AIMO 2009 ide BC, we Australian Intermediate Mathematics Olympiad 2010 ) such that hile on the A number has the following propertic pe same side s tens and units digits are interchanged, its value increase ith common ip Conquest is pursuing starship Anarky, which is 12 Klongs al t position. After Conquest has travelled 45 klongs, Anark for Conquest to eatch Anark has five bank accounts. IF three account balan mounts would result: 94, 97, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 109. What ide lengths AL int P lies in its inte and DP = 156 triangle that has area 2010, and let X AX 5 AB, BC and CA, respectively, such that j XB Determine the area of triangle XYZ m of s 4 1 are both divisible by 19, how many digits does » haw26 AIMO 201 9. Quadrilateral ABCD is such that the midpoint O of AB is the centre of a circ which AD, DC and CB are tangents. AB is not a diameter of the circle. Pr AB? = 4AD x BC 10. A 2-digit number is called productive if it is the product of two single digit numb For example, 56 is productive because 6, but 65 is not productive. Also, 40 productive, but 04 is not becanse it is not a 2-digit manber. Find all Sdigit nnn in which all digits are different and each pair of neighbouring digits forms a pr Investigation Find all pairs of consecutive numbers, each consisting of 8 different digits and for each pair of neighbouring digits forms a productive numberAustralian Intermediate Mathematics Olympiad 2010 Solutions Suppose the 3-digit: nnmber has th From (1) we get 9c From (2) we get 99(a~ ¢ la + 108) Method 1 We have 3h 128)(b 42, Method 2 We have 5376 If 6 = 40, then If b=41, then Hf b= 42, th b=42 Method 3 Since 3 divides 5 Since 2 divid Therefore Ie + e= 448, (e+ 1) Bither testing ¢ = 1,2,3, b= a2 6 divides b and we mo: lob (1000-4 6) = (100. 198, hence a ~ ¢ 100b + 10a) = 900 x12 =5184 ~ 1792, hence b Iso divides 2 livides 30° From the given properties we hav te) = 36 900 = 90(a 4 +48, = 10. 1300 + 80 503 + 82 = 5: 5202 + 84 = Bi nid hence b. b = 6e giving 3 x 36 61-0. De + 64)(c For every 45 klongs Conquest travels, it reduces Anarky’s lead by 5 Klongs. So Cony will catch Anarky in a fu Let Conquest’s speed be Suppose Conquest trave nther | 63 ro and Anarky’s spe 45 klongs in time fy Anarky travels 45 AIMO 2 Meth Draw distan Let ti tr be where From HenceIMO 2010 Solutions Pe | Solutions: Suppose Conquest travels a further d Klongs to catch Anarky and suppose Conquest d-12= in time ¢2. Then, in the same time, Anatky travel ongs. So 45 d= re xt 2 and 33-4 d= rq x tp, Hence Thus 360 + 8d = 297 + 94 80 Cont and d = 360 ~ 297 = 63. will caich Anarky in a further 63 klongs. Method 3 Draw the distance-time graphs f stance from the original p sition of Conquest to the position where it catches Anarky Let (; be the time taken for Conquest, to travel 45 klongs from its original position. Let be the time taken for Conquest to travel from its or where it catches Anarky a d-122 d-2 Fm similar triangles, ¢ =? = 55 = Hence 8d = Od ~ 108, d = 108. So the extra distance Conquest must travel is 108 — 45 = 63 klong: B. Method 1 The following table shows all the combin. hat lamp is on. s. So ConqieatATMO 2010 Solu Ww » the probability the lamp is on is Hence 729 = 17 x 9= 153 Method 2 The probability p that the lamp is on the probability that $; and S> are on or S and Sy are on the probability that S; and S2 are on plus the probability that Sj and Sy are on minus the probability that 1 and S2 and Sy and Sy are on Hence 729p = 17 x 9 = 153 Method 3 The probability p that the lamp is 1 — the probability the lamp is 1 — (the probability Si or 2 is o 1 — the probability $; and S are on)? 17x 9 = 153 Since all triple sums are distinct, the five account balances must be distinct. Ds them by a,b,c,d,e where a= CD Now, AP? = PQ? + QA? = PD? — DQ?+ QA nd AD? = (AQ + QD)? = AQ? + QD? + 2AQ x QD. Therefore AP? = PD® + AD® —2QD* —24Q x QD = PD? + AD® —2QD(QD + AQ) PD + AD® —2AD x DQ DQ PD? + AD? 2AD x DP DP 3 Ld +100 — 2 « 10 x 12 x 144+ 100 — 144 = 100. inal units, AP = 13 x 10 = 130,hhange units by dividing all lengths by 13, Assign angle indicatec Applying the cosine ruk a 360 x cos nce 288 = 360 x cosa a Now, cos = sin and si Applying the cosine rule to ADP we get AP? = 10? + 12? 2x 10 x 12 x cos 100 + 144 ~ 240 x $ = 244 — 144 = 100 Hence, in the original units, AP = 13 x 10 = 130. his method does not use the fact that DPC = 90°. However, the cosine rule is probably unknown to most year 10 students. by dividing all lengths by 13. Draw a line through P parallel to AD ting DC at R. We use cartesian geometry. Place DC on the x-axis and AD on is with D at the originAIMO 2010 Now, CP? + PD? = 81+ 144 = 225 = CD2. Hence ACPD has a tight angle at P RP PC _ 9 3 DR DP 124 4 From similar tr DRP and DPC So the gradient is 3, hence the gradient of CF Hence the equation of the line along DP is y = and the equation of the line al i 1 4 or y= 27 —20. Solving these equations simultaneously gives the coord 240 Multiplying by 12 gives —9r = 161—240, hence wx = Since the coordinates of A are (0, —10) (_36 aa Lot | | denote area |AxBy| _ 3x0 XQ, BY _XB By BO| < AP * BC AB ™ BC AYC2|_1 |AABc| ~ 6 * KAZ|—|OXB' 3 2010 670. 0 2010 2010 2010 Therefore the area of AXYZ = 589JO 2020 Solutiati LIMO 2010 Solutions bt angle at P. bof the line alg 8. AXBY| |AABC| Ax BY XBY| |AXBC|_ BY BX ABC| — |AXBC| * |AABC| ~ BC * BA XB x BX x BY AABC| ~ Alternative calculations for BBX BY x BAX BCxsinB BA” BC For each positive integer n, let 6(n) be the sum of its ¢ If the rightmost (units) digit of s is other than 9, then d{s-+1) = 8(s) +1. This is impossible if 6(s) and 4(s-+1) are both multiples of 19. Hence s ends in 9. be the number of consecutive 98 at the end of s 8(8-+1) als) — 9) We have 6(s) = 191 and 4(s + 1) = 19t for some positive integers w and £. So 9r—1 = 1(u 1) = 18(u—t) + (w— 2), Therefore u— + 1 = 9v for some integer v. Substituting this in the previous equation, we obtain Or — 1 = 19(9v ~ 1), hence r = 197 —2. To have as few digits as possible in s.r must be minimal. So v= 1, hence r= 17. Also 19(u~ t) = 9 x 17 — 1 = 152, hence wt = 8, Since t > 0, we have u > 8. IP = 9, then the sum of the digits to the loft of the 17 final 9s in « is 19 x 9— 17x 9 = 18. By the choice of r the digit immediately to the left of those 93 cannot be 9. Hence the smallest value of s satisfying the conditions of the problem is 198 followed by 17 9s. So the number of digits in s is 20. Method 9 have 199 = 6(s) ~ 6(s +1) = 9r — 1 for some positive integer m. A simple integer solution for this equation is m = —1 and r= —2. Now r may ine if and only if m increases. Thus we sock a solution m= —1 4-2 and r = —2-+y where nd y are positive integers. So 19(—1 +2) = 9-24 y) —1 or 19x ~9y. Sinco 19 and 9 have only I as a common factor, the smallest value for y is 19. Hence the smallest value Therefore 5 +1 has the form of an integer n followed by 17 03 and 6(n) is a multiple of 19. Son has at least 3 digits. In order for s-+ 1 to be as small as possible, m must he is stuall as possible. Hence n = 199 and s is 198 followed by 17 9s. So the number of digits ins is 20 If AB is not a diameter of the circle, then A and B lie outside the cirele and we have he following diagramAIMO 2010 8 Since OF = OF, triangles DEO and DFO are congruent (RUS). Since OF = OG, triangles CFO and CGO are congruent (RUS| Since OA = OB, triangles AEO and BGO are congruent (RUS| ODE = /ODE OCF = 2ocG ~ LOAE = LOBG 8s of ABCD give Y 360°, s0 a Th D = 180) @= 6 and ZBOC = 180° Thus triangles DOA and OCB are similar AD _ AO fen — 40 and AD x BC = AO x OB Henee 5 = 55 AD x BC =A Since AO — OB = LAB, we get A AD x BC as require JOB = (GOB, a= LEOD = LDOF b= LFOC = £COG Adding the angles of O gives 2a-+2b-+ 2c = 180" Let R be the radius of the citele. Then AD x BC = (AP + ED)(BG + GC) 10 sine + Rtana)(AOsine + Rtand) 10 sin? e+ AOsino(tana-+ tan b)R-+ FR? tanatanb 10® — AO* cos? e+ AO cos e(tan a + tant) Rtan c+ R? tama tan 10? — R24 R2(tonatane + tanbtane + tan atanb) = AO? — R2 + R*(tanatanb + (tana + tanb) tan AO? — FR? + R(tanatanb + (tana + tanb)/ tan(a+b)) = AO? — R2 + R2{tanatand + (1 — tana tand)) AO? — Ft = 40? Comment Ic is acknowledged that the identity tan(a +8) = 2227 "Mh 5 probably unknllnt AIMO 2010 Solutions 107 10. If a required 9-digit number contains 0, then it must end in 0 mumber contains 9, then it must end in 49. So a required Sedigit 1 seoncexxx and contains no 9 or it has the form xxcexx If a reqnired 9-digit x49 and contains no 0. Hence a required 9-digit number contain: The only productive numly are 27 and 72, If both occurred in a required number, then the digit Hence the nunibers we are Ic 2 would be repeated king for have the form T2xxxx49 or Tacxceexl Method 1 ‘The only productive numbers containing are 18, 28, 48, 81. If a required number ontains 18, then it mnst also contain 81 an it 1 is repeated. Hence the numbers w aro looking for must have one of the following forms: PBlexeed9, Tl xxx, TY Lexv0, 7 AS1xx0, 7: <181x0, 72xxx4810 x49: neither 13 nor 34 is productive so in this ease the require ve the form 7281x3<19. Since 53 is not productive 728163549. TBlxxcK0: the last ust be 3 or 4. If it is 3, then the next x must be 6 and th quired mmber ean only be 728145630. If the last x is 4, then the second x must i 3 and the required number can only be 728163540. T2dSlxxx0: the last x must be 3. ‘Then the required mmber can only be 724815630. Pet8lxx0, To81x0, 7: an only be 725481630. x4810: the first x must be 5. Then the required number So the only required ‘ 724815630, 72548163 igit numbers are: 728163549, 728145630, 72 0, Method 2 The numbers we are looking for have one of the following, forms Toned, Becca, 7200030, Txxl0. ne only productive numb tarting with 8 is 81 and the only productive number ending in 3 is 63. So the numbers we are looking for must contain $1 and 63 in some order The number 72x can only be 72816: The number 72:00c¢<10 must be of the form 72xxx4810, 9 which has no place for 63, The number 72:ccx30 must be of the form sible numbers are T2814 xxxGi30, with 81, 4, 5 to fill the vacant 30, 724815630, 725481630 The number 72eccc10 must be of the form 72810040, with 63 and 5 to fill the vacant le mumber is 728163540. es. The only paces. The only pos So the only required 9-digit numbers are: 728168549, 728145630, 724815630, 725481630, 728163540. Investigation Suppose r and + +1 are S-digit numbers, each with the different and each pair of ne property that all digits ar nbouring digits forms a productive number Recall that if one of these numbers contains 0, then 0 is its Inst digit and if one of these st digit. Also, if neither 0 nor 9 appears, then the number starts with 72 or ends with 27. Ir ends in 0, then r ends in 20 and r $1 nds in 21. So none of 7, 8, 9 is in r+ 1 Hence r +1 has fewer than 8 digitsAIMO 2010 Sol ends in 1, then it starts with 72. Hence 2 is repented in r+ 1 ends in 2, then r +1 starts with 72. Hen 2 is repeated in nud in 3, 4, or 5, then r contains neither 0 nor 9. Hence r contains, respectiv So these digits will be repeated in r+ 1 nds in 6, then it starts with 72. Hence 7 is repeated in x + 1 ion r 4} L starts with 72, Hence 7 is repeated in Hence r +1 ends in 50, which is not produetiv nen r+ 1 ends in 49. ‘The table shows the possible digits for » and [rt J [7+ | | Tatxxdid || TieGis | T2xx610 | i518 | 72xI549 |] 72133648 | 721x350 | ziaso18 | 72168549 || 72135648 | 721x5649 pair of required numbers are 72163548 and 72163549.