIDTERMS REVIEWER (APRAC, ASPEC, & BU)

The concept of “value” • Focusing on the intangible aspects of

heritage, with living human treasures the
In relation to cultural heritage, we can focus of attention.
understand value as a social association of
qualities to things. SOCIAL BENEFITS OF HERITAGE FOR
INDIVIDUALS
• Values are produced through • Sense of connection and belonging
cultural-social processes, learning and • Human capital, including skills
maturing of awareness. Considering the • Optimism and hope
global framework of today’s world, the • Moral values, beliefs
context for such processes is not limited • Identity capital and self-esteem Values
to the local community, but is extended • Emotional capital, resilience
to the international framework. • Opportunity for success
• One of the tasks of the World Heritage • Recognition of achievement
Convention is to stress the importance • Support
of the specificity of cultural heritage, and • Quiet, rest and sanctuary
the subtlety of values • Social capital, relationships
• Meaningful pursuits
HERITAGE VALUES • Safe, rich environment
• Aesthetic • Access to arts and culture
• Artistic
• Historic SOCIAL BENEFITS OF HERITAGE FOR
• Symbolic COMMUNITIES
• Social significance • greater interaction between people,
• Scientific hence the strengthening of social capital
• Anthropological • a deeper sense of collective identity,
• Ethnological linked to sense of place
• enhanced levels of awareness and
BENEFITS OF HERITAGE understanding between particular
• Social Benefits groups, with a positive effect on
• Economic Benefits community cohesion
• Nation Building
• Environmental benefits ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF HERITAGE
• The impact associated with the
NATION-BUILDING day-to-day operations of a heritage
• Enhancing our pride by promoting a attraction / facility
sense of national identity. • The economic benefits associated with
• Bringing people of different castes, heritage-based recreation and tourism
races, cultures, and ethnicity together • The impact associated with capital
under a shared history. works, including restoration and repair /
• Helping people to gain more maintenance
understanding of their ancient cultures • How heritage and cultural institutions
and past. make a place more attractive for
• Engendering the nation’s collective non-tourism businesses and workers to
memory and identity. locate
• Being one of the visible identifying • Economic security
markers of who we are as a people.
 MIDTERMS REVIEWER (APRAC, ASPEC, & BU)

IMPORTANCE OF HERITAGE PROTECTION

• future generations can enjoy, benefit
and learn from the legacy of the past
• Heritage can be a driver of sustainable
development and local job creation.
• essential for the health of the planet
• plays a key role in addressing the risk of
natural and human-made disasters
• brings countries and communities
together, uniting people of different
backgrounds around a common belief in
the value of our history and environment
• provides an invaluable source of stability
and hope for affected communities.
 MIDTERMS REVIEWER (APRAC, ASPEC, & BU)

Wo4: Specialization
ICOMOS
● international council on monuments and
sites.
● ICOMOS is a non-governmental
international organization dedicated to the
conservation of the world's monuments
and sites.
REPUBLIC ACT 10066 (National Cultural
Heritage Act of 2009)
SECTION 7. ADJUDICATION OF HERITAGE CASES
● The NCCA Board has the power and
authority to: NCAA - National
Commission for Culture and Arts.
7.8 Deputize in writing or request assistance of
appropriate government agencies or
instrumentalities for the purpose of protecting
heritage property under the jurisdiction of the
NCAA.
7.9 Exercise such powers and perform such
other functions as may be necessary to carry
out its duties and responsibilities under RA
7356 and RA 10066 and their IRR.
7.10 designates a hearing officer to receive
evidence and submit the same to the Board
together with its recommendations for the
adjudication of contriversies.

7.1 Issue Cease and Desist Orders to prevent

destruction of heritage sites which are works of
National ARtists or World Heritage Sites or
portions removed therefore pursuant to the
provisions of RA Nos 7356 and 10066, and
their implementing rules and regulations (iRR).

7.2 Issue compulsory repair orders to prevent

deterioration of heritage sites within the
jurisdiction of the NCCA under RA Nos. 7356
and 10066 and their IRR.

7.3 Lift an object or properties presumption as

Importam Cultural Heritage under the
jurisdiction of the NCCA or clarify such
presumption.

7.4 Declare an object or property as National

Cultural Treasure (NCT) under the jurisdiction
of the NCAA.

7.5 Declare intangible heritage as important

cultural property or National Cultural Treasure.

7.6 Require or Compel the registration of

property under the jurisdiction of the NCAA in
the Philippine Registry of Cultural Property.
(PRECUP)
7.7 Issue permits for restoration.
reconstruction, renovation, repair, or any such
intervention work on property that is under the
jurisdiction of the NCAA.
 MIDTERMS REVIEWER (APRAC, ASPEC, & BU)
(a) Adaptive reuse the utilization of buildings,
other bull-structures and siles of value for
purposes other than that for which they were
intended originally; in order to conserve the
site, their engineering integrity and authenticity
of design.
(b) Anthropological area any place where
studies of specific ethno-linguistic groups are
undertaken, the properties of which are of
value to our cultural heritage.
(c) Antique a cultural property found locally
which is one hundred (100) years in age; more
or less, the production af which has
ceased
(d) Archaeological area any place, whether
above or underground, underwater or at sea
level, containing fossils, artifacts and other
cultural, geological, botanical, zoological
materials which depict and document culturally
relevant paleontological, prehistoric and/or
historic events.
(e) Archives public and private nicords in any
format which have been selected for
permanent preservation because of their
evidential, historical informational value;
otherwise known as archival materials
collections or archival holdings the place
(building/ room/storage area) where archival
materials are kept and preserved; and an
organization or agency or part thereof whose
main responsibility is to appraise, arrange,
describe, conserve, promote and make
archival materials available for reference and
research, also known as archival agency.
(f) Built heritage architectural and engineering
structures such as, but not limited to, bridges,
government buildings, houses of ancestry,
traditional dwellings, quartels, train stations,
lighthouses, small ports, educational,
technological and industrial complexes, and
their settings, and landscapes with notable
historical and cultural significance.
(g) Collector any person who or institution that
acquires cultural property for purposes other
than sale.
(h) Commission the National
Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA).
(i) Conservation all the processes and
measures of maintaining the cultural
significance of a cultural property including, but
not limited La, preservation, restoration,
reconstruction, protection, adaptation or any
combination thereof.
(j) Cultural agencies the following national
government agencies with their specific areas
of responsibility:
● National Museum (cultural property);
● the National Library (books);
● National Historical Institute (Philippine
history);
● National Archives (documents);
● Cultural Center of the Philippines
(culture and the arts); and Komisyon sa
Wikang Filipino (language).
(k) Cultural education the teaching and
learning of cultural concepts and processes.
(l) Cultural heritage the totality of cultural
property preserved and developed through
time and passed on to posterity.
(m) Cultural heritage worker an individual
undertaking cultural heritage work.
(n) Cultural Institution entities engaged
primarily in cultural work.
(o) Cultural property all products of human
creativity by which a people and a nation
reveal their Identity including churches,
mosques and other places of religious worship
schools and natural history specimens and
sites, whether public or privately-owned,
movable or immovable, and tangible or
Intangible.
(p) Dealers natural or juridical persons who
acquire cultural property for the purpose of
 MIDTERMS REVIEWER (APRAC, ASPEC, & BU)

engaging in the acquisition and disposition of 4. knowledge and practices concerning

the same.
(q) Heritage zone historical, anthropological,
archaeological, artistic geographical areas and
settings that are culturally significant to the
country, as declared by the National Museum
and or the National Historical Institute.
(r) History a written record of past events
relating to Philippine history.
nature and the universe, and
5. traditional craftsmanship.
(y) Intangible cultural property the peoples'
learned processes along with the knowledge,
skills and creativity that Inform and are
developed by them, the products they create
and the resources, spaces and other aspects
of social and natural context necessary for their
sustainability.

(s) Historical landmarks sites or structures
that are associated with events or
achievements significant to Philippine history
as desired by the National Historical Institute.
(t) Historical monuments structures that
honor illustrious persons or commemorate
events of historical value as desired by the
National Historical Institute.
(z) Library an institution where the collection of
books, manuscripts, computerized information
and other materials are organized to provide
physical, bibliographic and/or intellectual
access to the public, with a librarian that is
trained to provide services and programs
related to the information needs of its clientele.

(u) Historical shrines historical sites or

structures hallowed and revered for their
history or association as declared by the
National Historical Institute.

(v) Historical street name a street name

which has been in existence for at least fifty
(50) years and over time has been considered
historic.

(W) Important cultural property a cultural

property having exceptional cultural, artistic
and historical significance to the Philippines, as
shall be determined by the National Museum
and/or National Historical Institute.

(x) Intangible cultural heritage the practices,

representations, expressions, knowledge and
stills, as well as the instruments, objects and
artifacts associated therewith, that
communities, groups and individuals recognize
as part of their cultural heritage, such as:
1. oral traditions, languages and
expressions.
2. performing arts
3. social practices, rituals and festive
events,
 MIDTERMS REVIEWER (APRAC, ASPEC, & BU)

(aa) Museum a permanent institution that architectural value, and with exceptional or
researches, acquires, conserves, traditional production, whether of Philippine
communicates and exhibits the material origin or not, including antiques and natural
evidence of humans and their environment for history specimens with significant value.
purposes of education
or leisure.
Adapted from RA10066
(bb) National cultural treasure a unique
cultural property found locally, possessing
outstanding historical, cultural, artistic and/or
scientifc value which Is highly signlficant and
Important to the country and nation, and
officially declared as such by pertinent cultural
agency.

(cc) Nationally significant historical,

aesthetic, scientific technical, social and/or
spiritual values that unify the nation by a deep
sense of pride in their various yet common
Identities, cultural heritage and national
patrimony.

(dd) Natural property of cultural

significance areas possessing outstanding
ecosystems with flora and fauna of national
scientific Importance under the National
Integrated Protected Areas System.

(ee) NCCA Portal Cultural Databank the

specific domain in the Commission's intranet
for cultural information that Is accessed only
internally with control and confidentiality. It
includes the registry of national cultural
property.

(ff) Prehistory the period of human history

before the Introduction of the forms of writing.

(gg) Registry the Philippine Registry of

Cultural Property which Is the registry of all
cultural property of the country deemed of
significant Importance to our cultural heritage.
(hh) Restoration the action taken or the
technical Intervention to correct deterioration
and alterations.

(ii) Tangible cultural property a cultural

property with historical, archival,
anthropological, archaeological, artistic and
 MIDTERMS REVIEWER (APRAC, ASPEC, & BU)
BU II
Course Orientation
Description: Electrical, Electronics, and
Mechanical Systems (EEMS) in Buildings -
Materials, Equipment, Design, Installation and
Maintenance
Objectives:
● Analyze the fundamental concepts and
principles of building utilities through
theoretical analysis and exposure to
actual jobsite
● Interpret and associate relevant laws,
codes, standards and other
considerations in the Philippines and the
global context
● Explain through drawings that utility
systems in the spatial design
requirements of the structure
● Associate consciousness for green
architecture concepts and practice
● Suggest latest materials, fixtures,
innovations and methods in utility design
Course Requirements:
● Research Output and Research
Compilation
● Resquisses (Minor Plates) - simple
plates done and must be submitted
every meeting
● Final Plate + Written Exam
TOPICS
Electrical
● power, involved in the production or
movement of electricity, or related in
some way to electricity
Electronics
● the technology of electricity, especially
the design and application of circuitry
and equipment for power generation
and distribution, machine control and
communications
Mechanical System
● a set of physical components that
convert an input motion and force into a
desired output motion and force
! General Rule !
● The designer should be well-versed with
the HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and
Air Conditioning)
ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS IN
ARCHITECTURAL PLANS
1. Panel Board
● a component of an electrical
distribution system which divides
an electrical power feed into
branch circuits, while providing
circuit breaker or fuse for each
circuit, in a common enclosure.
2. Kilowatt-Hour Meter
● an electric meter that measures
the amount of electrical energy in
kWh that was consumed in the
house.
3. Circuit Breaker
● an electrical switch designed to
protect an electrical circuit from
damage caused by
overcurrent/overload or short
circuit. Its basic function is to
interrupt current flow after
protective relays detect a fault.
NOTE: The standard and maximum number of
electrical devices per circuit breaker is between
15-20 devices with 220-240 amperes
corresponding. Every Air Conditioner has its
own circuit breaker.
4. Single Pole Switch
● is the general-purpose workhorse
of switches.
 MIDTERMS REVIEWER (APRAC, ASPEC, & BU)
5. Double-Gang Switch
● have two switches on the plate
which control two lighting circuits.
6. Three-Gang Switch
● have three or more switches
controlling one light and used in
conjunction with 2 two-way light
switches.
7. Pinlight
● are small light fixtures that are
embedded into a void in the
ceiling.
8. Droplight
● an electric light suspended by a
cord or on a portable extension.
9. Panel Light
● are ceiling lights which can be
circular or square in shape. They
produce bright illumination
through LEDs, wherein panels
can be recessed, surface
mounted or suspended from the
ceiling.
10. Wall Light
● a lamp that is fixed onto a wall.
11. Singleplex Outlet
● a single contact device with no
other contact device on the same
yoke or strap.
12. Duplex Outlet
● provides space for two electrical
receptacles, leaving a room to
plug in two devices. Also, one of
the most common outlets found
in homes and businesses.
13. Triplex Outlet
● a single unit having three sockets
that can be mounted in a single
box, does not require separate
interconnecting wiring.
14. Waterproof Outlet
● also known as weather-resistant
outlets, differ from indoor outlets
due to weatherproof covers which
must be able to withstand
exposure to elements.
15. Air Conditioner Outlet (AC Outlet)
● connect the air conditioner with
the power source.
16. Lighting Supply Line:
(—— - — - ——)
17. Power Supply Line:
(—— - - —— - - ——)
18. Switch Line:
(- - - - - - - -)
BASIC CONCEPTS OF ELECTRICITY
Electricity
● is defined as the flow of electrons or
electric current. It is an invisible form of
energy that can be transformed into
other forms of energy like heat, light and
mechanical.
Electron
● is the negatively charged component of
an atom. It has the ability to flow.
Proton
● is the positively charged component of
an atom. It has the ability to attract.
Matter
● is anything that occupies space and has
mass. It can be solid, liquid or gas in
state.
Atom
● is the basic component of matter. It is
composed of a nucleus, which is the
central part of an atom, and also the
protons and electrons.
Current
● same as electricity or flow of electrons.
The amount of current flowing in a
circuit can be measured in ampere (I).
Voltage
● is the amount of pulling force that makes
the electron flow. Also known as
potential difference of EMF
(electromotive force). The amount of
voltage can be measured in volt (V).
Resistance
● is defined as the opposition to the flow
of current. The amount of resistance can
be measured in ohms (Ω).
Conductors
● are materials that easily allow the flow of
current, or it has a low resistance to
 MIDTERMS REVIEWER (APRAC, ASPEC, & BU)
current flow. (Ex: Gold, Silver, Copper,
or Iron)
Insulators
● are materials that do not easily allow the
flow of current, or it has a high
resistance to current flow. (Ex: Rubber,
Plastic, or Paper)
TYPES OF CURRENT
1. DC (Direct Current) - the flow of
electric charge is only in one direction.
This is the type of electricity produced
by batteries, static, and lighting. A
voltage is created, and maybe stored,
until it is consumed. The current flows
directly in one direction.
2. AC (Alternating Current) - the
movement of electric charge periodically
reverses direction. This type of
electricity is produced or generated by
AC generators commonly from a
hydroelectric plant. It is the commercial
power that we use in homes and offices.
COMPONENTS OF CIRCUIT
1. Load - commonly represented by a bulb
or any electrical component that
consumes electricity.
2. Supply - commonly represented by a
cell or a battery.
3. Switch - an electrical device that opens
or closes a circuit.
TYPES OF CIRCUIT
1. Open Circuit - has an open path for
current to flow. It means that current
cannot flow in an open circuit.
2. Closed Circuit - has a closed path for
current to flow. It means that current can
flow in a closed circuit.
BUILDING ELECTRICAL SYSTEM IN
BUILDING
TYPES OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS:
Series Circuit
● series circuits consist of several
devices, each of them linked up one
after another after another in just a
single large loop.
Parallel Circuit
● different devices are arranged so that a
single source supplies voltage to
separate loops of wire.
TWO TYPES OF ELECTRICAL WIRE
Solid Wire
● is the type of conductor wire that
—-------- is rigid and conducts electricity
better, consists of only one solid metal
conductor, conducts better due to less
loose current since it is relatively less
flexible.
Stranded Wire
● thin, bundled wires are compressed and
insulated with non-conductive materials.
Consists of smaller wires braided
together and it is highly flexible.
WIRE VS CABLE
Typically, both wires and cables are the same,
the only difference being, the wire is an
electrical conductor, while a cable is a group of
conductors enclosed in a guarded covering.
Wire Gauge
● refers to the physical size and current
carrying capacity of the wire. A fixed
numerical designation is given to it that
is inversely proportional to the diameter
of the conductors.
Gauge VS AWG (American Wire Gauge)
● the higher the AWG number the smaller
the conductor.
 MIDTERMS REVIEWER (APRAC, ASPEC, & BU)
Common AWG Gauge Sizes
14-gauge wire 12-gauge wire
10-gauge wire 8-gauge wire
6-gauge wire 2-gauge wire
Wire Use-Rated Ampacity:
❖ 18-gauge - are used for low-voltage
lighting and lamp cords in 10 amps
❖ 16-gauge - are used for light-duty
extension cords supporting 13 amps
❖ 14-gauge - are used for light fixtures,
lamps, lighting circuit with 15 amps
❖ 12-gauge - are used in kitchen,
bathroom, outdoor receptacles, and
120-volt air conditioners supporting 20
amps
❖ 10-gauge - are used in electric clothes
dryers, 240-volt window air conditioners,
electric water heaters supporting 30
amps
❖ 6-gauge - are used for cooktops and
ranges carrying 40-50 amps
❖ 4-gauge - are used for electric furnaces
and large electric heaters protected at
60 amps
What is Insulation
● is an important part of any electrical
cable, it is made of a non-conductive
material and covers the sure. The
purpose of insulation is to separate the
current from other parts of the cable to
keep the electricity within the wire and
prevent it from accessing the
surrounding environment. (Ex: Plastic,
rubber and fluoropolymers)
Common Insulations used in Electrical
Systems
Plastic Insulation
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
● is resistant to moisture, flame and
abrasion and can be used in lots of
environments such as acids, solvents
and ozone. Have no taste or odor,
therefore they are not toxic.
Semi-Rigid (SR) PVC
● has similar resistance characteristics to
PVC Insulation, but this one work better
when maximum resistance to abrasion
is the priority
Plenum PVC
● is also made of polyvinyl chloride but is
best suited for installations in indoor
areas with air circulation.
Polyethylene (PE)
● is an inflexible material used when
high-speed transmission and low
capacitance are needed. Is also a go-to
cable Insulation option for coaxial wires
Polypropylene (PP)
● has similar characteristics to PE but is
mostly used in indoor environments.
Polyurethane (PUR)
● is a flexible material mostly used for
electrical cables targeted for
low-temperature and marine
environments. It is resistant to moisture,
chemicals and abrasion.
Rubber Insulation
Thermoplastic Rubber (TPR)
● is resistant to heat and harsh weather
conditions and is the best fit when a
high processing speed is required.
Neoprene (Polychloroprene)
● is resistant to abrasion, oils and
solvents. This insulation material makes
an electrical cable long-lasting
Ethylene Propylene Rubber (EPR)
● is widely used for high-voltage cables -
it is flexible and resistant to most
irritants.
 MIDTERMS REVIEWER (APRAC, ASPEC, & BU)

Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM)

● is resistant to harsh weather conditions,
heat and abrasion while also being
strong dielectric and flexible.
Silicone
● is a widely used flexible synthetic rubber
insulation. This one is especially useful
in high-heat areas since it withstands
temperatures.
Fiberglass
● is resistant to moistures and chemicals,
this glass insulation is often used in
kilns, aluminum processing and heat
treating
Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR)
● has similar characteristics to neoprene

Fluoropolymers Insulation

Perfluoro Alkoxy (PFA)

● is a strong and therefore, durable
insulation material for use in extreme
temperatures
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
● is a flexible thermoplastic material that is
resistant to heat, oils, moistures and
chemicals
Junction Box
● is an electrical enclosure that houses
one or more wiring connections.
Pull Boxes
● allow long wiring runes to be installed in
shorter intervals, and can be used for
both straight and angled pulls.
Utility Box
● is typically a rectangular, open-faced
box mounted in a wall. It serves to
house an electrical device, such as an
electrical receptacle or switch or GFI
(Ground Fault Interrupter).
 MIDTERMS REVIEWER (APRAC, ASPEC, & BU)
W5: REGULATING ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
ON BUILDINGS
TERMINATING CIRCUITS PRIOR TO USAGE
● Electrical termination is the practice of
ending a transmission line with a device
that matches the characteristic
impedance of the line. Termination
prevents signals from reflecting off the
end of the transmission line.
● The methods used to terminate the
cables vary according to the type of
cable, type of connector and application.
The common types of terminations are
crimp connection, soldered connection,
compression termination, and
wire-wrapping connection, direct
connection, loop or eye connection.
Some of the factors that determine the
type are:
1. Outdoor or indoor use
2. Voltage
3. Current
4. Overhead, or underground
5. Type of Connector on the equipment
where the cable will be connected.
ELECTRICAL POWER CABLE JOINTS
● The cable joints are used to connect
low, medium or high voltage cables. The
type of cable joint sizes, shapes and
configurations vary according to the
voltage, structure, insulation and the
number of cores of the cable to be
jointed.
● The joints provide electrical insulation as
well as mechanical protection and
strength. The electrical connection is
made in various ways and can be
crimped, or use of mechanical
connectors, soldering, etc.
Voltage
● The joints are designed for low, medium
or high voltages and it is important to
match the capacity of the joint to that of
the cable otherwise a low power cable
joint will fail if subjected to high current.
Structure
● The cable joints are made according to
how the cables are to be connected.
The simple joints such as the straight
through connectors are used to connect
two power cables at one point while the
other more advanced branch connectors
may be used to accommodate a cable
branching off the main line or several
cables coming into one joint to form one
main cable.
Cores
● The cable joints are required to have the
same number of cores to those of the
cables to be joined.
Insulation
● There are different cable insulations
depending on the application of the
cable and the cable joint must be
compatible with the cable insulation.
● To maintain insulation of the jointed
cables, there are a variety of insulation
procedures, and can be either heat or
cold shrinkable insulation, r molded type
of insulation, or use of tape.
TYPES OF ELECTRICAL POWER CABLE
JOINTS
● There are about four commonly used
types of joints; these differ in mechanical
arrangement and where they are used.
However, some manufacturers may
provide custom designs to suit unique
customer requirements.
1. Straight through joints
2. Branch which can be a T or Y joint
3. Pot ends
4. Indoor/Outdoor terminations
Straight Through joints
● This is the mostly used type of a joint
and is used to extend pieces of
electrical cables.
● Straight joints can be used for indoor,
outdoor, submerged and underground
cable jointing. In the cast resin based
cable joints, the polyurethane based
casting resins provide mechanical
protection, electrical insulation and
moisture imperviousness to the joint.
 MIDTERMS REVIEWER (APRAC, ASPEC, & BU)
REGULATING ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS ON
BUILDINGS
Electrical power cable joints
1. Y and T type branch joint
2. A typical Y type branch joint is as shown
in figure 3 below. This is used to join low
voltage, polymeric, non-shielded cables
of between 1 and 5 cores. The branch
jointing provides a reliable electrical
connection, electrical insulation and
mechanical protection.
The connectors are either the
compression or the mechanical type.
The branch joints can be used for
indoor, outdoor, submerged and
underground cable jointing.
3. The design has a mold body
construction with seals and fixing clips.
This makes it easy to do the jointing
while the sealing eliminates the need to
tape the joint.
4. The cable joints are used to connect
low, medium or high voltage cables. The
type of cable joint sizes, shapes and
configurations vary according to the
voltage, structure, insulation and the
number of cores of the cable to be
jointed.
5. The joints provide electrical insulation as
well as mechanical protection and
strength. The electrical connection is
made in various ways and can crimping,
or use of mechanical connectors,
soldering, etc.
Therefore:
● The cable joints and terminations
provide a means of making reliable
electrical connections between different
cables or between the electrical cable
and the terminals of equipment. There
are several standard types of cable
joints and terminations, however,
manufacturers can make tailor made
joints to suit different technical
requirements.
● The requirement for joints and
terminations is that they should meet the
standards in terms of electrical and
mechanical properties, insulation, earth
continuity, environmental protection and
more.
TYPE OF ELECTRICAL SWITCHES
● An electric switch is a device – usually
electromechanical – used to open and
close an electric circuit. This disables
and enables the flow of electric current,
respectively.
● There are four main types of switches—
1. single pole single throw
2. single pole double throw
3. double pole single throw,
4. double pole double throw.
TYPE OF ELECTRICAL SWITCHES
(& SAMPLES)
one-way
● or single-pole electrical switch is the
most common one in use. They are
used to control lights, fans, or other
devices from a single location. It has a
simple ON and OFF marking.
2 Way Switches
● A '2 way' switch means there is another
switch controlling the same light. These
 MIDTERMS REVIEWER (APRAC, ASPEC, & BU)
are often used on a staircase, a large
room with switches by each door.
The three-way switch
● is used in conjunction with another
three-way switch. Each one of them has
the power to interrupt the electrical flow
and turn the light off from a different part
of the room.
4-way switches
● have four terminals on them: two for
traveler wires coming in, and two for
traveler wires going out.
Foot Switches
● Foot Switches are electro-mechanical
devices used to control power in an
electrical circuit by foot pressure. They
are often used on machines where an
operator needs his or her hands to
stabilize a workpiece. Key specifications
include the number of pedals, switching
function, voltage rating, and current
rating. Foot switches find use in many
press applications where hand controls
cannot be used to actuate a cycle. They
are also commonly used in hospital
equipment and office machines.
Level Switches
● Level Switches are electro-mechanical
devices used to detect the level of
liquids, powders, or solids. They are
mounted in tanks, hoppers, or bins, and
can provide output to a control system.
In some instances, they can be used to
actuate a device directly, such as level
switches used in residential sump
pumps. Key specifications include
measured media, output type, switch
type, voltage and current ratings, and
the materials used for the body, stem,
and float. Level switches are used
extensively in the process industries to
monitor tank and hopper levels. They
are used in everyday applications as
well.
Limit Switches
● Limit Switches are electro-mechanical
devices designed to sense motion and
position mechanically and provide
output signals to a controller. They are
available as bare switches, or in rugged
enclosures intended for the tough
environment of a factory floor. Key
specifications include actuator type,
voltage, and current ratings. A variety of
actuator types from rods to whiskers
ensures that any manner of machine,
component, or workpiece can be sensed
by a limit switch. Limit switches are used
in many common consumer machines
such as washing machines. In their
ruggedized form, they are used in many
types of manufacturing facilities such as
steel mills and paper plants.
Magnetic Switches
● Magnetic Switches, also known as reed
switches, are a type of electrical switch
in which the switch closure mechanism
is operated by the presence or absence
of a magnetic field. In a typical design,
the switch contacts are normally open
when a magnetic field is not in close
proximity to the switch, but then the
contacts close to complete the circuit
when the magnetic field is applied or
when the switch is in close proximity to
a magnetic field from a permanent
magnet or the coil of an energized relay.
One application for magnetic switches is
to detect the opening and closing of
doors and windows as part of a security
system.
Membrane Switches
● Membrane Switches are circuit board
based electro-mechanical devices that
provide tactile control of processes and
machines without the need for individual
push switches. They are often custom
designed to suit a particular process.
Key specifications include circuit
assembly type, actuator type, and
terminal type. The number of keys,
graphics, illumination, and displays can
also be important features. Membrane
Switches are common in commercial
products where incorporating all control
functions into a single device can save
costs over using discrete switches.
Pull Chain Switches
 MIDTERMS REVIEWER (APRAC, ASPEC, & BU)
● Pull Chain Switches are
electro-mechanical devices that are
hand-operated and used to switch a
circuit on and off or step a circuit
through increasing power levels. Their
most common application is in lighting
where they are used to switch lamps.
Pull Rope Switches are used as
emergency stop devices.
● Key specifications include switching
function, voltage, and current ratings, as
well as various features specific to
e-stop applications such as
broken-cable detection. A single pull
switch can be used for manual control of
overhead lights and fans. As rope-pull
switches, they are used for emergency
stop devices, for example along the
length of an in-running roll. They are
sometimes called Rope Pulls or Cable
Pulls.
Pushbutton Switches
● Pushbutton Switches, also referred to as
Push Switches, are hand-operated
electro- mechanical devices used for
switches and switching circuits. They
are the most common variety of switch
used on industrial control panels. Key
specifications include single-throw or
double-throw switching function, contact
type, mounting type, actuator type, and
panel cut-out diameter. The 30 mm
cut-out is a common industrial size.
Pushbutton switches make up the bulk
of manual switches used in industrial
controls. They are available in a variety
of shapes and styles to cover almost
any manual control scenarios.
Depending on the anticipated
environmental operating conditions,
pushbutton switches can be equipped
with protective sealing boots that are
designed to prevent the intrusion of
foreign matter and particles, such as
sand, dirt, dust, or even liquids, that may
cause reliability issues with the switch
mechanisms.
Rocker Switches
● Rocker Switches are hand operated
electro-mechanical devices used for
switching circuits. The switch operator
position, raised or depressed, gives a
quick visual indication of the circuit's on
or off status. Key specifications include
single-throw or double-throw switching
function, mounting type, actuator type,
and panel cut-out dimensions. Rocker
switches are used for manual switching
in many industrial controls as well as for
control of consumer goods and office
machines.
Rotary Switches
● Rotary Switches are hand-operated
electro-mechanical devices used for
switching circuits and selecting
functions. An electrical rotary switch can
be two-position, on- off, or can have
multiple discrete stops. Key
specifications include the number of
poles, number of positions, construction
type, mounting type, and panel cut-out
diameter for panel mount switches.
Rotary switches are used to provide a
visually verifiable means of switch
position, allowing operators to tell with a
glance whether a circuit is energized or
not. They are also called Paddle
Switches.
Slide Switches
● Slide Switches are hand-operated
electro-mechanical devices used for
switching circuits. The switch operator is
in the form of a slider that moves from
position to position to control the circuit
status. Key specifications include
single-throw or double-throw switching
function, mounting type, and panel
cut-out dimensions. Slide switches are
used in electrical and electronic
equipment where the switching range
can be limited, and economizing is
important. They are commonly used for
on- off buttons or just as a general
control switch.
Thumbwheel/Pushwheel Switches
● Thumbwheel Switches, also referred to
as Pushwheel Switches, are
 MIDTERMS REVIEWER (APRAC, ASPEC, & BU)

hand-operated electro-mechanical standard items in residential and

devices used to control electrical circuits commercial construction. A variety of
with a rotatable wheel. They display a decorator or designer styles can set
numeric value corresponding to the these switches apart from industrial
switch position. The thumbwheel switches where aesthetics is less of a
switch's working principle and key concern.
specifications include the number of Convenience Outlet
positions, mounting type, actuator type, ● Electrical convenience outlet means a
coded output type, and panel cut-out point on the electrical wiring system
dimensions. Thumbwheel switches are equipped with one (1) or more
widely used in the aviation industry for receptacles intended to receive
flight controls, instrumentation, and attachment plugs from which electrical
controllers. They are also used in test current is taken to supply electrical
and measurement equipment and equipment.
computer devices. ● A convenience outlet is a common
Toggle Switches in-wall electrical receptacle, which
● Toggle Switches are hand-operated delivers power to devices which are
electro-mechanical devices used for plugged into the convenience outlet.
switching circuits. The toggle switch
operation is actuated by a lever that is
pushed through a small arc. Moving the
lever back and forth opens and closes
an electrical circuit, while the lever
position gives a quick visualization of
the circuit status. Key specifications
include single-throw or double-throw
switching function, 1-axis, 2-axis, or
3-axis configuration, or in some cases
omnidirectional or joystick toggle
configuration, and actuator type.
● Toggle switches are used extensively in
electronics panels and instrumentation
where a wider range of switching
functions is required, such as in
switchboards.
Wall Switches
● Wall Switches are hand-operated
electro-mechanical devices used in
residential and commercial buildings
most commonly for lighting control. They
are also used to control ceiling fans and
electrical outlets. Key specifications
include combination device function,
actuator type, and additional switch
functions such as dimmer control, fan
speed control, or timer-based switching.
● Wall switches are specifically designed
to operate on line voltage and fit inside
standard electrical boxes. They are
 MIDTERMS REVIEWER (APRAC, ASPEC, & BU)
6: LEGAL PROVISIONS OF ELECTRICAL
SYSTEMS DESIGN
RULE XIII – ELECTRICAL AND
MECHANICAL REGULATIONS
Section 1301. Electrical Regulation
● Presidential decree 1096
also known as the National Building
Code of the Philippines
● All electrical systems, equipment and
installations mentioned in the Code shall
conform to the provisions of the
Philippine Electrical Code Part 1
(PEC-1) and Part 2 (PEC-2), as adopted
by the Board of Electrical Engineering
pursuant to Republic Act 7920,
otherwise known as the Philippine
Electrical Engineering Law.
1. Overhead Service Entrance
● In Subdivisions, Housing Projects,
Commercial and Industrial Buildings,
overhead transmission and distribution
voltages are required to supply power
sources including transformers, poles
and supporting structures.
2. Attachments on and Clearances from
Buildings
a. An Attachment Plan approved by a
professional electrical engineer shall
cover power lines and cables,
transformers and other electrical
equipment installed on or in buildings
and shall be submitted to the local
Building Official.
b. Where building/s exceed 15.00 meters
in height, overhead lines shall be
arranged where practicable so that clear
space or zone at least 1.80 meters
(horizontal) will be left adjacent to the
building or beginning not over 2.45
meters (horizontal) from the building, to
facilitate the raising of ladders where
necessary for firefighting.
EXCEPTION: This requirement does not apply
where it is the rule of the local fire department
to exclude the use of ladders in alleys or other
restricted places, which are generally occupied
by supply lines.
3. Open Supply Conductors Attached to
Buildings
Where the permanent attachment of open
supply conductors to any class of buildings is
necessary for service entrance, such
conductors shall meet the following
requirements:
a. Conductors of more than 300 volts to
ground shall not be carried along or
near the surface of the building unless
they are guarded or made inaccessible.
b. To promote safety to the general public
and to employees not authorized to
approach conductors and other current-
carrying parts of electric supply lines,
such parts shall be arranged so as to
provide adequate clearance from the
ground or other space generally
accessible, or shall be provided with
guards so as to isolate persons
effectively from accidental contact.
c. Ungrounded service conduits, metal
fixtures and similar noncurrent-carrying
parts, if located in urban districts and
where liable to become charged to more
than 300 volts to ground, shall be
isolated or guarded so as not to be
exposed to accidental contact by
unauthorized persons. As an alternative
to isolation or guarding
noncurrent-carrying parts shall be solidly
or effectively grounded.
d. Service drops passing over a roof shall
be securely supported by substantial
structures. Where practicable, such
supports shall be independent of the
building.
4. Conductors Passing by or Over Buildings
a. Unguarded or accessible supply
conductors carrying voltages in excess
of 300 volts may
be either beside or over buildings. The
vertical or horizontal clearance to any
buildings or
its attachments (balconies, platforms,
 MIDTERMS REVIEWER (APRAC, ASPEC, & BU)

etc.) shall be as listed in Table XIII.1. (c) Conductors shall have a horizontal
The horizontal clearance governs above clearance of not less than 1.00 meter
the roof level to the point where the from windows, doors, porches, fire
diagonal equals the vertical clearance escapes, or similar locations and shall
requirements. This Rule should not be be run less than 1.00 meter above the
interpreted as restricting the installation top level of a window or opening.
of a trolley contact conductor over the (d) Service drops of conductors, when
approximate centerline of the track it crossing a street, shall have a clearance
serves. (Figure XIII.1.) of not less than 5.50 meters from the
b. Supply conductors of 300 volts or more, crown of the street or sidewalk over
when placed near enough to windows, which it passes; and shall have a
verandas, fire escapes, or other minimum clearance of 3.00 meters
ordinarily accessible places, shall be above ground at its point of attachment
properly guarded by grounded conduit to the building or pedestal.
and barriers. (e) No parts of swimming and wading pools
c. Where the required clearances cannot shall be placed under existing service
be obtained, supply conductors shall be drop conductors or any other overhead
grouped or bundled and supported by wiring; nor shall such wiring be installed
grounded messenger wires. above the following:
5. Clearance of Service Drops
a. Service drop conductors shall not be I. Swimming and wading pools and the area
readily accessible and when not in extending 3.00 meters outward horizontally
excess of 600 volts, shall conform to the from the inside of the walls of the pool;
following: II. Diving structures;
I. Conductors shall have a clearance of III. Observation stands, towers or platforms.
not less than 2.50 meters from the
highest point of roofs over which they
pass with the following exceptions:
(a) Where the voltage between conductors
does not exceed 300 volts and the roof
has a slope of not less than 100
millimeters in 300 millimeters, the
clearance may not be less than 1.00
meter.
(b) Service drop conductors of 300 volts or
less which do not pass over other than a
maximum of 1.20 meters of the
overhang portion of the roof for the
purpose of terminating at a
through-the-roof service raceway or
approved support may be maintained at
a minimum of 500 millimeters from any
portion of the roof over which they pass.
Conductors shall have a clearance of
not less than 3.00 meters from the
ground or from any platform or
projection from which they might be
reached.
 MIDTERMS REVIEWER (APRAC, ASPEC, & BU)
Rule XIII – Electrical and Mechanical
Regulations
TABLE XIII.
● 1. Clearance of Wires, Conductors,
Cables and Unguarded Rigid Energized
Parts Adjacent but not Attached to
Buildings and Other Installations Except
Bridges
Legal Provisions of Electrical Systems
Design (Rule XIII – Electrical and
Mechanical Regulations)
6. Wiring Methods
● Service entrance conductors extending
along the exterior or entering buildings
or other structures shall be installed in
rigid steel conduit or concrete encased
plastic conduit from point of service drop
to meter base and from meter base to
the disconnecting equipment.
However, where the service entrance
conductors are protected by approved
fuses or breakers at their terminals
(immediately after the service drop or
lateral) they may be installed in any of
the recognized wiring methods as
provided by PEC-1.
(a.) Abandoned lines and/or portions of lines
no longer required to provide service shall be
removed.
(b.) Power pole, lines, service drop and other
line equipment shall be free from any
attachment for antennas, signs, streamers and
the like.
7. Transformers
a. Oil-insulated transformers rated more
than 15 kV between conductors shall be
installed inside a transformer vault.
b. Dry-type and other transformers with
non-flammable insulation shall be
installed in a transformer room.
c. Transformers shall be guarded as
follows:
i. Appropriate provisions shall be made to
minimize the possibility of damage to
transformers from external causes where the
transformers are located exposed to physical
damage.
ii. Dry-type transformers shall be provided with
a non-combustible moisture resistant case or
enclosure which will provide reasonable
protection against accidental insertion of
foreign objects.
iii. The transformer installation shall conform to
the provisions for guarding of live parts in
PEC-1.
iv. The operating voltage of exposed live parts
of transformer installations shall be indicated
by signs or visible markings on the equipment
or structures.
8. Provisions for Transformer Vault
a. A transformer vault when required, shall
be constructed in accordance with
PEC-1 latest edition.
b. Transformers and transformer vaults
shall be accessible only to qualified
personnel for inspection and
maintenance.
c. Adequate ventilation shall be provided
for the transformer vault.
9. Capacitor
a. This applies to installation of capacitors
on electric circuits in buildings.
EXCEPTION:
1. Capacitors that are
components of other apparatus
shall conform to the requirements
for such apparatus.
2. Capacitors in hazardous
locations shall comply with
additional requirements as
prescribed in PEC-1.
b. Installation of capacitors in which any
single unit contains more than 11 liters
of flammable liquid shall be in a vault or
 MIDTERMS REVIEWER (APRAC, ASPEC, & BU)

outdoor fence enclosures complying

with PEC-1.
c. Capacitors shall be protected from
physical damage by location or by
suitable fences, barriers or other
enclosures.
d. Capacitors shall be provided with
non-combustible cases and supports.

10. Emergency Power Systems

a. Shall provide electric power for the
safety to life and property when normal
electric power supply is interrupted.
b. Shall have adequate capacity for the
operation of the emergency load.
c. For hospitals, the transition time to
transfer power supply from the instant of
interruption of normal power supply to
the emergency supply shall not exceed
10 seconds.
11. Electrical Room
● An adequate space or area shall be
provided at load centers where panel
boards, breakers, switchgears and other
electrical equipment are installed.
12. Service Equipment
● An adequate space or area shall be
provided for the service equipment that
shall be located in a readily accessible
area, either inside or the outside walls of
the building.
13. Metering Facilities
● Metering Vault, when required for
primary service, shall be provided with
natural or artificial ventilation.
● Metering space shall be provided for
single metering or multi-metering
centers for secondary service.

--- Congrat! You made it this far on your reviewer.

Manifesting good grades for you my arkiloves. Goodluck
on your midterm exam,
I love you! <33 —