FOUNDATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGY

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The birth of Psychology

→ wilhem Wundt proposed that we should study the mind independently of philosophy and physiology
→ Also proposed psychology should be rooted in science
→ Study of conscious and immediate experience

The first Psychology Laboratory

→ Wana't established 1ˢᵗ lab in 1879 at University of Leipzig, Germany
→ Thus 1879 is considered" Birth of modern psychology"

Psychology becomes popular

→ G Stanley Hall established additional labs in 1883 at Johns Hopkins University US
→ G Stanley Hall wrote 1ˢᵗ journal in USA dedicated to psychology
→ Helped established APA (American Psychology Association)
→ Largest organization devoted to psychology

People start arguing

→ Two main viewpoints emerged:
to Structuralism
2. Functionalism

1- 95551%55snow. analyse consciousness by breaking it down into its component parts and investigate these parts individually, and also how these parts are related
◦ Structuralists believed all our complex experiences (consciousness) can be broken into smaller building blocks with ultimately link back to our senses
◦ Best way to break consciousness up is via process known as introspection
• Introspection is process of systematic and objective self-observation

How do we experience anything

① Senses
② Brain takes electrical signals and stitch them togheter to form a coherent sensation

2. Functionalism
• William James proposed that the structure of consciousness is not as important as what it does
• Functionalist we inspired by Charles Darwin
• Psychology should investigate function or purpose of consciousness
• Not so much what something is made of, but how and why it" Functions"a certain way

Psychoanalysis
→ Sigmund Freud
→ Freud noticed many of his patients suffered from irrational Fears and anxieties
→ Freud proposed that in addition to our conscious experience, there is unconscious element to our mind

Psychoanalytic Theory
→ This unconscious part of our mind contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but influences our behaviour

Behaviourism
→ 1920's new school of thought became dominant
→ J.B Watson
→ Behaviourism is idea that psychology should study observable behaviour
→ Not studing consciousness anymore
→ Watson declared that true science is based on verifiability
→ verifiability= Something can be proved (or disaproved) by anyone willing to make observations
→ Consciousness is private event and can't be verified
→ Behaviour, everyone can observe and agree on
→ Behaviourism = Stimulus-Response Psychology
→ Stimulus (input) produces Response (output)
→ Behaviour is caused by environmental factors

Skinner
◦ Organisms tend to repeat behaviour that leads to t outcome and they tend to not repeat behaviour that leads to a O outcome

Nature us. Nurture

→ Are we product of our genes or how we were raised

The humanist Revolt

→ Previous approaches " dehumanise" human beings

Humanism
→ A theoretical orientation that emphasises unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and potential for personal growth
→ 2 most important figures in Humanistic psychology = Maslow + Rogers

Cognitive psychology
cognition refers to mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge

Ivo,½ I:*:&: epsyonology talks about were shaped by natural selection

→ Humans evolved mentally to be better adapted to their environment