Democratic and People’s Republic of Algeria

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

AKLI MOHAND OULHADJ University of Bouira

Faculty of Science and Technology

Department of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.

THEME:

Study of Linear Volumetric Pumps.

Made by:

- CHAIMA BEDIAF.

2023/2024

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 Index :
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………………….…………….4

1●Linear volumetric pumps……………………………………………………………………………………5

2● General information on pumps. ……………………………………………………………………….5

3● Pump classification. …………………………………………………………………………………….……5

4● Linear volumetric pumps working principle. ………………………………………..…………..6

5●The main components of a linear volumetric pump. …………………………………………7

6● Positive displacement pumps (volumetric pump). …………………………………….……..8

6.1 ●Rotary positive displacement pumps. ……………………………………………….….…….8

a) Screw pumps. ……………………………………………………………………………...…………….8
b) External gear pumps. ……………………………………………………………..…………….…….8
c) Internal gear pumps. ………………………………………………………..…………………….…..9
d) Rotary vane pumps. …………………………………………………….……………………………10
e) Rotary lobe pumps. …………………………………………………………………………………..10

6.2 ● Alternative positive displacement pumps. …………………………………….……………11

a) Piston pumps. ……………………………………………………………………………….…….…….11

b) Diaphragm pumps. ………………………………………………………………………….…………12

7● The difference between Piston pumps and Diaphragm pumps. …………….…………12

8● Advantages and disadvantages of positive displacement pumps. …………..………..13

Advantages……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………13

Disadvantages…………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….13

9●Power of linear volumetric pump……………………………………………………………………….14

9.1●The maximum power of a linear volumetric pump………………………………………....15

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10●The velocity of a linear volumetric pump…………………………………………………………15

11●The volumetric efficiency of a linear volumetric pump…………………………………….15

12●Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………………….16

13●references..................................................................................................17

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INTRODUCTION
In the field of fluid dynamics, linear volumetric pumps which function on the basis of
linear displacement act as meticulous builders. This investigation explores the
fundamentals of their operation, revealing the physics of linear displacement and
the engineering accuracy ingrained in their construction.

Beyond theory, the research delves into the real-world uses of linear volumetric
pumps in a variety of sectors. These pumps are essential to guaranteeing precise and
consistent fluid movement in anything from automated systems to medications.

Linear Volumetric Pumps are the conductors guiding the fluid movement, providing
unmatched precision to the fluid dynamics stage. This trip is not without difficulties,
however. We recognize the challenges and consider advancements that might push
the boundaries of pump technology.

This dynamic investigation offers a look into the future as well as a reflection of the
present. Understanding linear volumetric pumps may influence pump technology in
a way that advances fluid handling systems' sustainability, innovation, and efficiency.
The goal of this research is to thoroughly investigate linear volumetric pumps by
dissecting their fundamental ideas, intricate mechanical details, and useful
applications.The intention is to present a comprehensive picture of the precise fluid
movement control that these pumps give. Our goal also includes drawing attention
to the vital function that linear volumetric pumps play in a variety of sectors where
fluid transfer accuracy is critical. Also, we endeavor to recognize obstacles and
investigate prospective advancements, offering significant perspectives that may
influence the forthcoming terrain of pump technology, with a particular emphasis on
augmenting efficacy, eco-friendliness, and inventiveness in fluid management
systems.

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1●Linear volumetric pumps:

A positive displacement pump consists of a pump body that is hermetically sealed to

the interior of which a moving element moves. It follows a cyclical motion. During a
cycle, a quantity of the fluid enters the pump body through the suction port and
then, discharged through the discharge port [1].

This type of pump is intended to perform tasks that do not adapt with the principle
of operation of turbo-pumps, such as:

— Pumping viscous liquids such as oils.

- Instant accurate dosing (pharmaceutical industry).

— Pumping fragile liquids (milk, volatile liquids, etc.) that do not fit well with internal
nagitations in a turbo-pump.

2● General information on pumps:

Pump is any hydraulic machine used to move liquids from a low pressure region to a
high pressure region. Its operation consists in producing a pressure difference
between the suction region and the discharge region by means of the active
component (piston, wheel, etc.) of the pump. From a physical point of view, the
pump transforms mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. Pumps as machinery,
constitute the backbone of gas oil units. Their failures imply the degradation of the
productivity of the latter for this purpose their choices and their installation must be
the subject of particular care on the part of the services.

In addition, their maintenance requires one of the highly qualified specialists, so that
they can provide continuous service for a long time.

3● Pump classification:

To meet all industrial applications, several types of pumps have been developed.
These pumps are grouped under two main families:

• Positive displacement hydraulic pumps.

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• Non-volumetric (roto-dynamic) hydraulic pumps.

Fig: Classification of pumps.

4● Linear volumetric pumps working principle:

Volumetric pumps operate through two general mechanisms: reciprocating or rotary
mechanisms. One type of volumetric pump is the linear-motor-driven free piston
system, which has an internal piston inside the cylinder driven by an electro-magnet
and spring system controlled by the alternating input current cycle [2]. Another
example is the volumetric infusion pump, which typically uses a linear peristaltic
pumping action [3]. Positive displacement pumps, such as piston pumps and plunger
pumps, are commonly used in systems requiring pressurized fluids, including
volumetric pumps [4]. These pumps move the fluid handled in an enclosed volume,
and the working volume must remain isolated by separating elements that act as
check valves.

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 Fig: Linear volumetric pumps working principle

5●The main components of a linear volumetric pump:

Depending on the particular type of pump, a linear volumetric pump's major parts
vary. For instance, an internal piston in a cylinder powered by an electromagnet and
spring system managed by the alternating input current cycle [4] is found in a linear
motor-driven free piston system. In contrast, a volumetric infusion pump usually
employs a linear peristaltic pumping action [3]. Systems requiring pressurized fluids,
such as volumetric pumps [3], frequently use positive displacement pumps like
plunger and piston pumps. The fluid handled by these pumps is moved in an
enclosed volume, and the working volume needs to be kept isolated by dividing
components that serve as check valves [2]. The primary benefit of the isolated
components known as valves is that they preserve positive displacement by
preventing fluid backflow [2].

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 Fig: The main components of a linear volumetric pump.

6● Positive displacement pumps (volumetric pump):

A volumetric pump consists of a pump body that is perfectly closed to the interior of
which a tightly adjusted moving element moves. Its operation is based on the
following principle:

Performing a cyclical movement.

During a cycle, a specified volume of liquid enters a compartment before being

discharged at the end.

This movement allows the movement of the liquid between the suction port and
the discharge port; they are divided into two families:

6.2 ●Rotary positive displacement pumps:

The components of a positive displacement pump are a gear, diaphragm, vane, lobe,
screw, and blade. Between the pumping parts, it forms a chamber or cavity, and the
fluid that is being temporarily held is transported to its destination along the pipe by
means of reciprocating or rotating action. There are several types:
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 a) Screw pumps:

A screw pump is a kind of positive displacement pump that rotates. The rotating
action of screw rotors is crucial to the operating mechanism of screw pumps. The
pump functions by:

- Drawing liquid into spaces between threads at the suction end

- Axially conveying the liquid that is trapped in the spaces between the threads, as
seen in the twin screw pump shown below.

- Discharging the fluid through the opening

Fig: Screw pump working principle

b) External gear pumps :
External gear pumps are a type of positive displacement pump widely used in various
industries for fluid transfer and handling applications. These pumps are known for
their precision, efficiency, and versatility. The fundamental concept behind their
operation lies in the meshing of two precisely machined gears - the driving gear
(rotor) and the driven gear (idler) - that rotate externally. As the gears mesh
together, they create a sealed cavity within the pump casing, trapping the fluid and
propelling it from the inlet to the outlet.
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 Fig: External gear pumps working principle.

c) Internal gear pumps :

The general principle is to place one gear inside the other. This arrangement requires
the use of an additional crescent-shaped part that allows sealing between the two
gear trains.

Fig : Internal gear pumps

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 d) Rotary vane pumps:
A rotary vane pump is a type of positive-displacement pump that consists of vanes
mounted to a rotor that rotates inside a cavity. In some cases these vanes can have
variable length and/or be tensioned to maintain contact with the walls as the pump
rotates.

This type of pump was invented by Charles C. Barnes of Sackville, New Brunswick,
who patented it on June 16, 1874.[5][6][7] There have been various improvements
since, including a variable vane pump for gases (1909).[8].

This type of pump is considered less suitable than other vacuum pumps for high-
viscosity and high-pressure fluids, and is complex to operate. They can endure short
periods of dry operation, and are considered good for low-viscosity fluids.

Fig: Rotary vane pump working principle

e) Rotary lobe pumps:

The regular rotation of the lobe torques creates a vacuum on the suction side
determined by the direction of rotation of the drive. This vacuum draws the liquid
into the pump compartment. When the rotation continues, the pumped liquid is
discharged through the lobes, runs along the pump wall and enters the discharge
area.

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 Fig: Lobes types

6.2 ● Alternative positive displacement pumps:

These pumps are characterized by the fact that the moving part is animated by an
alternating translation movement. The main types of pumps are: diaphragm or
piston.

c) Piston pumps:

Its principle is to use the volume variations caused by the displacement of a piston in
a cylinder. These displacements alternately in one direction or the other produce
phases of suction and discharge. When the piston moves in one direction, the liquid
is compressed: the inlet valve is closed and the outlet valve is opened. The operation
is reversed when the liquid is sucked into the pump. They can be single-acting and, in
this case the piston has only one active phase (first time: suction, second time:
discharge) they can be double-acting and, in this case, the piston is active in both
phases these being both the suction phase and the discharge phase.

Fig: Alternative Piston pumps working principle.

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 d) Diaphragm pumps:

They are essentially piston and (or) membrane. The introduction of a well-defined
flow of liquids is made possible by a precise device for adjusting the piston stroke
and its frequency.

Fig: Diaphragm pumps.

7● The difference between Piston pumps and Diaphragm pumps:

Type of pump Advantages Disadvantages

Piston pumps -They are self-priming.
-Their performance is good.
-Discharge pressures are high. viscosity.
- They can work with
corrosive, abrasive or acid.
-They are robust.
Diaphragm pumps -They are self - priming. -
They allow the pumping of
corrosive and volatile liquids.
- The pump remains liquid
absolutely clean.
-They can run dry.
- They are waterproof.
-They are very cumbersome.
-They only use liquids Low-
- Pumping of solid particles is
impossible.
- Flow rate is pulsatile and
limited.
- They are limited in
temperature.
-Their throughput is limited.
-They only accept liquids low-
viscosity.
-Flow rate is pulsatile

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8● Advantages and disadvantages of positive displacement pumps:

Advantages:

Precise and steady flow: Positive displacement pumps are appropriate for metering,
dosing, or injection because they maintain a steady flow rate independent of system
resistance or pressure.

Positive displacement pumps are perfect for applications involving thick oils, slurries,
and other viscous substances because they can handle fluids with high viscosity.

High pressure capability: These pumps are appropriate for a variety of industrial
applications because they can function at high pressures and comparatively low flow
rates.

Low internal velocity: Positive displacement pumps are perfect for pumping fluids
that are sensitive to shear because of their low internal velocity.

Efficiency: Since positive displacement pumps' flow rate and efficiency rise with
increasing viscosity, they are particularly efficient for viscous fluids.

Disadvantages:

Heavier and bulkier devices, they are not well suited to large rotational speeds.

-Pulsed flow which requires installation of special devices to have a flow rate

Continuous. Inability to obtain large flows under low pressure-

- Danger of overpressure in the discharge circuit hence the essential presence safety
features (bypass and safety valve)

- Generally unable to pump loaded liquids

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- It is not possible to limit the discharge pressure, and for this purpose a pressure is
mandatory.

9●Power of linear volumetric pump:

The work that a linear volumetric pump performs determines its power. The
difference in pressure and velocity heads between the pump's inlet and outlet
determines how much work the pump does.1. The work the pump does on the fluid,
which is equivalent to the energy transferred to the fluid, is the power input to the
pump.

The power required by a pump can be calculated using the following equation:

P=Q*H*ρ*g*η.

Where:

P: is the power (in watts or other units).

Q: is the flow rate of the fluid (in cubic meters per second or other appropriate
units).

H: is the head, which represents the height to which the fluid is lifted or the pressure
the pump needs to overcome (in meters or Pascal’s).

ρ: is the density of the fluid (in kilograms per cubic meter).

g: is the acceleration due to gravity (approximately 9.81m/s2 ).

η: is the efficiency of the pump.

9.1●The maximum power of a linear volumetric pump:

The design of a linear volumetric pump and the limitations of its constituent parts
usually dictate its maximum power. For instance, the strength of the pump's
components, the motor's capacity, or the displacement chamber's size could all be
limiting factors on the maximum power. When a pump's maximum power rating is
exceeded, it may overheat, experience more wear, and even fail.

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Regarding hydraulic pumps, the pump manufacturer typically specifies the maximum
power output, which is contingent upon various factors including the displacement,
operating speed, and pressure rating of the pump. To guarantee dependable and
secure operation, it is crucial to run the pump within its designated power
limitations.

10●The velocity of a linear volumetric pump:

The velocity of the fluid within the pump and the associated flow rate are important
parameters that can impact the pump's performance. In the context of fluid
dynamics, the velocity of a fluid is related to the flow rate and the cross-sectional
area of the flow path. The relationship between these parameters is described by
the equation:

V=

Where:

V: is the fluid velocity.

Q: is the flow rate of the fluid.

A: is the cross-sectional area through which the fluid is flowing.

11●The volumetric efficiency of a linear volumetric pump:

The volumetric efficiency of a linear volumetric pump is a crucial parameter that
refers to the percentage of actual fluid flow out of the pump compared to the flow
out of the pump without leakage 1. In other words, it is a measure of a hydraulic
pump's volumetric losses through internal leakage and fluid compression2.

Key aspects of volumetric efficiency in linear volumetric pumps include:

1-Percentage: By dividing the pump's actual output in liters or gallons per minute by
its theoretical output, volumetric efficiency is expressed as a percentage.

2-Elements influencing effectiveness: A hydraulic pump's volumetric efficiency varies

depending on the pressure and speed at which it is used. Therefore, the pressure
and speed data must be available when comparing volumetric efficiencies.

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3-Assessing the real output: By loading the pump and measuring the flow rate with a
flow tester, the actual output is ascertained.2.

4-Utilization in infusion pumps: Syringe pumps and other volumetric pumps use a
specific cassette or a linear peristaltic pumping mechanism. The precise
administration of intravascular medications, fluids, whole blood, and blood products
is accomplished by these pumps.

The formula for volumetric efficiency is given by:

ηv =

Where:

ηv: is the volumetric efficiency.

Va: is the actual volume displaced by the pump per cycle.

Vt: is the theoretical maximum volume the pump could displace per cycle.

12●Conclusion:

In conclusion, the performance of linear volumetric pumps is influenced by various

factors, including compressor efficiency, peristaltic pumping action, and the
principles of fluid dynamics. The isentropic efficiency of the linear compressor, which
is a type of linear volumetric pump, ranges from 52% to 60% [9]. Volumetric pumps
mostly use a linear peristaltic pumping action, and the rotary peristaltic action is
most commonly used in feeding and patient applications [10]. The velocity of a fluid
in a pump system can change throughout the system due to pipe reductions,
partially closed valves, or other factors, but the flow rate remains constant due to
the law of conservation of mass [11]. While the thermal efficiency of a linear
volumetric pump is not a commonly discussed parameter, the overall energy
efficiency of the pump, including factors such as volumetric and mechanical
efficiency, can impact the heat generated during operation [12]. Therefore, the
performance of linear volumetric pumps is influenced by a combination of factors
related to the specific type of pump and the principles of fluid dynamics.

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 13●references :

[1]. Dr. Ahmed Chetti, Centre Universitaire Nour Bachir El Bayadh. Algérie, Cour :
Pompes et stations de pompage, 2019 - 2020. PDF.

[2]. https://chemyx.com/support/knowledge-base/application-reference-by-
topic/volumetric-pump-vs-syringe-pump/
[3]. https://www.fluidotech.it/en/technical-support/technical-
insights/focus/volumetric-pump/
[4]. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119288190.ch200
[5]. Mario Theriault, Great Maritime Inventions 1833-1950, Goose Lane Editions, 2001, p. 53

[6]. Bill Snowdon, "Charles C. Barnes: Farmer, Fisherman, Ship-builder, Inventor", in

The White Fence, Issue #54, February 2012, Tantramar Heritage Trust".

[7]. CA 3559A, Charles C. Barnes, "Rotary Pump", published 1874-06-15.

[8]. US 878528, Hoffmann, C., "Rotary pump for gases", published 1906, issued 1908.

[9]. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1359431123002260

[10]. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119288190.ch200

[11]. https://www.marchpump.com/blog/liquid-velocity-centrifugal-pumps/

[12]. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/thermodynamics-pumps-nikhilesh-mukherjee

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