Frosorius Em COMPARISON OF CONE PENETRATION TEST (CPT) BASED SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS FOR THE REGOLITH IN TRABZON (NE, TURKEY) Bilgehan Kul si |, Hakan Ersoy ‘aradeniz Technical University, Departmen’ of Gecgical Engineering, 61000, Trabyon, Turkey ABSTRACT, Classification of soils with respect soil profile depth plays a major role in defining the 2 Iehaviour of soils. Soils are classified, in broad terms, by a seri ical experiments con- ducted on samples obtained from exploration holes for drills in a laboratory environment and by as- sessing the results obtained from these experiments ‘The demand for in-situ testing. methods is rising, since the undisturbed samples taken in tubes tend to demonstrate highly different characteristics than their natural states. Along with the technological de- ‘velopments in engineering geology, methods that al- low continuous in-situ determination of soil profiles and soil properties are becoming widely used. The ‘cone penetration test (CPT) is an on-site test that eliminates operator-related factors and allows deter mination of in-depth soil profile closest to its natural state. The test is rapidly reproducible, and. soil parameters can be obtained without the need for ‘sampling or laboratory work, Thus, the time needed for testing and interpretation procedures is much less than other methods, which makes this test advanta- ‘geous over others regarding labor force and costs. ‘This study involved classification of regolith soils ‘with extensive dispersion properties within the city center of Trabzon in northeast Turkey and its sur roundings. Both laboratory and CPT tests were con- ducted, and soil classification systems ereated by rious researchers were compared. Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) classified the soils into 3 types, whereas the classification systems ere- ated by various researchers based on CPT data de- scribed 4 types. Moreover, CPT data provides infor- mation on density and the stiffness properties of soils. The CPT test is especially recommended for soil classification studies since it provides more de tailed and continuous results, KEYWORDS: Regolithie sol, CPT, soil classification, Trabzon 6202 INTRODUCTION ‘The soil classification system is constructed based on the soil’s physical characteristics in terms of engineering. One of the most widely used meth ‘ods for determining the sol class today is to condu laboratory tests on samples obtained from drilling of exploration holes, However, the time-consuming ni ture of this method makes it disadvantageous, AS a resull, researchers sought different methods for d termining the soil type and gravitated towards meth- ‘ods such as Cone Penetration Tests (CPT) that has a relatively short testing time and that does not requie sampling [1 and 2} ‘The researchers have used the data obtained from the CPT test to suggest soil classification charts about the engineering behavior of soils [3, 4, 5, 6.7 resistance obtained from the CPT test is increased ‘due to the depth such as Standard Penetration Test (SPT) values, Researchers found an empirical cone factor (Nk) that correlates with CPT, in order to de- termine the undrained shear strength for cohesive soils [10, 11, 12 and 13], Moreover, the comp- ressibility of Cohesionless soils could be determined ‘with the correlation factor between CPT and the rel- ative density (Dr) [14, 15 and 16). Nevertheless, an approach for determining properties of mixed soils such as regolith cannot be found in the literature. is well known that in-situ tsts have a major role in engineering geology studies. The comparison ‘of data obtained from field in-situ and laboratory tess, and investigation of relations between them are ‘very importance stage for engineering projects. On the other hand, proceeding with limited data is com- monly observed in geotechnical engineering ope s, Since the tasks oF Soil sampling and Faboratory 1g are both challenging and time-consuming, as well as being costly [17 and 18]. This problem his! lights the importance of data obtained by in-situ ‘esis. Relevant correlation factors can be used during ‘various stages ofthe operations, which makes it pos- sible to use data obtained by in-situ tests for predi ing different properties of soils. ‘The subject of this study is the regolith soils ‘within the center and surroundings of Trabzon thatare formed by on-site disintegration of alkaline vo- ceanie rock formations having highly dispersive char- acteristics [19], The process where physical and chemical properties of rack formations are altered ‘not due to location change but as a result of exposure to water air, and temperature changes is called dis- integration andthe soil formed by mainly chemically disintegrated rock formations is called regolith, Re= sults of classification systems obtained by using data from laboratory tests were compared with the results, of classification systems obtained by CPT during the ‘course ofthis study MATERIALS ANI THODS, Field Investigations and Laboratory Tests, Regolith soils that are forived by on-site dissolution, of alkaline voleanic rock formations have been ob- served to show highly dispersive characteristics, es pecially within the center of Trabzon and its sur- oundings. Reaching up to 30 meters in depth, this kind of soil serves as the foundation ground for many ‘construction works within the city center. Thus, a pi- Jot zone was selected among the zones whete rego- Tith depth was found to be greater than 5 meters. The pilot zone selected as the research area can be found ‘on the map given in Figure 1 Boon FIGURE T Location map of the study area and its vicinity 6203 FEBFIGURE wmartal Butetn Drilling applications and sampling In order to determine the physical and mechan- ical properties of regolith soils, 3 exploration holes \wer’ drilled in different locations and special tubes ‘of 86 mm diameter and 60) em of depth were inserted to attain undisturbed samples from 50 cm intervals (Figure 2). Drilling was performed without water and with only pressure (no rotary movement in: cluded). As a result of the drilling procedure. the bedrock was found at 8, 7.2, and 8.25 meters respec- tively. 30 centimeters of soil from the surface was removed before sampling operations. Samples re: their natural characteristics were transported to the laboratory, where experiments regarding classification and speeification of index parameters were conducted. Experiments conducted on dis- turbed samples resulted inthe determination of sam- ple densities [20], iffness limits [21]. Wet sieve and hydrometer analysis [22] defined the gramulomater curves and soil classification, Results of index p: rameters as per the laboratory experiments con- ducted on regolith soil profile can be found in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3. ‘TABLE 1 Depth cm) Gravel % Sand Sit Clay LLG PI% Gs USCS 050 TO. ns 23 30-66 12 189369) 66-119 10s 10 to HeIs7 116 736 i722 124 Bo 4L7 20270130 143 46 3200 123 lea 274 310372 Ot 9 346 sae 23 100 My 4164630 22 0267 46351603 2a 363 Slos64 09 22 09 Sote00 17 302 Bo 620-665 30 468 3582 o6s71S 20 412 310 71576030 465 (264 76030795 399 25, 273 ML-OL 455 467 268 MLOL 450 233 MLOL 492 278 MLOL 513 294 MEOH S10 268 MILOH 537 268 MH.OH 589 2.65 MH-OH 496 287 MLOL 464 283 MLOL. 488 273 MLOL 490 27 © MLOL 49.1 270 MLOL 300 273 MH-OH Sot 259 MH-OH 485 249 ML-OL 44, ML.OLTABLE 2 7 s 050 119 sas 31036872. MLO SOI 10 27020 RR DS MOL Tales 107 99384 0B ST MLOL. 16821843 Ba 2300 4800 tT 742.65 ML-OL. 21825530 60310 S00, S812 ML-OL 265314 33 96 301 500 $3418 2.68 MHLOH, Subs 1S 235° 380 OLR MILO Mes 13 22 366 = 0659265 MELON 4is470 48 2070 6S 380-503-268 MILO. 47500 Td m9 7 07278 MLL sosis 78 206 376 30426 MOL Suss75 19.0 ds M2 OME MOL 575625 105 29 7784S L269 MLOL oas.675 Sa dss a do) S468 MOL La 332364 290 96 2.90 MOL TABLE3 Gravel Sand % 204 erties obtained from SK-3 along depth and related USCS classification Ge ae MLOL 50-110 198 6 286 26s MLOL Hol 13 oo 7 259 MLOL 16021032 Isa 36 257 MHLOH 210260005 246 299 266 MH-OH, Dosa 07 275 s9 266 MOH sets 7200 Ma 261 MELOH BoSt1d 1.2 2x72 271 MILOH, 4446572 23 US 2.66 MH-OH. 466-505 OS 3 2st MHLOH. 505-555 238 9 261 MLOL 555-605, 29 263 MLOL 5-655 3 wa MS 259 MLOL 655708 73 27 0 268 MLOL 101 287 312 270 MLOL 7375 A 29 Rd 462 268 ML-OL 375805 8S 210302 468 26x MLOL Cone Penetration Tests (CPT): measure: with the site and laboratory schedule, was de- ments and prosedures. Drilling procedures. were utilized for the purpose of obtaining the depth profile ‘of regoliths. Undisturbed samples taken every 50 centimeters were obtained to be used for determina tion of physical and! mectanical properties by labor- ‘ory tess. Regoliths were defined in detail with the aid of consequently performed relevant in-situ tests ‘The cone peneiration test (CPT) provides extensive and accurate data and can be used on various soils, suchas soft clay, sit, sand and fine gravel. Te great- est advantage of this testis the continuous data at tainment throughout the whole depth profile. The test can be repeated as required within short time {ervals. and soil parameters can be obtained without the need for sampling or laboratory work, Moreover, ‘the time required for testing and interpretation pro- cedures is mach less than other methods; making it advantageous over others reganding labor force and costs. Data required within the scope of this study, ed by all ofthe above-mentioned assessment pro cedures. CPT equipment is originally manufactured in Holland and features an electronic data collection system. In the experiment standardized by ASTM DMt-05 [23], a metal cone tip cylindrical) having 4 projected area of 10 cm, and a friction sleeve of 150 en? with an apex angle of 60° was advanced in the soil with 2 cas constant velocity by using a 2 ton-capacity hydraulic pressure, The tip (qc) and en- ‘vironmental resistance data obtained during penetra- tion with 20 cm intervals ae saved on the computer With the aid ofelectronic receptors. The cone tip re- sistance was calculated by dividing the total fo applied by the cross-sectional cone area (10 em). Sleeve resistance ({s) was calculated by dividing the {otal force applied on the sleeve by the sleeve surface ‘area 1S0-em?, Surface fiction is defined in terms of percentage of friction ratio (RE = 100 x fsfge). The application process of the cone penetration testis shown in Figure 3. 6205URE Application of cone penetration test (a) CPT-1, (b) CPT Deon Set ass Noo. $0 Benno Typ eo FIGURES Since the c and both the cone penetration resistance and the fic: tion ratio inerease accordingly [9], CPT data needs tobe normalized for the geological load while apply ing highly shallow andor highly deep drilling pro- ‘cesses [9], The sol behaviour chart based on normal ized CPT data was firstly proposed by Robertson [9] ‘where the regions showing the soi types were linked ‘with a parameter that he termed asthe soil behaviour del index, le Te = [G.47-logQb"(logFr+1.22)'P wo Qt = Normalized cone penetration resistance Qt= (eave) ovo 2 Fr= Normalized friction ratio Fr= (is gtovo)) x 100 @) 6206 TABLE Soil types according to Robertson 1990, Zone _ Soil Behaviour Type (SBT) T Sensitive fine-grained 2 Clay-organie soil 336 3 Clays: clay tos 2.95-3.6 Silt mixturescclayey silt 2629 + wsity clay 2.02.95 5 Sand mixtures: sity sand toy 5 sandy sit SaaS Sands: clean sands to silty 31.205 © sands Israel 7 Dense sand to gravelly sand <1.31 8 Siiffsand to clayey sand 9 Stiff fine-grained -‘The Ic ranges defined for different soil types [9] ‘can be found in Table 4. Evaluating the results ob- tained, charts of change in tip resistance (qe) with depth, change of normalized friction ratio. with depth, normalized soil behaviour index, and normal- ized soil behaviour type have been produced (Figure 4, Figure 5, and Figure 6). The sol types with respect 10 depth were defined accordingly. Geotechnical properties of soils were also been identified, CPT a re] al Es, Ex i: fa a] ‘i : i ‘ ‘ tages “SPT & ual ini i Hem esr serninex alerts . : ra 2 a ¥ | g* 2” z ‘ . epee Tt an RIC) ie FIGURE 6 URE ‘Logs generated from CPT-2 in the study area (aceording to Robertson 1990) values obtained from different soil depth were plot- {ed on the chart proposed by Robertson [9] CPT data for zone-divided soil was inserted {nto Robertson's [9] soil classification chart. The data between O and 119.cm depth were plotted in 8 and 9 ‘numbered zones in the chart. Additionally, the data between 110-605 cm, 548-825 em were plotted in 4-9 and S-6-8-9 numbered zones in the chart respec lively (Figure 7), SBTa index Neem. Sot Behaviour Type or on Tater | a “SET beaten ‘S8Tn (Robertson, 1980) 3 Logs generated from CPT-3 in the study area (according to Robertson 1990) 6207 FEBsure pot Classification of regolithie soils uccording to the results of CPT-1 Generally speaking, It was observed that the soil type changed with changing depth and related {ypes were found to be the clays (clay-silt, clay), silt mixtures (clayey sill silly sand), sand mixtures (silty sand, sandy silt), sands (clear sand, silty sand), highly compressed sand-clayey sand, and extra hard Asa result of theirextensive research, Douglas and Olsen [24] constructed a sol classification chart that defines a different soil behaviour model com- ppared to the models based on grain distribution. The of friction rate (RF, %) versus tip sistance (qc. MN/m?), demonstrates that the sensi- tive soils were represented by high friction rates and. low tip resistance; organic soils with low tip re- sistance and high friction rates; clayey soils with high friction rates: and sandy soils with high tip sistance and low friction rates. Robertson [9] highlighted the need for correet- ing for geological load, considering the fact that cone penetration resistance inereased with depth, Eslami and Fellenius {7] constructed a chart where they URE CPT-2 and CPT-3 measured friction rate (RE, kPa) versus effective ‘cone resistance (MPa), and divided the soils into 5 different types, ge a ‘cone resistance cone resistance corrected for pore Water pressure ‘on shoulder us = pore pressure measured at cone shoulder ‘Thouigh the USCS [25] is known to be the most \widely used soil classification system, every country makes its own adjustments tothe systems and builds their own classification systems. The soil class ean be determined after determining whether the soil is ‘coarse or fine-grained, or whether itis highly or- gic. “The soils were classified ‘hexploration hole a 125], according to the sieve and hydrometer analyses performed on samples obtained by drilling on the re- search zone, Results obtained from the CPT were evaluated and the regolith soils were classified according to the ‘classifications suggested by Douglas and Olsen [24], Robertson (9), and Eslami and Fellenius [7] (Table 5, Table 6, and Table 7). ‘TABLES ‘The CPT-1 values of Regolithie Soils with depth and thelr classification according to the USCS, Dapih com Douglas and One CONTENTION anand Felonies 1097S 750 Sensiuve cay Clay son ™-OL Sine (Cobesive fine gratped Sandy MOL se-119 clon tay sot LOL cen ‘Capes clay MLOL cueH ‘ery densest soi MF-on cLeH cay MHLOH ‘Cohesive tne grained Cy MELON cay ‘MEOH cy MLOL “416-463 ‘Cohesive fine grained cay MLOL aossi cLen Cast cay s MOL Si6-364 cLeH ‘ery densi sei Silty Sand MLOL sexe CLCH cay Cuyey sit MOL 2086s cLeH ‘ery dens sc Sty Sand MHLOR f6s-718 cLen ery dent se Sty Sind MH-OH rst = CLCH ery densest sell Silty Sand MLOL s00-807 cuce Yer dene i Si Sind Mou 6208EE ‘The CPT-2 values of Regolithie Soils with depth and their classification according to the USCS. Dep cemn Jas and Oen GOST) Robertson etal (1990) Estar and Fellenius (997) USCS 150) Sensitive Clay Cay Clavey Sit MOT Sod ‘Cohesive fie grained Gays clay Silty Sand ML-OL ites CL-CH Clays clay ity Clay ML-OL 168-218 Cohesive fine grained chy Silty Cay ML-OL 218265 Cohesive fine grained Gay Silty Cay MLOL 265-314 Cohesive fine grained Chay Clay Sit ME-OR 314336 Cohesive fine grained hy Clay Sit MHLOH 356418 Cohesive fine grained Chy Clay Sit MHLOH ‘Conesve fine grained Gayasity clay MEOH cL-cH Very densest soi MLOL Soesds CCH Very densest sil MLOL siss7s | CLCH ery densest sil Silty Sand ML-OL 15-625 “CH ‘Very densest sil Silly Sand ML-OL eose73 | CL-CH Very densest sil Silty Sand MLOL 675.720 CCH Very denslt ssi, Silty Saad, MLOL TABLET ‘The CPT-3 values of Regolithic Soils with depth and thetr classification according to the USCS. Sensitive Chay Cay Cay Sit ‘ML-OL ‘Cohesive fine grained Gayasity clay iy Clay MLOL ‘Cohesive fine pained Cy Silty Cay MLOL Cohesive fine grained Clay Silty Cay MOF ‘Cohesive Fine eained Chay Silty Cay MH-O# fine grained Cay MEOH 314-365 Cayesity clay MEOH 365-414 Chy MELO 41466, cay MEOH 4466-505 Cohesive fine grained Cy Silty Clay MOH 505-55, Gayssily clay Silly Sand ML-OL 555.05 Very densest soil Silty Sand ML-OL Boss ‘Very densest coil ML-OL 655-708, ‘Very densest sil ML-OL 08-125 Very densest sil ML-OL sms Very densest soil, MLOL 775.395 Very densest si wy Sand NOL Comparison of classification systems. con- structed by three different researchers was. per- ind data obtained by in-situ CPT less. The relationship between these methods has bbeen discussed for the purpose of this study. As a result of the drilling procedure, 3 drills were operated and the bedrock was found at 8, 7.2, and 8.25 meters deep respectively. Drilling was per formed without water and with only pressure (n0 ro- {ary movement included), Undisturbed samples were collected by special tubes of 86 mm diameter and 60 em of depth from $0 cm intervals, Laboratory exper- iments were conducted for determining the physical properties of regolith soils, and soil classification was performed according to USCS [25]. OF the in- situ tests available, CPT was performed in the re- search zone and soil classification was constructed based on the test results using the CPT chart devel- coped by three different researchers. Regarding the soil classification systems constructed by different researchers using CPT, regolith soil was divided into 6209) ighout the depth i gated. According to the USCS [25] classifi system, regolith soils are divided into 3 zones: where (0-119 cm is termed to be ML-OL, 110-605 em to be MH-OH, and approximately 545-825 em to be ML- OL types of soil. 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