GCSE oe a For AQA (Grade 9-1) Nears Q ard mM The Revision Guide ncludes Free Online EditionAll cubstences are made of sium. They're reslly Ziny — foo emall #o 666, even with your microscope. Atoms ere 0 tiny that a Ep piene contains about 77400000000000000000000 of them. Quite a lot then... ‘Atome have @ radius of about Ol nenomeiers (that’e 1x 1O™ m). There are s fow different {and equally useful) modern models of the atom — but chemiets tend to like the model below best. "A nanometer (on) i ane biionth ameter, Shown in standard wr thas x 10%. Standard Tar used fr showing eal large real small umber 1) H's in the middle of the stom. 2) It contains protons and neutrons. 8) The nucleus hes a radius of around 1 x 10 m (that’s around 1/10 000 of the radius of an atom) 4) It has @ positive charge because of the protons. 5) Almost the whole mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus. Nedvons ahaa and neta Eltron ar ny and egy charge 1) Move ground the nucleus in electron shell. 2) 3) size of the atom. 4) Electrons have virtually no mass. L of Pr Eq uber of E 1) Atoms are neutral — they have no charge overall (unlike ions). 2) This is because they have the same number of protone es electrons. a) ‘The gharge on the electrons le the game elze ae the charge on the protons, but opposite — so the charges ganoel out. 4) In en ton, the number of protons dosen't equel the number of electrons. This mesne it has en - For example, an ion with « 2- cherge, has fwo more electrons than protons. 1) The nuclear symbol of en atom tells you He atomic (proton) number and mass number. 2) The atomic number fells you how many protons there are. 8) The mass number tells you the fotal number of ratons and neutrons in the atom. ‘Anion isan atom or | roup of atoms that has Z, last or gained electrons. = 4) To got the number of neutrons, just subtract the atomic number from the mase number. Let’s be positive about this — unless you’re an electron of course... So here we are — the very beginning of GCSE Chemistry. This stuff is super important — if you get to grips with the basic facts then you'll have a better chance understanding the rest of chemistry. Crack on, Qi An atom of nitrogen has an atomic number of 7 and a mass number of 14, Give the number of electrons, protons and neutrons in the atom. [3 marks} ‘Topic 1 — Atomic Structure and the Periodic TableAn glement is @ substance made up of atome thet all have the game number of protons in their nucleus. [ Elements Consist of Atoms With the Same Atomic Number | 1) Atoms can have different numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons. I's the number of profons in the nucleus that decides what {ype of atom it is. 2) For example, an atom with one proton in its nucleus is hydrogen and an atom with iwo protons is hefum. 8) If @ substance only contains atoms with the same number of protons it's called an clement. There are about 100 different elements 4) So all the atoms of a particular flemnant (es (og ni nitrogen) have the same number of with different numbers protone end different elements have of protons. | Atoms Can be Represented by Symbols ‘Atoms of each element can be represented Pa it’s a type of shorthand that saves you the bother of having to write the full name of thi Some make perfect sense, e.2- [G = earbon 0 = oxygen Mg = magnesium Mat Uf these odd symbole sctualy come = om te Latin names of We ements 2 Others less 0, 6.8. |Na = sodium Fe = iron Pb = lead You'll eee these cymbols on the periodic table (eee page 22). 1) Isotopes are different forms of the same element, which have jut = same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. Othe nt imber oF pean 2) 80 isotopes have the samo atomic number but different mass numbers. von 8) Avery popular example of a pair of isotopes are casbon-12 and carbon-13. 4) Because many clements can exist as a number of different isotopes, relative alomic mass (A,) ie used ingtead of mass number when referring fo the element as a whole. This is an average mase faking into account the different masses and abundances (amounts) of all the isotopes that make up the element. 5) You oan use this formula +o work out the relative atomic mass of an element: Copper has two stable isotopes. Cu-63 has an abundance of 69.2% and Cu-65 has an abundance of 30.8%. Calculate the relative atomic mass of capper to 1 decimal place. (692%63)+G08x65) _ 43596 +2002 . $3616 Relative atomic mass = 82669 8 Soo = = 63616 = 636 It’s elemental my dear Watson... Atoms, elements and isotopes — make sure you know what they are and the differences between them. Qi A substance consists of atoms which all have the same number of protons and electrons but different numbers of neutrons, Explain why this substance is an element. [1 mark] Q2 _—_Anisotope of iron, Fe, has a mass number of 56 and atomic number 26, Give the number of protons and neutrons in an atom of this isotope. ‘Topic 1 — Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table| 7 i _Compounds Ht would be greet if we only had to deal with elements. But unluokily for you, elements can mix and match fo make lots of new substances called compounds. And thie makes things a little bit more complicated, Atoms Join Together to Make Compounds | 1) When clemenis teach, atome combine with other atome to form compounds. 2) Compounds are substances formed from {wo or more elements, the atoms of each are in fixed proportions throughout the compound and they're held together by chemical bonds. 8) Making bonds involves atoms giving away, taking or sharing electrons. Only the electrons are involved — the nuclei of the atoms aren't affected at all when a bond is made. 4) 1's usually difficulf to separate the original elements of SU ue ennai rnin, @ compound out again — a chemical reaction is needed to do this. puna ermal reactor at east, 5) A compound which is formed from a metal and @ non-metal ooneists = usually metre changin a of ions. The metal atoms lose electrons to form posifive ions ch a a temperatire change, a wel. = and the non-metal atoms gain electrons fo form nogative ions. The opposite charges (positive and negative) of the ione mean that they're strongly attracted to each other. This is called jonic bonding. Examples of compounds which are bonded ionically include sodium chloride, magnesium oxide and calcium oxide. 8) A compound formed from non-metals conelete of molecules. Each atom shares an electron with ‘another atom — this ie called covalent bonding. Examples of compounds that are bonded covalently inolude hydrogen ohloride gas, carbon monoxide, and water. " 7) The properties of a compound are usually fotally different from a <=> ae ‘the properties of the original elements. For example, if iron Feo. (@ lustrous magnetic metal) and eulfur (a nice yellow powder) @+ @® i react, the compound formed (iron sulfide) te a dull gra 7 ompoun solid lump, and doesn't behave anuthing like either iron or sulfur. A Formula Shows What Atoms are in a Compound Just as elements oan be represented by symbole, compounds oan be represented by formulas. The formulas ere made up of elemental symbols in the game proportions that the elements can be found in the compound. 1) For example, carbon dioxide, CO,, ie a compound formed from @ chemical reaction between carbon and oxygen. If containe 1 carbon atom and 2 oxygen atoms. 2) Hero's another example: the formula of sulfuric acid is H,80,. @:+: a= & 80, each moleoule contains 2 hydrogen atoms, | eulfur atom fombon + oxygen a> carbon donde and 4 oxygen atoms. @@ @GO 00,| 3) Thoro might be brackets in a formula, e.g. caloium hydroxide @ se ie Ca(OH), The litle number outside “ie bracket erotic te serena angen gues around sumthing inside the brackets. 80 in Ca(OH), there's in pairs of atoms (so its O,) Lealoium atom, 2 oxygen atoms and 2 hydrogen atoms. Here are come examples of formulae which might come in handy: 11) Carbon dioxide — C0, 4) Sodium chloride — NaCl 7) Calcium chloride — Ca0l, 2) Ammonia — NH, 5) Carbon monoxide — CO 8) Sodium carbonate — 0,00, 3) Water — 1,0 6) Hydrochloric acid — HC! 9) Sulfuric acid — 11,80, | You know when you were little and taught to share things? Turns out atoms have been doing this since the start of the universe. Maybe we could all learn a thing or two from those little guys. QI How many atoms are in one particle of Na,CO,? [1 mark] | If you don’t learn this stuff it will only compound your problems... _| | Q2 A compound has the formula CaCl,. Name the compound and the elements it contains. [2 marks] ‘Topic 1 — Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table"Chemicel equations are Fundamental 1o chemistry. Pretty much like tomato ketchup is #o a bacon bully. Mmm... bacon buHties... Sorry, | got distracted. Let's do this. Chemical Changes are Shown Using Chemical Equations | “One way 0 chow @ chemical reaction is to write a word euation. It's not ae auiok as using chemical symbols and you can't tell straight away what's happened to each of the atoms, but it's dead easy. Here's an example — you're fold that methane buene in oxygen giving cotbon dioxide and water: ee ‘on the left-hand The molecules on the ide of the equation are called ioxi ‘ghtchand sde are a tts eee ca methane + oxygen —> onbon donde + water Edad wad react with ech other) produced fom the reactants) | Symbol Equations Show the Atoms on Both Sides ‘Chemical changes can be shown in a kind of shorthand using symbol equations. Symbol equations just show magnesium + oxygen magnesium oxide the sumbols or formulas of the reactants and products. 2Mg + 0, ae 2mgo ‘Youll have spotted that theres a Z in font ofthe Mig and the MgO, The reason for this is explained below. 1) There must always be the same number of atoms on both sides — they can't just disappear. 2) You balance the equation by putting numbers in front of the formulas where needed. Take this equation for reacting sulfuric acid with sodium hydroxide: H,SO, + NaOH —-Na,SO, + H, 8) The formulas are all correct but the numbers of some atoms don't match up on both sides. 4) You can't change formulas like H,80, fo H,80,. You can only put numbers in front of them. The more you practise, the quicker you get, but all you do le this: 1). Find af element that dosn't balinoe and pend in.» numbet to try and oor # out. 2 If may create another imbalance, but if go, pencil in and see where that gets you. =e unbalanced elements and it'l sort ifsélf out pretty quieldy. e 8) Carry In the equation above you'll notice we're short of H_ atoms on the RHS (Right-Hand Side). 1). The only thing you can do about that is make it 2H, instead of just H,O: H,SO, + N&OH > NaSO, +2H,0 2) But that now gives too many H atoms and © atoms on the RHS, so to balance that up you could try putting 2NaQH on the LHS (Lef-Hand Side): H,SO, + 2NaOQH > Nz,SO, +2H,0 3) And suddenly there it is! Everything balances. And youll notice the Na just sorted itself out. Revision is all about getting the balance right... Balancing equations is all about practice. Once you have a few goes you'll see it’s much less scary than it seemed before you took on, challenged and defeated this page. Go grab some chemistry glory. | l QI Balance the equation: Fe + Cl, > FeCl, U1 mark) | ji | Q2 Hydrogen and oxygen molecules are formed in a reaction where water splits apart. { Fortis reaction: a) State the word equation, b) Give a balanced symbol equation (marks) | Topic 1 — Atomic Structure and the Periodic Tablei Mixtures and Chromatography =. Mixtures in chomistry are just like mixtures in baking, lots of separate things all mixed together. But most of the fime they're considerably less delicioue. And you probably shouldn't eat them. Or put them in an oven. [ Mixtures are Easily Separated — Not Like Compounds | ~1) Unlike in a compound, there's no chemical ond between the different parte of a mixture. 2) The parts of a mixture can be either elements or compounds, and they can be Sp phys pated en ‘separated out by physical methods such as fitration (p. 17), crystallisation that doesnt invoke a (p17), simple distillation (p.18), fractional distillation (p.18) then ‘reaction, s0 does end chromatography (see below). 5, fm any new substances 8) Air is a mixture of gases, mainly nitrogen, ‘oxygen, carbon dioxide and argon. he's a isture ‘The gases can all be separated out fairly easily. of gases 4) Crude oil is @ mixture of different length hydrocarbon molecules. 5) The propérties of a mixture are just a mixture of the Properties of the separate parts — the chemical properties of a substance aren't affected by it being part of a mixture. For example, a mixture of iron powder and sulfur powder will show the propertios of both iron and oulfur. Ht will contain ay”, ron and sifur ied | Brey magnetic bits of iron and bright yellow bits of sulfur. tegether but not react | You Need to Know How to Do Paper enesategepey 7 | _ Gxona) ‘One method of separating substances in @ mixture fe through chromatography: This technique oan be used fo separate different dyes in an ink. ee ea can do: 1) Draw a line near the bottom of a sheet of flier paper. (Use a penoil to do this — penoil marks are insoluble and won't dissolve in the solvent.) 2) Add a spot of the ink fo the line and place the sheet in a beaker of solvent, e.g water. 8) The solvent used depends on what's being tested. Some compounds dissolve well in water, but sometimes other solvents, like ethanol, are needed. = 4) Make sure the ink isn't touching the solvent [Leiter paper — you don't want it to dissolve into it. 5) Place a lid on top of the container to stop the solvent evaporating. [Le spat of ink 8) The solvent seeps up the paper, carrying the ink with it. TET perl ne 7) Each different due in the ink will move up the paper at a different tate 20 the dyes will separate out. Each dye will form a spot in @ different place — 1 spot per dye in the ink. 8) If any of the dyes in the ink are insoluble (won't dissolve) in the solvent you've used, they'll stay on the baseline. 9) When the solvent has nearly reached the Jon of the papa, take the paper out of ‘the beaker and leave it to dry. 10) The end result is a pattern of Shallow Solvent spats called a The Pont the ohent hag “© pata APE the solvent os Chemistry and fun are a mixture — easily separated... | Chromatography is actually mighty useful in real life. It’s used to test athletes’ urine samples for performance { enhancing drugs, and also to test unknown substances at crime scenes. Eeek. | j Q1__Explain why you shouldnt use a pen to draw a line on the filter paper for paper chromatography. [1 mark] ‘Topic 1 — Atomic Structure and the Periodic TableFiltration and crystallisation are methods of cepsrating mixiures. Chemists use these techniques all the fime to separate golida from Juvila, 60 i's worth making eure you know how to do them, | Filtration Separates Insoluble Solids from m Liquids 1) Filtration oan be used Hf your product is an insoluble solid that needs fo be eeparated from a liquid reaction mixture. Ae 2) Hoan be used in purification as well. For example, colid impurities Fiter paper folded in the reaction mixture can be separated out using filiralion. Hy aucune 3 rele means the slid cart be dseied in the gi. = fier paper Bu tenstsiaAtd AAU NAP ATTIPTETTIAEEAIA THEO TS If 2 eolid oan be dissolved i's desoribed ae being coluble. There are {wo methods you can use to separate a soluble salt from @ solution — evaporation and crystallisation. wera Evaporation cnpsaing dik set Buren be 1) Pour the solution into an evaporating dish. Sa, you could use a 2) Slowly heat the solution. The solvent will evaporate and the solution os will get more concentrated. Eventually, crijotals will start fo form. 8) Keep heating the evaporating dish until all you have left are dru orustale. Evaporation fe a really quick way of separating a oluble alt from a solution, but you can only use it if the salt doesn't deoompoce (break down) when its heated. Otherwise, you'll have to use crystallisation. Srystotiestion Sou shoul ae use 1) Pour the solution into an evaporating dish and gently heat the solution. cxystalsation if you Some of the solvent wil evaporate and the solution will get more conceniraled, = want make ne big = 2) Once some of the solvent has evaporated, or when you see orystals start to form Ziitiiiitiiiiiiti (the poin! of cryetallisation), remove the dish from the heat and leave the solution to cool. 8) The colt should start to form o-ysials as it becomes insoluble in the cold, highly concentrated solution. 4) Fillet the orystale out of the solution, and leave them in a warm place A i aaig fo dry. You could also use a drying oven or a desioceior. out of sohtion tric hea | Filtration and Crystallisation can be Used to Separate Rock Sait | 1) Rock salt ie eimply a mbcture of salt and sand (they spread it on the roads in winter). 2) Slt and sand are both compounds — but eat dssolvesn water and sand dows Thie vital difference in their phusivel properties gives a great way fo separate them. Here's what fo do. 1) Grind the mixture to make sure the salt crystals are emall, so will dissolve easily. = You can hes the mist 2) Put the mixture in water and efit. The salt will dissolve, but the sand won't, vitae 8) Filter the mixture. The grains of sand won't fit through the tiny holes in the filter paper, so they collect on the paper inetead. The selt passes through the filter paper as it's part of the solution. 4) Evaporate the water from the salt so that it forms dry crystals. — ‘You could alo ute cru here ‘wanted to make Revise mixtures — just filter out the important bits... | Two out of three pages on separating mixtures done, phew... But before you dash on to the next page (know, its | just so exciting), make sure you know this page toa. Talking about Tea, I need a cuppa... | } QI Asstudent needs to produce pure crystals of copper sulfate from an aqueous solution of copper sulfate. Describe how the student could use crystallisation for this process. Topic 1 — Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table (4 marks]Distillation i Distillation is used fo separate mixtures which contain liquids. There are two types that you should know about — simple and fractionsl. Hopefully, thie page will ‘dictil everything you need fo know... ho ho. Simple Distillation is Used to Separate Out Solutions = Make sure the water goes in at the bottom "5 Say the arene and outa the to. 1) Simple disfillation is used for separating out a liquid from a solution. 2) The solution is heated. The part of the solution that has the lowest boiling point evaporates firet. 8) The vapour ie then cooled, condenses (turns Teme back into # liquid) and is collected. a Condenser — the vapour 4) The rest of the solution ie left behind in the flack. Lg ar ei i ere a5 iis cold bythe 5) You can use simple distillation 4o get pure water ~ i cole by from seawater. The waier evaporates and ie condensed and collected. Eventually you'll end up with just the galt left in the flask. 6) The problem with simple distillation ia that {you can only use if fo separate things with J vvoru different boiling points — if the temperature Seat fh f\ f\ {2080 higher than the boiling point of the substance heat With the higher boiling point, they will mix again. 7) Hf you have @ mixture of liquids with similar boiling points you need Pure dsied water another method to separate them — like fractional distillation... | Fractional Distillation is Used to Separate a Mixture of Liquids . 1) H you've got a micture of liquids you ean separate it using Thrmernater fractional distillation. Here is a lab demonstration that oan be used to model fractional on of crude oil et a refinery. Conk bt of q 2) You put your mixture in a flask and stick @ olumn 5 enna fractionating column on top. Then you heat it. Fractionating column se 8) The different liquids will all have different boiling Ale with gas rode s points — eo they will evaporate at 2NaOHyy Hayy root Mioriely fo provione [uglier gen end sodium + water —» sodium hydroxide + hydrogen| metal hydroxides — salts that dissolve in water to produce alkaline solutions. * The more reactive (lower down in the group) an alkali metal is, the more violent the reaation._ /) * The amount of energy given out by the reaction increases down the group = All the Group 1 metals react = — the reaotion with potassium releases enough energy to ignite hydroger with water in a similar way. = Resection with chlorine 1 Soup ra rect erly wan Baten Slee ad he to form metal chloride salts. 2) As you go down the group, reactivity increases so the reaction with chlorine gets more vigorous. Reaction with oxygen ‘The Group | metals can react with oxygen to form a metal oxide. Different types of oxide will form depending on the Group 1 metel: Sega rcs * Lithium reacts fo form lithium oxide (LI,0). Tatiterstinmyoade et + Bodium reacts to form a mixture of sodium oxide (N@,0) and sodium peroxide (Na,O,). + Potassium reacts to form a mixture of potassium peroxide (K,0,) and potassium euperoxide (KO,). up I Metals Have Different Propertie: Tre reations with oxygen are why roup 1 metas tarnish in the ar —— the metal reacts with oxygen in the Transition Metals | 1) Group | metals are much more reactive than transition metals — they react more vigorously with water, oxygen or Group 7 elements, for example. 2) They're also much less dense, sirong and hard than the transition metals, and have much lower melting poinis. Eg. manganese melis at 2000 °C, sodium melts at 98 °C. Back to the drawing board with my lithium swim shorts design... Reactions of alkali metals need safety precautions, but they fizz in water and might explode. Cool. QI __ Explain the trend in reactivity as you go down Group 1 [2 marks}“The pe Oroup 7 elements are known a6 the halogens. The whole ‘trend thing’ happens with the hologone ‘ac well — that shouldn't come as a surprise. ‘Fluorine fe @ very reactive, poisonous (19% ss Chlorine is a fairly reactive, poisonous dense green gas. Bromine is a dense, poisonous, red-brown volatile tiquid. Joding is a dark grey orystalline solid or @ purple vapour. They all exist ae molecules which are palre of atoms. Learn ‘As you go DOWN Group 7, the halogens: The Halogens are All Non-Metals with Coloured Vapours Se @O Faso) shoe ge become LEGS REACTIVE Sp cane thse ends to” ) IVE — it's harder to gain predict properties of Flogers. = ‘an extra electron, because the outer shell’s For example you know that ftrtie, Fon the nite / eee 2) have HIGHER MELTING AND BOILING POINTS. boling point than chlorine 25 = its frther down the group in the periodic able. 9) have HIOHER RELATIVE ATOMIC MASSES. All the Group 7 elements react in simi This is because they all have seven electrons in thelr outer shell. | Halogen atoms oan share electrone vie covelent bonding (see page 31) with other non-metals eo as to achieve a full outer shell. For example HCI, PCI,, HF and CCl, contain covalent bonde. The compounds that form when halogens react with non-1 molecular eft 1) Tho helogene form [= ions oalled Brand halides (F-, Cl when they bond with metals, for example Na*Cl- or Fo Br 2) The compounds that form have ionic struotures. eo! © 8) The diagram chows the bonding in sodium chloride, NaCl. A dleplaoement reaction osn ooour between a more reactive halogen and the cat of « lee reeotive one. E.g. chlorine oan displace bromine and jodine from an aqueous solution of ite salt (a bromide or iodide). Bromine will also displace iodine because of the irend in reactivity. Chas Chg + Wy > Teg + AKC ee oo lodine forming in oCeig + 2KBry > Bap + 2KCt,, ton eae ah You say ‘halo-gen’I say ‘ha-logen’, lets call the whole thing off... Apart from revision, let's call that whole thing ‘on’, Displacement reactions are pretty important in chemistry — better learn the facts, Ican see your halo(gen), halo(gen) halo(gen)... | Qi | | Predict whether bromine would displace iodine from sodium iodide and explain why. [2 marks] Q2 Why do Group 7 elements get less reactive as you go down the group from fluorine to iodine? [3 marks] Topic 1 — Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table |26 Group 0 Elements The Group 0 elements are known as noble gases — stuffed full of every honourable virtue. They don't react with very much and you can't even see them — making them, well, @ bit dull really. celled the noble gases and inolude neon and argon (plus a few others). 2) They all have eight electrons in their outer energy level, = Helium only has electrons inthe bret © apart from helium which has two, giving them a el which ony ends 2 beled. = full outer-shell. As their outer shell is energetically PUES stable they don't need fo give up oF goin electrons to become more stable. This means they are more or less inort — they don't reaot with much at all. 8) They exist as monatomic gases — single atoms not bonded to each other. 4) All elements in Group O are colourless gases at room temperature. 5) As the noble gases are inert they're non-flammable — they won't eet on fire. —— | There are Patterns in the Properties of the Noble Gases y “The boling pointe of the noble gases increase you move down the group along with increasing relative atomic mass. Noble Gas __ 2) The increase in boiling point is ois due to an inorease in the number San of electrons in each atom leading to greater intermolecular forces 7 ee ecina, _befweon them which ned fo line the Teypton: be overcome. Thera's more on ave to learn this Tae intermolecular foroes for smell one moleoulee on page 82. radon 8) In the exam you may be given the boiling point of one noble gae and asked to ‘estimate the value for another one. So make sure you know the paitern. coma Neon is a gas at 25 °C. Predict what state helium is at this temperature. Helium has a lower boiling point than neon as it is further up the group. So, helium must also be a gas at 25 °C. Cm... and krypton have boiling points of —62 °C and 153 °C respectively. Predict the boiling point of xenon. Xenon comes in between radon and krypton in the group so you can predict that its boiling point would be halfway between their boiling points: (—153) + (62) = ~215 -215 + 2 = 1075 = 108°C So, xenon should have a boiling point of about 108 °C >! 2 esau boing pont of xenon 108 °C. — just a predicted. Neat or this one Arrrgon — the pirate element... ‘As noble gases don’t really react there isn’t too much to learn about them. If you understand why they are ‘unreactive and the trend in boiling points as you go down the group you're sorted, | QL Does xenon or neon have the higher boiling point? [1 mark] Q2__Argon is very unreactive. Using your knowledge ofits electronic structure, explain why. [2 marks] ‘Topic 1 — Atomic Structure and the Periodic TableWell, that wrape up Tonio 1— ime fo put yourelf fo the fest and find out how much you really know, + Try these questione and fick off each one when you get if right. ‘+ When you've done all the questions under a heading and are completely happy with it, tick it off, Atoms, Elements and Compounds (p.12-15) [] ‘Sketch an atom. Label the nuoleus and the electrons. ‘What is the charge of a proton? ‘True or Falee? Elemente contain more than one type of atom. Give the formula for: 1) Carbon dioxide _b) Sodium carbonate 5) Balance these equations: )Mg +0,->MgO —_b) H,80, + NaOH -» No,80, + H,0 6-18) What is the difference behween a compound and a mixture’? 7} What is the name of the patiern formed from oarrying out paper chromatography? 8) Which method of separation is useful to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid? Give the name of a method to separate soluble solid from a liquid. Which method of distillation would you use to eeparate liquide with cimilar boiling points? Who dicoovered that the pli pudding model wao wrong? Who first devised an experiment that proved the existence of the neutron’? What is the electronic efructure of sodium? 14) Why did Mendeleev leave gaps in his Table of Elements? Groups of the Periodic Table (p.23-26) |. How are the group number and the number of electrons in the outer shell of an element related? What kind of ions do metals form? 17) Where are non-metals on the periodic table? 18) Give three properties which are epeoifio to traneition metal. 19) State three trends as you go down Group 1. 20) State the products of the reaction of eodium and water. 21) State the differences between Group 1 end transition metals for the following properties: 9) Hardness: b) Reactivity c) Melting Points 22) How do the boiling points of halogens change as you go down the group from fluorine fo astatine? 23) What ie the charge of the fone that halogens form when they react with metals? 24) Predict whether Iodine is displaced by oblorine in a solution of potassium iodide. 25) What is the frend in boling point as you go down Group 07 Topic 1 — Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table28 Topic 2 — Bonding, Structure and Properties of Matter 7: <= 1 Formation of Ions | lone orop up allover the place in chemishyy. You're gonne heve to be able to explain how they fo form and oe the charges of elmple Ione formed by elements in Groupe 1, 2, 6 and 7. You'd better get on... | Jons are Made When Electrons are Transferred | “T) lone are charged particles — they oan be single aiome (e.g. Cr) or groupe of atoms (e.g. NO,"). 2) When atoms lose or gain electrons fo form ions, all they're trying aren reaver teenie to do is get a full outer shell like a noble ges (also called @ im Group © of the peed table = “stable electronic structure"). Atoms with full outer shells are very stable. @stvirriiiviiniinnisii® 8) When metals form ions, they lose electrons from their outer shell fo form positive ions. 4) When non-metal form jons, they gain electrons into their outer shell to form negative ions. * 5) The number of electrons lost or gained is the same as the charge on the ion. E.g. I 2 electrons are lost the charge is 2+. 1 8 electrons are gained the charge is 3-. Groups 1 & 2 and 6 & 7 are the Most Likely to Form Ions | } 1) The elements that most readily form ions are those in Groups 1, 2, 6 and 7. 2) Group | and 2 elements are metals and they lose electrons fo form positive ions (cations). 8) Group 6 and 7 elements are non-metals. They gein electrons fo form negative ions (anions). 4) You don't have to remember whet ions most élements form — nope, you just look at the periodic table. 5) Elements in the same group all have the same number of outer electrons. 80 they have to lose or gain the same number to get a full outer shell. And this means that they form ions with the same charges, Group | elements Group 2 elements Group Gelements —_ Group 7 elements: form |: ions. form 2+ ions. form 2- yy § er = ns w ne] o 2 [6 |W Jolene le nogooS [oe] 00| 1 |v [or fin] Fe [00] [ou [zn |0e [oe [as | | Kr lab] ar] v [ze |b tot [uf nfpa Ae in [on] ob tal 1 )xe (ce [Ba] ts [HF [1a |w |Ro|o0| w [>| |na v [Pb] [Polat] Ro Fra] Ao Rt [Ob [95 ah [He | [Ds |r ‘A sodium atom (Na) ie in Group | 80 Hf loses 1 electron to form a sodium fon (Na*) with the same electronic structure as neon: Na — Na* + e. © A magnesium atom (Mg) is in Group 2 80 it loves 2 electrons to form a magnesium fon (Mg?*) with the same electronic structure as neon: Mg > Mg’ + Qe. + A chlorine atom (Cl) is in Group 7 80 it gains 1 electron to form a chloride ion (Ct) Dougal was a with the same electronic structure as argon: Cl +e — Cr. ae * An oxygen atom (0) is in Group 6 80 It gains 2 electrons fo form an oxide ion siiaal sell {0*) with the same electronic structure as noon: O + 2er—> O%, s*iurviniuuiiirtiu ir Have a Tack back at page 20 for = how to workout elton structures = I’ve got my ion you... ‘Some elements like to gain electrons, some elements like to lose electrons, but they all want to have a | full outer shell. Poor little electron shells, all they want in life is to be full... | Ql Explain why simple ions often have noble gas clectronic structures. [2 marks] Q Predict the charges of the ions formed by the following elements: b) Calcium (Ca) —_c) Potassium (K) ‘Topic 2— Bondina. Structure and Properties of MatterGCSE Chemistry For AQA (Grade 9-1) Years Q«\0 Chemstry Summer tere Sets | Yt New! | The Workbook Higher Level a2 Topic 1 — Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table Atoms and Elements There's no escaping atoms, in chemistry books or in life... All substances are made of atoms. Atoms are finy, with a radius of just 0.1 nanometres. They're made up of even smaller particles — protons, neutrons and electrons. Complete the passage below by writing the correct words in the gaps: ‘Atoms always have a charge of .. gained electrons ie called an ... number of electrons and atom, the atom becomes Atoms can be represented by their nuclear symbol. This shows the atomic number, the mass number and the element symbol of the atom. Label the atomic number, mass number and element symbol on the nuclear symbol of fluorine shown below: [oF eT + « Ifan electron is added to a neutral charge An atom which has lost or Aneutral atom has the same They're everywhere. mouse) Q1 “Table 1 contains iriformation about Some elements. Table 1 is incomplete. Complete Table 1 below using a periodic table. 2 Yea i's pl 2 5 tik org 6 ek ints Mass | Number of | Number of | Number of | Element | Symbol | Number | Protons | Electrons | Neutrons Sodium Na " Topic 1 — Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table{ i in Figure 1 that is shaded grey? b) Figure 1 is incomplete. The atom’s electrons are shown on Figure 1 using x. Complete Figure 1 by adding the correct numbers of protons and neutrons, using: @ to represent protons, Mito represent neutrons. c) Use a periodic table to identi the element shown in Figure 1. Q3 The fiiclear Ymbols for four atoiné'aré sliown bel.” 12 4 14 14 ac “He Ke N a) _ Circle the two atoms which are isotopes of each other. b) Explain your answer. can ‘exist as th stable 60.1% of gallium atoms are Ga-69 atoms, and the rest are Ga-71 atoms. Calculate the relative atomic mass of gallium to 3 significant figures. Piesotopes relative atomic mass = Which element has the funniest isotopes? Helium — ‘He ‘He.. Remember, it's the number of protons in an atom that determines which element it is. So atoms of the same element always have the same number of protons, but might have a different number of neutrons — if they do, they're isotopes. } © ‘Topic 1 — Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table