Branch and Bound:

Branch and Bound is a technique used in optimization problems to systematically search through all
possible solutions by dividing the problem into smaller subproblems, known as branches. It is
particularly useful when the problem space is too large to be explored exhaustively. The technique
involves two main steps: branching and bounding.

1. Branching: The problem is divided into smaller subproblems, creating a tree-like structure where
each node represents a subproblem. The branching step generates multiple branches by making
decisions or choices that lead to different subproblems. This branching process continues until a
solution is found or the search space is exhausted.

2. Bounding: At each node of the tree, an upper or lower bound is computed, which provides an
estimation of the best possible solution that can be found in that subtree. These bounds are
used to prune branches that are guaranteed to yield suboptimal solutions. In other words, if a
branch’s bound is worse than the best solution found so far, that branch and all its descendants
can be discarded.

Branch and Bound effectively reduces the search space by intelligently pruning branches that are unlikely
to lead to optimal solutions. It is commonly used in combinatorial optimization problems, such as the
traveling salesman problem or the knapsack problem.

Introduction to Complexity:

In computer science, complexity refers to the study of the resources (time, space, etc.) required to solve
a problem as a function of the problem’s size. It aims to analyze and classify problems based on their
inherent difficulty and the efficiency of algorithms that solve them. Complexity theory provides a
framework for understanding the trade-offs between the resources used and the problem size.

The most common measures of complexity are time complexity and space complexity:

1. Time Complexity: It measures the amount of time required by an algorithm to solve a problem
as a function of the input size. It provides an estimate of the number of operations or steps the
algorithm will perform.
 2. Space Complexity: It measures the amount of memory or space required by an algorithm to
solve a problem as a function of the input size. It estimates the maximum amount of memory
used during the execution of the algorithm.

Complexity analysis helps in comparing different algorithms, identifying efficient solutions, and
understanding the scalability of algorithms with increasing problem sizes. It uses techniques such as Big
O notation to express the growth rate of resource consumption relative to the input size.

Measured:

In the context of complexity analysis, “measured” is not a specific term. However, if you are referring to
measuring the complexity of an algorithm, it typically involves analyzing the time and space
requirements of the algorithm by counting the number of basic operations or memory units used. This
analysis can be done theoretically based on the algorithm’s code or practically by running experiments
and measuring the algorithm’s performance on various inputs. The goal is to gain insights into the
algorithm’s behavior and understand its efficiency in different scenarios.