/

A FINNISH GR AMMAR

CL E ME NS N I E MI, A B . .

,
MI CH .
,
1917
T H E FI N N I SH BO O K C O N C ER N PR I NT
 C O PY R I G HT , 1 9 1 7 , BY

CL E M E NS N I E M I

I
MAR 2 8 Ml ?
A LL R I G HT S R ES E R V ED

! CI A4 6 003 4
M
1
6
.

“
v x
 (
PR E PA CE .

I n p r ep a rin g t h is b o o k m y a im h as n o t b e e n t o
w ri t e a c o mp l e t e Fin n is h g ra mm a r I h av e s o ug h t .

t o p r e s e n t o n ly t h e fu n d a m e n t a l p rin c ip l e s in t h e
b r i e f e s t p o s s i b l e w a y n e c e s s a ry f o r t h e s t u d y o f
t h e Fin n is h l an g u a g e . Th e s tu den t s h o u ld t hor
o u g h ly m a s t er t h e s o un d va lu e s o f e ac h le t t e r b e
fo r e t a ki n g an y a d van c e d s t e ps . I n d o in g so h e is
a b le to ac q u ir e a c cu ra c y in pr o n u n c ia t i o n .

It s h o u ld be r em e m b e r e d t h a t Fi n n is h , as its
c o gn a t e Fi n n o Ug ri c la n g ua g e s , i s a n a gg lu t in a t iv
-
e

la n g u ag e , t h a t i s t o s ay , t h e w o r ds ar e f orm e d o f
ro o t s by a ddin g c e r t ai n su ffi x es or e n di n g s to the
st e m . I n t h is p r o c e s s o f app e n din g , t h e c h an g e s
o f l e t t e rs f o r e u p h o n y o r h arm o n y o c c u r T h e r u le s .

f or thes e c h an g e s s h o u ld be f
c a r e u l ly o b s er ve d in
c o nn e c t i o n w ith e ac h l es s o n
—
as t hey co me .

E a c h l es s o n c o n s is t s o f a s t a t e m en t o f r
g am m a t
i c a l p rin c ip l e s , a vo c a b u la ry ,
e x e r c is e s , a n d in s o m e

c as e s , a b ri e f r e a d in g le ss o n Th e
. vo c a b u lary at

the h e ad o f t h e les s o n w i ll h e lp t h e s tu d en t to un
d e rs t a n d t h e s e n t en c es w hi c h f o l lo w . Th e e x er

c is e s h av e b e en d ev e lo p e d in s u c h a w ay t h a t e a c h

l e s s o n b rin g s o u t t h e g r am m a t i c a l p rin c ip l e s a t
h a nd .T h e ru l e s o f s y n t a x a s w e l l a s g r a m m a t i c a l
q u e s t i o ns h ave b e en s c a t t er e d t h r o ug h o u t a lo n g
4

s e ri e s o
f l e ss o n s f o r t h e p u rp o s e o f l e a di n g t h e s t u

d e n t g ra du a l ly t o a t h o r o ug h u n d e rs t an din g o f t h e
r u l es. T h e cas e e n din g s an d t h e us e o f t h e c as e s
-

ar e p a r t i c u l a r ly em p h as i z e d , as t h ey f orm a very
diffi c u l t an d e s s en t i a l p ar t in t he s t u dy o f the
Fin n is h lan g u ag e . Th e r e a d in g le s s o ns ar e so ar

r an g e d t o g iv
as e an e ar ly a c q u a i n t a n c e w i t h re a l

Fin n is h , a n d t h e y c o n t in u a l ly ad d n e w w o rds t o t h e
s tu d en t s
’
vo c a b u la ry .

Fu l ly a w ar e
f m a n
o y d e f e c t s I h o p e t h a t t h,
i s

b o o k t h e o n ly Fi n n is h g ra m m ar o f i t s k in d i n
,

E n g li s h w i l l b e o f s o m e a id t o t h e l e arn e r o f t h e
,

Finn is h l an g u ag e .

I w is h h e r e , a ls o , to ex p re s s m y i n d e b t e dn e s s t o
m y f e ll o w t e a c h e rs
f t h e ir v
or
a l u a b l e h e lp a n d
s u gg e s t i o n s w h i c h h ave a id e d m e in p e rf e c t in g t his
b ook .

CLE ME NS N I E MI .

S u o m i C o ll e g e F e b ru ary ,
,
1 9 1 7
.
 C O NTE NTS .

Le s s o n Pa ge
In t ro d u c t io n 7— 1 4

N o ve C
m in a t i ase 1 5, 1 6

A c u t iv a d G it iv C a e
c sa e n en e s s 1 7— 1 9

The V b er 1 9 — 22

E ssive a n d Pa t it iv Ca s r e se 2 3— 25

R e d in g Le o n
a ss 26 , 27

P t o t i l a d C o n d it io n a l M o o d s
en a n 27 — 30

T n la t iv
ra s d In e ive Ca s s
e an ss e 3 0— 32

Im p a t ive A t iv I fin it iv
er an d P
c e ,
n es , a rt ic i ple s 3 2 — 35
E la t iv d I ll a t i v e C s s
e an a e 36 — 38

T h e Au i li y V b O ll t o b
x ar er a , e 38 — 41

A d e i v e a d Ab l t i v e C a s e
ss n a s 42 — 44

A ll a t i v a d Ab s i v C a s
e n e s e se 4 4— 47

C m it a t iv
o nd I t u t iv Ca s
e a ns c e es 4 7— 51

R a d i g Le o
e n ss n 51 — 53
M t h d f E p s i g t h Au i l i y t
e o o x re s n e x ar o h a ve 53 — 56
N g t io n
e a 5 6 — 59

P e rs o n a l a n d Po s ive P o n o u n s ess r s 59 — 6 3

Co m po u n d T e n ses 6 3— 6 6

R e a d i g Le s s o n
n 6 7— 6 9
P s iv V ic
a s e o e 6 9— 73
M tho d o f E p
e i g Fu t u T im
x re s s n re e 7 4— 77
C m p i s n o f A dj c t i v e
o ar o e s 7 8— 81
I t
n o g t io
e rr a n 81 — 84
D m o n t a tiv
e san d r R la t ive P o n o u
e e r ns 8 4 — 87
R e f le i v a d I d e f i it Pro n u n s
x e n n n e o 8 7— 91
C d i a l Nu m b
ar n e rs 91 — 95

O d in l Nu m b s
r a er 95 — 99
Co m p un d No un s o 99— 1 0 2
P re p o s it io n s an d Po s t p o s it io s
n

C o n j u n c t io n s and I t e j e c t io n s
n r

D e ri v at io n o f Sub ts ant iv s a d Ad j e
e n c ti v es

Ru le s o f S y n t a x
T a b l e s o f D e c l e n s io n
T a b l e s o f C o n j u ga t io n
F o rm a t i o n o f V e rb S t e m s
A l p h a b e t ic a l Lis t o f Ve rb s
F i n n is h E n g l is h Vo c a b u la ry
—

E n gl is h F in n is h Vo c a b u la ry
—

In d ex
 INTR O D UCT IO N .

1 T he Fi nn ish
. al p h abet co n si sts of twe n ty
se v
e n l etters :
a i s a lw ays pro n o un ced lik e a in sof a
b i s a lw ays pro n o un ced l i k e b in b e d
c i s so meti m es pro n o un ced l i k e 0 in c a l m or c e a se
d i s al w a ys pro n o un ce d l i k e d in da y
e i s a l w a ys pro n o un ced l i k e e in m e t

f is a lw ays pron o un ced l i k e f in fa r

g is a l wa ys pro n o un ced l i k e g in g a m e
1 h is a l w a ys pro n o un ced l i k e h in h o m e
5 i is a lw ays pro n o un ced l i k e i in di n
j i s a lw ays pr o n o un ced l i k e y in y e
k i s a l w a ys pro n o un ced l i k e k in k od a k
l i s a l w ays pro n o un ced l i k e 1 in lan d
in is al w a ys pr o n o un ced l i k e m in m e n

n i s a l w ays pro n o un ced l i k e n i n n e t

0 i s a l w a ys pro n o un ced l i k e 0 in o pe n

p is a lw ays pro n o un ced l i k e p in pay

q is a lw ays pro n o un ced l i k e c o u in c o u l d
r is a l w ays pr o n o un ced l i k e r in ro se

3 i s a l w a ys pr o n o un ced l i k e s in s e t

t is alw a ys pr o n o un ced l i k e t in t e l l
u is a l w ays pro n o un ced l i k e u in pu t

vi s a l ways pr o n o un ced l i ke v in vest

x i s a lw ays pro n o un c ed l i k e x in e x p ress
8 FINN I SH GRA M M AR

y i s al w a ys pr o n o un ced l i k e Fren ch u o r G er m an u
z i s n o t pr o n o un ced l i k e E n g l ish z ( Z ts o r s ) r -

a i s a l w a ys pr o n o un ced l i k e a in at
6 i s a l w a ys pr o n o un ced l i k e er in h erb
There a re n o si l en t l etters in Fi n n i sh ; every l etter
i s s o un ded sep a r a te l y a s it i s writte n .

2 The v o we l s a re a e i o u y a o The l o n g
’

.
, , , , , , , .

vowe l is i n dic ated by t h e u s e o f t w o l etters o f the

s am e k i n d ; the sh o rt v o wel with o n e ; a s aa mu ,
-

m o r n i n g ; a l la u n d e r ; u u n i s t o v e ; u u i
-

,
-

,
-

s l e e p etc , .

3 T h e co n s o n an ts are b c d f g h j k l m n
.
, , , , , , , , , , ,

p q r s t vx z
, , , ,
O f these c b d f g g x an d z
, , , .
, , , , , , ,

a re n ever f o un d a t t h e begi n n i n g o f o rigi n a l Fi n n

is h w o r d s .

4 The diphth o n gs are n o i e y o a n o n e u iu

.
, , , , , , ,

ay , o y, a i ,
o z , u i , e i , a t , o r, a n d yi

5 . The d iphth o n gs a re pro n o un ce d

ai as in ai sle
au as in h o w
ui as in qu it
oi as in o il

ei as in ei ght
ou as in l o w
Of the rest e u u o t e , , , y ,
o t u ,
a y, a i,
o z , a n d y i h ave
no ex a ct eq uiv a l e n ts in E n g l ish .

6 . A sy l l ab l e c o n sists o f a v o w e l o r d iphth o n g
with o r with o u t o n e o r m o re c o n s o n an ts ; as a pu ,
-

help; h i c k h a s a n d ; a u rin h o s u n
-

,
- -

, .
 IN TR O D UCT I O N 9

the div isi o n of words in to sy l la b le s the f o l

7 . In
l o wi n g r ul es m ust b e o bse rv ed
( a ) A si n g l e co n so n a n t betwee n two vowe l s m u st
b e j oi n ed t o the fo l lo wi n g vowe l ; a s ka la f i s h ; ,
-

ma t a la 1 0 w
- -

,
.

b
( ) D o u b l e co n so n a n ts k k pp rs e tc a re a l w a ys , , , ,

sep a r a ted ; a s k u k k a f 1 o w e r ; h e p p i s t i c k ; ,
-

,
-
,

a k ku n a-
w i n d o w ; r as kas h e a v y
-
,
-

, .

( )
c Whe n m o re th a n two co n s o n a n ts betwee n t w o

vowe l s the l a st o n e is j oi n ed to the fo l l owi n g vowe l ;

,

as m g rs k y s t o r m ; p a lk ka w a g e s
,
-

,
-

,
.

8 . S y l l a b l es pe n o r c l osed
a re o

(a) A sy l l a b l e e n di n g in a v o we l o r a diphtho n g
is c a ll ed open ; a s k a l a f i s h ; t y o w o r k
’

-
.
, , ,

(b) A sy l l ab l e e n di n g in a c o n so n an t o r a n aspi
ra t ig p i s
fi
s a i d t o be c l osed ; a s v ir ra t r i v e r s ; ,
-

s a de rain
-
.
,

NO T E A yll b l — s a e can b e l o n g or s h o rt accor di n g to the

l g t h f t im
e n qui d o e re re fo r it s p r o n u n c ia t i o n . A s y ll a b l e is
s h t w h n it n d i
or e e s n a s ho rt vo we l ; as, e u- tu -
jn . f ble
a s

l y m v i l l
a -
g , a e .

A y l l b l i l g if i t
s a e s o n con t a ins a l o n g v w l d ip h t h
o e on g or
nd i n j u
. .

i f it in en s a co nso an t ; as, vfifi -

ry y s , t i c s e ; n e u

l t n
a , d l e e e s .

9W o rd a cce n t i s either pri n cip al o r seco n d a ry

. .

Th e pri n cip a l a cce n t a l w ays rests o n the first s y l

l ab l e o f a word ; a s o pi t y o u l e a r n e d T he b e , , .

gi n n er m ay s afe l y i gn o re al l b ut the pri n cip al

ac ce n t .

10 R ul es f o r vowe l ch a n ges
.

( a ) A l o ng v o w e l is sh o rte ned if f o llowe d b y t he

10 FI NNI S H GRAM MAR

p l ur a l or i m perfect sign i ; a s, m aa , m ai t a ; s a a,

s a in .

( b ) S te m s e n di n g in short 0 ,
o, u, y, f o r m with i
d iphth o n g ; a s t a l o t a lo is t a ; l l b i l l
’

a , , p o e ; s u ru ,

s u ru in e n ; l l i
' '

o
p y, p o y n e n .

c
( ) M o n osy l l a bic w o rds e n di n g I n u o t e y o whe n , , ,

f o l l o we d by i rej ect the first v o wel ; a s ju o n jo in ;

, , ,

vi e ve in ; s y o n , s b in
’

.
,

( )
d A i n disy l l a bic ste m s whe n f o l l o wed by the ,

p l ur a l o r i m perfect sign i i s ch an ge d t o o with , ,

h I c h 2 fo r m s a ( l l h t h o n g o i if the first v o we l o f ,

k an t a a, k an t o i ; h e rr a , h e rr o i l l e ; ’
p ih a , p i h o i l la ;
k o i ra , h o v
ma ; lu is t an , lu is t in .

( e ) A or a is a l w a ys rej ecte d in d isyl l abic ste m s

whe n fo l l o we d by the p l u r al o r i m perfec t sign i ; a s ,

h e i t an , h e i t in ; h e i t dn , h e i t in
'

( f ) V erbs e n d i n g in t a a if t h e first v o we l o f the

”

ste m is a h a ve in the i m perfe ct either o i o r i ; a s

, ,

a u t t a a, a u t t o i, or au t t i ; h ais t a a , h a is t o i, or h ai s t i .

( g ) P o l ysy l l a bic verbs a l ways rej ect t h e fi n a l a

a in the i m p e rfect ; a s j an o t t a a j ano t t i ; vas y t t dd
' '

or , , ,

vds y t in .

( h ) I n p o l ysyll abi c n o un s a o r a i s e I t h e r rej ected

o r ch an ge d t o 0 o r 6 ( o i oi ) whe n f o l l o we d by the ,

p l u r a l sig n i ; as e m dn t a e m dn t i e n ; m a t a la m a t a
, ,

li e n ; p e ru n a , p e ru n o i ll e ; h y n t ti la, h y n t t il oi l l e
‘ ’

( i ) A o r a i s rej ected I n a l l v o we l ste m s e n d i n g

in -
ma ,
-
ma ,
-
v
a,
-
va mp a
'

,
-

,
mp a
—
,
-
is a ,
-
whe n
i s a,
f o l l o wed by i . But if the fi n al a or a is precede d
 I N TR O D UC TI O N 11

b y t w o c o n so n a n ts ( except m or v ) , if the pre or

cedi n g sy lla b l e c o n ta i n s the vo we l i , a o r a i s re

v
s pe c t i e l y ch a n ged t o o or 6 . O therwi se i with a o r
it fo r m s a diphtho n g ; as,

s an o ma s a n o m ia
,
m u i s a r i e m u is i a
r ie ,

h e d e lm a h e d e lm ia
, e m is a e m is I a ,

l ih a va , l ih a via p e r u n a, p e r u n o i t a

p at e va, p at e viéi kip e a , kip e o z t a

p a h e mp a a , p a h e mp i a k a l a , k a la i n e n
i m i m i a j , p
a t j i
' '

aa a a
’ '

i t
’

p e n e p , p e n e p c p e e n e n

( )
j I f 0 o r e ( se l d o m u y i ) precede the fi n a l , ,

a o r a they m a y re m a i n u n ch an ged o r for m a c o n

,

tr a cted diphtho n g ; a s lan k e an l an k e a is in or la n

, , ,

h e i s in ; v irk o an v ir h o ai s in or v
,
ir k o is in ,
.

( )
k Where ste m s e n di n g in i a re f o ll owed by a
sec o n d i the seco n d i i s co n tr a cted with the fi rst i .

But in p l a ce Of a short i e p recedes i th u s for m i n g , ,

the diphtho n g c i as ris t i r is t e is s a; pres h e d e l mb i

’ ’
‘

, , ,
.
,

im p h e d e lm Oi ; p res p e rin i m p p e rin

'

. . . .
,

( 1 ) I n disy lla bic w o rds a o r it bec o m e e befo re

the c o m p a r a tive s ig n s mp a or mp a a s p a h a p a -
-
°

, , ,

k e mp i ; si e va , s ie ve mp i .

( m ) S o m eti m es i betwee n two vowe l s beco m es j ;

as, t a l o a t a l o j a ( t a l o ia ) s a u v
, aa s a u vo ja ( s a u vo ia ) ,

( )
n S te m s e n di n g in e rej ect it whe n fo l lowed
by i ; as, p aim e n e lla , p ai m e n i l la ; la p s e lla , laps il la .

1 1 C e rt a i n h a rd co n so n an ts bec o m e soft o r a re
.

rej ected i f a short o p e n sy lla b l e or di p htho n g i s

12 FINNI S H GRAM MAR

c l o sed by a co n s o n an t o r an a s pirat ion l

. The f o l
l owi n g ch an ges m u st b e Observed
2

( a) t bec o m es d ; a s in la d o n f o r l a t o

( b ) t beco m es d ; a s in s a d e f o r s a t e e n
( ) p
c beco m es v ; a s in va v a n f o r v ap a

( )
d n k bec o m es n g a s in k a n g e t f o r k a n k i
,
‘

( ) pp
e beco m es p; a s i n o p in f o r o pp i a

( f ) t t beco m es t ; as in o t an f o r o t t a a
( g ) k k beco m es k ; a s in v a k a t for v ak k a

( h ) p a ft e r m bec o me s m ; a s in ramm a t f o r r a mp a
( i ) t a fter n beco m es n ; a s in r an n a t f o r r an t a
( j ) t a ft e r l beco m es l ; a s in s i llan f o r s ilt a
( k ) t a fter r bec o m e s r ; a s in v irr an f o r v i rta

( l ) k betwee n le beco m es j ; a s in s u lye n f o r s u lk e a

'

m
( ) k between r e b e c o m es 9; a s I n ya rye n f o r jdrk e a
( ) k between h e b e co m es j ; a s in r o hje t k o o n for
n

ro h ke n en

( O ) k b e twee n an beco m es v; a s in lu v u n f o r lu ku

( p ) k b e tween yy bec o m es v; a s in ky vy n f o r ky ky
1 2 . O ther
ch an ges o f c on s o n an ts
( ) p
a s as i n la p s i bec o m es 3 a s i n l as t a ( in n o un s)
( b ) t s as in v e i t s i bec o m es s ; a s in v e is t a

( )
c t s a s i n k a i t s en bec o m es t ; as i n k a i t k o o n

( )
d k s as i n j u o k s e n beco m es 3 ; a s i n ju o s t a ( in

verbs )
( e ) m a s in lumi beco m es n ; a s in lu n t a
1 A n as pi ra t io n is a re m n an t Of a l os t c on son an t whi h c

w as f oun d a t th e en d o f a w d or . T h o u g h b a r e ly s o u n d d it
e ,

causes th e so ft en in g o f c e rt a in c onsonants 2 O n ly t h e
. most
im po rt a n t o f t hese a re h e re t re a t e d .
 I N TR O DU C TI O N 13

f
( ) m p a s i n s u u ri m p aa n bec o m es n ; a s i n s uu r in t a

g
( ) n t a s i n k o l m a n t e n a bec o m es t ; a s in k o l m a t t a

h
( ) n s a s i n k o l m a ns i na beco m es s ; a s i n k o l m a s

i
( ) k a s i n w h e at i s l ost ; a s i n r ee n

1 3 . Fi nn i sh h a s no gr amm a tic a l ge n der .

1 4 . T here a re f iftee n c a ses in Fi n n i sh

L a t in N a m e . Fin n is h N a m e .

1 . N o m i n ative Nim e n t o
2 . A cc u sa tive K o h da n t o
3 . G e n itive Om a n to
4 . E ss ive w
Ol e n t o
5 . P a rtit ive Os a n t O
6 . Tr a n s l ative T ul e n t o
S is ao l e n t o
‘“
7 . I n essive N

E l a ti ve i S i aero n t O
'

8 . n
M s

9 . I l la tive S is at ul e n t o
10 . A dess ive n M U lk O -
Ol e n t o

11 . A b l ati v e I 0
U l k o e ro n t o
12 . All ative m n w um U l k o t ul e n t o
“
13 . A bessive . a V aj a n t o
14 . C o m i tative r S e u ra n t o

1 n s t r u c t iv
‘
i
‘ K ei n o n t O
‘

15 . e a f
.
M . f
s
‘ a

T heir ch ar a cterist ic s Of f OrIn me an ing a n d use

'

, ,

a re i ll u str a ted I n the p a r a dig m s an d exerci ses which

fo l l ow .

1 5 T he differe n t c a ses are for med by a ddi n g

.

certa in c a se e n di n gs t o a f un d am e n t a l p a rt ca l l ed
-

the ste m .
14 FINNI S H GRAM MAR

1 6 .T he ste m i s the b o dy o f the word to which

e n di n gs a re a d ded t o express the rel ati o n Of the
w o rd t o other w o rds .

1 7 The m a rk s Of p un ct uati on a re the s am e in

.

Fi n n ish a s in E n g l ish b ut t h e co m m a i s u sed m ore

,

free l y t o set Of f s ub o rdi n ate c l a uses o f all k i n ds

.
 L ESSO N I 15

L E SS O N 1 .

N O MI N A TI V E C AS E .

18 . T he n o m i n at ive s in g ul a r h a s n o e n di n g T he .

p l ur al h as the e n d in g t ; as t a lo h o u s e ; t a lo lt
-
, , ,

houses
19 . I n Fi n n ish there is n o a rtic l e Tal o m a y b e .

tra n s l a ted h o u s e a h o u s e o r t h e h o u s e ;
, ,

an d t alo t h o u s e s, or t h e h o u s e s .

20 . A dj ecti v es a gree with the i r n o un s in n um

ber an d ca se ; a s ! s o t a lo a l a r g e h o u s e ; I s o t
, ,

ta lo t,
l a r g e h o u s es .

21 . The tot al s ubj ect de n otes the who l e of the

perso n o r thi n g a n d is p ut in the n o m i n ative c a se ;
,

as , P o ika t u l e e T h e b o y c o m e s
,
.

22 . T he tota l predic ate n o un o r a dj ective ex

presse s the who l e Of the perso n thi n g o r q ua l i t y , ,

which be l on gs t o the s ubj ect I t i s p ut in the n o m .

in at iv e c a se a n d a grees in n u m ber a n d c a se w ith

,

the s ubj ect Of the verb ( s e e al so a s Ha n o n ,

ru n o ilij a H e i s a p o e t ; Va rp a n e n o n l iu t u
, ,

A s p a r r o w i s a b i r d ; T al c o n i s o T h e ,

ho us e i s large .

V OCA BULAR Y .

l a ih a ,
thin le v
ea, w i d e

k o u lu s c h o o l
,
t a lo , h o u s e

va im o w 0 m a n
,
mie s ,
m a n
16 FI NNI S H GRAM M AR

n e u la,
‘
ne e d l e p p i,
a e r p a per
is d, father di ti, m o t h e r

t ie , road s e in a, w ll
’

k irj a , b O O k kuva, pict u re

is o , l rge a hyv a, g O O d
t e ra vd s h a r p ,
van h a , O l d
s i l e t i, s m t hfi i t k a l ong
’ '

o o p ,

t u o l la , t h e r ea g taalla,
'

here
on , is o va t , a r e

a
y , a n d k au n is , be a u tif u l

Hy v d ci p aivaa G O O d d a y Hy v aa i l t aa G O O d
‘

.
, ,

e v e n i n g Hy v aa h u o m en t a G o o d m o r n i n g .
,
.

Hy v aa y o t a Good night , .

E XER C ISE I .

A . 1 . I sa j a aiti . 2 . Aiti ou h yva . 3 . I sa j a

aiti t h yvat 4 Ne nl a o n pitk a 5 K uv a o n

'

oy a . . . .

k a un is 6 S i l e a tie o n l e vea 7 Hyv a v a im O o n

'

. . . .

t aall a 8 Ti e o n S i l ea 9 T e ra v at n e ul a t o vat
'

. . . .

t u o ll a 1 0 K a un i it k irjat t e rav a n e ul a j a p a peri

' '

. .
,

ov a t t aall a 1 1 K a un is k o ul a o n i s o 1 2 S ei n a
'

. . . .

o n pit k a .

B . 1 The f a ther an d m o ther

. 2 A be a utifu l . .

bo ok .3 The sch o o l i s l a rge . 4 The h o u ses a re . .

l a rge 5 A n Ol d w o m a n i s here
. . 6 The S h a rp . .

n ee d l es a re there 7 Fa thers a n d m o thers 8 The . . . .

r o a d is s m o o th an d l o n g 9 The pict ure is be a uti . .

f ul . 1 0 G o o d a n d l a rge b o o k s
. 1 1 The h o use is . .

l a rge 1 2 L o n g ro a ds
. . .
18 FINNI S H GRA M MAR

tive v erb I t i s p ut in the a cc us ative c a se ( see

.

als o as Min d o len lu k e n u t kiri an I h a ve

, ,

r e a d t h e b o o k ; A n n a kirja min u lle G i ve m e ,

t h e bo o k

V OC ABULARY .

ve it s i ife ,
k n l e ip a ,
bread
p e rh e f a m i l y , s is ar s i S t e r
,

s e r k ku cousin , p o ik a b o y ,

tytto g i r l d a u g h t e r hu on e r O O m
'

, , ,

a in a a l w a y s , vu s as w I s e ,

t ama t h i s , p i e n i S m , a l 1
m ar kkin a t m a r k e t ,
u u s i, n
ew
t e a t t e ri t h e a t e r ,
kir k as b r i g h t ,

r o uv a Mrs , . t aid e a r t ,

n e it i Mi s s ,
h e rra M r , .

Ku i n k a t e v Ho w do y o u o it t e ? d o ? Oik e in
h yvin , kii t os l V e r y w e l l t h a n k , y o u !

E X E R C I S E II .

A . 1 . T a m a o n pOja n k irja
I s an ve it s i . 2 .
1
.

3 V a n h a in m ie st e n k u v a
. 4 T a m a o n k a uniit t e n . .

( k a u n i i d e n ) k u vi e n h u o n e 5 V ii s a s t e n m i e s t e
2
n . .

k irja t o v at t aall a 6 Pie n ie n po ik ie n ja t yt t Oje n

' '

. .

h uo n e 7 S is are n k ir ka s v
. e it s i
. 8 T al o n h u o n e e t . .

1 k is d ro ppe d b f e o re th e g en it i v e en di gn -
n , an d i be t we en

tw o v w el
o s is c h a n ge d to 3 . T hu s , p o ik an , b e co mes p o ia n ,

he n ce p o ja n . See the ru l e 1 0, m . 2 See th e ru el 1 0, d .

 L ESSO N I I I 19

o vat T a m a o n i s o n pe rh e e n t a lo
p ie n e t . 9 . 10 . .

I s an ja poj an k i rj a 1 1 T a it e e n t e a t t e ri 1 2 Ta
'

. . . .

ma o n v i is aa n ja h y van m i c he n poi k a .

’
2 The d a ughter s a n d
’
B 1 Fa ther s ho use
. . . .

m other s n e ed l es 3 S iste r s boo k s a re here

’
4
’
. . . .

T he boys roo m is s m a l l 5 Mother s d a ughters

’
’ ’
. . .

6 C o usi n s k n i fe 7 T h e s m a l l boy s m o ther

’
8
’
. . . . .

T he w a l l i s l o n g 9 C o usi n s n e w bo o k 1 0 Fa
. .
’
. .

t h e r s a n d m other s p ict u res 1 1 T he f a m i l y i s

’ ’
. .

l a rge 12 Mother s sh a rp n eed l e

. . 13 C o usi n s
’
. .
’

h o use i s l a rge 1 4 S isters roo m i s bright . .

’
.

L E SS O N III .

T HE V E R B .

28 T he Finn i sh v
. erb h a s two vo ices the a ctive ,

a n d p a ssive .

29 T here are fo u r m oo ds the i n dic ative po

.
, ,

t e n t ia l co n ditio n a l a n d i m per a tive

, , .

30 There a re fo ur te n ses the prese n t i m per

.
, ,

fe e t perfect an d p l up erfect T he prese n t a n d im

, , .

perfect a re ca l l ed S i m p l e te n ses ; a n d the perfect

a n d p l uperfect a re the c O m p 0 u n d te n ses .

3 1 T O for m the c o m p l ete te n ses the fo l lo wi n g

.

e l e m e n ts m ust be Observed the s t e m te n se S i gn ,

l
, ,

a n d perso n al e n di n gs .

1 Fo r the v w l
o e and c o nso nan t s te ms Of v e rb s see p a ra
g ph
ra s 2 94 and 2 95 . Co ns ul t a l so the li s t o f v b
er s in 2 96 .
20 FINNI S H GRAM MAR

32
The pers o n al e n di n gs f o r al l te n ses Of the
.

fi n ite verb except the i m per ative are :

, ,

S I NGULAR PLURAL
l st pers o n -
n -
mme
2 nd -
t -
tte
3 rd -
va t or -
va t
T he e n di n gs di sti n g ui sh the differen t p e rson s o f
the verb .

33 The third pers o n S i n g ul a r h as n o e n di n g

.

except th a t in the presen t i n dic ative an d po te n ti a l

the fi n a l vowe l Of t h e stem is l en gthen ed if it is
n o t a l o n g v o we l o r diphtho n g Th us s a a n I r e
.
, ,

c e i ve ; s aa h e r e c e i v e s ; tu o l u I b r i n g ;
, ,

t uo h e b r in g s
, .

34 . P R E S E N T I N D I C A TI V E A C TI V E .

S I NGULAR PL URAL
1 . s an o n, I say mm e w e
s an OI , s a y
2 . s an o t, t h o u s aye st s an o | t t e , y o u s a y
3 . s an o o , h e S ay s s an o iv at, t h e y s a y

“
35 .
T he presen t i n dic ative h as n o te n se sign .

h i s form ed by a ddi n g t h e p e rson al e n di n gs to the

ste m .

36 The a uxi l i a ry verb t o d o d o es n o t exi st

.

in Fi n n ish He n ce the Fi n n i sh l a n g uage h a s b ut

.

o n e f o r m t o c o rres p on d t o the thr e e form s Of the

prese n t i n d ic a tive in E n g l i sh ; a s m in e s an o ln I , ,

s a y I do say I am saying
, , .
 L ESSO N I I I 21

37 . I MP E R FE C T I N D I C A TI V E A C TI V E .

S I NGULAR PL UR AL
1 . s an o i ln , I s a id s an o i mm e , w e s a id
2 . s an o i lt t h o u s a i d s t ,
s an o i | tt e , y o u s aid
3 . s an o i h e s a i d ,
s an o ] |
i va t , t h e y sai d
T he im perfect in d ic a t iv
38 . e a ct iv e is for m ed
by a dd in g t o the ste m the im p erfe ct sign i an d the
perso n a l e n di n gs
39 T he Fi n n i sh i m p erfect i n d ic a t ive m ay be
.

tr an s l a te d in v a rio u s w ays T h u s m in a s an o li n .
, ,

m ay m e an I s a i d I d i d s a y I w a s s a y i n g
, , , ,

I us ed to say .

40 A verb a grees w ith its tot a l s ubj ect ( 2 1 )

.

in n um ber an d pe rso n ; a s P o ik a la u laa T h e b 0 y , ,

s i n g s ; P o ja t l a u l a vat T h e b oys s in g , .

V O CAB UL AR Y .

s a n o a, to s a y i s t u a, t o s i t
kirj o i t t aa , t write ltih e t t dci
to sen d
’

o ,

lau laa t o s i n g , a n t aa t o g i ve
,

ju o s t a t o r u n , n u k kua t o s l e e p,

s ark e d t o b r e a k vap a f i s h i n g r o d
‘

, ,

k ar k i p o i n t , k a n t aa t o c a r r y
,

p u hu a t o s p e a k ka t s o a t o l o o k
,

n a u raa t o l a u g h , o u k i f i s h h o o k or
,

h a n kkia t o f u r n i s h , , fishin g tackle

to get o n kia to fish
,

p yy t cici t o c a t c h
' ’

, p u ur o p o r r i d g e
,
22 FINNI S H GRAM M A R

m in a I ; s in a t h o , ,
u ; h a n ,
h e ; me w e ; , t e, y o u ;
h e, they .

E X E R C I S E I II .

A . 1 . P oi k a p uh uu . 2 . S i e v a t y t t o l a ul aa . 3 .

T yt t O j a p o i k a l a ul av
Min d juo k s in 5 S in s at . 4 . . .

n uk u it 6 E an j uo k s i
l .7 Me p uh uimm e ja te . . .

k i rj o it it t e 8 Me l a ul o imm e ja he n uk k uiv . at 9 . . .

Aiti k irjo it t aa 1 0 P I e m poi k a juo k s e e 1 1 S er k . . . .

k u l ah e t t aa k irjan 1 2 Hyv a t yt t O a i n a n aur e a

'

. . .

1 3 Mi n a pyy dain k al o ja 1 4 Me o n g imm e t aal

’
1 z 3
. . .

1a 1 5 S itte n m e k e itamm e p u uro a ja s y o m m e

.
4
. .

1 6 Mi n a h an k i n
.
5
tei ll e h y v at o ng e t s 1 7 Mi n a i
.

k a n n o in v av an t an n e
6
1 8 Han S ar k i o n g e n k ar
‘
7
'

. .

j en s
.

B 1 NOW I a m l a ughi n g
. . Yo u write 3 He .
-
. .

ra n 4 The b o y a n d gir l S i n g
. . 5 The m o ther a n d . .

fa ther s it an d re a d 6 They sp o k e 7 Mr a n d . . . . .

Mrs Ha rri s si n g 8 T h e gir l sp o k e an d l a ughed

. . . .

9 Mi ss J o n es i s c o m i n g her e
. 1 0 The m an c a rrie d . .

the b o o k s 1 1 The b o y ran 1 2 T h e br o thers an d . . . .

si sters l a ugh 1 3 I c a rrie d the fishi n g t a c k l e here . . .

1 4 He br o k e the p o i n t O f the fishh o o k

. 1 5 They . .

s l ept 1 6 Y o u sen t the l etter

. 1 7 I wr o te the
. . .

l etter .

1 See 1 1 , a .
2 See 1 0, In . 3 Se e 1 1 ,
d .
4 Se e 11 ,
f .
5 See
1 1 , g . 0 See 1 1 , i . 7 See 1 1 , c .
8 Se e 1 1 , m ,
 L ESSO N I V 23

L E SS O N IV .

E S S I V E A ND P AR TIT I V E C AS E S .

41 . T he essive i s for m ed by a ddi n g the e n d

i n gs na o r n a to the ste m
-
T hi s c a se expresses
-
.

a st a te o f bei n g reg a rde d a s co n t in uo u s T h us .

,

t a l o ln a a s
,
a h o u s e ; t alo i n a a s h o u s e s ; ,

t y t t b ln a a s a g i r l ; t y t t b i ln a a s g i r l s
' ' '

.
, ,

42 . T he p a rt itive de n otes th a t the Obj ect w a s

o r i s a ffected o n l y in p a rt a n d h a s the e n di n gs :

( )a a -
a a fter , a short vowe l Of the u n a cce n ted
sy l l ab l e o r a fter j which i s precede d by a S hort
,

sy l l ab l e ; as t a lo l a ( so m e ) h 0 u s e ; t a lo j a ( so m e )
, , ,

houses
( b ) t a t a a fter a co n so n a n t l o n g vowe l or
-

,
-

, ,

g ; a s la s lt a ( so m e ) c h i l d ; m aa t a
, , ,

l a n d ; m ai l t a ( so m e ) l a n d s ; t o
y ta
work .

I n E n g l ish the words s O m e o r a n y p l a ced

n o un o r in Fre n ch the p a rtitive co n str ue

1
+ e l a o r l e s ) expresses thi s p a rtitive
, ,

S, lih a a s o m e m e a t d e l a vi a n d e
, , .

tive verb . I ts c a se i s the p a rtitive ( see al os 2 7)

as , P o ik a lu k e e ki rj a a , T h e b o y i s r e a ding a
b O O k (i . e .
, re a di n g a p a rt Of the boo k ) .
24 FI NNI S H GRAM MAR

45 .p a rti al s ubj e ct de n o tes a p a rt Of the

Th e
wh o l e an d is p ut in t h e p a rtitive I ts predic ate i s .

a l w a ys in t h e si n g ul a r ( see a l s o a s P o i kia ,

t u lc e S o m e b o y s a r e c o m i n g ( l it so m e
,
.

b o ys c o m e ) .

46 Th e p a rti al predic ate n o un o r a dj ective

.

d e n o tes the p a rt o f a di strict a re a o r q u al ity which , ,

be l on gs to the s ubj ect I t is a l w ays p ut in the .

p a rtitiv e ; a s T d m a t a lo o n k aupu n k ia T h i s
, ,

h o u s e i s a p a r t O f t h e c i t y ( i e withi n , . .
,

the l i m its ) Mi e s on ku uluis aa s u ku a T h e m a n ,

i s O f a f a m o u s f a m i l y ; Hu o n e e t o v a t ky l

m i a T h e r o o m s a r e c o l d ( i e the ro o m s
'

, . .
,

be l o n g t o the c l a ss Of c o l d r o o m s ) .

V OC ABULAR Y .

p a la , bit part , l e ip a , br e a d
s o k e ri sugar , ve s i w a t e r
,

k a hvi, c o f f e e m a it o In i l k ,

k erm a , c r e a m j u o m a la s i g l ,
a s S, t um

vo i ,
b u t t e r ble n

s u o l a, s a lt t uo da , bring t 0

j u o da , t o d ri n k aj a t e ll a t 0 t h i n k,

p i t ad , t o h o l d to r
,
s y o dd t0 eat,

g a rd h dn e l la o n h e h a S ,

la k ais t a, t o Sweep o m en a a p p l e,

P u hu t t e ko suo m en ki e l t a ? D 0 y 0 u s pe a k
F i n n i S h ? K y l ld , h e rr a , p u h u n vahan . Y6 S,

S i r, I s p e ak a little .
 FINN I SH GRA MMA R

L E SS O N V .

R E AD I N G L E SS O N .

V OC ABULARY .

s a de, r a y k a i ku a , echO t 0

l o i s t aa, to shi n e ku t o a t o k n i t ,

tu n k e u t u a to , pe n e h e i kk o w e a lg ,

t ra t e k at ky t c r a d l e
'

m aki h i l l it k e a t o c r y
’

, ,

rin n e , l p e t yy t y vd in e n , s at iSf ied

p o i m i a, t o p i c k j t
o p e tt a a , e a c h e r
la t va, t o p o f a tree , n au r u l a u g h ,

top p lo b a l l
a l ,

Tr an s l ate i n to E n gl ish the fol l owi n g

'

V E LI JA SI S KO .

Min ul l a on Han k a y k o nl ua ( S he g o es
is o S is k o .

t o sch o o l ) Han on h y v
. a t yt t O K o t o n a ( at h o m e ) .

h an a ut t a a aiti a Han k ut o o pi k k u v e l j e n p un a i s
' ' '

t a s ukk a a V e l i o n h yvin pie n i Han ell a] o n h e ik o t

. .

j al a t Han e i v o i kav c ll a ( h e c an n o t w a l k ) Han

' '

. . .

n uk k u u k a un ii s s a k at k y e s s a Han n a ura a aan e k

' ’ ' '

k aast i ( l o udl y ) J o sk u s ( s o m eti m es ) h an it k e e

'

. .

S il l o in ( the n ) h a n e l l a o n n alk a ( see Aiti a n

' ' '

t a a h an e ll e ( t o h im ) m ak e a a m ait o a S itte n pie n i .

ve l i n a ura a Han o n t yy t yvain e n

'

. .
 LESSO N VI 27

K E VA T .

On k a un is k e va t paiv P o ja t is t uva t k o ul us s a
'

a .

( i the schoo l ) pOyt ie n y mpari l la ( a ro un d ) PO

’

n .

j a t h a l u a va t m e n n a n l o s ( o ut ) A u r in g o n . s at e e t

l o is t a vat k irk k a as t i . K ukkie n t uo k s u t un k e ut uu

ko ul uh uo n e e s e e n ( i n t o the schoo l roo m ) O p e tt a j a .

a n t a a p o ikie n m e n n a u l o s He j uo k s e v a t m ae n r in
.

t e e l l e ( to the s l ope ) k uk k ia p o im im a a n ( t o p ic k ) .

He h e it t av P a l l o t l e n tav at p u ide n l a tv o
'

at
j e n y l i P o ik i e n. i l O j a n a u r u k a ik u u u l k o n a H e .

ov a t i l o is ia j a t yy t yv aI S I a .

L ESS O N V l .

P O T E NT I A L A ND C O N D ITI O N A L MO O D S .

47T he pote n ti a l m ood is for m ed by a ddin g t o

. .

the ste m the m oo d S ign n e ( a ft er s l an d r s e -

, , ,
-
,

le r e respective l y ) a n d the pers o n a l e n di n gs ; a s

'

, ,

| |
s an o n e n I m a y s a y ;
, ( n o us ls e n I I n a y r i s e , ,

t u l ll e ln I m a y c o m e ; p u r lr e ln I m a y b i t e )
, , .

48 . P R E S E N T P O T E N T I A L A C TI V E .

S I N GUL AR PLUR A L
1 . s an o n e l u I m a y , s ay s an o ne l /
mm e w e m , a y
s a y
2 . s an o ne lt t h 0 u may s an o n el tte, y 0 u m a y
e s t s a y s a y
3 . sano n e e , l l he m a y s an o n el lva t t h e y m a y ,

s a y .
28 FI N NI S H GRAM M AR

The c o n ditio n al m ood h as al so o n e si m p l e

49 .

te n se the presen t I t is form ed by a ddi n g t o the

, .

stem the m o od S ign is i an d the pers on al en di n gs -

.

NOTE — Th e F in n is h dit i l c on ona moo d can b e t ra n s lat e d by

u s in g h0 uld s an d w o u 1 d th , e p re t e rit t enses o f s h a 1 1

and will W . 0 ul d b i gs ut m
r n o o re c l ear ly th e F in n is h c on

d it io n a l s tate m e nt in E n g li h
s Th i s s a m e i d e a c a n a l s o
. b e

d by th f th E n gl is h p re t e ri t s u bj u n c t ive in
’

ex p re s s e e use o e

s tea d Of the con dit i l ph ona ra s e ; a s, J os Ol is in n iin onn e l l in e n ,

I f I w e r e s o h p p y ( S ubj
a .
) 2 : If I s h o u ld b e s o happy
( Co n d it io n a ) ; l P e l k fis i n , e tta e p ii o n n i s t u i s in , I f e a r e d I
s h 0 u 1 d fa il .

50 . P R E S E N T C O ND ITI O N AL A C TI V E .

S I NGULAR PLURAL
1 . s an o is i ln I , S h 0 ul d s an o li s i m m e, we
s a y s h o u l d s a y
2 . s an o is i t ,
th 0 u s an o l i
i Si t t e , y o u w o u l d
w o u l d s t s a y s a y
3 . s a n o is i ,
he w O u l d s an o l l ,
i s i va t t h e yw o u l d
s a y s a y

N OT E —
S h o u ld i s no t use d in th e se nse of .
ou g ht , to x

blig t i p
,

p re s s duty or o a on . It ex re s s e s a con dit i on .

V OC ABULARY .

hevo n en h0 rse ,
vu o d e ,
b e d
k o ira d 0 g ,
r e ki , s l e ig h
drive
'

ki s s a c a t ,
ayaa , t O

h a t tu h a t ,
s a lli a t o p e rm i t t o
, ,

mus t a b 1 a c k ,
a l l o w

t u l la t o c o m e m en n a t o g o
’

, ,
 LES S O N VI 29

t O -
d a y h uo m e nna , t O -
m O rrOw
i f t i e t aa, t k ow
' '

j os, 0 n

t u o li c h ,
a ir

EXE RC IS E VI .

A . 1 . Mi n a s an o n e n . 2 . Me s a n o is imm e , j os

t ul is it Han s a l l in e e m us t an k o iran
ta nn e . 3 . aj aa

va l ko is ta kis saa 4 Me ajam me h e vo s e n ja .

1
. ree n
ta n n e 5 , S a n o is in a si a n j os t ie t ais in 6 T y tt O
'
'

. .
.
,

l a ul a a ta n aa n 7 1 8 5 aj a n e e h e v o st a
. 8 Ha n m e
. . .

n is i t an aa n j os t ul is it 9 He t uo n e v
,
a t h a t un
f’
ke n . .
,

g ii t 3
j a s u k a t 4
p jO a l l e ( t o the boy ) 1 0 J O S t ie t ai . .

S in n iin l a ul a is in t a m a n l a ul un 1 1 T a m a ( th is )
’ '

. .
,

k oi r a p urree po ik aa 1 2 Koir a p urree m ie s t a 1 3 . . . .

J o is in l a si n vetta t a i ( or ) k upi n k ah v ia j os t o is it ,

ta n n e 1 4 P o j a t j a m ie h e t t ah tO is iv a t s y Od a h y
'

. .

van ateri an ta n aan 1 5 Ki rjo itta is in k irje e n j os . .

,

a n t a is it p pa e r i a j a m u s t e tt a 1 6 N a u r a n e m m e . .

taall a j os s a l l it t e
'

, .

B 1 He m ay c o m e
. . 2 T hey wo ul d go 3 We . . . .

wo ul d si n g the who l e so n g 4 I m a y give so m e . .

c offee a n d bre a d to y o u ( s in ull e ) 5 T he b l ac k . .

c a t wo ul d S l eep 6 Fa ther a n d m o ther wo ul d g o

. .

if y o u wo ul d co m e here 7 Y es I . .
,

i f y o u wa it 8 I f they a l l ow it I . .
,

the horse 9 T he dog m ay co m e here . . .

1 0 We sho ul d l ive sober l y ( ra it t iis t i )

. 1 2 Yo u . .

1 Wo r d s e n d in g in -
n e n c ha n g e the 11 be t w e e n two vo w l e s

to it b e fo re the c ase -
e n d in g s . See 27 " 2 See 1 1, t . 3 See 1 1 d , .

I 4 Se e 1 1, g .
30 FINNI S H GRAM M AR

w o ul d spe ak to h im ( h a n e lle ) if he were ( o lis i ) ,

here 1 3 I w o ul d writ e a l etter if p aper in k an d

. .
, ,

p e n were ( Ol i S iva t ) here 1 4 They w o u l d g o fish . .

in g 1 5 S he wo ul d S weep the f l o or
. . 1 6 We m ight . .

e at s o m e bre a d a n d b utter a n d dri n k s o m e c o ffee ,

o r t e a if y o u w o ul d give it t o u s ( m e il l e )
, .

L E S SO N V II .

T RA NS L A TI V E A ND I N E SS I V E C AS E S .

T he t ra n s l at iv
ch an ge fr o m o n e
’

51 . e ex pre s s e s
f o r m t o a n o ther I t is design a ted in E n gl ish by.

the preposition s f o r t o I n t o
1
T h e e n di n g Of , , .

the tr an s l ative I s ksi ; a s t a lo lks i ( m a de ) i n t o -

, ,

a h O u s e .

52 The p l a ce withi n which is reg ul a r l y de n o ted

.

by the i n essiv e I t h a s the e n di n gs s s a o r s s a ; a s

.
-
-

t a lo ls s a i n t h e h o u s e ; k y lals s a i n t h e vi l
, ,

l a g e I n E ng l ish this c a se i s i n dic ated by the

.

prep o sitio n s i n o r a t .

V OCABULAR Y .

p a t a , k ettle t ee, t e a

p an n u , pan tea kettle

t e ep an n u ,
p er u n a, p o t a t o p a l a a t o b u rn
,

k ap p d l e , piece ki e hu a t O b O i l ,

t u li, fire k as v aa t o g r o w,

t y o, w o rk
’

p o ro , a s h
1 See no te 1 on pag e 31 .
 LES S O N VII 3l

pe ru na, tO p 0 t a l ih a , m e a t
kaiv an t o m i n e ,
as u a , t o l i ve
k irj ain l e t t e r ,
mu o do s t us f o r m a t i o n ,

t e o ns an a ve r b ,
as e m o s a n a p rOn O un ,

k i e li o pp i g r a m m a r ,
n i mis a n a , n O u n

uu n i s t O v e f urn ac e h oy ry , s t e m
'

, , , a

o ve n .

E X E R C I S E V II .

A . 1 . P o ika as u u t al o s sa . 2 . T y t t o k as vo i pit

k a ks i . 3 . T uli p al e a uun is s a Kah v

. i k ie h u u4 .

pa n n us sa . 5 . K aun is t a l o p a l o i po ro k s i 6 L ih a . .

k ie h u u ka ppa le ik s i 7 P e run a t . . o vat p a d a s sa . 8 .

P o ik a ka s vaa iS Ok S i m ie h e k s i . 9 . I sa t ul e e b
( e
o mes ) v an h ak s i 1 0 Han t u l e e j o ul uk s i k o t iin
‘
1 3
c . . .

1 1 He l ain a s iv
, at k irja n p aiv ak s i z
1 2 Ha n a s u u . .

k aupun g is s a 1 3 P e r un at k as vav a t m a a ss a
. 14 . . .

Mus t issa pa do is s a o n paljo n ( m u ch ) vett a 1 5

'

. .

T e e pan n us s a o n k u um aa ( hot ) teeta 16 L ih a . .

p ai st a n a nn iss a 1 7 T al o o n m a al a tt u pun a is e k s i
. . .

B 1 I n a ho use 2 T he ho use b u rn ed t o a shes

. . . . .

3 T he b o y grew i n to a t a ll m a n
. 4 Fa ther a n d . .

m oth e r a re in ch urch 5 He bec am e ( t ul i ) Ol d . . .

is served ( t a rjo t a an ) in c ups 7 G r am . .

e s the for m atio n Of the verbs a n d pro

T he m e at bo il ed to pieces 9 The m a n . .

in a m i n e 1 0 C offee i s b o i l i n g in the . .

1 The ve b b r e c O m e e xp re s s e s a so l the t ra n s l a ti v e i d e a ; as .

M i c s m u va n lm k s l. Th e m a n b e c a m e o ld .
2 See 2 00 .
32 FINNI S H GRAM M AR

co ffe e po t 1 1 They l ive in l a rge ho u ses 1 2 The

. . . .

b o ys grew stron g 1 3 The b o o k wi l l be re a dy by

. .

S un d a y ( s un n un t a ik s i ) 1 4 W at er I S ch an ge d
. .

( m u u t t u n u t ) i n t o ste a m 1 5 I threw s o m e w o o d
-

. .

i n t o the fire 1 6 The h o u se is p a i n te d ( m aal att u )

. .

white a n d b l ue 1 7 I c ut the bre a d i n t o t w o ( k ah

.

de k s i ) 1 8 He c uts the pota t o es i n t o s m al l pieces

. . .

1 9 We t o o k ( l u ul in ) y o u f o r a docto r
. 2 0 We . .

l ive in the city Of N ew Y or k .

L E SS O N V III .

I MP E RA TI V E A C TI V E I N FINI TI VE S , ,
A ND
P AR TI C IP L E S .

'

53 The i m pe r a tive expresses c o mm an d o r re

.

q u est I t is f o r m e d by a ddi n g t o t h e ste m the f o l

.

l o wi n g m o o d sign s an d pers o n a l e n di n gs :

S INGULAR

2 . m o od S ign p ers e n di n g
3 . ko o or k Ob ,

PLURAL

1 . m o o d S ig n k aa -
or pers e n di n g mme
.
-

2 .
-
k aa or J ad a, tt e ) -

3 .
-
ko o or -
t
34 FINNI S H GRA MMAR

a fter o ther v o we l s except i Thi s i n fin itive h a s t he .

i n essive a n d i n str uctive c a ses ; a s s an o | e | s s a i n , ,

s a y i n g ; s an o | e | n w i t h s a y i n g , .

58 The thir d i n fi n itive i s f o r m e d by a ddi n g

.

t o the ste m m a o r md ; as -
in -
,

S a y i n g ; s y b m d is s a i n e a t i n g
l This i n fi n itive
’ '

.
,

i s use d in s ix c a ses .

59 The f o urth i n fi n itive h a s the e n di n g

.

-
m in e n in the n o m i n ative an d mi s I n the p a rtitive ; -

a s s an o lm in e n S a y i n g ; s a n o lm i s t a ( s o m ethi n g )
'

, , ,

t o S ay This i n fi n itive is a re al s u bst an tive l i k e

’

the E n gl i sh ger un d .

6 0 There a re t w o p articip l es o r verb al a d

.

j e c t ive s i n Fi n n ish The first Of these i s . f o r m ed

by a ddi n g v a or va t o the ste m ; a s s an o lva
-
-

, ,

s a y i n g ; l en t d lv a f l y i n g

The sec o n d p a rticip l e i s for m

.
,

6 1 . ed by a ddi n g -

n u t o r n y t t o the c o n s o n a n t ste m a n d n e e nei -

- - -

p l u ) .t o the v o we l ste m ; as s a n o | n u t S a i d , ,

t e h | n y t m a d e ; s an o ln e e t s an o | n e i | t a
, ,
.

NOT E I f l — i
s, th l t, d
r, f th
or t mn th y s e as soun o e s e , e

a re d bl d ;
ou p e
l y t w as,h l
d ; t l l t
e s cs m ; p , t a s e u u , o e u r ru ,

b i t ; m e n n yt , C o m e .

V OC ABULARY .

la u lu , s o n g S u o mi ,
F i n l a n d
va rs y v e r s e ,
tO pray
ru k o i l l a,

ki it t aa t 0 t h a n k
' '

lu k e a , t orea d ,

e ld a, t o l i v e lu ku c h a p t e r
'

k o ko , whole k a i kk i , a 1l
k o lm e , t h r e e vu s i f 1 , V e
 L ESSO N V III 35

E X E R C I S E V III .

A . 1 . L a ul a l a ul u . 2 . L uk e k aa m m e . 3 . L a ul a
k oot vi i si vii rs y a .
1
4 . E lak OOn S uo m i .
2
5 . L ue k Ol
me l uk ua Ki i t t ak aat t e 7 Han t ul ko o n ta n n e 6
'

. . . . .

8 Ka ikk i r uk o il ka a m m e 9 P uh u k o o n j h a
'

. o s n . .
,

t a h t OO 1 0 N a ur a 1 1 S y Ok aamm e ja j uo k a a m
' '

. . . .

me 1 2 Kirjo it a k irj e ta n aan

. . 1 3 P oi k a t ah t OO . .

p uh ua 1 4 L a psi a l k o i it k e a
. 1 5 S i n un ( y o u )
. . .

'

it a a t l m 1 6 L k m l l ( by re di g ) m i a
'

p u e a n u e a a a n n . .

o pi n
3
1 7 T y t t o j a poi k a Ol iv
. a t u im a s s a
. m i n un ,

t y dta t e h t ae s s a ( whi l e I w a s wor k i n g ) 1 8 J uo k

'

. .

se m in e n o n t e rv e e l l is t a 1 9 Han e n p it aa l a ul a m an
'

. . .

A 1 S in g the wh o l e s o n g
. . 2 L e t us si n g . . .

3 L e t the m re a d 4 L o n g l ive Fi n l a n d 5 L et
’

. . . . .

the m re a d three verses 6 T O be ( O l la ) go o d i s to . .

be h a ppy . 7 L e t u s re a d the who l e ch a pter. .

8 L e t the m pr a y
. 9 L e t the m l a ugh 1 1 L ong . . . .

l ive A m eric a 1 2 L e t u s pr a y 1 3 He h a s n othi n g . . . .

to s ay 1 4 I w a n t to g o. 1 5 T he boy i s S wi m . . .

mi ng 4
1 6 Y o u m ust go h o m e 1 7 S he h a s ( so m e )
. . . .

re a di n g t o b e d o n e ( t e h t a v an a ) 1 8 T hey m u st . .

c o m e here 1 9 S wi m m i n g i s a g o o d exerci se . . .

2 0 The b o o k m ust ( be
.

1 Se e 1 46 , a . L o n g l iv e F i n l a n d ( l it . le t F i n l a n d l iv e ) .

3 Se e 1 1 ,
e 4 Us e the i ii e ss w e o f the t h i rd in fi nit i v e .
5 Use
the in s t ru c t i v e o f luk e a O f the t h ir d i n in it i f v e .
36 FIN NI S H GRAM M AR

L ESS O N IX .

E L A TI V E A ND I L L A T I V E C AS E S .

The p l a ce f r O m w h i c h is reg ul a r l y de
6 2 .

n ote d by the e l ative I t i s fo r m ed with the en di n g

.

-
s ta or s t a ; a s t a lo s t a f r o m t h e h O u s e ; k y
,
-
, ,

lals t a f r o m t h e v i l l a g e This c a se is in
'

.
,

dic ate d in E n g l ish by t h e prep o sitio n s O f o r f r O m .

The i l la tive i s fo rm ed :
6 3 .

( a ) B y l e n gthe n i n g t he l a st vowe l Of t h e stem + n ,

i f the ste m en ds in a sh o rt v o we l ; a s t a lo lo n i n t 0 , ,

t h e h o u s e .

( b ) B y a ddi n g t o the m o n osyl l abi c stem c o n ta i n

in g a l o n g v o w e l o r diphth o n g the con s o n an ts h _
-
-

-
n betwee n which is i n serted the l a st v o we l Of the
,

ste m ; as ku u lhu n i n t 0 t h e m 0 o n ; t y b lh on
’ '

, , ,

t0 the wOrk
( )
0 B y a ddi n g s e e n i n the
-
si n g ul a r a n d s n n i n -

the p l u r a l a fter the l o n g v o w e l t o the St e m co n ta i n

in g m o re th a n o n e syl l a bl e ; a s v l
en ee s e en i,
n t o ,

t h e b o a t; v l
e n e i s i in i n t o t h e b o a t s
,
.

The i lla tive expresses t he p l a ce 1 n t 0

6 4 . .

w h i c h m o ti o n t a k es p l a ce a n d i s de n o ted in E n g
l i sh by the p rep o siti o n i n t o o r t o .
 L ESSO N 1x 37

V OC ABULAR Y .

bird
l in t u , ki r k a s bright ,

maa l a n d k y la v i l l a g e
'

, ,

k ir kk o c h u r c h , p uu t r ,
e e
k au p u n k i c i t y ,
vu o ri m o u n t a i ,
n

a ur in k o s un , p e l t o f i e l d,

p a is t aa t o S h i n e , p u d o t a t o f a l l ,

le n t iia’ t , o f l y la a ks o v a l l e y ,

E XE RC IS E IX .

A .Hy v a po i k a t ul e e k irk o s t a
1 . 2 I s a m e n ee . .

k a u pun k iin 3 Han m e n ee v . ie ra is iin m a ih in . .

4 P o ja t t u l e v
. a t S u o m e s t a A m e rik aa n 5 T al o o n . .

t e h t y p u us t a 1
6 L in n u t l e n s ivat p u ih in
. 7 P oi k a . . .

j a t y t t O m e n iv a t k Ou l uu n 8 K o l m e v e l j e s t a o n . .

teens 9 .Mies o n ri k a s . 1 0 P o i ka .

h uk k u i vetee n 1 1 MOin k irja n k o l m e s t a d o l l a r is t a

. .
»

1 2 L a psi t ul c e is aan s a
.
3
1 3 Mie h e t m a t k u s t a v at . .

k y la s t a k y l aan ja k a u p un g is t a k a up un k iin 1 4 Mi . .

n a a s t u in l a a k s o o n 1 5 L in n un pes a o n p uus s a . . .

B 1 I g o t o sch o o l 2 B oys a n d gir l s c o m e

. . . .

fr o m sch o o l 3 He so l d the bi rd f o r three d o l l a rs

. . .

4 He i s ri ch in fri e n ds b ut poor in m o n ey
.
2
5 Me n , . .

c am e fro m Fi n l a n d t o A m eric a 6 The h o u se is . .

m a de Of w o o d 7 The bi rd f l ew d o w n fr o m the. .

tree 8. The bright S un shi n es i n t o the roo m

. . .

9 B oys a n d gir l s a re g o i n g to sch o o l

. 1 0 He co m es . .

I Se e 2 08 .
2 Se e 212 . 3 Se e 21 9 .
38 FIN NI S H GRAM MAR

fr o m the w o o ds 1 1 They we n t fr o m the vi l l age

. .

t o the city 1 2 Fr o m m o rn i n g t o eve n i n g

. . 1 3 L et . .

the m g o t o ch urch 14 They stepped i n t o the . .

ch urch 1 5 We stepped i n t o the r o o m 1 6 I c am e

. . . .

fr o m the r o o m 1 7 L e t u s g o t o ch urch 1 8 L e t
. . .

the m se n d the b o y t o t o wn .

L ES S O N X .

T HE AU X I L I AR Y VE R B OL L A ,
T O BE .

6 5 The verb o l la is irreg ul a r in m a n y Of its

.

f o r m s b ut it wi l l be Observe d th a t al l the m o o d
,

S ign s an d pers o n al e n di n gs fo l l o w seq ue n ces al re a dy

est ab l ishe d in the reg ul a r co n j ug ati o n .

P R E S E N T I N D I C A TI V E A C TI V E .

6 6 SI NGULAR PLURAL
’

. . .

1 . o len , I a m o le mm e ,
we a re
2 . o le t, th o u a r t o le t t e , y o u a r e

3 . on , h e i s o va t , t h e y a r e .

I MP E R FE C T I N D I C A TI V E A C TI V E .

6 7 . S I NGULAR . PLURAL .

1 . o lin , I was o li mme , we were

2 . o li t thou w
, a st o li t t e , y o u were
3 . ol i he w as
,
Oli va t , t h e y w e re
 L ESSO N x 39

P R E S E N T P O T E N TI A L A C TI V E .

6 8 . S INGULAR . PLURAL .

1 . l ie n e n ; I m a y be l ie n e m m e ,
we m a y be
2 . lie n e t ,th0 u may l ie n e t t e , y 0 u m a y be
est be
3 . li e n e e h e m a y b e
, lie n e vat t h ,
e y m a y be

P R E S E N T C O N D ITI O N A L A C TI V E .

6 9 . S I NG ULAR . PLURAL .

1 . o lis in , I Sho u l d be o li s im me ,
we sh o u l d
be
2 . o l is i t , tho u wo ul dst o l is it t e , y 0 u w O ul d
be be
3 . o lis i, h e wo uld be o l is i va t t h e y w o
,
u l d
be

I MP E RA TI V E A C TI V E .

70 . S I NGULAR . PLURAL .

1 . o lk a a mm e ,
l e t u s be
2 . o le, be o lk a a t t e , be
3 . o lk o o n , l e t h im be o l lf o o t , l e t them be
40 FI NNI S H GRA MMAR

I N FI N ITI V E S '

I sh o rter f o rm o l la t o b e
.
, ,

l o n ger f o r m o lla ks e n i i n O r d e r t h a t , ,

I may be
II I n o l l e s s a i n b e i n g b e i n g
. .
, , .

III o l e m a s s a etc i n b e i n g b e I n g
.
,
.
, , .

No m o l e m in e n ( m ust ) b e b e i n g
.
, , .

P a rt o l e mis t a b e i n g .
,

P AR TI C IP L E S .

72 . I . o le va ,
bei n g II . o l lu t , bee n

V OC ABULAR Y .

t aivas , s k y, he a ve n ta y ty y } m u S t
t ah t i, st r p i lvi, c l d
'

a o u

kuu , m o o n k y lm a , c O l d
i lm a , aweather i r, lamm in warm ,

s in in e n b l u e s e ta u n c l e
'

, ,

va lk e a w h i t e
,
t a ti a u n t
,

h i lja in e n s i 1 e n t
'

, ,
n y t, n ow

quiet k o t i, h 0 m e
t o ivoa t o w i s h
, ,

t o h o p e
42 FINNI S H GRAM MAR

L ES S ON X I .

AD E S S I V E A ND A B L A TI V E C AS E S .

73 The a dessive expresses the p l a ce a t o r O n

.

w h i c h o r the Ob j e c t w i t h w h i c h a n ythi n g i s
,

do n e I t is f o r m ed with the e n di n gs l la o r
.
as -

t a lo ll la a t ,
t h e h o u s e ; k ad e llla o n the ,

h a n d ; O s t in kirjan r a h a llan i I b O u g h t t h e ,

b o o k w i t h m y Ow n m o n e y ( S ee L ess o n .

XV ) .

74 I n E n g l ish the prep o siti o n s a t o n u p o n

.
, , ,

o r w i t h d e n o te the e n d i n gs o f this c a se

75 The p l a ce f r O m w h i c h i s reg ul a r l y
.

de n o te d by the ab l ative with the e n d i n gs l t a o r -

ltd ; a s t a l o ll t a f r O m t h e h 0 u s e ; t y t b ll t a
'

, , ,

frOm the gir1 This re l a ti o n 1 8 In d ic ate d in

.

E n g l ish by the prep o siti o n s f r O m o r O f .

V OC ABULARY .

katto, rOOf p a ikh a, p l a ce

l a t t ia , f l OOr p o y t aliin a , t ab l e c l o t h
'

t u o l i,chair te e va t i, s a u c e r

b table m us t e
’

t a
'

p y , ,
i n k
lu s ikk a s p 0 O n k y n a, pe
'

, n

k ah v e li fOrk , p
l y ij y k y n a e n c i l
,

k a la f i s h
, laa t i k k o b o x d r a w e r
, ,

la u t a n e n p l a t e , raha ,
m on ey
s aa d a t o r e c e i v e
, o lk a a h y v a pleaSe ,

pu u t tua t 0 1 a c k , k irju ri s e c r e t a r y
,
 LE S SO N XI 43

E X E R C IS E XI .

A . 1 . Ka un is k i rj a on p y
o d a l l a . 2 . Ha n is t u u
t uo l il la . 3 . Min d sy o n ve it s e lla ja ka hve l i l la .
‘

4 P oi k a k irjo it t a a kyn éi l l a 5 M in ul t a p uut t uu

'

1
. . .

ra h a a 6 Olk a a h yv
. a ja a n t a k a a m in ulle ly ijy ky n a
.

pOy d al t a . 7 . I lma t un t u n ky l m alt ii .

2
8 . P Oy tal ii
na on ii
p y d a ll a 9 P oi k a s a i ra h aa is a lt a 1 0 L ap . . . .

s i s Oi l a uta s e l t a 1 1 Mies p ut o s i k a t o l t a m a a h a n . . .

12 . I s a t ulc e m aa l t a k a up un k iin .

B . ta b l ec l o th is o n the t ab l e
1 . Th e 2 I e at . .

w ith a k n ife a n d for k 3 T he b utter i s o n the . .

p l ate 4 T he for k fe l l fro m the t a b le 5 I e a t a t

. . . .

a ta b l e 6 T he p e n a n d pe n ci l a re i n a b o x o n the
. .

t ab l e 7 P l e a se give m e so m e fi sh o n a p l a te
. . .

8 I S it in the ch a i r
. 9 Wr ite a l etter in in k 10 I . . . .

s e e with m y eyes a n d he a r with m y e a rs 1 1 The 1

. .

kn ife for k a n d sp o o n s a re o n the ta b l e

, ,
1 2 There . .

a re five se a ts a t the ta b l e 1 3 I wor k with m y . .

h a n ds 1 4 I spe a k with m y m o u th
‘
. .
‘
.

HOTE L L I S S A ( A t the Hote l ) .

Ol kaa h y va ja an t ak a am in ul le h uo n e Ky lla te .

s ae tte se n ( it ) . K irjo it t a k aa n im e n n e ( yo ur n a m e )
O
p y t ak i rj a an ( i n to the regist ry b o o k ) -
. R uo k a a

S aat t e r u o k a s a l is s a . R uo k a s a l is s a o n pOy t ia, ja t uo

l ej a P Oy d al l a k uppe ja t e e va t e ja , l a ut a s ia , vei t
' '

. on ,

S iii , k ah ve l ia , l us ik o it a j a s al ve t it . L a sit ja l e ipii

1 See th e ru e l h as .
2 See 235 .
44 FI N NI SH GRA M M AR

o vat m y o s k in p y
o d a ll a . T an aan m e il l a on h yva

r uo k ah a l u . P alve l ij a t u o l ih a a , vih a n n e k s i a , m a n si
it m i M i a pi d h vi k it t ta
'

k o a ja o e n a n . a n y n e e y s

M ( I t ) y j O a l k i
'

( c o o k e d ) l i h a s t a i n a e.n d o n o s r u o

kaa ( dessert ) yn t m u tt a o t,
a n k u pi n k a h v i a M i n a .

j uo n vett a l a s ist a j a teet a k up is t a Mi n a p a n en s o

' '

k eri a k a h v iin ja t e e h e n l u s ik a ll a S itte n m i n a s e .

k o t an ( sti r ) tee n l u s ik al l a Mi n a s y On l ih a a j a pe
.

run o it a l a ut a s e l t a Mi n a s y On l e ipaa v o it a s o k e ri
' ' '

.
, ,

l e iv o k S I a j a p i ira kk a a V e it s e ( l l an i with m y ) l ei k
°

.
,

k a an l e iv an j a p i ira k a n Kah v e l il l a sy on p iira k a n

. .

Ve it se l l a p an e n v o it a l e iv an p aal l e ( o n ) Ol k aa
' '

h yv a j a a n t a k a a l a si m a it o a S a an k o k u pi n k ah v . ia
t a hi teet a Mi n a sy o n a a m ia is e n a am u s e l l a ( in the
'

m o r n i n g ) ru o k a s a l i s s a Mi n a is t un pOy d as s a k un
‘ ’ '

.
,

s y On P aiv al lis e n sy o n p u o l e n p aiv a ik a a n ( t

' '

. an a

n o on ) I ll a l lis e n s y On il t a s e l l a
. .

L E SS O N X II .

A L L A TI V E A ND A B E S S I V E C AS E S .

76The al l ative expresses the p l a ce t 0 w a r d s

.

w h i c h m o ti o n t a k es p l a ce an d i s f o r m ed with ,

the e n d i n g ll e ; a s t a l o ll l e t o t h e h o u s e
-
,
'
In , .

E n gl ish the p rep o siti o n t o i n d ic a tes this re l a ti o n .

77 The a bessive expresses the a b s e n c e o r

.

1 c k Of s o m ethi n g I t h as the e n di n gs t t a o r t t tt
’

a .
- -
 LE SSO N XI I 45

as , t a lo | t t a, w
i t h o u t a h o u s e ; ka d e | t t a ,

w it
h 0 u t a h a n d I n E n g l i sh the prepositio n
.

with O u t de n otes the e n di n gs Of thi s c a se .

V OCA BUL AR Y .

t a k ki , coat 0
k e n ka , S h 0 e
h o us u t t r o u s e r s , s u k ka, c k s t o c k in g
S O ,

liiv i ve s t, p ai t a s h i r t ,

t as k u k e l lo w a t c h , j a lk a f O O t ,

k au lu s c o l l a r ,
kirj e l e t t e r ,

t as ku p o c k e t , s o rm i finger ,

n a pp i , b u t t o n u r h o o llin e n brave ,

i lm an w it h t kav e l la t 0 w a l k
'

, o u ,

k o y hd, p r i k as rich
' '

o o r ,

E X E R C I S E X II .

A Ha n k irjo it t aa h yv
. 1 . a ll e a
p p e ri ll e . . 2 . An n a
ky n a ai dill e 3 S e t h o n t a l ott a . . . 4 . I S O poi k a j a o k
se e h o us uit t a j a t ak it t a . 5 . L a h e t a k i rj a t yt Oll e .

6 . Ait i an t o i rah a a k Oy h a ll e m ie h e l l e 7 Han o n . .

k a ul uk s e tt a j a t a s k uk e l l o t t a . 8 . A n t a k a am m e ra

h aa u rh oo llis e l l e p O a l l e j . 9 . T ak k i on n a p it t a .

10 I sa l ah e t t i pit k an k irje e n p Oja l l e 1 1 Me j uo k

'

. . .

S i mm e s uk it t a i a k e n g it t a 1 2 An t a k aam m e k Oy . .

hal l e m ic he l l e l e ipaa voit a ja m a it o a

' '

, .

B 1 I se n t a l etter to t h e boys 2 G ive the

. . . .

m o n e y to the p oor m an 3 He i s w itho ut m o n ey . . .

4 I w e n t o ut w itho ut co l l a r vest tro users or c o a t

.
, , , .

5 T h e poor boy i s w itho ut m other an d f ather

. .
46 FI NN I SH GRA M M AR

6 .
The l itt l e gir l i s w ith o u t a h o m e 7 I w e n t to . .

the city Of Ne w o Y r k 8 G ive the w a tch t o the big

. .

brother 9 He .
i s witho u
.
t fi n gers 1 0 I a m . .

with o ut c o a t an d tr o u sers 1 1 The shirt I S with o ut . .

b utt o n s 1 2 T he b o y r un s witho ut shoes an d stoc k

. .

i n gs .

K AU PPAP U ODI S S A ( A t the S tor e ) .

M iss a ( where ) o n v a at e t a v
?
a ra k a u p p S e on a

valt ak a dul l a ( o n the m a i n street ) Hal u ais in o st aa .

t ak i n h o u s ut l iiv
,
it h e n k s e l it p a ri n ( a p a ir o f )
, , ,

vill a s ia al u sva at t e it a j a p a ri n k e n kia O st an m y Os .

k in valk e an p a i d a n , k a ul an a uh a n , n e n al iin a n , p yy
h e l iin a n , l ak an a n , t a k i n ja po y t at u uk in
t yy n y n ,
'

“
.

T uo p uk u ( s u it Of c l o th e s ) s o pi i m inull e ( wi l l fit
me ) . K u in k a p al jo n ( h o w m u ch ) s e m a k s aa ? Sen
h in t a o n k o l m e k y m m e n t a d o l l a r ia T am a p uk u Ol is i
' '

h yv a m ut t a t ak i n hi a t o y a t l iian l y h y e t
,
Ho u s ut .

S Op iv at m in u l l e p are mm in O n k o tei l l a h al v e m pia

2
’

1
.

( che per ) p k j ? O k t a m a p k t a i vi l l i
‘
1
a u u a n o u u y s a

n e n ( a l l wo o l ) Ky ll a s e o n herr a S ik s i s e m ak s a a
.
, .

n i in p a l j o n Mi n a e n pi da t ast a m u o dis t a S ita

' ' '

. .

it i ( besi de ) l i i k l li s Mik e o n t am an
' '

p a s s se o n a n a .

p u v u n h i nt a ? S e m ak s a a k ak s ik y mm e n t av i is i d o l
l a ri a Hy v m i n a o st an s e n
'

. a , .

Mi n un p it aa m e n n a vie l a ra ut ak a u ppa an ( i n t o
' ’

the h ardw a re st o re ) m ak e is k a uppaan r u o k a k a up , ,

p a an l ih ak a u ppaan
, R a ut ak a upa s t a o st an k ab y i
.

1 Se e 1 31 .
2 See 82 .
 L ESSO N X III 47

p an nun k upit s o k e ria st ian v

, ,
e it s e t k a h v e l it se in a
, , ,

k e l l o n k e in ut uo l in v
, a at e k a a p in
,
L ih ak a upa st a OS .

t a n lih a a m akk a ra a v , o it a ja l a m p aan lih aa

,
- Ma .

k e isk a upa st a ost a n m o n e n l a is ia ( a ll k i n ds Of ) h e

m a k e i s ia S it t e n k un o l e n t e h n y t o st Ok
.

m e n e n k o t iin P e rh e e n i o n S itte n il o in e n
1
.

e n i j o h do s t a .

L E SS O N XIII .

C O M IT A TI VE A ND I N S T RU C TI V E C AS E S .

78 .T he co m it a t ive i s fo r m e d w ith the e n d in g

-
ne the posse s sive s uff ix an d expresses the ,

perso n o r Obj ect i n w h o S e co m p an y an a ctio n

ta k es p l a ce I t h a s the p l ur al for m o n l y ; a s t a
.
,

l o i ln e n s a w i t h h l S, h e r or t h e i r h o u s e, ,

or h o u s e s
"

79 T he i n str uctive h a s the e n d in g n ; a s

.
-

k as i ln w i t h h a n d s o r b y m e a n s o f h a n d s
, .

( u sed a l m ost a l w a ys in the p l u r a l ) T hi s c a se de .

n otes the m e a n s o r m a n n e r i n a c c o r d
a n c e w i t h w h i c h a n ythi n g i s do n e .

T he v
80 . owe l ste m Of n o un s a n d a dj ect ives is
fo un d by drop p in g n a or m et Of the ess iv
-
e si n g ul a r ;
,

as,

1 Se e 97 .
48 FINNI S H GRAM MA R

E ssive l at o ln a , v o w el
l uk u In a
l a pse na

t al o In a
h yvaln a
k y l m aln a
S ieva n a
’

The c o n s o n an t ste m o f n o un s a n d a dje c

81 .

t ive s i s f o un d by droppi n g the e n di n gs of t h e p a rt i

tive si n gula r ; a s ,

P a rtitive si n g l as lt a
.
, co n so n an t stern l as ,

t ul | t a ,

um t a ,

k all iS It a,
ve t lt a ,

k at t a,
'

Mo st disyl l abic words e n di n g in i ( if t s h l r , , , , ,

n ,l t r t n t precede t h e l a st vowe l o f the ste m )

, , ,

be l o n g t o the above gro up .

NO T E S m d —dj t i vo m y h v
e b th th
n o uns an a ec es a a e o e

v w l v w l
'

t m ; t m
o eth tor l p
le th
c onso nan s e as, a se na , e o e s e

m las
la ps e ; las
| ta, the co nsonan t ste .

1 Ste ms en d in g in e ha ve i in p la c e of e in the n o m in a t i v e

s in gu la r Se e a l so 2 73 .
50 FIN NI S H GRAM M AR

V OC ABULA R Y .

j u u ri , r O O t l e u k a, c h i 11
ru n k o , tem s re a d breast
s i lm a e y e ,
s uu mo uth ,

n en a n O S e ,
vo im a kas S t r O n g ,

lu k e a t o r e a d ,
h a mm a s t 0 O t h ,

p u rra t o b i t e ,
k au l a n e c k ,

p ad head ,
k o rv a e a r ,

k u a l la t 0 h e a r ,
vi e ra i lla t o v i S i t ‘

h u u li l i p ,
u i da t 0 S w i m ,

k a s iv a r m n ahd a t 0 s e e
' '

ar s i , ,

E X E R C I S E X III .

AMic s m e n i k a upun k iin vaim o in e n s a j a l a p

. 1 .

s in e n s a 2 He j uo k s iv at k a i k i n v o im in m e t s aan
' '

. . .

3 I s a o n t aall a p o ik in e n s a 4 Han j u o k s i veteen

' '

. . .

s ui n p ai n 5 On Oik e in si l m i n n a h da ja k o rvi n
. .
1

k u nll a 6 Mies s uk e l s i k a si n ja j al o in
. . 7 P it k a .
2
.

p uu n r u n k o s e i s o o m a a ss a j u u ri n 8 H a n t e k e e t y O . .

t a k a k si n k a si n 9 Veli v ie ra il e e k a u p un g is s a
'

S is k o in e e n
3
1 0 L ap s e t j uo k s e v .at p j
a l a in ja l o in
. .

1 1 V an h a v . a im o p uh u i l ip e in ( f l atteri n g ) k ie l in .

1 2 Han k aan t y i m i n u nu se l i n
' ' '

. .

B 1 The m an c am e with his wife an d chi l dre n

. . .

1 On Oik e in , i t i s r i g h t, etc .
2 I n s t ru c t iv e case, k il
’

s in ia
ja l o in , W i t h h i s h a n d s a n d f e e t . 3 S is k o in e e n or s is
k Oin e n s a, w i t h h i s s i s t e r . Th e l gt h en en in g o f th e l as t
vo w e l o f th e s tem h as o c c u rre d in s isk o in ee n , in p la c e o f th e
p o s s e s s iv e su f f ix .
 L ESSO N X I V 51

2 :He sw im s w ith h is h an ds a n d feet 3 T he b o y . .

re a ds by the m e an s o f h iS eyes 4 A n Ol d w o m a n ‘
. .

c a m e with her chi l dre n 5 The b o y i s divi n g with . .

the he l p Of h is h a n ds an d feet 1
6 The t a l l tree . .

sta n ds in the gr o un d by m e a n s o f its roots 2

7 I . .

bite with m y teeth 3

8 I a l s o e a t w ith m y teeth
. . .

9 He c a m e ho m e fro m schoo l with h is b o o k s a n d

.

pe n ci l s in hi s pock et 1 0 A s m a l l b o y i s r un n i n g
. .

with n o shoes o n 1 1 He wor k s with both h an ds

. .

in the Offi ce 1 2 T he te a cher c a m e t o schoo l with

. .

h is p upi l s .

L E SS O N X IV .

RE AD I N G L ES SON .

T r an s l a te in to E ng l ish an d fi n d al l the c a ses in

the fo l l owi n g :

P U UT .

Ma a ss a k a sv p uit a J uurin e e n n e
a a k a ik e n l a is i a .

ovat m a a ss a k iin n i j a I m e v at ( s u c k ) m a as t a r a
'

vin t o a V a l o tt a ja l am m Ot t a n e e ivat vo i m e n es
' '

u rimm a t ( l a rger ) k a s vit o v a t p uu t P u i .

ret l e v e n ev at l a a j a l l e m a a h a n J uu ris t a .

p u i d e n r u n k o R u n k o j a k a
. u t uu y l h aa l l a
'

( i n t o b r a n ches ) J o k a i s e s s a ( o n e.ac h )
t h e h e lp o f h i s h a n d s a n d fe e t , k ii s i n
2 B y m e a n s O f i t s r o o t s, ju u rin . 3 Use th e
c ase .
52 FI NNI S H GRAM M AR

h a a ra s s a o n Oks i a . Ok s iss a on l e h t is ilm uja ja k uk

k a um puja Ke v aal l a p uh k e a v at l e h d e t , j a k u k at
’

a uk e n e v He de lm apuis s a o n h e de l mia He de l ma
'

at . .

p u ut e iva t k a sv a v il l e in a ( wi l d ) N l
e ( they ) k a s .

vavat s ie m e n e st a S y k sy l la ( in fal l ) h e de l m at ky p
' '

v
.

s yv at S y k s y l l a m uut t u at l e h de t k e l t a is iks i, p u
'

n a is ik s i, r u sk e ik s i j a h a rm aiks i . Vih do in n e p ut o a
vat p o is p uista . K a ik is s a p u iss a e i Ol e l e h t ia Ni is .

se
t on n e u l a l e h t ie n j S e l l a i ia ( s u ch ) p uita
s i a st a
s .

m e k ut s umm e ( c al l ) h avupuiks i ( fi r tree )

POS T I K ON T T OR I SS A ( A t the P ost O ffice ) .

Mi n a Ol e n o nto k a upun g is s a Hal ua is in ( I wo ul d .

l i k e ) k y s y a m i ss a ( where ) o n p o st ik o n t t o ri P osti
'

, .

k o n t t o ri o n t u o l l a Hal ua is in o st a a k ak si v ii de n .

s e n t in p o s t im e rkk ia ( st a m p ) j a k y m m e n e n k ah de n
'

s e n t in Mi n a l ah e t an k irje e n ai dil l e n i ( t o m y
' '

m other ) S uo m e e n Han Odo t t a a k irje t t a m in ul t a

'

. .

L ah e t an k irje e n s e rk uill e n i m y OS He o v at N ew
'

Y o rkin k a upun g is s a He o sa av at p uh u a e n g l a n n in .

k ie l t a s e l vasti M i n a h al ua is in v a k u ut t aa ( to
'

. r e

g ist e r ) t am an k irje e n P a l jo n k o S iit a m e n ee v

' '

1
a .

k u ut uk s e e n ? Va k uut u s m ak s a a k y m m e n e n s e n t t ia .

S e e i Ol e p j
a l o n Olk a a h yv a ja k i rj o itta k a a n i
.

m e n n e j a o s o t t e e n n e tah an Mutta u l k o m a al le va
'

k a nt u s m a k s aa k y m m e n e n s e n t t ia Ha l ua is in l a .

h e t t aa r a b a a S u o m e e n P al j o n k o l ah e t att e ? L ahe .

t an n o i n ( a bo ut ) s ata do ll a ria S e r a h a t ayt yy l a

'

1 P a l jo n k o , h o w m u c h ?
 L ESSO N x v 53

h e t t aa ve ks e l il la Ke n e l l e ( t o who m ) se l ahete
'

t aa ? Olk a a h y v a j a l ah e t t ak aa s e k a n sa llis p a n k
' ' ' '

n -

k iin S uo m e s s a R a h a t l ah e t an t a n a a n K iit o s p al
'

. .

j on , herr a .

L E SS O N X V .

ME T HO D OF E X P R E S S I N G T HE AU X I L I AR Y
T O HA V E .

82 T he a u xi l ia ry t O h a ve h as n o ex a ct e q u iv
. a

l e n t in Fi n n i sh I t is however expre ssed by the

.
, ,

verb o l la ( 6 5 ) which i s al w a ys in the thir d perso n

si n g ul a r ( reg a rd l ess Of it s s ubj ect ) an d the word
correspo n di n g t o the s ubj ect in E n g l i sh in the
a dessive c a se ; as ,

Min u l la on , I h a ve .

Min u l la o li I h
,
a d .

Min u l la on I h a ve h a d
ol lu t , .

Min u lla o li o l lu t I ha d ha d
, .

Min u lla li e n e e I m a y h a v e
'

.
,

Mi n u l la li en e e o llu t I m i g h t h a d h a d
, .

M i n u l la o li s i ,I S h 0 u l d ( wo ul d ) h a v e .

Mi n u lla o li s i o l lu t , I s h O 11 1 ( I ( w o u l d) h a ve
h a d .

83 . S o m e i dio m a t i c phr a ses

Min u lla o n ky lma I a m c o l d
'

.
,

Min u lla o n lcimm in , I a m w a r m

‘

.
54 F I N N I S H GRAM M AR

Min u l la on ku re , I m busy
a .

Mi n u l l a on j an o , I am t h i r sty .

Mi n u l la o n n alk a , I am hungry .

Hdn k a t s o o min uun H e i s l o ,

o k i n g a t
m e .

O l e n i l o in e n n a hd e ss a n i t e i t a, I a m gl a d
t O s ee y 0 u .

T e rve t u lo a, Welc O me .

V OC ABULARY .

k ert o m us , S t 0 ry o n n e l lin e n ,happy

nel fOur
i ,
a vih a n n e s v e g e t a b l e ,

k a ks i t w o ,
h e d e lm a f r u i t ,

v i
'

la in e h t ia t O w a v e a l k e
'

, y r a ,

k u r k hu t h r O a t , j o k i r i v e r
,

r in t a breast ,
m eri s e a o c e a n , ,

m y os k in ,
a l s O kuv as t in m i r r o r ,

h a rvo in , S eld O m m y rs ky S t 0 r m ,

p u o t i, t re s ad s t ad t o s a v e
'

S 0 ,

E XE R C IS E XV .

A 1 Min ul l a k ak si k a tt a 2 P o ja ll a Oli
'

. . on . .

n el ja o m e n aa 3 T yt Oll a Oll ut p al j r ab a a
’ ’

1
. . on on .

4 Min ull a o n k ak si S il m aa k ak si k o rva a k ak si

’ '

1 1
.
, ,

j a lk a a j a y k1
S i n e n a 5 M i n a o sti n v i h a n n e k s i a . .

j a h e de l m i a p u o d i s t a 6 Min u l l a l ie n ee Oll ut viisi . .

d o ll ari a 7 L a a j a j o k i j u o k s e e j arv 8 HR
’

1
. . e en . .

1 Se e 1 46 .
 L ESSO N x v 55

j os h an o l is i s aas t a n y t 9
' '

n e ll a o lis i Ol l ut ra h a a , . .

He v o s e ll a on nel j a j a lk a a . 10 . A urin k o j a k uu
v S uu r i m e r i l a in e h t ii 12 P ie n e ll a
'

p a i s t a at . 11 . . .

h e de l m i a
'

p O a j
ll a o n .

B . 1 . I h a ve t w o h an ds
e a rs 2 I an d two .
1
.

h a ve a l so t w o f e e t l
3 T he boy h a s so m e fr uit 4 . . . .

We bo ught so m e v egeta b l es in a store 5 Th e . .

s m a l l gi r l h a s t w o re d a pp l es 1
6 T h e l a rg e r iver . .

r un s in to a l a k e 7 I h av e h a d so m e coffee .
8 . . .

I m ay h a ve a l ett e r t o m orrow 9 I sho ul d h av e -

. .

h a d two l etters 1 0 I m ight h av e h a d so m e fr uit

. . .

1 1 A m i rror i s br ight
. 1 2 T he brother h a s so m e . .

o r an ges a n d the S i ster h as a p p l es .

I H M I S E N R UU M I I N J A S E NE T .

Min ull a o n p as k ak s i s ilm a s k ak s i k o rv ,

a a k ak s i , ,

h uult a l e uk a ja s uu S il m ill a m in a n ae n Ko r
' '

z
. .
,

vil la m i n a k uul e n S u us s a o n m in ul l a h am pa at ja .

k ie l i Ham paill a m i n a sy on K ie l e l l a m i n a p uh un
'

. .

j a m a i s t a n M in u l l.a o n k a s vo t j a ots a M i n ul l a .

S i k att a ja k ak s i j a lk a a K asi ll a m in a
'

Oik e all a k ade l l a m in a k irjo it an Oi .

k a de S S a m i n a p i d a n v e it s e n k ah ve l in ja l u
'

S i k an k un O l e n s y Om as s a Min ulla o n V I I S I s o r
'

, .

m e a k um pa is e s s ak in ( o n e a ch ) k ade s s a J al o ill a .

m i n a k av e len j uo ks e n ja h y ppaan Min ull a o n

'

, .

vi is i v a rv as t a k um pa i s e s s a k in ( On e a ch ) ja l a s s a
'

K un o n k y l m a i l m a n iin k a S I s s an I p i d a n k zis in e e t
' ’ '

, ,

1 Use the e ss i ve s in gu la r .
2 Se e
’

1 46 , a,
 56 FI N N I S H GRA M M AR

etta k al v o s im e n i py s y is ivat l a m p im an a J a l o i s s an i
’

pidan s uk a t ja k e n g at j a k e n k ie n p aal l a p i d a n p aa
' ' '

K a ul a s s an i pida n h a t un N ai n k o k o ruu
'

l y k e n g at . .

m iin i py s y y l am p im a n a .

L E SS O N X V I .

NE GA T I ON .

84 . V e rbs eg ative in Fi n n ish by

a re m a de n

p l a ci n g the n ega tive befo re the verb The n eg a tive .

i s c ap ab l e o f t ak i n g the pers o n a l e n di n gs
Th u s l iter a l l y tr an s l a ted e n m e an s n o t I ; e t ’ ’
, , ,
’
n o t t h o u ; ei
’
n o t h e etc ’ ’

, , .

85 T he c o nj ug atio n Of the n eg a tive f o r al l

.

m o o ds except the i m per ative i s a s f o ll o ws : ,

1 st pers o n si n g e n p l u r a l e m m e .
,

2nd et ett e ,

3 rd e i, ei vat
'

86 . The c o n j ug a ti o n of the n eg ative in the im

p e ra t i ve is
1 st pers o n S i n g . p l ural a lk a a m me or

e l k d d mm e

a la or e la a lk a a tt e or

e lk aat t e
' '

a lk b b n
’ ’

d lk b b t
’ ’

or or

e l k b dn e lk b b t
’ ’

NO TE — The p e rs o n a l en di gn o f th e se con d pe rs o n l
p u ra l is
se ld o m use d .
T hu s , u se fil k ii ii or e l k aa i n p lac e Of ii l k fifi fi t e }
o r e l k ii i flt t e ) .
58 FI N N I SH GRA M M AR
e n , e t , e i e n e mp aa, r
' '

n O In 0 e

en, et, ci k au e mp a a , n O 1 0 n ge r

en, et, e i e n s in k aan , n o t a t a ll

en, et, e i a in o as t aa n , n o t on ly
93The n eg ative i s n o t u sed with i n fi n itives
. .

The E n gl i sh n eg ative i n fi n itive i s expresse d by the

u s e Of the a bessive Of the third i n fi n itive with the

verb o l la ; a s o l la an t a m a t t a n o t t o g i v e ; o lla
, ,

m e n e mat t a ,
n o t t o g o, e tc .

94 . L e a rn the ne g ative c o n j ug ati o n O f s a no a ,

t o s a y, in 2 90 .

V OC ABULARY .

p d i va l l in e n ,
dinner a a mu , rni m 0 n g
i ll a l lin en , s u p p e r p v
a i a d a y ,

a a mi a i n e n , b r e a k fast y o ,n i g h t
lak s y , l e s S O n h e lp p o e a S y
v
,

k o ir a , d 0 g ai k e a hard , ,
diff 1

k is s a, c a t cult
v
i e la yet
‘

, mu t t a b u t ,

va lmis r e a d y , h yl la y e s
,

i lt a e v e n i n g
,

E X E R C I S E XV I .

A 1 vie l a v
P aiv a l m is : 2
a ll in e n P o j at ci Ol e
‘

. . .

3 Me e m m e s y o il l a l l is t a 4
'

e a t s y o a a m ia i s t a . . .

L y h y t l ak s y c i Ol e v a ik e a o ppi a 5 E i y k s ik aa n
‘

. .

Ol e k o t o n a 6 M u s t a t k o irat ja h a r m a s k iss a c i
.
1
.

1 Use th e ess i v e s in gu l ar .
 L ESSO N XV I I 59

vat k a l aa Al a t ul e ta n n e 8 A l kaam m e
'

syo . 7 . . .

s e i S Ok O tie l l a 9 Han e i l ie n e k a upun g is s a 10

’

. . . .

Me e mm e k irjo itt a is i jo s h an e i va s t a is i k i rje t ta ,

.

E n l uk e n ut l ak s y a 1 2 He e ivat s y On e e t v ie la
'

11
'

. . .

a a m ia is t a .

B .I do n o t give a n y m o n ey
1 . 2 NO o n e i s . .

here t o d a y 3 Di n n er i s n o t re a dy yet b ut brea k

. .
,

fa st is a l w ays rea dy 4 I did n o t re a d the bo o k . . .

5 We di d n o t sen d the l etter

. 6 D O n o t r un an y . .

l o n ger 7 L e t us n o t spe a k too m uch

. . 8 I m ay . .

n o t g o t o ch u rch to m orrow 9 We sho ul d n o t be -

. .

witho ut bre ak fa st d in n er o r s upper 1 0 NO o n e , , . .

i s at hom e 1
1 1 L e t the m n o t s a y
. 1 2 T hey do . . .

n o t l ive in the c o un t ry 1 3 T hey m a y n o t be a t . .

ho m e 1
.

L E SS O N XVII .

P E RS O N A L A ND P O S S E SS I V E P R O N O U N S .

95 . The perso n a l pr o n o un s a re

S I NGULAR
m in a I ,

s in a, th 0 u

Ofthese s in a is us e d a m o n g i n ti ma te fr ie n d s ,

r e l a ti ves chi l d re n or in p o etry T e is us e d in le ss

, , .

i n ti mate t alk S e pl u n e t h e y refers to th ing s

.
, .
, ,

1 Use the e ss i ve S in g u a r l .
60 FI NNI S H GRAM M AR

or an i m al s . P erso n al pro n o un s a re i n fl ecte d l i k e

n o un s .

96 The ex a ct possessiv e a dj ectives m y t h y

.
, , ,

h i s etc, a re l a c ki n g in Fi n n i sh
.
,
They a re e x .

pressed by the u s e Of the g e n itiv e Of t h e pers o n al

’

pr o n o un a n d the p o ssessive s uffixes O f the ge n i .

t ive s Of the pers o n a l pr o n o un s the firs t an d sec o n d

pers o n c an be l eft o ut b ut the thir d pers o n S i n g ul a r ,

a n d p l u r a l a re a l m o st a l w a ys u sed f o r c l e a r n ess ; a s ,

( m in u n ) ki r j a u i, m y ( m e i d a n ) ki rj a
lm m e

b o o k o u r b o ok

( S in u n ) k irj a s i, thy ( t e i d d n ) k i rj a nn e, yo ur
b o o k b o o k
( h a n) k i rj a hi h i d kirya in s a ,
'

n e n s a, s, ( e d n )
h e r b o o k t h e i r b o o k
97 . The p o ssessive s u ffixes a re :

S INGULAR PLURAL
l st pers .
-
u i, m y -
mm e O u r,

2 nd -
s i, thy -
nne y O u r
,

3 rd -
ns a or -
n s a, -
n sa o r n s a t h e i r
-

hi S, her
98 . P o ssessive
s uffixes a re a d de d t o the c a s e
e n di n gs b ut if a c a se e n di n g e n ds in a c o n s o n an t
,
-

it is rej ecte d befo re the c o n s o n a n t O f the p o ssess i ve

s uffix ; a s t a l o o ln i , i n t o m y h o u se .

99 P o ssessive s u ffixes do n o t c a u se the we ak

.

e n in g O f the c o n s o n an t Of the ste m a l th o u gh they ,

m ay c l o se a short sy l l ab l e ; a s k e h t o ln s a h i s , ,
 LES S O N X V II 61

c r a d le ,
b ut k e h do n; ha t t u lns a , h i s h a t b ut
,

ha t u n .

1 00 . the dec l e n sio n Of m in a I ; s in a

L e a rn , ,

t h o u ; h tin h e o r S h e ; m e w e ; t e y o u ; h e
’

, , , ,

t h e y In 2 80 ,
L e a r n a l s o the dec l e n si o n Of the
.

possess ive s uff ixes in 2 8 1 2 8 2 2 8 3 2 8 4 , , , .

V OCA BUL AR Y .

ldak a ri . d O ct O r p p ,
a p i m i n ister
kds i h , a n d k u u ka u s i , In 0 n t h
r uu m is , b0 dy s an a , w o r d
k e n k a, S h 0 e la us e , s e n te n ce
k a mp a ,
cOmb p l
o vi , k n e e

h a rja ,
bruSh k a u la , n eck
vi ik k o ,
week o ts a, f o rehe a d
vu o s i , y e a r ka s vo t, f a c e

n itu , S h e i tt aa t0 thr w
'

O ,
0

u lo s , O u t k o r k e a, high

E X E R C I S E XV I I .

A . 1 . I san i on t aall a . 2 . S i n un ait is i on k oto

3 Mi n a heit an p a l l o n i k o rk e a l l e Ha u e n
4
'

na . . . .

p o ika n sa l uk e e e l aak arik s i .

1
5 . Ol k a a h yva ja t uo
k aa s o rm uk s e n i ja h a rja n i ta n n e . 6 . T e idan k e n
k a n n e ja s uk k a n n e o va t l a t t ia l l a 7 Han l ah e tt i . .

ki rje e n pOja l le n s a 8 E n s aa n ut vie l a k irje e s e e n i

. .

vast a us ta po a l t j
a n i . 9 . K irja mm e o va t pOy dal la .

10 . V iikk o n i, k uuk a ut e n i ja vuo t e n i k ul uva t ( pa ss )

62 FI NNI S H GRAM MAR
M k a m m t l i 11
'

a
'

t aall a o l l e ssan i l i i an
'

e n e a O OS pi an . .

n uk k u m a a n 1 2 T u l k aa k o n t
.
t o o r iin i k i rj u r
.
i k s i .

B 1 My a
.
f ther a. n d m o ther a r e h e re 2 I se n t . .

a l etter to m y b r o ther 3 I received a l etter fr o m . .

my si ster 4 P l e a se se n d
.
o u r s h o e s
.
a n d s o c k s 5 .
. .

Y o u r ri n g an d br u sh a re o n the t a b l e 6 Their . .

b o o k s a re o n the d es k 7 Hi s b o y i s st u dyi n g f o r . .

the m i n istry 8 The gir l s do n o t S i n g .

1
9 My . . .

c o m b an d yo u r br ush a re here 1 0 He received a . .

b o o k a s a prese n t fr o m y o u r s o n 1 1 The l e a d . .

pe n ci l is no t sh a rp 1 2 His k n ee an d h an d a re . .

h urt .

K TI
O .

Min ul l a o n pie n i k o ti j o t a ( which ) raka s t an ,

p ja l o n I s a n .i t a l o a e n v o i ( I c a n n ot ) k o s k aa n u h

h o t t aa S i c l l a O l e n k o t o n an i ; si c ll a p a rh ait e n v
. iih
dy n E n k Opa t un t is i tiet a ja v e ra j a a ( g a te ) Eu
' ' '

. .

k Op a t al o a j a t a p a a m ui st a is i ? K a ik k i ( a ll ) o n
si c l l a n I I n t ut t ua m i n ul l e N ait a p o rt a it a ( S t a irs ) .

O l e n n u n m o n esti a s t un ut T ai n an ( thi s ) ove n o l e n .

n i in m o n esti ( m an y ti m es ) a v an n u t ( Ope n ) Ak .

k un ast a O l e n ul o s k at s o n ut ( l o o k ) T a kk av a lk e a n .

l o i s t o s sa O l e n l am m it e ll y t
2
P Oy d aS S a O l e n s y On y t
' ' '

. .

V uo t e e s s a O l e n n uk k un u t J o k a i s e n ( every ) ist u i .

m e n t un n e n ( ow )
k n jo k a i s e n k i v en j p
a o l un ,

( p ath ) S i c l l a e n e k s y is i e n y o n p im e y de s s ak aan
.
,

( n the da r k n ess O f n ight )

i .

1 Se e 1 98 .
2 T a k k a va l k e an l o is t o ssa, b f e o r e t h e glow
I n g h e a r t h .
 L ESS O N XV I I I 63

U s e in O l i n m uk an a ( with ) , k un h e v o s ia k a iv o lla

( we ll ) j u o t im m e ( t o w a ter ) U s e in S a a t o in l e h -

m iam m e l a it um e l l e ( t o the p a st ure ) U s e in Mus .

ti l l e n a uro in k un se o rav
1
aa, ( sq u irre l ) h a uk k u i
( b a r k ) M u i s t
. a n vie l a p ihl a j a n ( m o u n t a i n a s h )
m arjo is t a p un a is e n a ja k Oiv un ( birch ) j oss a p ie
, ,

n i l in t u l a ul o i K e s all a O l e n a ho ll a m an s ik o it a poi
‘
2
'

m in ut ( t o pic k ) T al v e l l a O l e n S i c ll a m ak e a l a s k e
'

n ut ( t o S l i d e d o w n ) S i l l o in pa i l o a Oli k un j ar .
,

vest a s ul i jaa j a k un p aas imm e v e n e e l l a s o ut e l e

'

m aa n S y k s y ll a taa s l e n t aa k i idim m e k uin l in n ut

' ' '

3
.

k irk k a a l l a jaall a
' '

( to be co n ti n u ed ) .

L E SS O N XVIII .

C OMP O U N D T E N S E S .

C o mpo un d te n ses a re t h e p e r f e c t an d
101 .

pluperfect O f these perfect a n d p l uperfect .

o cc u r in the i n dic a tive ; the perfect in the p o te n ti a l

a n d co n diti o n a l .

1 02The prese n t Of the a u xi l i a ry o l la an d the

.

n o m i n a t ive o f the sec o n d p a rti cip l e for m the per

f e c t i n dic a tive a ctive ; a s O l e n s a n o n ut I h a v e , ,

sai d Thi s c o rresp o n ds c l o se l y t o the E n gl ish

.

perfect .

1 T he na me o f a dog , a ll a ti ve case . Ah o . a w O O (1 la n d
c l e a r e d o f t r e e s by f i r e .
3 Se e 1 1 ,
i .
64 FINNI S H GRAM MAR

1 03 .The i m perfect Of o lla an d the n o m i n ative

o f the sec o n d p a rticip l e f o r m the p l u perfect i n dic a

tive a ctive ; a s O lin s a n o n u t I h a d s a i d This

, , .

i s eq uiv al e n t t o th e E n gl ish p l uperfect .

1 04 .The p o te n ti a l o f o lla an d the n o m i n ative

o f the sec o n d p a rticip l e f o r m the perfect p o te n ti a l

a ctive ; a s L i e n e n s an o n u t I m i g h t h a V e S a i d
, ,
.

1 05 The c o n diti o n al Of the a uxi l i a ry o lla an d

.

the n o m i n a tive o f the sec o n d p a rticip l e fo r m t h e

perfect c o n diti o n a l a ctive ; a s G lis in s an o n u t I, ,

S h o ul d h a v e s a i d .

1 06 .The presen t n eg ative c o n j uga tio n o f o l la

in its d iffere n t mo o ds a n d the no m i n a tive Of the
sec o n d p a rticip l e fo rm the n eg ative perfect o f the
i n dic ative p o te n ti al an d c o n diti o n al whi l e the
, , ,

n eg a tive i m perfect Of o lla with the seco n d p a rticip l e

f o r m the p l uperfect i n d ic a tive ; a s ,

En o le I h a v e n o t sa id
s an o n u t ,

En I had not said

‘
o l lu t s an o nu t ,

En li e n e s a n o n u t I m i g h t n o t h a v e s a i d
,

En o li s i s an o n u t I S h o u l d n o t h a v e s a i d
,

1 07 T he sec o n d p articip l e m u st agree in n um

.

ber with its s ubj ect ; a s O le n s an o n u t I h a v e

, ,

s a i d ; Ol e m m e s a n o n e e t W e h a v e s a i d
, .

1 08 . L e a rn the a ffir m ative an d ne ga tive con

j ugati o n of c o m p o un d ten ses in 2 90 .

66 FINNI S H GRAM MAR

h ad fi n ished o ur w o r k 1 0 S he h as received . . a

l etter fr o m her br o ther 1 1 They h ave been . . at

w o r k 1 2 I h ave f o un d the r a i l r o a d stati o n

. . .

K TI O ( c o n ti n u a ti o n )
Va h a t pa S i it a ( I do n ot m i n d ) , jOS k O k o t in i on

Oll ut ri k a s t a i k Oy h a O l e n S i c ll a o n n e l l is e n a e l a .

n yt . S i c l l a o n Ol l ut l am m in ja h y v a o l la Vaat e t t a .

ja r uo k a a h o it o a ja ra kk a ut t a o l en S ie ll a s aan ut
'

.
,

S i c l l a O l e n l a ps e st a a sti k a s v a n ut S i c l l a o n is an i
' ' '

. .

t y Ot a t e h n y t S i c l l a o n ait in i m in ull e k a un iit a l a u

' '

l uja an l a ul an u t I lt a s in ( at n ights )
. k un m e n i n ,

vuo t e e l le n i k u ulin ait in ruk o il e van e de st an i ( f o r

’ '

me ) .

T ie da n rak a st a a pie n t a k o t ian i Mutt a e n v ie l a .

Oik e in m m a a ( d erst d ) m it ( h w )
' '

y rr un a n e n o ra ,

k as t a a sit a s uu rt a k o ti a j o t a ( whic h) m e s a n o m ,

m e is an m aa k s i S ie ll a o n n iin p al jo n t o is in ( d iffer
.

e nt ) k ui n m e il l a k o t o n a Tiet o v at t ms e n l a is e t .
1

( d iffere n t ) t al o t o v , at t o is e l l a is e t ih m i s e t o y a t ,

t o is e l l a is e t V o i n e k sy a s ie ll a m iss a e n Ol e k o sk aan
'

.
,

e n n e n ( bef o re ) o ll ut K uk a an e i ( n o o n e ) m i n n a .

S ie l l a t unn e ( kn o w ) e n k a m i n a k aan k e t aan ( n o

' '
‘

o n e ) t unn e K uin k a v o isi n v

. ie rast a m a a t a r a k as
t aa ? K u in k a v o isi n O l l a o nn e l l in e n I l o in e n vier a s ,

t e n ih m ist e n l uo n a "

Niin , k o t in i k yl l a t unn e n ; m utt a m i k a on is an

m a an i ?

1 t o is e n l a in e n , plu . t o is e n l a is e t ( see
 L ESSO N X IX 67

L ESS O N X IX .

R E AD I N G L E S S O N .

K A NAR I AL I NT U ( C a n a ry B ird ) .

L iis a ll a Ol i pie n i k a n a ria l in t u . S e l a ul o i k a i k e n

pai vaa . Se Ol i hyvin k a un is . L i i sa a nt o i S i l le sie
men i a ( seeds ) ( gr a ss ) s y Otav
j r uOh O a
aks i j
'

a .

Mutt a e ra a n a pa i v a n a se m a k a si k uo lle e n a h ak is

sa ti n ( c age ) S il l o in t y t t iin e n it k i k o v
.
1
ast i Han .

it ki y h a e de l le e n v a ik ka aiti jo Ol i o s t a n ut h a n e l l e
'

u n de n l in n un S il lo in s a n oi h an e ll e aiti : Miks i it
.
“

ke t ?
T ash a s in ul la o n t Oin e n l in t u S e l a ul aa n iin .

h yv ( for m er )
'

in k u i n e n t in e n k i n ”
L i is a s an oi : .

“
Mi n a O l e n o l l ut l in n ul le kiit t am at ii n ( un th an k f ul ) .

Mi n a O l e n j o sk us s y On yt it s e s o k e ripa l an ( a pi ece o f
s ug a r ) v a ik k a se o l is i k uul un u t
, ( to be l o n g ) l in

n ul l e
”
.

J ANI S JA K O IRA .

Me t s as t aja m e n i k o irin e n s a m e t s as tam aan ( h un t

' '

in g ) . Ma t k all a h an p uh e li ( S p o k e ) k o ira l le n s a .

n yt ta n aan Oike in n o pe a ( swift ) jal o ilt a s i .

ik s e n t av ann e t ( m eet ) n i in si n u a h yvin ,

s y Ot an K un m e t s as t aja k a uk a a n a k i j a n i ks e n
'

.
,

h u us i ( sh o uted ) k o ira l le n s a : J uo ks e o ta ,

at c h ) Mutta j a n i s j no k s i k ovi n n o pe as t i
. .

1 t y t t li n e n , a s m a ll i
g r l . See l
a so 1 7 4, e .
68 FINNI S H GRAM MAR
‘

K Oira n k a ikk i y rit y k s e t ( efforts ) Oli a t v t u r b at .

P i an k o ir a i etta h an t urh a an q k S iS i v
n ak a ik k a
' ' ’

, ,

k uin k a V OI m I an s a p o n n ist a is i S e n t ah de n k oir a

'

m a s e n t un e e n a ( di sc o ur aged ) t ul i i s an t an s a ( m as
ter ) l uo I s an t a s an o i k o ira ll e n s a : Hyv
“
apa l ie
' '
1
.

n e t S i n ak in j u o k s e m aan Kats o m it e n pien i j a m s

'

.
,

m utta si n nt s e jatt aa ( l e a ve ) j uo k s u s s a k a n a s
' '

on ,

“
j al k a N r v JOS t ah do t
”
s an o i k oir a
' '

e e n s a u a a i n .
, , ,

“
m utta m u is t a ett a j am s j uo k s i h e n k e n s a t ah de n
'

, ,

m i n a t a a s j uo k s in a in o as t aan l e ipapal a s e n ( a piece

’

Of bre a d ) t ah de n ”
.

I S A N M AA NI ( Fa ther l an d ) .

I s an i k e rt o o us e in S uo m e s t a . Ha n kut s uu S it a
i s an m aa k s i
'

‘
Min k at ah de n s an ot S uo m e a is a n m aak s i
'

? ”
ky
s y in k e rran h an e l t a .

“
S e n t ah de n ,
'

ett a O l e n si c ll a s yn t y n y t ( b o r n ) ett a ,

e S i is an i ( fo refather ) ja k a ik k i s uk ul a is e n i o y at
'

s ie ll a k a n an a s un e e t j a etta s e o n S u o m e n k a n s an
‘

k o t im a a v a sta si is an i
'

“
Mutt a o n k o S u o m i m in un k in is an m a an i va ikk a ‘

O l e n s y n t y n y t A m e rik a s sa ? ”
s a n o in t a a s
“
Ol e t k o s uo m al a i n e n ? ”
k y s y i I s an i .

“
O l e n l uo n n o l l is e s t i ( n a t u r all y ) s a n o in m i n a .

Mik s i k a ? ”
k ysy l I s a n i .

“
K un p uh un s u o m e a ja k un is a n i ja al ti n i o v at
s u o m a l a i s ia n i in m in ak in O l e n s uo ma l a i n e n
'

”
, .

1 See 1 62 .
 L ESSO N XX 69

“
K os k a s uo m a l a i n e n ja S uo m i o n s uo m a la is
Ol e t

t e n is an rna a n iin se o n S in un k in is an m a a s i S uo
'

.
,

m e n ka n s a j o n k a l a ps ia Ol e t o n k as v
, a n ut S uo m e s ,

sa . S i c ll a o vat s e n e la m a t av at ( c u sto m s ) k ie
, l i ,

ja l a it o k s e t ( i n stit uti o n s ) v ah it e l le n ( gr a d ua l ly )
k e h itt y n e e t ( deve l oped ) N yt k a ikki p uh uv. at s a

m a a k ie l t a ja o v a t s a m a a k a n s a a ( n a tio n ) S uo .

m e n k a n s a ra k a s t a a S uo m e a ja S i ll e c i Ol e m ik aan
'
‘

m a a n iin r a k a s k u i n S uo m i ei k a m ik aan k ie l i n iin ,

k a un is k u i n s uo m e n k ie l i ”
.

I s an i s ilm at l o ist iv a t ( S hi n e ) , k un l i a n s a n o i n ai n
'

ja m i n a y m m ars in ett a h an rak a st i S uo m e a s u u

' ' '

resti .

( t o be co n ti n ued ) .

L ESS O N XX .

P AS S I V E V O I C E .

1 09 T he p a ssive fi n ite verb in Fi n n i sh i s im

.

p ers o n a l th a t i s t o s ay n o pr o n o un o r n o un i s
, ,

c o n n ecte d with it a s s ubj ect A S the s o urce Of .

a ctio n i s n o t m e n ti o n ed in the Fi n n i sh p a ssive it ,

m a y be tr a n s l ated by o n e s o m e o n e p e o p l e , , ,

o r i t i s ; a s s a n o t aa n o n e or s o m e o n e s a y s
, , ,

p e o p l e s a y s i t i s s a i d ; in Fre n ch by the
,

i n defi n ite a rtic l e o n with the verb a l w a ys i n the

thir d pers o n si n g ul a r .

1 10 T he ste m Of the p a ssive Verb e n ds in t a

.
-

or t a a fter a l o n g v o we l d iphtho n g or co n so n an t ;
'

, ,
70 FINNI S H GRAM M AR
-
t ta or fter a S h o rt v o we l T O for m the pa s
-
t ta a .

sive S i m p l e te n ses the reg ul a r m o o d a n d te n se sign s

a re a d de d t o t h e p a ssive ste m I t e n ds ( in every .

m o o d except the i m per ative ) in n with t h e -

l e n gt h en i n g O f t h e l a s t v o w e l Of the
s t e m o r the m o o d S ig n ; a s s an o t a | a n s o m e , ,

o n e s a y s etc ; s an o | t t an e e n s o m e o n e m a y
, .
,

s a y ; s an o | t t a is i in some on e would say ,

.

1 1 1 The prese n t i n dic a tive Of the p a ssive en ds

.

i n daan daan a fter a l o n g v o we l o r diphth o n g

'

-
1 f -
l
, ,

t a an t aan a fter a sh o rt v o we l o r a c o n s o n a n t
'

1 1 -

, ,

n ddn laa n a fter n l o r r res

1 1 1 1
n a an or -
ra an ,
-

,
-

, ,

p e c t iv e l y; a s s aa d a l an S o m e ,o n e r e c e i v e s; ,

t u o ld a | an s o m e o n e b r i n g s ; s y b ldalan s o m e
' ’

, ,

e a t s ; m e n ln a (in s o m e o n e g o e s;
'

o n e ,

p a n | n a | an s O m e o n e, p u t s ; t u l | l a | an s a m e ,

o n e c o m e s ; p u r lr a lan s o m e o n e b i t e s , .

N OTE Th —
p t p a iv e ig i lw y w k d
re s e n ss e s n s a a s ea ene .

Thu t
s, 4 6
-
b m d
a , 15 ; t t ii b
eco me e ii -
a, 4 -
n a ,
- n e co -
n n a ,
-
u n ,

e t c .S Rul 1 1 f
ee oth h g s e or er C an e .

1 1 2 The i m perfect p a ssive h as t h e s ig n t uin 1

‘

-
.

a fter a l o n g v o we l d iphth o n g o r c o n so n an t t t iin , ,

-
1
,

a fter a sh o rt v o we l ; as s aa lt i lin S O m e O n e r e , ,

c e i ve d etc ; t u o t i in s o m e o n e b r o u g h t
“

, .
, ,

etc ; t u l lt i in s o m e o n e c a m e e t c
.
, , .

1 The l e ng t h e n in g o f th e l as t v w l o e Of th e s tem h as
o c c u re d . Se e also _ the ru e l 1 0, e .
 L ESSO N xx 71

1 13 . T he E ng l ish p a ssi v e may be tr a n s l a ted

i n t o Fi n n ish in the fo l lo w i n g w ay :
I a m l o v e d Minu a ra k as t e t aa n ( l it s o me o n e
,
.

lo v es m e )
I w a S l O v e d Min u a ra kas t e t t iin
,

I h a v e b e e n l o v e d Mi n u a o n ra k as t e t t u,

I h a d b e e n 1 0 v e d Min ua o l i ra ka s t e t t u
,

I s h a l l b e l o v e d Min ua r a ka s t e t aan
,

I a m t o l d Minu l le k e rr o t aa n
,

I w e S t o l d Mi nu l l e k e rro t t i in etc
, , .

1 1 4. T he p r o n o un o r n o un s ubj ect Of the

E n g l ish p a ss ive beco m es either a direct o r i n d irect
( d a tive Obj ective ) Obj ect in Fi n n i sh
-
The direct .

Obj ect i s p ut in the p a rtitive ( if tot a l in the a cc us a

tive ) the i n di rect in the al la tive .

1 1 5 . The thi rd pers o n si n g ul a r Of the a uxi l i a ry

o l la in it s differe n t m o o ds a n d the sec o n d p a ssive

p a rticip l e f o r m the p a ssive co m po un d te n ses ; a s ,

on s an o t t u s O m e O n e h a s S a i d ; o li s an o t t u
, ,

s o m e o n e h a d s a i d etc , .

1 16 . The n eg a tive co n j ugat io n Of the p a ss ive

i s b a sed o n the s a m e p ri n ci pl e with th at Of the
a ctive except th a t the thi rd perso n S i n g u l a r of the
,

n eg a tive an d the p a ssive ste m with m oo d S ig n s

are u sed I n co m po un d te n ses the seco n d p a ssive
.

p a rticip l e i s u sed ; a s c i s a h o t a S O in e O n e d 0 e S
, ,

n o t s a y ; c i o le s a n o t t u some one has not ,

s a i d etc
, .

1 1 7 . T he p assive h as t w o i n fi n it ives T he .

s eco n d in fi n iti v e h a s the S ig n e or i the l atter for m ,

72 FINNI S H GRAM MAR

in g a with the l a st v o we l Of the ste m

d iphth o n g .

Thi s is u se d in the i n essive c a se ; as s a n o | t t a e | s s a , ,

in O n e s S ay in g
’
or .

1 18 The thir d i n fi n itive is f o rmed by a d di n g

.

-
m a o r m d t o the p a ssive ste m
-
The i n str uctive .

c a se i s u sed O f this i n fi n itive in c o n n ecti o n with

the verb p i t aa m u s t ; a s p i t aa s an o | t t a m a n
' ’ ’

, , ,

O n e m u s t S a y .

1 19 T he first p a rticip l e a d d s the S ign s va o r

.
-

-
va t o the p a ssive Ste m ; a s s an o t t a lva t o b e , ,

s a i d ; s y b t a| v d t o b e e a t e n ,
.

The sec o n d p a rticip l e h a s o n e O f t h e fo ll o wi n g

sign s : t u t y t tu t t y These a re a d de d t o the
-

,
-
,
-

,
-
.

a ctive ste m ; a s s aa lt u r e c e i ve d ; t e h t y m a d e ;
l , , ,

s an o | t t u S a i d ; k e i t e it t y
,
c O Ok e d , .

1 20 L e a rn the p a ssive a ffir m a tive an d n eg a

.

tive c o n j ug a ti o n Of s an o a t o S a y I n 2 91 , , .

V OCABULARY .

s a a da , receive t o i h ai lla , t 0 a dm i re
p e s ta t o w a s h
,
viip ya , t o d e l a y
ku n n i o i t t a a t 0 h O n O r k e i t ti b k it Ch
'

, , 6 n

ruo ka f O 0 d ke i t taa t cOOk

' '

, , C

ku o ll a t 0 d i e , p a is t aa, t0 bake
n s e in O f t e n, s o p p a, S Oup
p i t iid m u S t
, s it t en , t he n
s aa d a v a lm i i k s i t 0 g e t ,
mu na ,
egg
ready
1 -
tu or -
ty is adde d a ft er a l on g v w l o e ,
d ip ht ho n g , or
c o ns o nan t ; -
ttu or -
tty a ft er a s h o rt v w l o e .
74 FINNI S H GRAM M AR

L ESS O N XX I .

ME T HO D OF E X P R E SS I N G FU T UR E TI ME .

1 21 . cti o n in Fi n n i sh I S us ua l l y ex
Fut ure a

press ed by the presen t te n se ; a s Min d lu e n h u o l

,

“
m e nn a I s h a l l r e a d t o m o r r o w
,
I re a d t o -

m o rr o w ”
.

1 22 But f ut ure ti m e c an al s o be d e n o ted by

.

c o m b in in g t h e a u xi l i a ry o ll a t o b e a n d the first , ,

p a rticip l e o f the m a i n verb T h e f ut u re th u s f o rm e d.

h a s the fo ll o wi n g m e a n i n gs :

Ol n s an o va I sh l l
e , a s a y

or I m a y S a y ( t o m orr o w
-

)
G lis in s an o va , I S h 0 u l d s a y

V OC ABULAR Y .

a h k e ra , diligent lap i o de s p a
,

i lo in e n c h e e r f u l
, i h m in e n p e r s O n , ,

varj o s h a d e
, human being
kas v i p l an t
, vaiva t r o u b l e ,

e il e n
, yesterday r a k as t a a t0 l0 ve ,
l

k a r t an o g a r d e n
, ka t s o a t C ] 0 O k ,

m e n es t y a t o s u c c e e d
,
va h in g o z t t aa t O i n j u r e ,

p a lk i t a t o r e w a r d
, m u is t a a t o r e m e m b e r ,

n u h d e lla to scold , e li Or ,

k i rves , a x
 LE S SO N XXI 75

E X E RC IS E X X I .

A Ole n k irjo it t av
. 1 . a k irj e e n h uo m e nn a 2 Ha n . .

t ulc e j un a lla t a n aa n 3 S i n a Ol e t Ol e va t y OS S as i a h
' ' ' ’

. .

k er a j a il o in e n s a n ov
. a s in u l l e 4 . Han o li s i .

5 V e lje n i t ul c e h uo m e n n a
. 6 S a de a i v a h in g o it a . .

k a sv e ja h uo m e n n a 7 Ka sv it e ivat k a sv a v a rjo s s a
’

. . .

8 L aps e t l e ik k iv
. at k a rt a n o ll a 9 P uut a rh u ri r a k a s . .

t aa k a s ve ja a n 1 0 Han o n il o in e n ja k at S OO k uin k a
. .

h an e n k a sv in s a m e n e st y vat 1 1 N e ( they ) pa l k it
' '

. .

Sev a t h an e n v a iv 1 2 Han t e k e e t y Ot a k ir
'

an sa . .

ve e l la ,
l a pio l l a j a h a ra va ll a .
1

B . 1 . to m y br o the r 2 He
I sh al l write a l etter . .

wi l l c o m e t o vi sit u s to m orr o w 3 T he n I S h a ll -
. .

be gl a d 4 P erh aps I S h a l l receive a l etter fr o m

. .

h im befo re he c o m e s 5 My m o ther a n d f ather . .

wi l l go t o Ne w Y or k 6 I w a s a bo u t to l e ave f o r .

C hic a go 7 A m an i s wor k i n g in the g a rde n with

. .

hi s sp a de a n d r ak e 1
8 He is a l w a ys di l ige n t a n d . .

cheerf ul 9 T he p l a n ts wi l l rew a rd hi s tr o ub l es
'

. . .

10 He does n o t l e t b a d boys i n j u re the trees

. .

1 1 He a l s o re m e m bers th a t p l an ts do n o t gr o w
.

we l l in the S h a de 1 2 C hi l dre n wi l l p l a y in the

. .

g a rde n t o day -
.

P UU TAR H UR I . ( The G a rde n er ) .

P ie n e s s a t a l o s s a as uu v a n h a m ic s . Ha n on p u u

t a rh uri Han t e k e e t h a h k e ra s t i t y Ot a
‘ '

.
p u u a r ass a

1 See 226 .
76 FI NNI S H GRAM M AR

l a pio ll a j a h a ravalla .
1
Ha n h yva j a y st a v
on a llin e n .

I l o is e n a h an k at s e l e e p uu t a rh a n k uk o i s t a vi a ( os
b l
s o m in g ) k asve ja . Han ra k a s t a a n i it a ( the m ) . Ne
m e n e st y vat h yvin Kasv it pa l k it s e va t m o n in k e rt a i
'

S esti ( m an y ti m e s ) h an e n v a iv an s a J OS k uS p a h at .

p o a tj va h in g o it t avat p u ita . S il l o in p u u t a r h u r i
n uh t e l e e heit a K uin k a s a at a t t e u l i n t e h da ? T am a
’ '

puu on k a un is t uk s e n a j a va rjo n a k o k o k a rt a n o ll e .

j a e l aim ill e S iit a o n i l o a Niin p uut a rh uri

I h m is il l e
'

P o ja t m e n e v at h a p e i s s a a n p o is Mi c he n
'

s an OO . .

s an a t Ol ivat p Ojil l e h y v a o pe t us S e n he a i n a m uis

'

t avat .
2

H OL M OL A I S TE N E L ONLE I K K U U ( h a rvesti n g ) .

K un h Ol m o l ais e t l e ikk a s ivat r ui st a ( rye ) , n iin he

'

t a rvit s ivat ( n ee d e d ) S iih e n s e it s e m an ( s e ve n ) h e n

k e a ( pers o n ) Y ks i p ain o i ( press e d ) Ol je t ( str aws )

°

al a s; piti p uut a n ii de n all a k o l m as l e ikk as i

t o in e n 3 3

Ol j e t p o ikki ; n e l jas k an t o i n e l y h t e e s e e n ( l y h de :
3

b un dl e ) vi ide s S it o i l y h t e e t ; k u u de S k a n t o i ly h t e e t
3 3

k o k o o n ( pi l e ) ; ja s e it s e m as p an i n e k uh i l a a l l e 3

( st a ck s ) Matti sa t t u i ( h a ppe n ed ) k e rra n n ak e m aan

' '

h e i dan t y On s a j a h an ih m e tt e l i h e i dan t y h m yy t t aan

'
‘ '

( st u pi d ity ) I l l a ll a Ol i p u o li p e lt o a JO l e ik at t u ja
.
4

t o in e n p u o l i Ol i l e ikk a a m at t a Matti h a l us i a ut t a a .

N O T E H OI m OI Hi w th g ht l
‘

—
pl h l m i l ai
’

t n en , u . o i s e , e re ou ess

pe o pl wh
e m d g o t bl d a e t f th i
re a t p id i t y un e rs on ac c oun o e r s u
an d l
c a re w y Of d i g t h i g
e ss a o n n s .

1 See 226 .
2 Sen h e a in a m u i s t a va t , t h e y w i l l a lw y a s
r e m e m b e r i t . 3 See Le s s o n X X VII .
4 See 1 52 .
 L E S S ON XX I 77

h o l mol ais ia j a otti l e ik at ak s e e n se n , m ik a v ie la oli

l e ik k aam a t ta . K un h an oli l o pe t t an ut t y o n s a , n n n
h an p an i s ir pp in s a ( sic k l e ) k uh il a an paalle ja m e n i
n uk k um aan Hol m olaise t t ul iv a t aa m ulla n ak iv
'

at
'

.
, ,

etta bei da n r uk iin s a o li j o l e ik at t u ja s irppi o l i ,

k uh il a a ll a He s uu re s t i ih m e t t e liv
. at K un he k a uan .

ta st a n e uv o t t e l iv at ( d i sc ssed ) t liv t he v ii
'

u u a ,

m ei n S iih e n p aatok s ee n ( co n c l u sio n ) etta se ll a in e n

’

( s uch ) t y o o l i n oi d an ( witch ) ty ot a ja ett a n oit a

' '

o l i m uutt un ut ( ch ged ) i i
p ks i T a m a o l i si i s
'

a n s r .

h u k u t e t t av a ( to be drown ed ) etta se e 1 e n aa n p 1
,

l a i si ( spoi l ) bei da n h y v aa t y o t aan Mutt a e i o l l ut

' ’

h yv a k o s k e a n iin v a a ra llis e e n e s in e e s e e n ( obj ect )

sen v u o k s i o t e t t i in t a n k o ( p o l e ) s i do t t iin s e n p aa,

h an s il m ukk a ( tie ) ja ta ll a he v e t iv at ( dre w ) si r

'

p in poi s k uh i l a a l t a K. o k o j o u kk o ( gro u p ) o l i ih
me is saan ( w o n dered ) S iit a k u ink a s irpin t ayt y i ,

kul k e a h e idan p e ra s s a Ja rv e n r an t a a n va ikk a se ,

kai k i n v o im in ( w ith a ll it s m ight ) t a is t e l i ( fo u ght )

va st aa n V ih do in s aati iin s irppi ve n e e s e e n ja n y t

.

s o u de tt iin k e sk e ll e j arv ea V a rt e e n ( h an d l e ) si
'

do t t iin i s o k ivi l a j i ll a k oy s il l a ( rope ) ett a se e i

’ '

n o u s i s i vede n p aall e j a s itte n s e h e it e t t n n ( thr o w )

,

j a r ve e n. M u tt a p a h a k s i o n n e k s i ( u n fort u n a te l y )
t a rt t u i ( ca tch ) s irp in ter a ( edge ) v e n e e n l a it a a n
'

k ivi p a in o i ve n e k aat ui ( w a s t ur n ed over ) j a h ol

, ,

m ol ais e t paas iv at ( esca pe d ) t oi n t u s k i n ( h a rd ly )

'

n oi d an p a h o is t a p a ul o is t a ( b a d tr a ps ) .
 78 FI NNIS H GRAM M AR

L ESS ON X X I I .

C OMP A RI S ON OF A D J E C T I V E S .

1 23 . Fi n n i s h dj ectives h ave three degre e s o f

a

c o m p a ri s o n ,
the positive the co mp a r ative an d the
, ,

s uper l ative .

1 24 The co m p a r ative i s f o r m ed by a ddi n g t o

.

the ste m o f the positiv e the sign s mp a o r mp ( i

'

- -

which a re we ak en ed to m m a o r mmii - -

T h e n o m i n a tive si n g ul a r e n ds in mp i ; a s s u u
—
,

r e mp i
l b i g,
g e r .

1 25 .T he s uper l ative h a s the sig n in in the n o m -

in at iv e si n g ul a r Thi s i s a d de d t o the p o sitive

.

s te m ; a s s uu r li n
, biggest I n the o ther c as e s
,

the signs 7Zmp a -

i mm a s e e 1 1 h ) in t h e si n g ul a r ;
-

-
imp i i m m i s e e 1 1 h ) in t h e p l u r al o cc u r a ft e r
-

, .

the v o we l ste m ; a s s u u r lim m a llle t o t h e b i g

, ,

g e s t ; s uur | immi | ll e t o t h e b i g g e s t ( o n es )
,
.

1 26 .A dj ectives o f v a ri o u s degrees w ith pr o per

c o n s o n e n t al a n d v o we l ch an ges a re decl i n ed l i k e
s ubst an tives a n d they m u st a gree in n u m b e r
,

a n d c a s e with the n o un th e y m o d ify ; a s pi e n e l l e ,

p o ja l l e t o t h e s m a l l b o y ; p i e n i ll e p o ji ll e t o
, ,

t h e s m a l l b o y s etc , .
 L E SS ON XXII 79

w w w Q w m
H 8 2 a e
$
3 2 $ 8 3
m i g e z
uw S 5
a a
m e
5 3 3 fi w
g s g S
g 5
s

?
c
o ? h k
a 9
5
6 i o
Q
.

w ? w
.
s

8
.

? ? .

3 H m 5
H
m . .
a
r H m
w m
.
H a
Qo
H
8 o 0 < m U s o m
m
m m m H. <
5
H
m m
H o
5 mm o w s m w m o o m
o
mm d mH m o
H H i r m
z
H
. H
H .
a
m a
.
H s o
t

w
m w H
.
m
fi
H
H H .
m
:

wQ m
3
s

g 8 0
.

o $
8 a
3 O S e
9 s a a
8 o w w
H
H s 5 i
g 3
s
3 g a w w S s 6
5
3
3 3 v s
s s
s fi 3
gS
s
3 g
3 3 m s
3 s s 5
.
5
fi S 3
E ? 3
e a s
m
x

3 3
.

fi s S
s
s MS
C
A 3 .
u

fl m w m
$ i
s 8 a
m s $ c
m E8 $ a i a
9 a c
a t 8 a
w s w z
6
s S fi
s 3 w m
U
s 3 3
e w s
3 S s g3
k
fi m a
.

3 m
s
s s
s
.
H s
. s
s
m
y S s 3
.
s s
s
C
o
H
o
G .

o a
80 FINNIS H GRAM M AR

1 29 . L earn the decl en sio n of a dj ectives in 2 77 ,

2 7 8 , 2 79 .

V O CABULAR Y .

o m e n a. , pp1e a m axrja b e r r y
,

s i t ruu n a l em on ,
ma ns ik k a s t r a w b e r r y ,

ru o k ahu o n e d i n i n g m us t i kk a b l u e b e r r y
room k u k ka , flower
vie ras hu o n e p a r l o r ,
ruu s u rose,

k y llin e n o u g h
,
m ak ea s w e e t ,

n iin . . ku in , a s .
-

a s di h e ma g r e e n ,

k u in , th a n m y rs ky in e n s t o r m y ,

kesa , s u mm er vu o d e n aik a s e a s o n ,

kevat, spri n g h ap c m s o u r b i t t e r
, ,

E XE R C I S E XXII .

A . 1 . M i n un o m e n an i o n m ak e am p i k u i n si n un
o m e n as i . 2 . T alvi on pi si n vuo de n a jo ist a . 3 . Mut
t a k es a ih an in vuo de n aik a 4 S il l o in vih e ria
'

on . .

r uo h o k a svaa m aa ss a ja ruus ut k ukk iv at 5 Han

‘

. .

a n t o i l a b j a n ah k e ra m m a l l e p o ja l l e 6 S it ruun a o n . .

h a p pa m e m p i k u i n o m e n a 7 P ie n i p o i k a o n n iin . .

a h k e ra k u i n t y tt ok in 8 V ie ra s h u o n e o n k a un iim . .

pi k ui n r uo k ah uo n e 9 S y k s y o n m y r s k y is e m p i . .

k ui n k es a 1 0 S a i n k irje e n rakk a imm a l t a y s t av al

'

. .

t an i 1 2 S i n a o l e t pit k a h an o n p it e m p i m utt a
' ' '

. .
, ,

t uo m ies o n k a ik is t a pisi n .

B 1 . An a pp l e 1 s sweeter th an a l e m o n
. .

2 G o o d str awberries an d b l ueberries a re fo un d

.
82 FI NNI SH GRAM M AR

1 32Wh e n n ega ti v. e q uesti o n s a re in trod uced

by k 0 o r
-
the enc l itics a re al w a ys appen ded t o
the n eg a tive w o rd ; a s E ik o h dn t u l e I s h e 11 o t
?
'

c o m i n g E iv
? d t k o h e kirjo i t a ? D 0 t h ey n ot
'

write ?

1 33 L e a r n the decl en si o n o f the i n terr o g atives

.

in 2 8 7 .

V O CABULAR Y .

k o k o ns , m eeti n g s u u nn i t e l m a ,cheme s ,

u s k d l t aa , t o d a re h i lja a q u i e t l y ,

k e l lo , b e l l h a u k ku a t o b a r k , ,

p y y d y s t déi , t o c a tch t o 1 n s u lt
aa m , vo i c e, s o u n d kwkk o , oster r o

t i e t cici, t k w o t t aa t o t a k e
’ ’

o n o ,

k y lla, y e s hu m m o u s e
,

k e k s ici, t i ve t
’

o n n

E XE R CI S E XXII I .

A 1 Kuk a t ul e e ? 2 T aal l a t ul e e m i n un is an i
' '

. . . .

3 .Mi k a m ies si n a o l e t 4 Ke n e n k irj a; o n s in ul ? ‘

la ? 5 K e n e l t a si n a s aat rah aa ? 6 Mi ss a si n a
' '

. .

o le t o l l ut
?
7 E i k o p o i k a t ul l ut k aup un k iin
. . 8 .

T ul e e k o h an ta n a an ? 9 K um pi tei sta o s a s i p a rem .

m n l ak s y n s a
i 1 0 K et a h an t ah t o o ? 11
' '

. .

K um pa is e ll e p o jal l e t ul i k irje ? 1 2 Ol ik o h an t ul
'

l ut j un all a ta hi j a l a n ?

B 1 I s br o ther c o m i n g ho m e t o day
. .
? 2 Wh a t -
.

m an a re y o u ? 3 W he re h av e y o u bee n ? 4 Di d . .
 LE SS O N XX III 83

we n o t g iv e the b oo k to y 5 Wh ich of the t w o ou ? .

i s here ? 6 T o w ho m sh a l l I se n d the l etter

.
? 7 .

Fro m wh at city do y o u c o m e ? 8 D id the rooster .

crow ? 9 Ha s n o t the b l a c k c a t c a ugh t the m o use

.
?

1 0 Y es she c a ught it
.
,
1 1 To wh a t city a re y o u . .

go in g ? 1 2 D i d y o u co m e o n the tr a i n or by fo ot ?
.

K ISSA J A HI IR E T .

Ki ss a pyy dy s t i ja S e n t a h de n
s oi p a l o n j h iiria .

h iire t h an ta p e l k a s ivat Ke rra n h iire t p it iv at k o

'

k o us t a a it a s s a He k e k s ivat s u urin it e l m a n Kiss a

'
‘

. .

t ul i a i n a h y v in h iljaa S e e i h a uk k un ut k u i n k o i r a
. .

S e e i l a ul an ut k ui n k ukk o S e n t ah de n he p aatt i
'

vat p an n a k e l l o n k iss an k a ul aan S illo in k a ikk i .

k u ul is iv a t k i ss an k e l l o n aan e n Mutt a e i k uk a an
'

u s k a lt a n ut p ann a k e l l o a k i ss an k a u l aan Hyv a .

s u un n it e l m a m e n i h ukk aa n .

I S A N M AANI ( co n ti n u a t i o n ) .

Ol i n jo k a uan t ie t an y t etta o l i n s uo m al a i n e n
’

, ,

o l in rak a s t a n ut s uo m e n k ie l t a o l i n l uk e n ut k a un ii ,

t a r un o ja ( poe m s ) o l i n k uun n e ll ut s uo m a l a is ia l a u
,

l uj a k un ait in i t a i j o k u m u u ( so m e o n e ) o l i n i it a
‘

l a ul a n ut m utt a n y t v a st a ym m arran m it e n S uo m i
' '

, ,

voi o l l a m in un k in is an m a a n i
l
.

Ke rran k y s y in i s al tan i m ite n k a s uo m al a is ill a o n

'

n iin pa l jo n o m i a k a un iit a l a u l uja .

“
I sa n i s a n o i : S uo m en k a un is l uo n t o ( n at ure ) o n

1 Se e 1 6 3 .
84 FI N NISH GRAM M AR

k e h it t an y t ( deve l oped ) k m m l l i k i ett

’

a n s a e s e a s e s a ,

se rak a sta a r un o ja ja l au l uja S uo m e n v . a l o i s at

k e s ay ii t ( s um m er n ights ) j a l in t uje n l a ul ut o v at

t e h n e e t s e n etta ih m is e t p it av at r un o i s t a ja l a u
'

l ui s t a .

I l o ll a k u un t e l e n ( l i ste n t o ) a i n a k un is a n i t a i ,

ve lje n i k e rt o o S uo m e n t uh an s ist a jarvista k o sk l s ,

t a ( w aterf al l ) ja ih a n is t a s aa ris t a My osk in h a

.

l u an k u ull a S uo m e n m o n ist a k uul uist a ( f a m o u s )

m ie h is t a ja n ai s ist a ( w o m e n ) j o t k a o y a t t e h n e e t
, ,

m aan s a k uul u is ak s i ul k o m ai l l a ( a br o a d ) Hal uan .

l uk e a m y os k e rt o m uk s ia jo t k a p uh uv, at k uin k a
S u o m e n k an s a o n u s k o l l is e st i ( fa ithf ull y ) t e h n y t
ty ota is a n m aan s a h yv ak s i
'

K un m e n e n E uro pa a n n iin h al uan n ah da S uo

,

m e n k a ik k in e ih an uuk s in e e n ( with a l l her sp l e n

do rs ) . N yt t ie dan m i k a o n i s an m aan i
, .

L ESS ON XX I V .

D E MO N S T R A TIVE AND R E L A TIVE

P R O NO U N S .

1 34 The de m o n str a tive pr o n o un s a re t a ma

.

'
,

t h i s pl u n a m e} o r n dméi t t h e s e ; t u o t h a t
, .
, , ,

p 1 u.n u o t h o s,e ; s e i t o r t h a t pl u n e t h o s e
, , .
, .

T hese pr o n o un s c an be u se d s ubst an tive l y an d

a dj ective l y They m ay refer t o pers o n s o r thi n gs
.
,

an d m u st agree in n um ber an d c a se w ith the words

f o r which they st an d .
 L ESS O N X X I V'
85

1 35 T he re l a tive pro n o un s a re j o ke w h o
.
, ,

w h i c h ; m ik a w h a t T hey refer to perso n s a n d

, .

thi n gs a n d c an be u sed a s s ubst a n tives or a d

j e c t ive s .

1 36 T he re l ative pro n o un m u st a l w a ys be ex
.

pressed in Fi n n i sh a l th o ugh it i s o ft e n o m itted ,

in E n g lish ; a s Ys t ci v j i t k T h
’

ci t
’

o a r a as
, t a n e , ,
,

f r i e n d s ( w h o m ) I l o v e ; K irj e jo n k a k iiu ,

m y t o n k au n is T h e b o o k ( which ) h e s o l d i s
, ,

b e a u t if u L
I t sho ul d be oticed th a t the re l ative c l a use in
n

Fi n n ish i s a l w a ys sep a r ated fr o m the m a i n c l a u se

by a com m a .

1 37 L e a r n the dec l e n s io n of the de m o n str a tive

.

a n d re l a tive pr o n o un s in 2 8 5 2 8 6 , .

V O CABU L AR Y .

vz n t o la r e s t m e
’

ra , au r an t a t eri a , a l
maja t a l o
'

hotel ,
va h va s t r ,
0 ng

lii k e b u s i n e s s
, k e s ku s t e l l a to talk ,

k ar h u b e a r éiéi t a éi to deci de
'

, p t ,

s o p im u s a g r e e m e n t ve t ci ci t o p u l l
' '

, ,

ko n t a t a t o c r a W ] , s it e d to tie ,

s e lv ci c l e a r k i to kick
’

, p o t a s t a ,

j rki r e a s o n m i n d
i k y lk i s i d e
’

c , , ,

E XE R C I S E X X IV .

A . 1 T a m a poi ka paatti m e n n a k irkk o o n

. 2 . .

Mi n a a n n a n ta l l e t yt ol l e k irja n 3 Mi ssa o n h yva . .

86 F I N NIS H GRAM MAR
ra vin t o l a ja m aj atal o 4 T a ss a rav in t o l a s s a t a r ? .

j o il l a a n k a h vi a j a r u o k a a 5 M ies j o k a o n t u o ll a . .
, ,

6 Ka h v
‘

o n t y t on seta il a jo s t a t ul e n e i o l e k a u
‘
-
. .
, ,
.
e

k an a t aalt a 7 N am a m ie h e t t e k e v at ty ot a k o
' ' ' '

v a sti . T uo m 1 e s t e k e e t y iit a a h k e ra m m in k u i n
8 .

t am a 9 He v e t avat k a rh un ul o s pe s ast a I O Han

' ’

. . . .

s y o n y t h yvan a te ri an t assa rav in t o l a s s a 11

'

on . .

K uin k a p aljo n m ak s a a teri ? 12 J arje t ta e m m e

'
‘
a a .

vo i ajat e ll a .

B 1 Wh o is thi s boy
. . 2 T h at b o y i s my ? .

br o ther 3 Th o se f l owers a re be a utif ul

. . 4 T he . .

m a n Wh o m y o u s aw i s m y f rie n d 5 These pic . .

t ures a re m ore be a utiful th an th o se y o u sol d 6 I n . .

wh a t city do y o u l ive ? 7 T o wh o m sh a ll I se n d .

this l etter ? 8 Fr o m wh o m di d y o u receive th a t

.

pr ese n t ? 9 Wh e re a re y o u goi n g .
? 1 0 A n h o te l .

a n d a rest a u r a n t a r e f o un d here 1 1 We t ak e o ur . .

m e al s a t this hote l 1 2 T h e b o ys t o who m I sh a l l . .

se n d thes e b o o k s are m y g o o d frie n ds .

H OL M OL A I S TE N M E T S A S TY S .

K e rran m e n ivat h o l m o l ais e t k a rh uja m e t s a s t a

m aan . K un o l ivat t ul l e e t k a rh un p e s all e , n iin he

e n s in s oi vat vah van

teri an K un o l iv at s y o n e e t
a .
,

n i in he etta P e k k a k o n t t a a e n s in pes aan

'

j a t uo k a rb un ul o s Va rm uu de n v uo k s i he o l iv
. at
2

s it o n e e t k ii y d e n ( r o pe ) h an e n h t
j l k J a a
'

a a a n s a o s . .

1 j ii r j e t t ii , wit h o u t b r a i n s . Se e a l so 11 , m .
2 V ar
mun de n vu o k si, f o r p r e c a u t i o n, or i n o r d e r t o b e
s a f e
 LESS O N X X IV ‘

87

( tro ub l e ) t a l ee , nnn P e kk a p o t k a is e e , j a h a ne n
tov ve t avat ha n e t S opi
'

e r in s a ul o s . S e l la in e n oli

m us . pes a a n Ja a 1 v
P ekk a k o n t t as 1 an het i k un h an ,

o li p aas s y t pesaa n n iin k a rh u p uri h an e l ta pa a n

' ‘ '

pois .Hi uk an l iik ut t i ( m oved ) P e k ka ja l ko jan s a

.
,

m utt a pi a n h an k u o l i U l k o p uo l e l la ( o uts ide ) o l e

'

va t t o ve rit ( fe ll ows ) s a n o ivat : Ny t P e kk a pot

“

k a isi S ie ll a s is al l a e i v arm aa n o le h yv a o l la ”
'

. .

S il l o in he v e t iv at P e k an ul o s ja P e kk a o l i p aat on , .

Niin t o t is e s t i ( tr ul y ) paat on ! Niin h ol m ol ais e t

,

n e uVo t t e liv a t j a s a n o iv at m ita ta m a t a rk o itt a is i

' '

( m e ) Y k i h i t ait t i ( rg ed ) ett a i ll ut
'

a
'

a n s e
. s V a u e o ,

n iin v a rm a a ( cert a in ) o lik o P e k al l a paata s ill o in

,

“
k aa n } k un h an pesaa n k o n t t a s i T o in e n s an oi : Ol i .

h an e l la paa N ai n s e l v aan k u in k a p a rta l iikk u i

'

.
, ,

k un h an s oi h e rn e it a aam ia is e k s i ”
( for bre ak fa st )
'

L ESSON XX V .

R E F L E X IVE A ND IN D E F IN ITE P R O N O UN S .

1 38 The ref l ex iv
. e pro n o un is i ts e s e l f It , .

is u sed w ith the possess iv e s uffixes except in the

n o m i n ative c a se I ts si n g ul a r an d p l ural de c l e n
.

s ion s a re al i k e ; a s ,

1 -
k aan is on ly a s t re n g t h t e n in g p a r t ic l e .
88 FI N NIS H GR AMM AR

m in a i t s e I m y s e l f
,
, me i t s e w e 0 u r s e l v e s
,

m in a ll e i t s e lll e m t o m e t ll e i t s e l l e lm m e t o
’

, ,

mys elf o urselves

s in a i ts e , t h 0 u thy te i ts e y o u y o u r s e l f
,

self
s in u l l e i t s e ll e S i, to thy t e il l e i t s e il l e lh n e, t 0

self rself y
'

o u

h dn i t s e he h imself h e its e they them ,

selves
h cm e l le i t s e lll e nsa t o ,
h e i ll e i t s e ll le ln s a t o ,

himself themselves
NOTE — Any t ra n s it iv v b e b d
er fl iv ly w it h
can e use re ex e

th fl e re ex i v e p ro n o u n it l f if t hse , s e ll w s t h t e sense a o , a

th bj e su e ct o f th e v b ts p
er itac lf th u bj t ; s
on se as e o ec a ,

l e ik k aan it s e a n i, I c u t m y l e ik k aa mm e itse a mm e , W 6

s e lf c u t o u r s e lv e s

l e ik k aat it se a s i, y 0 u c u t l e ik k aa tt e i t s e ii n n e, y 0 u c u t
y o u r s e lf y o u r s e lf
l ei k k aa i t s e ii n sa , h e c u t s l e ik k a a va t i t s e an sa , th y e

h i m s e lf o u t t h e m s e lv e s

1 39 . The i n defi n ite pr o n o un s a re

j ve r y a n y
o ka , e , h u hi n , e a ch ,
e a ch
j o ku s o m e o n e
, o n e

o m
j p h u mp i
i o n e , o f m ihin a n y , o n e
the tw o h u mp i k i h b , o t h
m o l emm a t b o t h , ku k a an , a n y one
e r ci s S o m e o n e
’

h e n k cicin , n y o n e
’ ’ “

, a

m e ni m a n y , k ai k k i , a l l
'

yo h a in e n e v e r y o e m e
'

, n ge ki n, s o

S om e of
these a re fo r m ed fr o m the re l ative an d
1 n t e rr o g at iv
e pr onoun s by a ddi n g the p a rticl e s
 90 FI N N I S H GRA M MAR

.
k a a, m utta h a n e i a n t a n ut t a l o a n sa k um m a l l e k a an
h e is t a 9 Aiti an t o i t y t iiil l e n s a o m e n an k ull e ki n
'

. . .

10 Huv. it in it s e an i pia n o n s o it o l l a 1 1 R a k a sta . .

k a atte t o is ian n e 1 2 L a ps i v ah in g o it t i it s e an s a
’
‘

. . .
g

B 1 The m o ther g ave an a pp l e t o e a ch o n e o f

. .

her chi l dre n 2 E a ch o n e o f y o u sho ul d do h is . .

best 3 S o m e o n e a s k ed for y o u
. . 4 E very on e . .

w h o w an ts t o tr a ve l in E n g l an d m u st fi rst cross
the A t l an tic 5 I m yse l f wr o te th a t l etter 6 He . . . .

hi m se l f s aw it 7 Am use yo urse l f whe n y o u

1 2
. .

c o m e to o ur city 8 L e t u s l o ve o n e an other 3
9 . . . .

A l l m u s t be re a dy t o g o 1 0 B oth o f these r o ses . .

a re be a utif ul 1 1 N o on e k n o ws where he is . 12 . . .

B o th the l eft an d right eye o f the horse a re b l i n d .

HE VOSE N V AR K AUS .

E raalt a t a l o n po jal t a va ra st e t t iin y o l la b a n e n pa

'

ra s hev Han m en i m arkk in o ill e j o it a pi

o sen sa .
,

de t t iin e ra a s s a e t ai s e s s a ( re m o te ) k a up un g is s a
'

S ie l l a h an n ak i o m an h e v j o t a er as a iv a n
° ' '

o se n sa ,

o ut o m ies t a rjo s i h uo k e ast a h in n a st a No pe a s t i .

h an t a rt t ui h e v o se n o h jak s i in k iin n I j a h u u s i 4

“
T am a o n m i n un h e v o se n i S e o n m in ul t a t al l a
' '

viik o l l a va ra st e t t u ” “
Out o m ies s a n o i : Te e re h .

dyt t e h y v a m ies T am a h e v o n e n o n m i n un va ik
'

, .
,

1 H ii n itse, h e h i m s a l f, e tc .
2 H u vi t a it s e fis i , a m u s e

y 0 u r s e I f, e tc . 3 R a k as t a k aam me t o isiamm e , l e t u s l v o e

o n e a n o t h e r .
4 Ste m h uu t a a , o f whi h c th e fi l na a is
d ro ppe d be f o re the im pe f r g i
e c t S i n (1 0 , e ) t hu s f o rm in g
h u u t i, b ut b t we e n
t e th e tw v w ls o o e is c h a n ge d to s . T h is
c ha n g e a lw a y s o c c u s r in th im pe f ct er e .
 L ESS O N XX V I 91

ka se on s uu re s t i t e id a n he vo se nne n a k oin e n .
”

S il lo in t a l o n po ik a p e itt i h e v o s e n s a m o l e mm a t s il

m at j a s an oi : J o s h e v
“
o n e n o n t e idan , n iin s a n o
'

k aa , k u m p i S i lm a o n s o ke a
”
T a m a v a sta si
' ’ '

. n o pe a s
“ “
ti : V a se n ”
N iin k ii ?
e tt e p a t ie t an y t k aan !
”
'

“
s an o i t a l o n po ik a .E i e i m i n a s a n o in e pah uo
, ,

“
m io ss a ( by m ist ak e ) s an o i v ier a s Oik e a .

S i lm a S i lla o n s o k e a ”
S ill o in t al o n po ika s a n oi
.

“
N yt si n a o l e t it s e t o dis t an ut ( proved ) etta o l e t ,

v a r a s ja v a l e h t e lija K at s o k aa m ie h e t ! T a ll a h e
'

.
,

vo s e lla e i o l e k um pik a an S il m a s o k e a ”
Y m par il l a
' '

s e is o v m ieh e t s an o iv “
at at : N yt t uo m ies jo ut ui
k iin n i ( i s V a r a s o t e t t iin k iin n i ( w a s
a rrested ) ja s a i r an g a i s t uk s e n s a .

L ESS ON XX V I .

C A R D I N A L N U MBE R S .

1 41 . S i mp l e n um er al s a re
92 FIN NIS H GRAM M AR

1 42 . The n umbers fr o m e l eve n t o twe n ty are

f o rm ed by a d din g the s uffix t o is t a t o the c o rre -

s p o n d in g n um ber be l o w t e n ; a s ,

11 .
y k s i t o is t a 15 . m es i t o is t a
12 . h a hs i t o is t a 16 . hu u s i t o is t a
13 . h o lm e t o is t a 17 . s e i t s e m d n t o is t a

14 h el j a i t 18 h a hd e k s an t o is t a
’

. t o s a .

19 .
y h d e h s a n t o is t a

1 43 . N um bers
den o ti n g t e n s h u n d r e d S , ,

t h o u s a n d s an d m i l l i o n s a re c o m p o un ds
,

with the s m all er n ume r a l first B o th c o m po n en t .

p a rts a re dec l i n ab l e .

h a h s i h y mm e h t d 70 . s e i t s e m a n k y m m e n td

h e lm e h y m m e n téi 80 . h a h d e k s an k y mm eh t d
n e l ci h y m m e n t d
j 90 y h d e k s d n h ym m en t d
’

viis ihy mm e n i d '

2 00 . h a ks is a t a a
hu us i hy m m e n t a h o lm e t u h a t t a

1 44 .The n um bers fr o m twe n ty u p betwe e n

tens , hun dreds t h o u s ands etc ,a re , .
,

f o r m e d by p l a ci n g the l a rger n um b er fi rst f o l l o wed

by the req uire d s m a l l er n um ber ; a s ,

21 . h a h s ik y m m e n t a y k s i
31 . h o lm e h y m m e n td y hs i
41 h el jéihy m m e n t éiy k s i
'

51 . viis ihy mm e n t dy k s i
61 . h uu s i h ym m e n tdy h s i
71 s e i ts e m cin h y mm en t d y ks i
’

.
 LESS O N X X V I 93

k a h d e ks a n hy m m e n t a y k s i
h d k i k m m t éi h i
’

y e s c n y e n y s

s a t a y ks i

h a h s is a t aa yks i
h o lm e s a t a a y k s i
n el jéis a t a a y ks i
viis is a t aa yks i
k u us is a t a a y k s i
s e its e m dn s a t a a y ks i
ka h d e ks ah s a t aa y ks i
y h d e h s d n s a t a a y h s i
t u h a ty hs i

1 45 . B oth c a rdi n a l an d ordi n al n u m bers a re

dec l i n ab l e b ut the fi rst p a rt o n l y o f the n um bers
, .

fr o m t e n t o twe n ty i s dec l i n ed ; the seco n d p a rt

a l w a ys re m a i n s in the p a rtitive ; a s y h d e l l e t o is ,

t a m i e h e l l e t o t h e e l e v e n m e n ; y h d e l t ci t o is t a
’

m i e h e lt ci f r o m t h e e l e ve n m e n
’

.
,

1 46 . T he n um er a l s a re u sed m u ch the s a m e
w ay in Fi n n i sh a s in E n g l i sh however the fo l l ow , ,

in g pec ul i a rities S ho ul d be n o ticed :

( )
a I f the c a rdi n a l n u m ber i s in the n o m i n ative
or a cc u s a tive ( except y k s i o n e ; m i,
lj o o n a m i l ,

l i o n ) the word m o d ified by i t S ho ul d be a l w a y s

in the p a rtitive S i n g ul a r ; a s k a ks i m ie s t a t w o
’

, ,

m e n ; k o lm e p o ik aa t h r e e b o y s .
, .

( b ) I n other c a ses the n um er a l a grees with the

word i t m odif ies ; as k u u d e l le m ie h e lle t o S i x
, ,

m e n etc
, .
94 FI NNIS H GRAM M AR

1 47 . the m on ths are

N am es of

t a mm ik u u J a n u a r y h e imi ku u J u l y
’

, ,

h e lm z k uu F e b r u a r y e le k a n A ug u s t
’

, ,

m a a l is k uu M a r c h s yy s h u u
,
S e pte mb er , _

h u h t ik u u A p r 1 1 ,
l e ka k h a O c t o b e r ,

t o u k o kuu M a y ,
m a rm s ku u N o ve m b e r ,

h e s d h uu J u n e , f o u lu h u u D e c e m b e r ,

1 48 d ays of the w e e k a re
. T he
m aan an t a i M o n d a y t o rs ta i Th u r S d a y
,
.

t iis t a i T u e S d a y
, p jer a n t a i F r i d a y ,

k e s k iv iik ko WedneS l am n t ai S a t u r d a y
, ,

day S un day
’

s u n n u n t az ,

NOTE T h m — f th m o n t hs
e d th
na d ys
es no t
o e an e a are

ca p it l i a d i Fi i h
z e n nn s .

1 49The distrib utive n um bers a re fo r m ed by

.

the e n di n gs f ta ih o r 4 mm a s k aks it t ain t w o

-
, , ,

b y t w o ; y k s it t ciin o n e b y o n e
’

.
,

E XE R C I S E XXV I .

A . K aks i m ie sta j a y ks i p o i k a as uv
1 . at t a l o s s a .

2 V iik o s s a o n s e it s e m an p aivaa 3 V u o de s sa o n
'

. . .

k ak s it o ist a k u uk a ut t a 4 Mi n a n uk u in k a h de ks an
'

. .

t u n t ia . 5 . J un a m y oh a s t y i k y m m e n e n t un t i a 6 . .

K ay t av o n y h d e k san j a l k aa pit k a j a n e l ja ja lk a a
' '

levea 7 I s o m pi p o i k a p a in aa s ata pa un a a 8
'

. . . .

T ass a h u o n e e s s a o n k a h d e k s an t u o l ia j a y k s i p oyt a;

9 Han o n l a ul an ut k ah de ll e k y mm e n e l l e m ie h e ll e
.

j a k o l m e l l e kym m e n e l le n a is ell e ta ss a h uo n ee ssa .

 L ESS O N X XVII 95

10 . P 0 31 113 on r uo k a a k u ude k s i vn k o k s i ( see

11 Y k s itt ain , k ak s it t a in p o ja t a s t u ivat ulo s 12
'

. . .

Kah de s t i o l e n o l l ut C h ic ag o s sa .

B 1 There a re fi v
. . e m e n a n d three boys in
thi s roo m 2 Ho w o ld a re y o u .
? 3 I a m twe n ty
. .

o n e ye a rs o l d 4 Ho w m an y d a ys a re there i n a
. .

wee k ? 5 T here a re se v e n d ays in a wee k

. 6 . .

There a re twe l ve m o n ths in a ye a r 7 Ho w m an y . .

do ll a rs do y o u h ave in yo u r pock et ? 8 I h ave .

o n e h un dred a n d t w e n ty five do l l a rs 9 T he boys -

. .

stepped in o n e by o n e 1 0 I co l l ected ( k o k o s in )
, . .

this m o n ey fro m five m e n 1 1 P l e a se gi v e me . .

fo u r do l l a rs 1 2 T here are f ive chi l dre n a n d fo ur

. .

wo m e n in thi s roo m .

LESS ON XX V I I .

O R D IN A L N U MBE R S .

1 50 T he for m ati o n of the o rdi n al s is b a sed

.

u po n the s a m e pri n cip l e a s th a t o f the c a rdi n a l s .

I t S h o ul d h o wever be n o ti ced th a t ordi n a l s except

, , ,

e n s im ci in en f i r s t a n d t o i n e n s e c o n d e n d in
’

, , , ,

s in the n o m i n a tive ; in other c a ses nte ( we a k e n ed -

t o 7 me -
se e 1 1 i) , .

l st e n s i m ciin e n 1 9t h y h d e ks as t o is t a
’

2 n d t o in e n 2 ot h k a h d e s h y m m e n e s
3 rd k o lm a s 2 l s t k a h d e s k y mm e n e s y h d es
4th n e l cis j 3 ot h k o lm as h ym m e n e s
’
 FI NNISH GRA MMAR

5 t h m zd e s 3 1 st k o lm as h y m m e n e s y h d e s
6 t h ku u d e s 40th n el j éi s h y m m e n e s

n e l cis k y m m e h es y h d es
j
’

7t h s e it s em a s 41 s t
8 th h a hd e h s a s 5 ot h vii d e s kym m e n es
9t h y h d e h s a s 5 1 st viid es h ymm e n e s y h d e s
l ot h h y mm e n e s 6 0 t h huu d e s h ym m e n e s
1 1 t h y h d e s t o is t a 6 1 st hu u d e s h y m m e n es y h d e s
s e i t s e m cis k y m m e n e s
’ ‘

1 2 t h k a h d e s t o is t a 70 th
1 3 t h h o l ma s t o is t a s eits e m ci s h y mm e n e s y h d e s
’

7 1 st
1 5t h vii d es t o is t a 8 0t h h ah d e h s a s h y mm e n e s
n e lyci s t o is t a. 8 l st k a hd e k s as ky m m eh es y h d e s
’

1 5th
’

l 6 t h h u u d es t o i s t a 90 t h y h d e h s a s h y mm e h e s

1 7t h s e i t s e m ci s t o is t a. 9 1 St h d k h m m h d
’

y e s as y e n e s y e s

1 8 t h k a h d e k s as t o is t a 1 0 0t h s a das

1 51 . Fr a cti o n s be expressed by the

c an o r di n a l
n um ber 0 3 a, p a r t o r b y the c a r di n al
,
o r di n al

ag e ; a s, vii d e s -
osa or y k s i viid e s 0 3a; ka ks i
k o lm as -
o s aa .

1 52 h a l f a l w a ys t ak e s the p a rtitive
P a e le,
’

.
,

S i n g ul a r e xcept whe n it m o d ifies a n um er a l ; a s ,

p u o li p a u h a a li h a a a h a l f p o u n d o f m e a t;
,
,
~

p u o li h u u s i h a l ,
f past Six .

1 53 Mul tip l ic ati o n s a re expressed by c o m

.

bi n i n g the w o r d k er t a ( we ak en ed t o k erra n s e e ‘
,

11 , k) t i m e s with the c a r d i n al o r o r di n a l
,

n u m ber ; a s k o lm e k e r t a a ( 1 4 6 a ) k o lm e t h r e e
, , ,

t i m e S t h r e e; v i is i k e r t e a s e i t s e m d n five ,

t i m e s S e v e n ; n o tice e n s imci in e n h e r t a t h e
’

,
98 FI NNI S H GRAM M AR ‘

K e ll o on p u o li k a h d e k s an , I t i S h a l f p a s t
e I g h t o c l o c k
’
.

K e l lo o n vii s i t o is t a min u u t t i a y li k o lm e n I t i S
l
,

f i f t e e n m i n u t e s p a s t t h r e e ( l it the .

c l o c k i s p a st . ove r fift e e n m i n ute s )

or .

I l ck
’
K e llo on y k s i t o i s t a t i s e l e V e n ,
o c o .

E XE R C I S E XXV II .

A . 1 . N yt on k e s a k uun viide s pa iv a . 2 . P al
j on k o on k ello z ? 3 . K e ll o on p u o l i k y mm e n e n .
~

4 .

K e ll o viisi m in uut t ia v a il l a s e it s e m an 5 Onko

'

on . .

h uo m en n a h e in ak u un n e ljas p aiva "?

6 X y ll a s e
' '

l ie n ee 7 K un s y ks y t ul e e n iin p aiv a paiv al t a i l m a

' '

. .
,

k ay k y l m e m m ak s i 8 Ke s ak u u vuo de n k uu de s
’ '

. . on

k uuk a us i 9 E n si s un n un t a in a , viide n t e n a p a l v a
'

. .

na j o u l uk u ut a , m en en Ch ic ag oo n . 10 . C o l um b u s
l oy s i A m e rik an vuo n n a 1 4 92 . 11 K e l l o — s e it s e m al
.

ta s aam m e
j o aam ia i s t a . 12 . J un a l ah t e e N ew
Y o rk iin p uo l i vi isi jalk e e n p uo l e n paivan
4
.

B 1 Wh a t ti m e i s it
. .
? 2 I t is h a l f p a st five .
-
.

3 I t i s twe n ty m i n utes o f S ix
. 4 I t i s fift e e n . .

m I n ut e s a fter f o ur 5 T o da y we ce l ebr a t e the . .

- -

Fo urth o f J ul y 6 I n the ye a r 1 91 5 7 I S h al l . . . .

s e e y o u o n the te n th da y o f Dece m ber 8 Re a d . .

the sixth an d e l eve n th ch a pters o f thi s book 9 . .

I l ive at 3 2 0 Fiftee n th S treet 1 0 The first day . .

1 Yli m eans o v e r or p a s t, and go v e rn s th e g en it i v e case .

2 P a l jo n k o o n k e ll o ? w h a t t i m e i s i t ? 3 On k o h u o m e n n a
h e i n fik uun n e l j ii s p ii i vii ? I s t o -
m o r r o w t h e F o u r t h
o f J u ly ? 4 j al k een pu o l e n p fii vii n , i n t h e a ft e r n o o n .
 LE SS O N x x v
m 99

of the wee k is S un d a y . T he f irst m o nth o f

11 .

the ye a r is J a n ua ry 1 2 . . T he twe n ty S ixth of May -

1 91 6 .

L E SS ON XX V I II .

C O MP O U N D NO U N S .

1 57 C o m po un d n o un s a re
.

( )
a C o ordi n a te -
i n which c a se the hyphe n
‘
i s

u sed to sep ar a te the words fro m e a ch o ther ; a s ,

S uo m a la is e n g la n t ilain e n F i n n i S h E n g l i s h
-

,
-
.

( b ) T hose in which the l a st word i s defi n ed by

the fi rst o n e which p recedes it T he fi rst co m po n .

e n t p a rt i s ofte n eit her in the n o m i n a ti v e or ge n i

tive an d in th is c a se o n l y the l a st co m po n e n t p a rt
,

i s i n f l ecte d ; a s is cin m aa f a t h e r l a n d ; is tin

’ '

, ,

m a a l l e t o t h e f a t h e r l a n d ; rau t a t i e r a i l
, ,

r o a d ; ra u t a t i e l l e t o t h e r a i l r o a d
'

,
'
'

But if the fi rst word of a co m po un d n o un is a n

a dj ective the n both co m po n e n t p a rt s a re i n fl ec t ed ;

as vi eras mi e s w i t n e s S ( l it vier a s S t r a n g e
, , .
,

m i es m a n ) ; v, i e raa ll e mi e h e l l e t o t h e w i t ,

n e s s ; o ma t un t o c o n s c i e n c e ; o ma n t u n n o n o f
, ,

the conscience .

1 The hyphe n is a l so used f l a

or c e rn e s s b e twe e n tw o co m
po ne nt pa t s if t h e
r fi t wo d e nd
rs r s an d the secon d w o rd
b e gin s w it h t h e s a m e vo we l s o u n d ; a s, e s l -
i s fi, f o r e f a t h e r .
1 00 FI NNI SH GRAM MAR

AH T I JA PAI MEN .

P ai m en ist uI k e rra n j o en ra n n a l l a ja vuo l i

( chippe d ) p u uta . Va h in g o s s a l
p ut o s i 2
ve it s i h é
k ade st an s a j j o k ee n m e n i p o h ja a n S u ru i s
' ' '

nen a .

S a n s a ( in s o rr o w ) p a i m e n al k o i it k e a k at k e ra s t i
'

A hti k uu l i
3
h an e n it k un s a Han t ul i p a im e n e n l u o
.

j k i h l t a “
M it a it k t ? ”
P i m e s i h é
'

:
'

a y ys a n e e a n a n o

n e ll e s yy n ( re a s o n c a u se ) H eti
,
A hti s u k e l s
. i 2

( d o ve ) p o h j aa n j a t o i p a i m e n e l l e k u l t a v e i t s e n

( k ife f l d ) P i m e i tt t sit a
'

n o g o a n . e o a n u y aa n s a ,

n o i : E 1 s e o l e m i n un v Han it k i y h a e de l
“
e it s e n i
”
’

l ee n A hti s uk e l s i t a a s po h jaan N yt h an t o i h o
'

. .

p e a v e i t s e n ( k n ife o f S i l v er ) j a t a r j o s i S it a p a i m e o

“
n e lle P a i m e n s a n o i t a a s k in : E i se k aan o le m i
' '

n un v e it s e n i A hti s u k e l s i vie l a k e rra n p o h jaa n

”
'

j a t o i p a i m e n e ll e r a u t a v e i t s e n ( k n ife o f i r o n ) .

T ai n an p a i m e n il o ll a o m is t i A hti k iit t i p a i m e .

n e n re h e ll i s y yt t a ( h o n esty ) Han l a h jo it t i p a i m e
'

n e ll e m o l e m m a t se k a k u l t a v e it s e n ett a h o p e av e it s e n
'

T o is e t sai vat pi a n t ie t aa t a m an t a p a uk s e n E r as
'

p a i m e n a jat t e l i : E hka m in u ll a kin o n y h t a h y v

“
a
onn i
”
Han m e n i j o e n ra n t a a n h e it t i j o k e e n veit
.
,

s e n j a a l k o i it k e a A hti t u l i t a a s ja t o i k u l t av
. e it

se n .Han t a rj o s i S ita p a im e n e l l e ja s an o i : T at ak o
“

it k e t ? ” “
P a i m e n s a n o i : J u u ri S it a ”
Ha n o ik a is i .

( stretche d ) k a t a j ik i t t M tt A h
'

e n s a a o o a a s e n u a .

1 Va h in g o s s a , b y c h a n c e , e tc .
2 Se e pa g e 90, no te 4 .

A h t i, th e god o f th e sea in th e F I n n iS h m yt h o l o gy .
1 02 FI NNIS H GRAM MAR

Mies j o k a il o is e n a e t e e n pain ( for ward ) aj oi e i

'

, ,

t a t a o l l e n k a an h av a in n ut V iim e in t ul i h an k o t iin
'

. .

k u o rm in e e n V a im o t ul i h a n ta v a s t a an
'

. .

“
Mi ss a o l e t n iin k a uan o l l ut m ie h e n i ? ”
,

“
Al a o l e m il l as ik aan va im o n i Nyt p I det aan
' '

1
.
,

s u ure t p i d o t ( fe a st ) P a n e p a t a. t u l e l l e M in u l l a .

o n re k i t ay n n a ( f ul l o f ) k al o ja
”
'

T o de l l akin ( tr ul y ) m ie h e n i
“
A iv an t o de l l a Ja l is ak s i o n vie l a k a uh is k e t t u
'

k in ( s e e j o n k a l oy s in t ie l t a k uo l l e e n a .

“
Va im o t ul i ree ll e Vo i m it a h ul l ut t e l e t ( f o o l
'

.
,

i n g ) m ie h e n i ? E ih an ta ss a o le y h t aan k al a a Vie .

la v a h e m m in t a ss a k e t t u a n ae n
”
Mi e st a k o v a st i
' '

h av e t t i ( w a s a sh am ed ) .

“
Ky l l apa h uo m aan v a im o n i Vie k a s ( c un n m g )
' '

, .

k e t t u o n m e ill e a i k a k e pp o s e n ( trick ) t e h n y t ”
.

L E SSON XX I X .

A TT R I BU TE , A PP O S ITIVE , A ND A D VE R B .

1 58 . ttrib ute is a dir e ct m od ifier of the

An a

s ubst an tive an d i s used a s foll o ws

A n a dj ec tive o r s ubst an tive a ttrib ute a grees in
n um ber an d c a se with the w o r d it m o difies ; as ,

Hy v
“

a:p o i ka t a l e e T h e g o o d b o y i s c o m i n g ;
,

He ls in ki S h e m e n p ii cik aup u n ki o n S u o m eh la h d e n
‘

, ,

r a n n a l la H e l S i n g f or s t h e c a p i t a l o f
,
-

1 Ala o le m i l l fis i k fifin , d o 11 o t m i n d , e tc .
 L ESS O N X X I X 1 03

Fi n l a n d i s l o c a ted o n the G u lf o f
F i n l a n d .

NO T E — If the su b s ta n t i v e a t t ri b ute is no t m o d i ief d the n

it canno t he l
d e c in e d ; as ,
l ’
a s to rl l ce h d e l le l ii l l e tln k l r j ve n , I
s e n t a lv e n d L
t t h t i
e r t o R e e r e e .

1 59 An a ppositive i s a word u sed in a m o re

.

i n di rect w a y t o describe o r t o defi n e a n o u n or

pro n o un I ts c a ses a re :
.

( )
a T h e essive i f a s ub st a n tive or a dj ective i s

u sed a s a n a pp o sitive ; a s P o ik ana h cin e t t i ms in I

'

, , ,

a s a b o y k n e w h i m ; Nu o re n a p o ik an a m ie s
, ,

o l i k y e i n il o in e n As a y o un g b o y t h e man , ,

w a s v e r y c h e e r f u l ( whe n the m a n w a s a
y o un g b o y he w a s cheerf ul ) , .

( b ) The n o m i n a tive o r p a rtitive whe n a s ub

s t a n t ive i s u sed a s a n a ppositive with s o m e l o c a l

c a se t o m odify verbs a n d s ubst a n tives ; a s P o ja t ,

s e is o v at h éi d e t l an t e i l la r iv is s ci The boys
’

, ,

w i t h t h e i r h a n d s o n t h e i r h i p s a re
s t a n d i n g i n l i n e ; Mi es ju o ks e e l ikaa k as
vo is s a T h e m a n w i t h d i r t o n h i s f a c e
, , ,

i s r u n n i n g .

1 6 0 . de n ote m a n n er p l a ce ti m e o r
A dverb s , , ,

degree Ma n y o f the m a re pri m itive words u sed

.

a s a dverbs ; a s v
“

ie la y e t ; h e ti o r p ia n s o o 11 etc
, , , , , .

1 6 1 But a gre at m a ss o f a dverbs a re for m ed

.
‘

by a dd in g the f o ll o wi n g e n di n gs
( )
a s t i t o a dj ectives ; as
-
r a k k aa s t i dearly , , .

( )
b t e n to pr o n o u n
-
s ; a s s i t e n s o ; m i t en h o w ; , , ,

or n n e t o express directio n ; a s
-
t iin n e h i t h e r ; , ,

s in n e t h i t h e r
, .
 FI N N I SH GRAM MAR

c
( ) t u s t e n o
-
r t y s t e n t o n o u n s t o express
-
a

n e utr a l re l a ti o n ; a s r in n a t u s t eh S i d e b y s i d e ;
, ,

k éi s i t y s t e n h a n d i n h a n d ,
.

T he s uffixes k (m o r h ( m p a o r p a h ave
1 6 2 .
- -

,
- -

a stre n gthe n i n g o r a ffir m a tive f o rc e ; as ,

Hcin h éin t u li H e d i d c o m e
’

.
,

On h c m h an e l le r a h aa H e h a S S o m e m o n e y
,
,
.

P o ik ap a s e o li I t w a s ( j u st ) a b o y ,

Ty t tb h cih o n k o t o n u T h e d a u g h t e r i s a t
’ ’

home .

1 6 3 Th e p a rticl e hih h a s a str e n gthe n i n g

.
-

f o rce m e an i n g t o o o r a l s o ; a s Hcin h in t a l e e
’

, ,

He i s c o m i n g t o o .

1 6 4 No abs o l ute r ul e c a n b e give n f o r the

”

p o siti o n o f a dverbs A S a r ule they f o ll o w the .

,

verb ; a s Hit u lau laa h au n ii s ti S h e S i n g s

, ,

sweetly .

E XE R C I S E XX IX .

A N a m a k o y h at n uo re t m ie h e t o y a t h y v
. 1 . ia
2 S a i n k i rj e e n r un o il ij a l t a v
‘

Op p il a it a e l j e l t an i
’
. . .

3 P o j a n l a ul u o n k a un i s
. 4 Nu o re n a m ie h e n a . .

h an o l i v o im a k a s 5 P o i k a n u kk u u p aa p a l j aa n a
. . .

6 . Tyt t o a st u u h u o n e e s e e n l un t a j a lo is s a . 7 . Au
r in k o p a i s t aa k i rkk a a s t i j a l am p im as t i . 8 . P u h u ja
p uh u i vo im a k k aa st i ja s e l v as t i 9 Ha n k i n s a a p u u . .

t an n e 1 0 P o ja t s e is o v 1 1 Min a
'

a t r in n a t u s t e n
'

. . . .

o le vie l a k irjo it t a n ut h an e ll e 1 2 Han p a e i

’

en . .

o s an n ut l ak s y an s a t an aan
' '

.
1 06 FIN NISH GRAM MAR

1 6 7 The f o l l owi n g
.
prepositio n s gover n the
ge n itive c a se :
t h r o u gh y l i, ver cr ss
1
k e lk i l
,
o , a o

k au t t a b y , y m p d ri } roun d
a

l cip i through he s ke n , in t h e m i d s t
’

1
,

p o i h h i } a c r o s s o f

T he fo ll owi n g postp o siti o n s g o ver n the

1 6 8 .

p a rtitive c a se
k e h ti , h o h d e n , a g a i ns t , p a i n ,
t o w ards
t o w a rd s p i t k i n ,
a l o n g

k o h t aan , f o r i ,
n r e vai l la ,
w it h o u t

p S e c t t o v
'

art e h
f
,
f o r, f o r the
m y et e n , l g k f
'

a o n , a c s a e o ,

c r din g to
o h as t e n , vas t o i n ,
a

p a i t s i besides, g a i n s t, t o w a r d s

vas t a c m a g a i n s t ,

The f o l l o wi n g
1 6 9 . prep o sitio n s g o ver n the
p a rtitive c a se
e n n en , befo re p a i t s ibesides
,

ilm an , without p i t ki n a l o n g ,

h es h e l lci l i ci , l le ) i vas t ap d éi t ci o p p o S i t e
’ ’ ’

- -
n ,

the m id S t o f h as t e n vas t o ih f o r a
, , ,

li hi , li k ella , n e a r gainst
l ci h e lléi , e r y mp ari a r o u n d
'

n a
r

1 Can b e used as pre p o s i t io n or po s tp o s it io n wi t h o t c h u an ge

Of me an in g .
 L ESS O N xxx 1 07

E XE R C I S E X X X .

A . 1 . Mu st a k o i r a m a k a a po y d a n a l l a 2 T uo . .

mies o n m at k us t an ut m a an y mpari 3 Me n e k ir k . .

k o o n h an e n k an s s a an 4 T ul e tan n e m i n un t ah .
.
.

te n i 5 Ny t m e m a t k us t a m m e po h jo is t a k o h t i
. . . .

6 P o jat p urje ht iv a t j o k e a pit k i n 7 T a ma k Oy h a

' '

. . .

p o i k a o n rah aa v a ill a 8 P it k at m ie h e t s e is o vat

'

. .

s e in aa v a st e n 9 Han t ul i ta n n e e n n e n m in ua 10
’

. . . .

T al o o n l ab e l la k irk k o a 1 1 T y t ar m e n i k y l aan
' ' '

. .

va st o in ait in s a t ah t o a 1 2 Me j uo k s imm e l a pi l aa . .

ja n m e t s an
'

B 1 He c a m e befo re I di d
. . 2 We h a ve tr a v . .

e le d thro ugh Fi n l an d 3 T he f a m i l y i s S itti n g . .

a ro u n d the tab l e 4 T hi s l ittl e boy i s witho ut . .

S h o es an d m o n ey 5 We s a i l ed u p the wi de a n d. .

be a utif ul river 6 I w a lk ed th ro ugh the forest

. .

a n d a cross the fie l d 7 T he bo a t i s in the m i dst . .

of high w a ves 8 T hey st an d behi n d u s 9 He i s

. . . .

c o m i n g f o r y o ur s ak e 1 0 T he pe n ci l i s n e a r the . .

in k bott l e 1 1 I l ive a cros s the street j ust oppo

. .

site yo u r h o use 1 2 The c a t an d do g a re u n der

. .

the t ab l e .

K AR HU N K AL ANP YY N T I ( T he B e a r C a tch i n g Fi sh ) .

Ke t t u j ok a , o l i sy o n y t va t s an s a t ay t e e n , i st ui n yt

hyvil l a m ie l i n m e t s an r in t e e s s a ( edge ) I k sa
’

1
S O a .

( pi l e ) oli vie l a vie re ss a K a rh u S itte n t ul i h a

'

se n .

1 h yvi l l ii l
m ie i n , co n t e n t e (1 , e tc .
1 08 FI NNI SH GRAM MAR

H v a iv a a k tt k l t ( de r ) 1
'

n e n l uo k s e n sa y aa p e u u .
a a ,
.

Mit e n o l e t s a an ut n o i n paljo n k al o j a ? ”

O l e n n e j a rv
”
e s t a o n k in u t .

a o l i h yv i i m i k i
“ S ep li E k tt
a sa a s t o o p e a s n u a n .

o n k im aa n ? ”

Ky ll a m ie l e ll an i , k e t t u k ul t a .

“
No , m it e n s e k ay pi z ?”

s a n o n S I n ul l e k a rh u
Ky l l a se n Me n e a v a n ,
.
“

n o ll e ( a v an t o a h o l e in t h e ice ) j o n a k in t a l v i i l ta -

na k un o n p a l jo n t ah t ia t a iv
,
aa ll a P a n e S itte n .

b an t asi a v an t oo n I s t u S itte n s iin a a iv a n l iik k u

'

m att a ( with o ut m o vi n g ) aa m u un a sti V ed a S it .

t e n b an t asi l S ill o in o n k al a t a rt t un ut k iin n i

' '

S .

( a tta ch ) j o k a i s e e n k a r v aa n ( h a i r ) S i l l a t a v a l l a e .

m i n a ori gi n ”
.

“
K iit o k s ia k e t t u k ult as e n l S ep a o n h y v
,
a n e uv o .

“
P i da h y
v a n a s i,
3
k a rh u k ult a s e n i ”
'

S a m a n a il t a n a
ko v a p akk an e n ( c o l d ) T ah o li .

de t k i il u iva t t a iva a ll a K a rh u j o k a m u ist i k et un .

,

n e uvon m e n I Jarv e ll e S ie ll a h an ist u i het i h an ti

, .

ee n van t o o n t un si h an V ah a n j p as t a
' '

n a . a an e r -

ik aan k uin ( as if ) j Ok u o lis i p u rr ut h an e n h an taan

' '

se S iit ap a h a n t u l i Oik e in h yv il l e m ie l i n Kal a t

'

1
. .

n e n y t p u re v a t it s e n s a k i in n i I s t un a iv a n h iljaa
'

. .

T as t ap a t ul e e p a ljo n k a l o ja
' ’

S iin a ist u i k a rh u a i n a a a m u un a sti S i l la a ik a a

'

1 k u lt a m eans l it .
g o ld . Bu t be tw e en in t im a t e f rie n ds it
ll
,

m eans (1 e a r .
2 No , m it e n se k ii y p i ? W e , h o w i s i t
d o n e ? 3 P ida hy vfin fis i , m a k e u s e o f t h e a d vi s e .
110 FI N NI SH GRAM MAR

1 72 I n terj ect io n s expr e ss e m otio n T hey

'

. .

j ;
oy h e i ,
oi

m ock ery ; p i t i , h i i t t i , etc

ah a, .

s orrow a n d p a i n ; ai , v o i, o i , h a a, e t c .

a sto n ish m e n t ; o h o , n o , a h a, k ah , h o i

d isg ust ; h yi ,
a h , ni , etc .

E XE R C IS E X XXI .

A . 1 . Mi n a l ue n j a si na l a ul at . 2 . Aiti ist uu
sek a k e rt o o k e rt o m uk s ia l a ps ill e e n 3 S e k a is a e t ta
' '

. .

p o i ka n a urav 4 Mi n a e n S it a v o i t e h da y a a n
‘

at . .
,

e hk a v e l je n i t e k e e 5 Niin h an s an o o t o is e t ta a s
'

. .
,

t o is in 6 Han l upa s i t ul l a m uk a an ett a t ul is i s uu

. .
,

re m pi j o uk k o 7 He i pOj at n y t juo st aan ! 8 Nyt

. .
, , .

o n s at an ut s e n tah de n k as v ,
it k as v avat 9 Ol e taa l . .

l a, k un n e s h an t ul e e 10J o s t ul e t l uo k s e n i, n iin
' '

. .

ol n e i l o in e n 11 Jo k o m i n a t ahi m i n un v e l je n i t u
'

. .

le e S i n ua v a s t aan a s e m al l e 1 2 Han k ay t t ayt y y

'

. .

( a cts ) n iin k uin h an e i t un t is i m in ua

’

B 1 I we n t t o t h e office b ut y o u did n o t co m e
. .
, .

2 A S so o n as y o u h ave fi n ished yo u r wor k co m e to

.

m y office 3 Ou r trip t o P a ris wi l l be i nte resti n g

. .
,

i f y o u c o m e with u s 4 The n I sh al l sta y in P a ri s . .

un ti l y o u c o m e b a c k 5 I sh a l l either bri n g yo ur . .

m e al here o r ta k e y o u t o a rest a ur a n t 6 Which . .

do y o u wish to ro w o r t o p a dd l e ,
? 7 B oth m y .

frie n ds an d I w i l l v isit y o u 8 I h ave n o t seen y o u . .

f o r a l o n g ti m e h o wever I r e m e m ber y o u q u ite we l l

, , .

9 I w a s a bse n t fro m sch o o l bec a u se I w a s S ick

.
.

1 0 S he c a m e t o visit m e f o r s h e i s m y a un t
.
, .
 L ESS O N XX X I

11 T hey were n o t in v
. ited co n s e q ue n t ly they sta yed , ,

a w ay 1 2 P erh a ps he w il l st a y here un ti l y o u
. .

co m e .

K E T TU J A JANI S .

K e rran t ul iva t k e t t u ja j a n i s y h t e e n . Ke t t u sa
“
noi jan ik s e lle : E ip a s in ua k uk a an pe l k aa !
”
' '

“
K uk a si n ua p e l k aa? ”
v a st a si j a n i s
'

“
Ka ikk i m in u a v a sta si k e t t u .
“
Mi
n ull a o n p it k a ha n ta , n i l n k a ikk i l uul e vat m in na su

de k s i k m t k a a t a k v a t S t ah d m i
' '
l
, u n a a n p s a n e e n e n .

l at aa m tt i si l k aa k k ! ”
' '

n ua p e n , u a e n u a p e u a a n

“
L y Ok aamm e ve t o z”
s an o i j a n is “
Mi n a n a y tan ,
'

, .

etta m in ua l at aa ”
'

p e n .

T o in e n s uo s t u i S i i h e n ,S itte n he j veto
a l y o t iin .

m e n iv at y h de s s a k ave l e m aan ja n i in j a n i s h uo m a s i
' '

( n oticed ) l am m a sl a um an a i d an S iv
3
ul l a m a k aam a s

( s l eepi n g ) K un j a n i s n a k i ta m a n n iin h an
'

sa .
,

h y ppas i heti l a mm a s l a um aa n L am pa a t p e l as t y ivat .

S i it a j a h y pp as iv at m i n k a k e rk e s ivat J an i s S iit a
’ ’

etta h an v
il o s t a , e do n v o it t i a lk o i n a u ra a j a h a n , ,

n a u ro i n iin k o v a s t i etta h an e n s u u re pe s i ris t iin Ja

, .

S iit a paiv as t a a l k a e n o n k in j an ik s e n s uu o ll ut ris t iin

’ '

h alk i .

S e n p it uin e n se .

1 l u u le va t
m i n u a s u d e k s i, t a k e m e f0 r a w 0 lf .

2 L y fik ti fim m e e t o l e t u Sv e t
, b .

3 l amm aslau m a, a o c o f fl
s h e e k p .
1 12 FI NNI SH GRAM MAR

K AR H U N K AL A NPYY NT I ( c o n ti n u a tio n ) .

K e tt u j o k a tah an a ik a an o l i a a m uk ave l y ll aan

' ' '

( m o r n i n g w a lk ) h u o m as i ,
k a rh u n s u r k e a n ti l a n .

P ah a v e ija ri ( r o g u e ) t uo k e t t u 0 11 E 1 h a n k a rh ua .

a ut t a n ut k a a n P ain v a st o in h an j u o k s i k a l a s t a ja n
'

t a lo ll e S ie l l a h an n o u si k a t o l l e Han h u u s i S ie l t a
'

. .

s av u t o rv e n ( chi m n ey ) k a ut t a Si s aan V a im o k ul t a
'

.
,

m e n e heti jarv e lle S ie l l a i st u u k a rh u h an t in e e n

'

.
.

av a n n o s s a s i j o s t a vett a n o u da t ( get )
'

.
,

Va im o j o k a v o it a k irn u s i ( ch u rn e d )
, vih a st ui ,

( t o get a n gry ) k o vi n H eti h an k o r e n t o ( p o l e )

.
,

k ade s saan j uo k s i jarv e ll e P a h a k a rh u m ik s ik a

' '

, .
,

av a n t o a n i p i l a a t ( t o sp o i l ) Ky ll a m i n a s in ull e p a
'

r e m p ia t a po j a ( m a n n ers ) o p e t an .

Niin l Oi ( str u ck ) h an k a rh ua k a i k i n v o im in k o

re n n o lla Ka rh u Ol i s uu re s sa h adass a ( distress )

'

. .

Ai n a k ov e m m in k o e t t i h an re p ia h an t a a n s a irt i
' '

Vi im e in ( fi n al l y ) k avi k o vin p ah as t i K o k o h an t a
'

1
' '

k at k e s i ( bre a k o f f ) av an t o o n S iit a p aiv ast a a sti

’ ' '

ei k a rh ull a o l e o l l ut

t aa s m e n i t a l o n S 1 s a a n Jo n k a o ve n v
Ke t t u a im o ,

o l i jat t an y t ( l eft ) l uki t se m a tt a ( un l o c k e d ) S ie l l a .

h an k a at o i k irn un ( ch u r n ) N ai n h an t a a s s a i h y
' ’

van a teri an Ky l l a b an e n p a h at Juo n e n s a ( trick s )

'

o n n i s t u ivat Mutt a s e n tah de n k a do t t ik in h an k a i k

.

k i y s t av an s a E i y k s ik aan e n a a n t uo t a p ah aa k e t
'

t ua u s k o n ut ( tr u st ) .

1 k ti vi k o vi n pah as t i, a b a d a c c i de n t o c c u r r e d .
1 14 FI N NIS H GRAM M AR

( )
a J ok o , J ok o , -
ikh o , -
i k k o , in dic a t e a l oc al ity ;
as , r ap akk o , a d d y p l a m c e ;u k i v ikk o a s t o n y ,

p l ac e; a p i n e w o o d .

b
( ) la -
desig
,
n a te l oc a l ity ; a s p pp
a i l a p a r , ,

s o n a g e ; s e t a la u n c l e s p l a c e
’
.
,

c
( ) k k O xpress the k i d f p l ce
’

n -
o n n n e
,
e
-

,
-
n o ,
a ;
a l o w l a n d ; y lan k e a h i g h l a n d ;
' '

as , a l an k o , ,

h arja n n e a r i d g e ,
.

d
( ) i s-
t o s t o,
s t o de n ote -
a gr o u p ,
o f o-
b ,

j ects ; a s k o iv is t o a b i r c h g r 0 v e ; m ttn n is t O
’

, , ,

a p i n e wo o d ; l aiv as t o a f l e e t ; kirj as t o a , “ ,

l i b r a ry .

e
( ) n e
-
n is a dded to t h e disy l l a bi c w o rds a n d
-
in e n t o m o n osy ll abic w o rds to for m di m i n utives ;
as , hn hka n e n a S m a l l f l 0 w e r ; or av
, ai n en a ,

small squirrel .

( f ) lain en lain e n de n o te n ati o n al ity c l a ss o r

—
'

, , , ,

p l a ce where a person o r obj ect be l o n gs ; a s s a o m a ,

l a in e n a F i n n ; v
,
e n alain e n a R u S s i a n ; maa ,

la in e n a f a r m e r
, .

( g ) t ar t a r s uffixes de n ote fe m i n i n e n am es ;
-
,
-

la n laja t a r a w o m a n S i n g e r ;
l
as , ,

a w o m a n c O o k .

(h) a s
-
y s a ,
-
l
fter a v o we ; n ns y ys) a fte r a — -

c o n s o n an t a re a d ded t o fo r m abstr a ct n o un s ; a s ,

vap ans f r e e d o m ; e e ljeys b r o t h e r h o o d ;

,
f '
,

p i e n n ns s m a l l n e s s ; h yv
, yy s g o o d n e s s , .

1 75 The f o l l owi n g s uffi x e s

.
are used to for m
a dj ectives :
 RULES OF S Y N T AX 1 15

( )a va n a the
-
s ig n s of
,
the f i
-
rst p a rticip
,
l e ; as ,

t ai t a v s k i l f u l ; n ah t av a vi s i b l e
' ’

a , ,
.

( )
b -
nu t, S ign of the seco n d p a rticip l e ;
-
ny t, t he
a s o pp in u t l e a r n e d ; s iv
, , is t y n y t e d u c a t e d ,
.

( c ) i n e-
n i s u s u a l l y a dded t o the n o u n s ; a s ,

a am u in e n e a r l y; v ,
i l la in en w o o l e n , .

( )
d ll in e n
-
i s a l so a dded to the n o u n s ; a s y e l l i ,

n e n n ight l y ; v
, aara l lin e n dangerous ,

( )
e i i k k a de ote p l e tif l n ess ; a s
'

a
°

s a -
s as ,
s -
n ,
n
-
u ,
-

, ,

h a n lu is a f a m o u s ; l e i k k is a p l a y f u l ; m au k as
'

, , ,

r i c h i n f l a vo r ; ly s t ih as h u m o r o u s , .

( )
f O ( v owe l ste m t m O m a ) cor
’

t t t t
’

t o n -
n ,
-
o a -

,
-

resp o n d to the E n gl ish prepositio n w i t h o u t o r

1 e S s ; as v o im a t o n p o w e r l e S s ; s iv is t y maton
' ’

, , ,

u n e d u c a t e d ( w itho u t ed u c a t i o n ) .

( )
g m a-
i n e n m a i n e n de n ote ,
l i k e n ess
-
E n g l ish
-
i S h ; a s p o i k a m a in e n b o y i S h
, ,
.

R ULES OF SYNTAX .

N O M I NA T I VE .

1 76 . S ee p a r a gr ap hs 2 1 ,
22 .

T he n o m in ative is the c a se o f d irect a d

s Miin k o aj a t t e le tt e h e rra Y o u t h i n k
?
‘ ’

.
, ,

The n o m in a t ive abso l ute i s p ut in the no m

in at ive c ase ; a s H(i n tu li h a t t n p aas s a h u o n e e ,

s ee n H a vi n g h i s h a t o n h e c a m e i n t o
, ,

the room .
 FIN NIS H GRAM MAR

GENI T I VE .

1 79 . P o s s e s s I On or ow n ership i s de n oted by
kirja T h e b o y s b o o k
’
the ge n itive ; a s, P o j an ,
.

S ubj ective ge n itive de n o tes an y age n t

1 80 .

which m a k es s o m ethi n g ; a s L e ivo n l au l u o n e ri t ,

,

tain h a n n is , The s o n g o f a l a rk is e s

p e c i a l l y beautif u l .

1 81 . O bj ectiv e ge n itive expresses the o bj ec t

of cti o n ; a s J a m a la n p e lh o o n v
an a ,
ii s an d e n a lk u ,

The fear of God is the source of w i s

d o m .

1 82 . The ge n itive o f specific a tio n l i m iti n g a

n o un by m e an s o f m o re defi n ite ter m s ; a s He l ,

s i n g in k a u p u n ki on S u omen m a an p aaka n p un ki
.
,

Th e c i ty of Hels i n gf o rs is the c a pital

O f F i n l a n d .

1 83 . A dj ectives
e n di n g in in e n sig n ifyi n g ag e -
,

m e a s ure o r q ua l ity ta k e the ge n itive ; a s L ap s i

, , ,

on viih o n van h a T h e c h i l d i s a w e e k
,

O l d ; K ay t ava o n k n n d e n j a la n laayu in e n The

' '

h a l l i s S i x f e e t i n w i d t h ; P o i k a o n is ti ns ti
n ah Oin e n The b oy resembles his father
, .

1 84 The ge n itive i s u se d with s o m e i m pers o na l

.

verbs s u ch a s p i t aa k as h e c t a le e t ay t yy s o p ii
, , , , ,

k e lp a a t arvi t s e e etc a n d with t h e a u xi l i a ry o lla

, ,
.
, ,

t o b e ; a s Ha n e n t ay t y y m en n a k o u ln n n H e
'

, ,

m u s t g o t o s c h o o l etc , .
118 F I NNI SH GRAM M AR

PAR T I T I VE .

1 92 T he p artitive i s u sed with n o un s th at

.

den ote m e a s u re w e ight o r n um ber ; a s jo n h k o m i e

, , ,

h i a a g r o u p o f m e n ; p ar v i lin t n j a a f l o c k
'

, ,

o f b i r d s etc , .

1 93 T he p a rtitive i s used al so in c o mparis io n

.

in p l a ce o f ku in t h a n an d the n o m i n a tive o f a
, ,

n o un o r pro n o un ; a s Min a Ole n h an t a v a n h e mp i

'

( v a n h e mp i k u in h a n ) I a m o l d
,
e r t h a n h e .

1 94 Th e p a rtitiv e i s u s e d to de n ote m e a s u re ;
.

as , J o ki o n ka u t t a j a lk aa s y v a T h e r i v e r i s ,

Six feet deep .

1 95 The p a rti al s ub jc e t
. Obj ect
predic ate n o un o r a dj ective ( 4 6 ) a re p ut in the
p a rtitive .

1 96 . Th e p a rtitive is sed in exc l a m ati o n s

al o u
s
as, Hy nd a h u o m e n t a ! G o o d m o r n i n g !

T RANSLA T I VE .

1 97 The tr an s l ative i s used t o de n ote a ch an ge

.

fro m o n e for m t o an o ther a s Ha n t u li v a n h a ks i

’

, , ,

He b e c a m e o l d; a i mn u t tni ve d e hs i The ,

snow w as changed into wat er .

1 98 The p u rp o se f o r which a n ythi n g i s fitte d

.

o r the p u rp o se f o r which a thi n g o r pers o n c a n b e

u se d i s expresse d by the tr an s l a tive

; a s H an k e l ,

p a a p a p ih s i H e i s f i t f o r a m I n i s t e r
, .
 RULES OF S Y N T AX 119

1 99 . The tr an s l at ive is used to express the

t im e a t wh ich a n ythi n g is to be do n e ; a s K o ko ns ,

l y k ci t t iin h u o mis e ks i T h e m e e t i n g w a S p o s t
'

pon e d un til to mo rrow -

.

2 00 . T he tr an s l ative a l so expresses the l i m it

of ti m e ; a s Kiri e t n li jo n ln ks i T h e l e t t e r
, ,

cam e at C h ristmas tim e .

201 . V erbs S ign ifyi n g to n a m e c o n s id er te ll , , ,

c a l l g ue s s
,
etc m ay ta k e the tr an s l a t ive ; a s S a n e
, .
, ,

t ain a s u o m e ks i T e l l t h i s i n F i n n i s h ; K a t
,

s u in h an t a h y v aks i p o ja ks i I c a l l e d h i m a ,

g o 0 d b o y etc
'

, .

I N E SSI VE .

202 . T he in ess ive de n otes exist en ce in an obj ect

o r the l i m it for a gi v e n sp a ce ; a s P o ika is t a n hu o ,

n e ess a T h e b o y i s S i t t i n g i n t h e r o o m ;
,

Mi e s n i ve d e s s a T h e m an i s s w i m m i n g i n
’

the water .

203 . L oc al p roper n a m es a re u sed either in the

i n teri o r c a ses ( i n essive e l at iv e ill ati ve ) or in the
, , ,

exterior c a ses ( a dessi v e ab l at ive allat ive ) in the , ,

fo ll owi n g w ay
( a ) S ubsta n tives e n di n g in la a n d n am es of -

c o un tr ies ( except Ve naja R u s s i a ) a re in the

' '

, ,

i n teri o r c a s es ; as M a t t ila s s a i n M a t t s p l a c e ; ’
, ,

Ve n djal la i n R u S s i a
'

, .

( b ) N a m es o f co un tr ies e n d in g in m aa a re in
t h e i n t e r i o r c a se w he n used in s peak in g of
thi n g s t h at be l o n g t o a certa i n c o un t ry other w i se ,
120 FI N NIS H GRAM MAR

in the exteri o r c a ses ; a s S a ks an m aa s s a o n ha a n i i ,

ta h an p n n k e ja
-
. There are beautiful ci ,

t i e S i n G e r m a n y ; b ut O lin S a hs a n m aa lla I , ,

w a s in Ge r m an y .

NO T E S m m . Fi l
—
u o d is a lw y u d i t h
en a a , n a n , a s se n e

in t e rl or c ases .

204 The i n essive d e n o tes the q ual ity resi di n g

.

in a pers o n o r thi n g ; a s Han e s s a o n y s h a H e h a s

'

, ,

a c o l d ; K ir j as s a o n fi lo s o f i a a There is some ,

p hi lo so phy in the bo ok .

205 The I n essive expresses the ti m e withi n

.

w h ich ; a s E n p aw a ss a vo i p a ljo a ka an t e h da I
‘

, ,

c an n o t do v e ry m uch in a day .

206 The p l a ce where o r o cc up a ti o n in which

.

o n e i s e n g a ged i s expresse d by the i n essive ; a s ,

O lin h an p n n g is s a I w a s i n t o w n ; P o i k a o n
,

t y oss a T h e b o y i s a t w o r k
'

, .

207 T h e i n essive i s u se d t o de n o te direct

.

c o n n ecti o n betwee n O bj ects o r fig u r a tive l y with the

pers o n an d abstra ct ide a which c o ul d m o re n a t u
r a lly be expressed by the a de s s 1 v e c a se ; a s P o ik a ,

on h ev o s e n s e las s a T h e b o y i s o n t h e b a c k
' '

o f t h e h o r s e ; H a t t n o n n an las s a T h e h at i s ,

h u n g o n t h e h o o k ; Han e lda h ey h y y d e s s a H e
'

l i v e s in p o v e rt y .

ELA T I VE .

208 The e l a tive i s u sed t o de n o te the o rigi n

.

o f a n yth n g o r the m a teri a l fr o m which a n ythi n g

i
i s m a de ; a s Han o n hyv dls t d pe rh ees ta H e c o m e S
, ,
1 22 FI NN I SH GRA M MAR

ILLA T I VE .

215 The ill a tiv e de n otes m o tio n I n to the in

.

t e rio r o f an obj ect ; a s , M e n en hirh k o o n I am ,

going into the church

216 The i ll ative is used t o express p u rp o se o r
.

the thi n g f o r which an ythi n g serv e s o r i s un fit ;

as ,
Han k e lp a a v irh a an H e i s f i t t e d f o r a n
,

o f f i c e ; Tani a laak e o n h y v a t u o h o n t a n t iin ,

T h i s m e d i c i n e i s g o o d f o r t h at S ick
n e s s .

21 7 T he i l l ative is u sed t o de n ote t he c ause

. .

o f a n a cti o n ; a s Mi e s h u o li n alkaan T h e m a n
‘

, ,

d i e d o f s t a r v a t i o n ; S o t i la s s o r t n i s o t aan ,

T h e s o l d i e r pe rish e d in w ar
‘

21 8 T he i l l ative design a tes pr i ce o r the l i m it

.

which a n um ber rea ches ; a s N isa n h in t a n o u s i do l

,

l ari in T h e p r i c e o f w h e at w e n t up t o
‘

O n e d o l l a r ; M i e s t e n lu k u n o u s i h a h t e e n s a t a a n ,

The n umber of men in creased t o two

hun dre d
219 . T he i l l ative with the verbs o lla t u ll a
,
H

, ,

ve rra t a vaih t a a etc expr e sses l i k en ess ; a s L ap s i

, ,
.
, ,

o n i s tian s a T h e c h i l d i s l i k e h i s f a t h e r
, .

220 . The i l l a tive express es the sp a ce o f ti m e

d u ri n g which an ythi n g h a s n o t oc c urred ; a s E n ,

o l e n ah n y t s inu a p i t k acin ai k a an I have not

’ ' ’

seen you for a long time .

221 . T h e i ll a tive a l so de n o tes the peri o d o f

ti m e at which an a cti on ta k es p l ace ; a s S iih e n ,
 RULES OF S Y N T AX 1 23

a ik aa n , a t that ti me; j o u l nn a ik a a n , a t
Chri stm a s time .

222 T he il lat ive de n otes the ma n n er in ac

.

c o rda n c e w ith wh ich a n ythi n g i s do n e ; a s K e rr a n ,

s in u l l e o m aa n t ap aa n i I tell yo u according ,

to my way .

AD ESSI V E .

223 . dessive expresses the p la ce o n

The a

w h i c h ; a s K i i ja o n p ay dci l la T h e b o o k i s
' '
'

, ,

o n t h e t a b l e .

224 . T he a dess iv e des ig n a tes n e a r n ess a n d is ,

a l so u sed with the thi rd p e rso n of the a uxi l i a ry

o ll a ( se e as I s tun v e lj e n i ri n na ll a I am
, ,

s i t t i n g c l o s e t o m y b r o t h e r ; M i n u l la o n
k i rj a I h a v e a b o o k
, .

225 . T he a dessiv e de n otes an in defi n ite peri o d

o f ti m e d u ri n g which s o m ethi n g occ u rs ; a s P ai
'

valla t e e n t y ot a y dlla le paéin I w o r k i n t h e

’ '

, ,

day t i m e an d r e s t at n i g ht
, .

226 . T he a dess ive is a l so used t o express

m e an s or the in str um e n t by which a n actio n is
a cco m p l ished ; a s N ai n s e n o mi l la s il millci n i I
’

, ,

S a w i t w i t h m y e y e s ; Ha k h as in p uun k irr e e l

la I c h o p p e d t h e t r e e w i t h a n a x
, .

227 . T he a dess ive de n o tes m a n n er or w ay ; as

Mi n n n t ay t yy s ar ul la ilm o i t t aa I m u S t i n f o r m
,

w it h s o r r ow .
1 24 FI N NI S H GRAM MAR

228 . The price b uying is expressed by the

of

a de s s 1 ve ; as O s t in s en, vii d ella d o lla ri l la I ,

b ou g h t i t f o r f i v e d o l l a r s
229 .The a dessive expresses o cc up ati o n with
the verb o l la t o b e in which s o m e o n e i s e n g a g e d ;
'

, ,

as ,
o ll a a a m i a is e l l a t 0 b e at b reak fa st
,
.

230 . The a d e ssive is s u s e d t o sign ify ag e

al o

with an o r d i n a l n um ber u sed a s a n a ttrib ute ; a s,

L ap s i on t o is e l la vu o d e lla T h e ch i l d is in
,

its sec o n d y e a r .

231 The a dessive a l s o de n o tes exter n a l o r in

.

t er n a l c o n diti o n o r sta te o f a n o bj ect ; a s L in t a ,

on h o rh e a lla i lm as s a The b i rd i s h igh in ,

t h e a i r ; P o ik a o n hyv al la p tial la T h e b o y i s
'

in g o o d h um o r .

ABLA T IV E .

232 . Th e
b l a tive i s u se d t o express m o ti o n
a

fr o m the exteri o r ; a s Ot a kirja Take

,

t h e b o o k f r o m t h e t a b l e ; S a in h irj e e n h a
’

n e l t ci I received a letter from him

‘

.
,

233 .The a b l a tive d en o tes the pers o n w h o l o ses

s o m ethi n g o r w h o is a ffecte d by a n ythi n g ; a s
, ,

H a n e l t ci k n o li i s a H i s f a t h e r d i e d ( l it f ather
'

, .
v

d ie d fr o m h im ) S e n m in a s in u l t a hi e llan I d e 1 1 y ,

t h a t ( fr o m y o u ) .

234 .The q u a l ities o r p o ssessi o n o f a pe rs o n

a re expresse d by the a b l a tive ; a s Han o n h y e d t a ,

voi lt an s a H e h a s n o b a d h a b i t s ; P o ika b n
,
126 FI NNI SH GRAM MAR

241 . q ual ity which is possessed by so m e

The
o n e is de n o te d by the a ll a tive ; a s Ty t t O o n h y va
’

t av o i ll e n s a T h e g i r l h a s g o o d m an n e r s
,

( the gir l i s good in her m a n n ers ) .

2 42 . The a l l a tive den otes man n er ; a s He hu l ,

kev at h ilj a ll e en They

,
a r e t r a ve l i n g
sl 0 w l y .

C O M I TA T I VE .

2 43 . co m ita tive den o tes the pers o n o r o h

The
j e c t w ith which an a cti o n t ak es p l a ce I t i s al w ays
"

u sed in the p l u r a l ; a s Han t u li v a i m o in e n s a

,
He ,

c a m e w i t h h i s w i f e ; Mi es o n m e nn y t v e lji

n en s a ,
Th e m an h as g on e w i t h h is
b r o t h e r

I N S TR U CT I VE .

244 .T he in str uctive de n o tes m an n er o r in st ru

m e n t with whi ch a n a cti o n is perfo rm ed ; a s L ap s e t ,

ju o k s e va t p i h a l la p a lj ai n ja l o in The chi1dren,

a r e runn i n g in th e ya r d with bare

f e e t ; Nain s e n o min s i lmin I s a w i t w i t h
'

m y o wn e ye S .

245 .Th e i n str u ctive expr esses m an n er in

which s o m ethi n g i s perf o r m ed with a dj ectives in w

the c o m p a r ative or s uper l ativ e p l ur al a dverbi al l y

t o m o d ify verbs ; a s H(in o t t i k iri an v
, ark ai n He ,

t o o k t h e b o o k b y s t e a l t h ; Han p u h un
kov im min ka ikis t a H e s p e a k s t h e l o u d e s t
,

0 f a l l .
 RULES OF S Y N T A X 1 27

2 46 . T he in str ucti ve is used t o a n swer the

q uestio n s in wh a t q uan tity ; a s E n v
? o in u t kii v
e l la
‘

m a i li t t a in m u t t a n ah in er in
, I could not ,

walk m iles at once b ut li t t le by

,

l i t t l e ; He h u o l iv at m o l e m min T h e y b o t h ,

died .

247 . I n def in ite an d un lim

ited periods of ti me ,

in p l ace of the a dessive p l ur a l i s expres s ed by the ,

i n str uct ive ; a s a a mn in i n t h e m o r n i n g s ;

’

, ,

i l lo in
,
in t h e e ve n i n g s ; b in in the ,

n i g h t s

ABESSI VE .

2 48 T he abess ive de n o tes the l a c k o r abse nce

.

of a n ythi n g o r in
, the n eg ative se n se m an n er , ,

m e a n s an d c a u se ; a s O l e n r a h a t t a I h a v e n o
, , ,

m o n e y ( l it I am witho ut m o n ey )
. R a h a t ta e n
t u le t o im e e n I c a n n o t g e t a l o n g w i t h o u t
,

m o n e y ; E t e la ty ot a t e k e mat t a Y o u c a n n o t
‘ ' ’ '

l i ve w i t h o u t w o r k i n g ; E t h e v oi h
’

p u ua

n a n ra m a t t a ? Can y o u n o t t a lk w i tho ut
1augh in g ?

T he prepos iti o n i lma n w i t h o u t Ofte n pre , ,

cedes the abessi v e f o r e m ph a si s ; a s il ma n ra h at t a , ,

w i t h o u t m o n e y etc , .

2 49 T he prepositio n i lma n w i t h o u t used

.
, ,

with the p a rtitive expresses the abessive c a se ; a s ,

Han o n i lm an ra h aa H e h a s n o m o n e y o r
,

he is without any money .

1 28 FI N NISH GRAM MAR

U S E OF TE N S E S .

I N D ICA T I VE .

250 The prese n t is use d t o i n d ic ate :

.

( a ) A n a cti o n th a t is g o i n g o n a t the prese n t

ti m e I t c a n be tr a n s l a te d in t h e f o l l o wi n g w a ys :
.

M i n a s an o n I s a y I a m s a y i n g o r I d o
, , ,
,

s a y .

b
( ) F u t u re a cti o n ; a s M i n a la u l a n h u o m e n n a, ,

I shall sing t o mo rrow

‘

-
.

251 The i m perfect is u sed t o de n o te :

.

( )
a A n a cti o n which i s g o i n g o n i n the p a st
ti m e ; a s Ty t t i) la k a s i la t t i a a ku n a s t a in h u o n e e
’

, ,

s e en T h e g i r l w a s Sw e e p i n g t h e f l o o r
, ,

when I en tered the room .

( b ) A n a c ti o n defi n ite l y c o m p l ete d in the p a st

ti m e ; a s T an aan s ain k irj e e n T o d a y I r e
'

, ,

c e i ve d a l e t t e n

252 The perfect i s eq u iv a l en t t o t h e

. E n g
l i s h P ir e s e n t P e r f e c t ; a s O len s a an u t
'

k i rj e e n I h a v e r e c e i v e d a l e t t e r
, .

P O T EN T IAL .

253 The p o te n ti a l expre sses a p o ssibi l ity The

. .

prese n t m a y refer t o the prese n t a n d f ut u re ti m e ;

a s Han l an l a n e e H e m a y s i n g; Han la n lan e e
'

, ,

hu o m e nn a H e m a y s i n g t o m o r r o w
,
-
.

254 The perfect de n o tes c o m p l ete d a cti o n in

.

the prese n t a n d p a st ; a s Han li e n e e la u la n u t H e

'

, ,

m i ght have s un g .
1 30 FIN NIS H GRAM MAR

u lk o m a a ll e , If I h a d the m o n ey I Sh o u l d
g o a bro a d .

( )
b I n c o n cessive c l a u ses ; a s, Va i h h a h an h as hi
m in na e n s i t t e n kaan
s ih i n lah t is i, E ve n i f h e
'

a sked me yet I would n o t g o .

( )
c I n co n ditio n a l c l a u ses of c o m pa rI S I On ; as,

Han h ikaan kn in h an t i e t ciis i, He s p e k s

’

p u un a

a s if h e k n ew .

( d ) I n fi n al c l au ses t o express the p urpos e o f an

.

a cti o n ; as fi t i lau la a, e t t a l ap s i n n k hn is i
Z
,
. The ,

m oth er S ings that the chil d may

Sleep .

( e ) I n rel a tive cl a uses when the re l a tive in vo l ve s

so m e i de a o f p urpose o r q ual ity etc ; a s Min u l la , .
,

e i o l e h e t aan j h l t i i I h a ve n o o n e
'

o o n n o ,t a s n ,

w h o m I c o u l d t r u s t ; Mi es j o k a s an o is i t a ,

m an v a l e h t el e is i T h e m a n w h o w o u l d s a y
'

, ,

thus would tell a lie .

f
( ) I n te m por a l c l a u se with k u n n e s o r j a h k a ,

u n t i l ; e n n e n kn in b e f o r e to de n o te expected
, ,

a cti o n The pri n cip al verb i s then in the p a st

.

ti m e ; a s M e h o e t imm e h an t a mw y t t aa t aal la kun

'

n e s i s a t a li s i We tri e d t o k eep h im her e

'

u n t i l f a t h e r c a m e ; E mm e t ah t on e e t s yOdti
’

e n n e n hn in h an s aap m s z W e d i d no t w a n t t 0
’

e a t b efo re h e cam e .

( )
g I n obj ective c l a u ses with v erbs a s kin g r e ,

q u es t i n g especi a l l y whe n they a r e in the p a st t im e ;

Ys t av an i p yy s i e t ta mn i s t as in h an ta M y
’ ’

as , ,
 RULES OF S Y N TA X 131

friend requested th a t I sh o u ld r e
membe r h im .

( h ) I n i n d irect d isco urse ; as , Is a s an o i J uh o l le ,

h an lah t is i k irk k o o n
'

e t ta , T h e fa t h e r t 0 l (I
Jo h n th a t he Sho u l d g o t o ch u rch .

I M PERA T I VE .

258 T he i m per ative i s used in co mma n ds a n d

.

req uests T h us A n na k irja h an e l l e G i ve h i m

.
, ,

t h e b o o k ; E la k OOn S u o mi ! L o n g l i ve F i n
’ ’

l an d!

2 59 . I n co n cess i ve se n se the pe rfect im per ative

is r a re l y used ; a s , Olk o o n s an o n u t , L e t h i m
h a ve S a id .

26 0 . T he p a ss ive I S I m perso n al ; as k irjo i t e ,

t aa n,
o n e w r i t e s or i t i s w r i t t e n etc ; , .

K i rja o n lu e t t n T h e b o o k i s r e a d ; Min a l l e
,

o n s an o tt u I a m t 0 l d ; Mi n n a ra k as t e t aan I a In
, ,

l o v e d etc , ( S ee L esso n X X
.
) .

US E OF I N F I NIT IVE S .

26 1 . T he in fi n itive i s a verb a l n o un c a p a b le
of i n fl ect io n a n d of ta k in g the po ssessive s uffixes .

I t c an al so t a k e the obj ect o f a n a ctio n T he fo urth .

i n fi n itive is eq uiv a l e n t to a n E n g lish p a rticipi a l

i n fi n iti ve e n di n g in i ng ; a s s a no min e n s a y i n g ;
-

, ,

k uo le min e n d y i n g etc , , .
1 32 FI N NIS H GRAM M AR

FIRS T I NFI NI TI VE .

26 2 The first i n fi n itive h a s t w o form s

.

( )
a T h e shorter form which i s u sed w i tho ut the
p o ssessive s uffixes ; a s s an o a t o s a y ; lau laa t o
, , ,

s i n g etc, .

( )
b The l o n ger for m i s a l w a ys u sed with the
p o ssessive s uffixes an d expresses t h e p urpose o f
the a cti o n o f the m a i n verb ; a s Tn o l e ip ati s y ddak
'

s en i ,
B r i n g m e s o m e b r e a d t o e a t ( l it .

bri n g m e s o m e bre a d f o r m y e ati n g ) .

I n E n gl ish thi s a cti o n c an be expressed by i n ,

o r d e r t o i n o r d e r t h a t
, o r by a S i m p l e ,

infinitive .

26 3 .The S h o rter fo r m is u sed :

( a ) T o express the o bj ect o f an a cti o n ; a s ,

O n k o t e i l la h e vo s t a m y ed a H a V e y 0
? a h 0 r se
' ’

t o s el l ?

( b ) AS predic ate o un in c o nn ection with an

‘

a n

a d j ective . The age n t i s de n o te d by the ge n itive ;

as, L a hi a on m e lh ein m ah d o t o n ih m is e n
It is almo st impossible for m
a n to
l i v e u p t o t h e l e t t e r o f t h e l a w ; K irj a
o n h yv a la k e a T h e b o o k i s g o o d t o r e a d
,
.

( c ) A S an a ttrib ute o f s ubst an tives de n o ti n g

o pp o rt un ity righte o u s n ess perm issi o n d uty c o m
, , , ,

m a n d etc ; a s M in u l la o n ti la is n n s m y ddci t a lo n i
‘

, .
, ,

I h a v e a c h a n c e t o s e l l m y h o u s e ; Mi
n ul la o n Oi k e us aj aa m i e s n lo s I h a ve a r i g h t
'

,
 FI NNIS H GRAM MAR

p l a ce o f a te m p o r al cl au se which is in dic ated in

E n g l ish by w h e n o r a s .

b
( ) I n t h e i n str u ctiv e a n d t o express m a n n er i n

which the a c ti o n o f the prI n p al verb i s per

f o r m ed ; a s P o ika t u li i t hi e n k o t iin T h e b o y
, ,

c a m e h o m e c r y i n g ; Ty t t O ju o ks i min nn
’

o hi t s e n an r ae n T h e g i r l
,
r an b y m e l a u g h

I n g .

T H IR D I NFI NI T I V E .

26 5 The th ird i n fi n itive i s used :

.

( a ) I n the i n e s sive t o de n o te a cti o n I n which

an y o n e i s e n g a ged ; a s Han o n lu is t e l e m as s a H e
'

, ,

i s S k a t i n g ; S in a o li t p o i k aa op e t t am as s a Y o u
'

were teaching the b oy .

( b ) I n the e l a tive to design a te a n a cti o n fr o m

which a n y o n e ce a ses o r fro m which an y o n e i s
,

hi n dered o r fo rbi dden ; a s Tn l en n im as t a I c a m e

, ,

f r o m S w i m m i n g ; P a h a i lm a e s ti m in n t t u l e
m as t a ,
Bad weather p r e ve n t e d me
f r o m c o m i n g ; K i e ls in laps i a yu oh s e m as t a I ,

fo rba de the ch i l dren t o run .

'

( )
c I n the i ll a tive to express a n a cti o n which
i s t o be perfo r m ed by s o m e o n e o r a cti o n f o r the ,

perf o rm a n ce o f which s o m e o n e i s fit o r un fit o r ,

f o r which s o m e o n e is e n c o ur a ged Thi s c a se in .

it s us e c l o se l y c o rrespo n ds t o the E n gl ish i n fi n i

tive ; a s M ina m e n e n p u i t a n o u t am a an I a m
, ,

g o i n g t o g e t s o m e w o o d ; P o ik a o n h y v a
lu k e m a a n T h e b o y i s g o o d i n r e a d i ng;
,
 R ULES OF S Y N T A X 1 35

Ha n e i h y k e n e ta ta t e k e maan H e i s u n a b l e t o
' ‘

d 0 t h i s ; Ys t av an i k e h o i t t i mi n n a l a u la ma a n M y
'

frien d encouraged me to sing .

( d ) I n the a dessive t o express t he m e a n s by

which a n a ctio n is perfor m ed a n d with the verb ,

o lla t o b e
, to de n o te an actio n which i s a b o ut t o
,

t ak e p l a ce I n the l a t t er c a se the possessive s uf

.

fixes a re used w ith the i n fi n itive ; a s L uk e ma ll a ,

o pp ii O n e l e a r n s b y r e a d i n g ; O l e n n uk
,

k n m a is i l l an i I a m a b o u t t o S l e e p
, .

( )
e I n the a bess ive to de n ote a cti o n with o ut

which the a ctio n o f the pri n cip a l verb o cc urs The .

person is expressed by the s ubj ective ge n itive

( 1 8 0 ) a n d the possessive s u ffix ; a s A s t a in h u o n e e ,

s e en s in n n h u o m aa ma t t as i I stepped into ,

th e r o om w i th o ut y o ur n o t i c i n g i t;
Se t i e d e t aan s a n o m a t t as i k in I t i s k n o w 11
' '

.
,

without your saying it .

NOTE T — i t iv
ra n sv b f th b iv c
e e rf th s ot h ir d e a e ss e ase o e

i f i i t iv
n n h ve f t t h p iv
a e o mp
en l m e i gass a e o r I e rs o n a e a n n .
s

K l jr a l k m tt
o n u T h e
e b a k a t
, d ( l it tho o 1 8 n o r e a . e

b oo k i W tho ut
s i d i g) re a n ,

f
( ) the i st r ctive with the verb i t a i
'

a
'

I n n u p n

p l a ce o f the S h o rter fo r m o f the first i n fi n itive ;

a s M e ida n ni i d a a n t t a m a n y s t a viamm e W e m u s t
'

, ,

h e l p o u r f r i e n d s ; Ty o p it iici t e h t ii mri n T h e
' ' ’

work must be done .

1 36 FI N N I S H GRA MMAR

F O UR T H I NFINI T I VE .

26 6 T he fo u rth i n fi n itive i s u sed

“

( a ) I n the n o m i n a tive w ith i m pers o n a l verbs to

express an a cti o n which m us t be perfor m ed by
s o m e On e o r whi ch is fit t o be d o n e by s o m e o n e ;
,

as M in u n o n s e t e h e m in e n I m u s t
,
d o i t ; K ay
,

h o n i i n s an o m i n e n I S i t p r o p e r t o s a y s o
? ?
' '

b
( ) I n the p a rtitive with the s u ffixes t o express
a co n ti n u o u s a cti o n
. I t is u sed in n eg a tiv e sen t
.

e n c e s i m p l yi n g do ubt ; a s E k k a si nn e e i o l e m en e
,

mis t a I t p r o b a b l y d o e s n o t p a y t o g o
'

t h e r e ; Tn n s in ku in k a lah e n e in i s t an i lah e n in
' ' ’

tu o t a p a ikh a a I f e l t
,
t h a t I c a m e n e a r e r
a n d n e a r e r t h a t p l a c e .

US E OF P A R T IC IP L E S .

26 7 . P a rt icip l es verb al a dj ectives

a re The .

first p a rticip l e den otes a c o n ti n u o us a cti o n the ,

sec o n d p a rticip l e com p l eted a cti o n

26 8 P a rticip l es a re u sed a dj e ctive l y :
.

( )
a A s a n a ttrib u te whe n it a gree s i n c a se an d
n um ber with the w o rd it m o difies The first pas .

sive p a rticip l e expresses n ecessity o r desir abi l ity ;

as p
, n h n t t n k i e li t h e , s p o k e n l a n guage;
la n lav a l ap s i t h e ,
s i n g i n g c h i l d ; l a u la can
lap s e n o f t h e S i n g i n g c h i l d
, .

( )
b T o f o rm co m p o u n d muses with the verb
o l la Whe n the p a ssive p a rticip l e is u sed with this
.

verb it expresses desir abi l ity o r n ecessity ; a s S i ,

1 38 FI NNIS H GRAM M AR
exteri o r ) toexpress st ate o r c o n ditio n o f
as Han
, o n n ah y v is s a H e i s i n S i g ,

e n o llu t s a ap n v i ll a I w a s 11 o t p
,

b
( ) I n the p a rtitive whe n the seco n d
p a rticip l e de n o tes a n a cti o n an tecede n t
a cti o n o f the pri n cip a l verb The s ub jc e t o f thi s .

te m p o r al c o n st ructi o n i s e x pressed by the ge n itive

a n d the p o ssess i ve s u ffixes Th u s S y o t y a lah d e
' ’ '

.
,

t aan k d v e l e rn aan A fte r eatin g on e go e s

' '

f o r a w a l k ; Han t u li i lo is e k s i h e t i han e n p o is
'

t n t t n a ns a H e b e c a m e c h e e r f u l i m m e d i
,
-

a t e l y a f t e r he had gone .

The p a rticip l e s a re u sed with the verbs

fee l i n g o bservi n g hopi n g be l ievi n g g uessi n g
, , , , ,

s a yi n g thi n k i n g k n owi n g etc in p l a ce o f the o b

, , , .
,

je c t iv e c l a u se which begi n s with e t t a t h a t In

'

.
,

this p a rticipi a l c o n str ucti o n t h e pr edica te m u s t b e

in the a cc us a tive si n g ul a r e n di n g in n a s N ain -

,
°

p Oja n t a l e v an ( i e N ain e t t a p o ik a t a l e e ) I S a w
'

. .
, ,

t h e b o y c o m i n g (I s a w t h a t t h e b o y
i S c 0 m i n g) .

2 71 . The s ubj ect o f the p a rticipi al co n str ucti o n

i s p ut in the ge n itive if it i s tot al ( 2 1 ) as E n n ah ,

n y t n i e r a id e n t n l e van I d i d n o t s e e t h e v i s
,

i t o rs c o m i n g ; in the p a rtitive if the s ubj ect

is p a rti a l ( 4 5 ) as Vi h o l lin e n aja tt e li s o t am i e h ia
,

Ol e c a n lin n as s a ( Vi h o l lin e n aja t t e li e tta s o t a mi e h i a

’

o li lin n as s a) T h e e n e m y t h o u g h t t he so ld
,

i e r s t o b e i n t h e f o r t i f i c a t i o n (T h e
en em y th o ught that th e r e we r e s om e
 T AB L ES OF DE OL E NS ION 1 39

s o l d i e r s i n t h e f o r t i f i c a t i o n ) ; or the
s ubj ect i s expressed by the p o ssessi v e s uf fix if
the pr in c ip al verb a n d the p a rticipi a l c o ns tr ucti o n
h av e the s a m e s ubj ect ; a s Han l uu li t e h n e e ns a s ii
’

n a Oik e in ( Han l a u l i etta h an te k i s iin a Oik e in )

'

, ,

He t h o u g h t t o h a v e d o n e r ig h t i n
t h a t) H e t h o u g h t t h a t h e d i d r i g h t
i n t h a t)
T he p a ssive p a rtic ip ial co n str uctio n is witho ut
s ubj ect a n d i s i m pers o n al ; a s N tin k a a le e u s e in
,

s an o t t a van O n e O f t e n h e a r s t h at t h e y
,

s a y s a

TABLES OF DECLENSION

2 72 . D ec l e n sio n o f the n o un h e vo ne n
,
horse ,
.

A l l n o un s or a dj e ctives e n di n g in n e n a re dec l i n ed
-
,

a ccordi n g to th i s t ab l e .

PL URA L .

No m . he vo s e lt

hevo se !t

he vo s i !e n

ev
7h o s lt e n

he vo s i in a

h e VOS l a

he vo s i Iks i

he vo s i Is s a

he vosi| sta
1 40 F I N NIS H GRAM MAR
Il . h evo s e ] en h evo s i lin

Ad . hevo s e ll l a h evo s i lll a

Ab l . hevo s e ] lt a hevo s i ll t a

A 11 . hevo s e ] ll e h evos i ll l e

A bes . hevo s e t ta h evo s i !t t a

Co m . h evo s i ln e ln s a hevo s i ln e n sa

In str . h evo s i ln hevo s i ln

NO TE — n b e twe e n tw o v we ls
o is c h a n ge d to s .

2 73 . Decl e n sio n of d isyll abic n o un s e n di n g in i

in t h e n o m i n a ti ve s i n g ul a r e g h as i h a n d ; t u li
, . .
, , ,

fire .

N O T E T h e s t e m o f t h e e n o u n s e n d s in
— s e .

SI N GULAR .

k a te ln a
k at lt a
'

k ade lks i
k ade ls s d
'

k ade ls t a
’

k at e le n
k ade l lci
’

k a de l t d
k ade l le
k ade t t a
'

k as i ln e ln s a
k ade ln
1 42 FI N NI S H GRAM MAR

r ik a s lt a m i e s lt a

rikk a a h s z m i e h e lhs i
rikk a a ss a m iehe s s a
r i kk aa s t a m ie h e ls t a

r ik k a a ls e e n m i e h e le n

rik k a a ll la m ie h e ll la

rik k aa l t a m ie h e ll t a

rik k a a ll e m iehe lle

rikk aa lt t a m ie h e lt t a

r ikk a li n e mi e h li ln e in s a

rikk a li n m i e h i n

PLURAL .

r ikk a a t m ie h e lt
rikk aa t m ie h e lt
ri k a s lt e mie s lt en
n

r ik k a i ld e n m ie h i e n
l
rik k ai ln a m ie h i ln a
'

rik k a i lt a m i e hi la

rikk a i k s i m ie h i lk s i

r ik k ai s s a m ie h i ls s a

r ikk ai js t a m i e h i ls t a

rik k ai ls n n m ie h lin

r ikk a i lll a m ie h i ll la

rik k a i l t a m ie h illt a
'

rik k a i l l e m ie h i lll e

rikk ai tt a m ie h i it t a
'

r ikk a i n e m ie h i ln e ln s a

rikk ai ln m ie h i in
 T ABLES OF D ECLEN SI O N 1 43

2 75 . D ec l e n s io n of the f irst p a rtic ip le a ct ive ,

l au l a va, singing .

SI N GULAR . P L URAL .

l a ul a va l a ul a va lt

l a n la va
l a ula va lt
I la ula va n

a ula va Iin
l a ul a va n I l
l a uIaV I
I en

E SS . l a ul ava na la ula vi na
P a rt . l a ul ava a l a u l avi a
T r an s . l a ul a va ks i l a ul a vi ks i
In . l a nl a va s sa l a ul a vi s sa
El . l a ul ava s ta l a ul a vi s ta
Il . l a ul ava an l a nl avi in
Ad . l a ul ava lll a l a ul a vi l la
Ab l . l a ul a va Il t a l a ul a vi I lt a
Al l . l a ul ava ll le l a u l avi ll le
A bes . l a u l ava It t a l a ul a vi I t ta
Co m . l a ul a vi ln e l a ul avi ne
I n str . l a ul avi In l a u l avi In

2 76 . D ec l e n s io n of the seco n d p a rtici p le a ctive ,

l au la n u t , s u n g .

SI NGULAR .

No m . l a ul a n u t
13 11 13 11 11 1:
l a ul a n e e t
l a ul an e e n

l a ul a n e i d e n
l a ul a ne e ln
l a ul a n e i t t e n
I
l a ul an e e ln a la ula n e i In a
1 44 FI N NIS H GRAM MAR

l a ul an ut t a l a u l an e i t a
l a ul an e e k s i l a ul an e i k s i
l a ul an e e ssa l a ul an e i ssa

la ul a n e e s ta l a ul a n e i st a

l a ul an e e ls e e n l a ul a n e i s iin

l a ul an e e Illa l a ul a n e i 11a
l a ul a n e e l t a l a ul an e i lt a
l a u l an e e l l e l a ul an ei ll e
l a u l an e e t t a l a ul an ei t t a
l a ul an e i ne l a ul an e i In e
"

1 1

l a ul an e i n
1
l a ul an e i n
1

Decl e n sion of p i e n i i
p k a,
o a s In a ll

S I N GULAR . PLURAL .

No m . pie n i p o i k a p i e n e I p j I
t o a t
pie n i po i k a
p i e n e l p j l
t o a t
p i e n e ln p o j a n

p i e n I p
t e n o i k a | i n
Ge n pie n e n p o a n j I
I l
.

p i e n i e n p o ik i e n

p i e n e ln a po ika na p i e n i l p
n a o ik i ln a

p ie n lt a p o ik a la p i e n i I p
a o i k i la

pi e n e lh s i p o ja lh s i p i e n i I
k S i p o j I
i k s i
l j I l ji Iss a
' '

p i e n e ss d o
p a ssa p i e n i ss a .
p o

p i e n e Is t a p o j a ls t a pie n i ls t a p j I a
o i s t
p i e n e Ie n p o i k a Ia n pie n i in po ik i Iin
i Ill i j Il l pie n i ll a po ji ll l a
’

p e n e c p o a a

pie n e ltd po ja ll t a p ie n i lta p oji Il t a

p i e n e I p
ll e o j a Ill e p i e n i I p l
l l e o ji l l e

1 Ve ry se ld o m us e d .
1 46 FI N NIS H GRAM MAR

pi e n im p I
a i n

p ie n im m a ln p ie n im p I
i e n

p i e n in It e n

p i e n i m pa na p i e n i m pi na

p I e n i n It a
P a rt p i e n i m pi a
m pa a
.

p i e n i

p i e n i m m a k si p i e n im m i k s i
p i e n i mm a s s a p ie n i m m i ss a

i i m m a t m m i lst a
'

p e n s a p i e n i

p i e n i m p a Ia n p i en i m p l
i i n

p i e n i mm a Mt p i e n i m m i Il l a

p i e n i m m a l t d p i e n i mm z I l t a
p i e n i m m a l l e p i e n i m m i l l e

i i mm t m m It t a
'

a
'

p e n a t p i e n i i

p i e n i m p I
i n e p i e n i m i
p I n e

280 . D ecl e n si o n of the pers o n al pro n o un s min a ,

I; s in a t h o u ; him h e s h e ; m e w e ; t e y o u ;
, , , , ,

h e, they .

S I NGULAR .

m in a
 T ABLES OF D ECLEN SI O N 1 47

PLUR AL .

No m . me te he
Ac c . m e i dd t t e i da t h e i da t
Ge n . m e i dan tei ddn h e i Id a n
E SS . mei na tei n a hei na

P a rt . m e i ta t e i It a hei ta
T r an s . me i ks i t e i Ik s i h e i Ik s i
In m e i ssa tei s s a hei s s a
'

El . m e i sta tei s t a hei S ta

m e i h in tei h in h e i Ih in
’

Ad m e i lla tei l l a h e i Il l a
'

Ab l m e i lt a tei l ta h e i Ilt a
'

. .

All . m e i ll e te i l l e h e i Il le
A b es . m e i I tta tei I tta hei It ts
281 D ec l en sio n o f the first pers o n si n g ula r
.

the possess iv e s uffix n i m y -

, .

SI NGULAR .

k irj a m y bo o k
n i,

k irj a n i m y bo o k
,

k irj a n i o f m y b o o k
,

k irjan a ln i a s m y b o o k ,

k irja a ln i ( s o m e o f ) m y boo k
,
°

k irja k s e In z ( f o r ) my b o o k
'

,
1 48 FI N NIS H GRAM MAR

k irjas s a In i , in m y boo k
k irja s t a In i , fro m y boo k m
k irj a a In i , i n t o m y bo o k
k irjal l a In i , m y boo k on

k irja l t a In i from m y book

,

k irjal l e n i t o m y boo k
,

kirjat t a In i with o ut m y book

,

k i rjo in e In i , with m y book

PLURAL .

No m . k irj a ni, m y bo o k s
Acc . kirj a n i m y b o o k s
,

Gen . k irja i In i o f m y b o o k s
,

E ss . k irjo in a ln i a s m y b o o k s
,

P a rt . k irjo ja In i ( s o m e o f ) m y bo ok s
,

T r an s . k irjo ik s e In i ( f o r ) m y b o o k s
,

In . k irjo i s s a ln i in m y book s ,

El . k irjo ist a In i fro m m y b o o k s

,

I] . k irjo ih i In i i n to m y b o ok s
,

Ad . k irjo il l a ln i , on my b o o k s
Ab l . k irjo ilt a In i , fr o m m y b o o k s
Al l . k irj o il l e In i, to m y b o ok s
w it h o ut m y b o o k s
S

A bes . k irj o it t a In i ,
Co m . k irj o in e In i , with m y book s
282 D ecl e n sion o f the secon d person si n g ul a r
.

o f the p o ssessive s u ffix si thy -

, .
1 50 FI NNIS H GRA M MAR

Al l .
p
k irjo il l e Is i t o thy b o o k s
A bes . k irjo it t a Is i ,
with o ut thy bo o k s
Co m . k irjo in e Is i with thy boo k s
,

283 . Decl e n sio n o f the thi rd perso n si n g ul a r

an d p l ur a l Of the possessive s uffix n s a Th us hir -
.
,

j a n s,
a m a y m e an h i s
, h e r o
, r t h e i r b o o k , .

SI NGULAR .

k irja In s a, h is bo o k
kirja Ins a his bo o k
,

k irja ln s a o f h is bo o k
,

k irja n a In s a as h is bo o k
,

k irja a In s a ( s o m e o f ) h is bo o k
,

k irja k s e In s a f o r hi s b o o k
,

k irja s s a In s a in h is bo o k
,

k irja st a ln s a fro m h is b o o k
,

k i rja a In s a i n t o his b o o k
,

k irja ll a In s a o n h is b o o k
,

k irja l t a Ins a fr o m h is b o o k
,

k irja l le lns a t o his boo k

,

k irjat t a In s a witho u t h is b o o k
,

k irjo in e In s a with h is bo o k
,

PLURAL .

k irj a n s a, h is
b oo k s
k irj a n s a h i s b o o k s
,

k irja i In s a o f hi s b o o k s
,

k irjo in a In s a a s his b o o k s
,

k irjo j a In s a ( s o m e o f ) h i s bo o k s
,
 T ABLES OF D EC L EN SI O N 1 51

T ran s . kirjo ik s e In s a , for his boo k s

In . k irjo is s a In s a , in hi s b o o k s
El . k irjo is ta In s a , fro m hi s boo ks
I] . k i rjo ih i ln s a , i n to hi s boo k s
Ad . k irj o ill a In s a , o n his b o o k s

Ab l . k irjo il t a ns a , fro m his boo k s

A ll . k irjo il l e In s a , t o his bo o k s
A bes . k irjo it t a In s a , with o ut his bo o k s
Co m . k irjo in e Ins a , with hi s bo o k s
NO T E .
-
ns ii is d e c l in e d in t h e sa m e manne r as a wn .

284 . D ec l e n s io n o f the first perso n p l ur a l o f the

p ossess ive s u ffi x mm e o u r T he seco n d p erso n
-
, .

p l u r al i s dec l i n ed in the s a m e m an n er as the fi rst

perso n 7 nm e -
.

SINGULAR .

k irja lmm e , bo ok
o ur

k irja Im m e o u r boo k
,

k irja lin m e of o ur b o o k
,

k irjan a lmm e as o u r boo k ,

k irjaa Im m e ( so m e of ) o ur boo k
,

k irja k s e lm m e f o r o ur bo o k ,

k irja s s a lm m e in o ur boo k ,

k irja s t a Im m e fr o m o ur bo o k ,

k irja a Im m e i n to o ur boo k
,

k irja l l a lmm e o n o u r boo k ,

k irja l t a m m e fr o m o ur boo k ,

ki rja l le lm m e t o o ur boo k ,

k irj a t t a lm m e witho ut o ur b o o k
,

k j
i r o i n e Im m e ,
w it h o ur b o o k
1 52 FI N NIS H GRAM MAR

PLURA L .

k irja Im m e , o ur b o ok s
‘

k irja lm m e , b o ok s
o ur

k irja i Im m e o f o ur bo o k s
,

k irjo in a lm ni e a s o ur book s
,

k irjo ja Im m e ( so m e o f ) o ur book s
,

k irjo ik s e lm m e f o r o ur bo o k s
,

k irjo i ss a lm m e in o ur bo o k s
,

ki rj o ist a Im m e fr o m o ur book s
,

k irj o ih i Imm e i n to o ur boo k s

,

k irjo i l l a lm m e o n o ur bo o k s
,

k irjo ilt a Im me fr o m o ur bo o k s
,

k irjo i l l e Imm e t o o ur boo k s

,

k irjo it t a lm m e with o u t o ur bo o k
,

k irj o in e m m e with o u r b o o k s
,

285 . Dec l e n si o n o f the de m o n str a tive pr o n o un s

t a m a, t h i s ; tno t h a t ; s e i t or t h a t
, ,
.

SINGULAR .
1 54 F I N N I S H GRAM M AR

287 Dec l en sio n o f the in terrog ati ves kn k a h en

, ,

w h o ; mi k a w h a t
, .

S I NGULAR .

k u ha

ku ta

ku ss a

k u h nn
 T ABLES OF C O N J UGA T I O N 1 55

P a rt . k e i It a
T r an s . ke i ks i
In ke i ss a ( ther c ses
'

. o a

El . k e i Is t a a re dec l i n ed

Il . k e i Ih in l i k e S i n g ula r )
Ad k e i Illa
'

Ab l k e i Il t a
'

A ll . k e i Ill e
NOTE —
K um p i, w h i c h o f t h e t w o , is d c l i n e d l ik e a
e

co m p a ra t i v e (see k u m paln e n , wh i c h o n e ,l ik e a d j c e

ti ve s and n ouns end in g in -

n e n (see

TABLES OF CONJUGATION .

A ct ive ff i rm at ive
a an d n eg a ti ve co nj ug a
o l la , to be .

I N D IC A T IVE .

PRESEN T .

A ffirm a t ive . N e g a t ive .

ol ne Ol e mm e en o le e m m e o le
Ol e t o l ette et Ol e ett e o l e
on oy at e i o le ei vat o le

I a In , etc . I a m n o t, etc .

I MPERFEC T
A ffir ma t ive . N e g a t ive .

i
ol n o l imm e en o l l ut e m me o lle e t
o l it o l it t e et o l l ut ette o l le e t
o li o li va t e i o ll ut ei va t o l le e t

I w a S, etc . I w a s n o t, etc .
1 56 F I N NIS H GRAM M AR

PER FEC T .

A ffirm a t ive .

ol en o l l ut Ol e m m e o ll e e t

o let o l l ut o l ette o lle e t

vat
'

o n o ll ut o o ll e e t

I h a ve b e e n , etc .

N e g a t ive .

en o le o l l ut e m m e o l e o ll e e t
et o le o l l ut ette o l e o l l e e t
e i Ol e o l l ut ei vat Ol e o ll e e t

I h a ve n o t b e en , etc .

PLUPERFEC T .

A ffirma t ive .

o limm e o l l e e t

o l itt e ol le et
o li vat o ll e e t

I h a d b e e n, etc .

N e g a t ive .

en o l l ut o ll u t e m m e o l le e t o lle e t
et o ll ut o l l ut ette o l l e e t o l l e e t
e i o ll ut o l l ut eivat o l le et o ll e e t

I h a d n o t been ,
etc .
1 58 FI N NI S H GRA M MAR

PER FEC T .

A ffirma t ive

Ol i s in o l l ut o l i s im m e o ll e e t

o l i s it o l l ut o l i s it t e o l l e e t

o l is i o ll ut Ol is i vat o ll e e t
‘

I s ho u l d h a ve b e e n etc , .

N e g a t iv
”

e .

en o l i s i o ll ut e m m e o l is i o lle e t
et o l is i o l l ut e tte o l i s i o ll e e t

e i o l is i o l l ut ei vat o l i s i o ll e e t

I S h o u l d n o t h a ve bee n etc , .

I MPE R A TIVE .

A ffi rma t ive .

Olk a a m m e , l et u S be
Ol e , be o l k aa t t e , be
o lk o o n , l e t h im be o lk o o t , l e t them be

N e g a t ive

a lk aa m m e o lk o , l e t u S

n o t be
ala Ole b e
, n o t a lk aa ( t t e ) o lk o b e not ,

a lk o o n olko , l e t h im al k OOt o lk o l et t h em
,

n o t be n o t b e
 T ABLES OF C O N J UGA T I O N 1 59

I N F IN IT IVE S .

I . shorter o l l a t o b e , , I I I I n es
. . o l e m a ss a , e tc .

l o n ger o l l a k s e n i i n
, , i n bei n g
0 r d e r t h at I IV . No m . o le m in e n , h e

m i g h t b e ( l it .
g i (nm u st ) b e,

for m y bei n g ) P a rt o l e m is t a b e
.
,

I n es o ll e s s a i n
.
,
i n g
b ein g

PA R T I CI PL E S .

I . o le va b e i n g
, II . o l l ut , bee n

289 . P a ss ive ffir m a tive

a an d n eg a tive c o n j ug a
tio n of o lla , to be .

IN D I C A T IV E .

A ff irm a tive N eg a t i v
e .

PRESEN T .

o l l aan , o n e is e i o l la , o n e i s n o t

I M PERFEC T .

o l t iin , o n e w a s e i o lt u , o n e w a s n o t

PERFEC T .
’

on oltu , o n e h a s been ei ole o l u,

t o n e h a s

n o t bee n

PLUPERFEC T .

o li olt u , o n e h a d e i o l t u o l u, t o n e h a d
b e en n o t b e e n
 FI N NIS H GRA MMAR

P O TE NT I A L .

PRESEN T .

o lt an e e n , o n e m a y be ei o l t an e , o n e m a y
n o t be
PERFEC T .

l ie n ee t e might
o l u, o n ci l ie n e o lt u o n e m i g h t
,

h a ve b e e n t have been
’

n o

C O N D IT I O N A L .

PRESEN T .

o l t a i s iin , o n e sh o u l d e i o l t a is i , o n e sho u l d
b
’

e n o t

PERFEC T .

o li s i o l u , o n
t e sh o u l d e i o l is i o l u , o n e t Sho ul d
h a ve been n o t h a ve been
I MPE R A T IVE .

o lt ak o o n , l e t o n e be a l k OOn o lt ak o , l e t o n e
n Ot be
I NF INIT IVE S .

o l t a is s a
II I n es
. .
( I n ) o n e s be 1 n g
o lt a e s s a

II I I n str o lt a m an
. .
,

( m u st ) b e
P A R TIC IP L E S .

I . o lt a va , ( m u st ) b e II o l t u b e
.
,
e n
162 FI N NIS H GRAM MAR

PLUPER FEC T .

A ffirma t ive .

ol ni s an o n ut o l im m e s an o n e e t

o l it s an o n ut o l it t e s an o n e e t

o li s an o n ut oli vat s an o n e e t

I h a d s a id , etc .

N e g a t ive .

en o l l ut s an o n ut e m m e o l le e t s an o n e e t
et o ll ut s a n o n ut ette o ll e e t s an o n e e t
e i o ll ut s a n o n ut ei vat o ll e e t s a n o n e e t
'

I h a d n o t s a id ,
e tc .

P O TE NTI A L .

PRESEN T .

A ffirma t ive .

s an o ne n s an o ne m in e
s an o ne I
t s an o ne t te
s an o n e eI I s an o ne va t
I m a y s a y, etc .

N e g a t ive .

e n s an o n e I e m m e s an o In e
et s an o ne ette s an o In e
e i s an o n e I ei vat s an o n e I
I m a y n o t s a y, etc .
 T AB L ES OF C O N J UGA T I O N 16 3

PER FEC T .

A ffi rma t ive .

l ie n e n s a n o n ut l ie n e m me s a n o ne e t

l ie n e t s a n o n ut l ie n e t t e s a no ne e t

l ie n ee s an o n u t l ie n e vat s an o ne e t

I might h a ve s a i d , etc .

N e g a t ive .

en l ie n e s a n o n ut e m m e l ie n e s a n o n e e t
et l ie n e s a n o n ut ette l ie n e s a n o n e e t
ei l ie n e s a n o n ut e ivat l ie n e s a n o n ee t
I m igh t n o t h a v e s a i d etc , .

C O N D ITI O N A L .

PRESEN T .

A ff ir ma t ive .

s a n o is i n s a n o is i m m e
s an o I
i s i t s a n o is i t t e
s a n o is i s a no Iis i vat
I s h o u l d s a y, etc .

N e g ative .

en s a n o is i e m me s a n o Ii s i
et s an o I
i s i ette s a n o Iis i
Ii ei vat Ii i
'

e i s an o s i s an o s

I Sho u l d n o t S a y, e tc .
16 4 F I N NIS H GRAM M AR

PERFE C T .

A ffirma t ive .

o l i s in s an o n ut o l i s im m e s an o n e e t

o l is i t s a n o n ut o l is it t e s an o n e e t

o l is i s a n o n ut o l is i va t s an o n e e t

I sho u l d h a ve s a id , etc .

N e g a t ive .

en o lis i s a n o n ut e m m e o l is i s a n o n e e t
et o li s i s a n o n u t ette o h s 1 s an o n e e t
ei o l is i s an o n u t ei vat o l is i s an o n e e t

I sho u l d n o t h a ve s a i d , etc .

I MPE R A T IVE .

A ffirma t ive .

s an o ik a a m e,

s an o , s a y l e t u s sa y
s a y s an o k a a ( t t e) , s a y
s an o k o o ln , s an o h o o l t ,

l e t h i m s a y l et t h em s a y

N e g a t ive .

a lk aa m m e s an o k o
l t t
'

e u s n o s a y
a la s an o , al k aat t e s an o i ,
k o

s ay n o t s a y n o t
s an o Zoo
al k oon , a l k oot s an o l ,
k o

1e t hi m n ot l e t them n o t s ay
166 FI N NI SH GRAM MAR

I MPERFEC T .

s an o t t i in , o n e did ei s an o t tu , o n e did
s a y in o t s a y

PERFEC T
on s an o t ta , o n e h a S ci o le s an o tta , eo n

sai d h a s n o t sai d
PLUPERFEC T .

o li s an o t ta , o n e h a d ei ol u t s an o | ,
t t u o n e
sai d lu u i n o t s a i d

P O TE NT I A L .

PRESEN T .

s an o t t an e en, 0 n e m ay ei s an o t tan e , o n e m a y
s a y n o t s a y

PERFEC T .

l ie n e e s an o t ta o n e ei
,
l ie n e s an o it t u , o n e
mig t h a ve s a i d mi ght n ot h a v e

sai d
C O N D ITI O N A L .

PRESEN T .

s an o t t a i s i in , o n e ei s an o it t a is i, o n e
w o u l d s a y w o u ld n o t s a y

PERFEC T .

o l is i s a n o l ,
t t u o n e ei o l is i s an o | ,
t t u o n e
w o u ld h a ve s a id “mn d d h a ve ru m
said
 T AB L ES OF C O N J UGA T I O N 167

I MP E R A T IV E .

s an o t t a k o on , l e t o n e ei s an o t t a ko ,
l e t o n e
say n o t s a y

I NF I NIT IVE S .

g s an o t tae ssa
i (i n) o n e s
'
’
s a y in g
( s an o t t ai ssa
5
I n str s an o t t am a ln
.
,
m
( u st be ) s a id

P A R T I C IP L E S .

I s an o t t a v
. a , (to be or m ust be ) s a id
I I s an o t t a s
.
,
a id
2 92 . A ct ive a ffi rm a tive an d n eg a tive co n j ug a
tio n of the verb s aa da, t o s a
-
jyt h
- o
w
IN D I C A T IVE .

PRESEN T .

A ffirm a ti ve . N e g a t ive .

s aa l a s aa lmm e e m me s aa
s aa t s aa lt t e ette s a a
va t ei vat
'

s aa s aa s aa

I r e c e i v e etc , . n o t r e c e i va
etc .
 FI N NI S H GRAM MAR

I MPER FEC T .

A ffirma t ive . N e g a t ive .

sa i n sa ll
i m m e en s a an ut em m e s aa n ee t
sa i lt sa i tte et s a a n ut ette s aan e e t
i vat ci s a a n ut ei vat s a an e e t
'

sa sa i
I r e c e l ve d etc
, . I di d n o t r e c e i
etc .

PERFE C T .

A ffirma ti ve

ol n
e s a an ut Ol e mm e s a a n e e t

o le t s aan ut o lette s aa n e e t

o n s aan ut v
at o s aa n e e t

I h a ve r e c e i ve d , etc ;

N e g a tive .

e n o l e s aa n ut e mme o l e s a an e e t
e t o l e sa a n ut ett e o l e s aan e e t
e i o l e s aan ut ei v
at ole s a an e e t

I h a ve n o t receiv e d ,
etc .

PLUPERFEC T .

A ffirm a tive .

ol ni s a an ut o l im m e s aan e e t

o l it s aa n ut o lit t e s a an e e t

o l i s aan ut o li vat s aa n e e t

I h a d receiv e d ,
etc .
1 70 FI N NI SH GRAM MAR

C O N D ITI O N A L .

PRESEN T .

A ffirma t ive . N e g a tive .

sa is i n s a l is i m m e en sa i S i e m m e s a is i
sa is i t s a l is i t t e et sa ii s i ette s a l is i
sa I is i sa I I
i s i va t ei s a l is i e ivat s a is i

sho u l d r e c e i va I sho uld n ot re

etc . c e i V e etc , .

PERFEC T .

A ffirm a tive .

o l i s in s a an ut o l is im m e s a an e e t

o l i s it s a a n ut o l is it t e s aa n e e t

o lis i s aa n ut Oli s i va t s aa n e e t

I s ho u l d h a ve received , etc .

N e g a t ive .

en o l i s i s a a n ut e m m e o l is i s a a n e e t
et o l i s i s a a n ut ette o h s 1 s a an e e t
e i o li s i s aa n ut eivat o l is i s a a n e e t

I s h o u l d n o t h a v e r e c e i v e d etc , .

I MPE R A T IVE .

A ffirm a t i ve .

saa k a a mm e , l e t u s

receive
s aa . rec e ive saa k aa lt t e ,
receive
l n
l t h im l e t th em
’

saa k o o , l _
e re s aa h o o l t ,

ce i ev r e c e iv e
 T ABLES OF CO N J UGA T I O N 1 71

N e g a t ive .

alk a a m m e s aa ko , l e t
u s n o t r e c e i ve
a l a s aa , r e c eiv e n o t a l k aa ( tte ) s aa i ,
k o r e

c e i ve n o t
a lk oon s aa lk o l ,
e t h im a lk oot s a a he ,
l e t the m
n o t receive n o t receive
I N F INIT IV E S .

I shor t er
. receive , s aa da , t o

l o n ger in o r d e r t h at I
,

m a y r e c e i v e ( l it f o r m y receivi n g ) .

II In . s aa ld e ls s a
. in r e c e i vin g ,

I n str s a a ld e ln by or with receiving

.
,

s aa m a | s s a
I I I In .
| . i n r e c e i v i n g r e , ,

vi n g
c e i
El . s aa | m a ls t a f r o m r e c e iv i n g
,

11 . s aa | m a | an ( )
t o r e c e
,
i v e r e c e i v ,

i n g
Ad . s aa m
l la l l a b y r e c e i,
v i n g
A bes . s a a m a tt a without receivi,
n g ,

n o t receiving
I n str . saa m in ert r e c e i v i n g
,

s aa m a ln ( m u st ) r e c e i v e
,

s aa m is t a ( s o m ethi n g ) t o r e c e i v e
,

P A R T IC IP L E S .

I . s aa va r e c e i v i
,
II s a a | m ct r e c e i v e d n g . .
,
.

2 93 P a ssive a ffir m a tive a n d n eg ative c o n j u

.

g a t i o n of the verb s a ad a t o r e c e i v e , .
1 72 F I N NIS H GRAM M AR

I N D I CA T I VE .

A ffirm a t ive . N e g a t ive .

PRESEN T .

s aa l l ,
d a a n o n e r e ei s aa l ,
da o n e does
c e i ve s n o t r e ceive
I MPERFEC T .

s a a t i in
—

, o n e r e e 1 s aa ta , o n e did n o t
c e i ve d rec e ive

o n s aa ta , o n e h a s r e e1 o le s aa ta , o n e h a s

c e i ve d n o t received
PLUPERFEC T .

o li s aa tu o , n e h a d ei ol tu saa tu , o n e h a d
received n o t r e ceived
P O TE NTI A L .

PRESEN T .

s aa t an e en , o n e m a y ei saa t ari e , o n e m a y
rec e ive n o t receive

l ie n ee tv
‘

s aa ta , o n e ei l ie n e s aa , o n e

m ight h a ve r e m i ght n o t h a ve
c e i ve d received
1 74 FI N NIS H GRAM MAR

2 95 . T he con son an t ste m m ay be fo un d by

drop p i n g the s am e e n di n gs k o on,
-
o f the
,

i m per a tiv e a cti v e ; a s t a l lk o o n

, con so n an t ste m
,

ta l p e s
lk oon,
co n so n an t ste m p e S

I t sho ul d be n oticed th at a l l the co n so n an t stem s

e n d in e in the prese n t i n dic at ive a ctive ; a s t u l e n
l , ,

p e s e rt p an e la etc
, , .

é
ALPHABETl AL LIST or VER BS .

2 96 . A l ph abeti c al l ist
of verb s showi n g the
first pers on S i n g ul a r o f the presen t i n d ic at ive the ,

third person si n g ul a r o f the i m perfect i n dic a tive ,

the third pers o n si n g ul a r o f the i m per ative a ctive ,

a n d the i m p e r a tive p a ssi ve:

a u ta n a u t t ak o o n a u t e t t ak o o n

ek sy k o o n e k s yt t a k o o n

e l ak ofin e l e t t ak oii n
'

e re h t y k tiii n e r e h dy t t ci k o o n
’

h al u t k o o n h al u t t ak o o n
h a n k k ik o o n h an kit t ak o o n
h e it t eik tiii n h e it e t t ei k ti é
' '

h u o m au t t a k o o n h u o m a u t e t t ak o o n
 LIS T OF VERBS 1 75

h un da n h u ut ak o o n h uud e t t a k o o n

h uvit t ak o o n h uvit e t t a k o o n
h yp ai t k ii ti n h y pat t ak ofin
’

h airit k ti ti n
'

h ii irit t zik o o n
'

ih a il k o o n ih a il t ak o o n
i m e k ii ii n i m e tt a k o o n
is t u k o o n is t u t t ak o o n
i t k e k ii ii n it k e t t éi k o o n
jat k a k o o n ja t k c t t a k o o n
ju h l ik o o n ju h l i t t a k o o n

ju o k o o n ju o t a k o o n
jéi t t ak ii ii n k
'

ja t e t t éi tio n

k al as t a k o o n ka l a s t e tt ak o o n
k a n t ak o o n k an n e t t a k o o n
k as vak o o n kas ve t t ako o n

k at s o k o o n k a t s o tt a k o o n
k e it t éi k ii ii n k e it e t t ak fifin
k e réit k ii éin k e rzi t t éi k ti on
' '

k iit t fik o o n k iit e t t éi k o o n
k irjo it t a k o o n k irjo it e t t a k o o n
k o e t t ak o o n k o e t e t t ak o o n
k o h da t k o o n k o h d a t t ak o o n
k o n t at k o o n k o n t a t t ak o o n
k uul k o o n ku u l t a k o o n
k u n n i o it t a k o o n k u n n io it e t t a k o o n
k u ritt a k o o n k u rit c t t ak o o n
k ut su k o o n k ut s u t t ak o o n
ku t o k o o n ku d o t t a k o o n
k y l ai il k éi ti n k y l é il t ei k o o n
' '

k y s y k éi ti n
k ii ve l k ii ii n
l e n t ak otin
lev
k y s yt t fik o o n
ké ve l t ak fifin
l e n n e t t ak oon
le vit t zi k ii ii n
'

it k ii ii n
' '

a a

l o is t a k o o n l o is t e t t a k o o n
1 76 FI N NIS H GRAM MAR
l op e t t ak o o n Io pe t e t t ak o o n
l o u k at k o o n l o u k at t a k o o n
luk e k o o n l u e t t ak o o n
l uu l k o o n r
l uu l t ak o o n
l yo k6 6 n

l éi h t e k ii ii n l ah d e t t a k o o n
l a h e t t ak ii ti n l é h e t e t t éik ti ii n
'

ma k s a k o o n ma k s e t t ak o o ri
m at k u s t ak o o n m a t k u s t e t t ak o o n
m el o ko o n m e l o t t ak o o n
m e n k ii ii n m e n t éi k éi ii n
m e n e t t ak o o n m e n e t e t t éi k o o n
m e n e s t y k titin m e n e s t y t t ei k o o n
'

m e rk it k fifin m e rk it t aik ii b n
' ’

m e t sé s t ak o o n m e t s éis t e t t ak tiii n
'

m u is t a k o o n m u is t e t t a k o o n
m u o d o s t ak o o n m u o d o s t e t t ak o o n
m uut t uk o o n m uu t u t t ak o o n
m y o k éi éin m y fit ci k ii ii n
’

m yo h ast yk o o n niy o h ii s t yt t ak oéi n

'

n a u ra k o o n n a u re t t ak o o n

n o us k o o n n o u s t ak o o n

n uh de l k o o n n u h d e l t ak o o n

n u kk u k o o n n u ku t t ak o o n

n ah k oé n n fih t fik é fin
n a y t t éi k oii n né yf e t t ak ii ii n

o d o t t ak o o n o d o t e t t ak o o n

0 j
c un an o je n t ak o o n o e n n e t t ak o o n
j
o l t ak o o n

o m is t e t t ak o o n
o n g it t a k o o n

o p it t a k o o n

o s at t a k o o n

o s t e tt a k o o n
 1 78 FI NNIS H GR AM M AR

s aa s t ak o o n s a as t e t t a k o o n

t ah t o k o o n t ah d o t t a k o o n
tarj o t k o o n tarj o t t ak o o n
t a rt t u i t a rt t u k o o n t a rt u t t ak o o n
t e h k OOn t e h t éi k OOn
t ie t aik OOn t ie d e t t aik OOn
' '

t o ivokoo n t o ivo t t ak o o n

t ul k o o n t ul t ak o o n

t u n k eu t uk o o n t u n k e u du t t a k o o n
t unt e ko o n t u nn e t t ak o o n
t uo k o o n t u o t ak o o n
u ik o o n uit a k o o n

u n h o t t ak o o n u n h o t e t t ak o o n

vah in g o it t ak o o n vah in g o it e t t ak o o n
vaih t ak oo n vaih d e t t a k o o n
va ku ut t ak o o n vaku u t e t t ak o o n
val it k o o n val it t ak o o n
va ra s t ak o o n va ra s t e t t ak o o n
va s t at k o o n va s t at t ak o o n
ve t aik OOn ve d e t t éik OOn
'

vie k OOn vie t éik OOn

vie railk o o n vie ra il t ak o o n
viih t k On viih d yt t ak OOn
'

vo ik o o n vo it ak o o n
vo it t ak o o n vo it e t t a k o o n
vu o l k o o n vu o l t ak o o n
y l e t k OOn y l e t t ak aan

aéinn e t t a k ii tin
'

aa n n a n aan t ak aan
 F I N NIS H E N GLI S H
-
1 79

FINNISH ENGLISHVOCABULAR Y
-
.

aa l t o wav e , aj u r i dr i v e r
,

aa miai n e n , b r e a k fas t a kk u n a w i ndo w ,

ah , alas al as d o w n,

a h k e ra, dili ge n t al u s v aat e u n d e rc l o th e s

,

a h k e ras t i d i l i g e n tl y ,
a l k aa to b e g i n t o s tart
, ,

A ht i g o d o f t h e s e a
, a ll a u n d e r
,

ai k a t i m e , a n t aa t o g ive ,

ai k o a t o i n t e n d ,
a pu help,

a i n a a lway s ,
a rkk u tr u n k ,

a i r o o ar ,
a s e m a s tati o n d e p o t
, ,

a i ta f e n c e e s ke l st e p
'

, ,

aI t t a sto re h o us e
,
a s t ia ve sse l ut e n sil
, ,

aiv o b ra i n ,
e s tu a t o st e p ,

aj aa t o dr i v e ,
a sua t o l i v e,

aja t e l l a t o th i n k ,
a u rin k o , sun

a jo dr i v e
,
a u t t aa , to h elp

d e ll a b e f o r e l ai n a n i m a l
'

e e ,
,

e h ka i p e rhap s e l i,
'

,
o r

c i, no t, no e n e m p i, c o m p o f pa l j o m o r e
. .

ci e n s in k ii ain ,
’

no t en n, i s u p e l a t iv e
r o f pa l j o .

ci k o s k a an , ne ve r mo st
e il en , y e s t e rda y e n n e n kun , b e f o r e tha t
e k s ya, to e rr e n t in e n , f rme r
o

t e p ah u o m io m is u n d e rs t a m l
'

e l o k uu , Au g us ,

e l ii a
i,
'

to l iv e in g
1 80 VO CABU L AR Y

e re h t y a , to e rr, to m i s ta k e e tela , sou th

e r as e t aall a , f ar
'

so m e
,
one

e tt a that
'

haara b ra n ch ,
h il ja a, il en tly s , qui e tly
h aa rau t u a , t o bra n ch h il ja in e n q u i e t , , silen t

ha lk i thr o u gh
,
h in t a p ric e ,

h el p a ch e ap ,
h iu s , p l u h iu k s e t , . hair
b a l u ta t o w i s h t o d e s ir e
, ,
h o it a a , n u r s e
h a m m as t o o th ,
b it o car e
o ,

h an k ki a t o f u r n i s h,
to get ,
h o p e a s ilv e r ,

ha p a n s o u r b itt e r
, ,
h o u s u t tr o u s e r s ,

ha rj a b r u s h,
h u o m e nn a , t o m o rr o w —

h a rm a a, g ra y h u o m au t t aa , t o ca l l att e n ti o n ,

h a rv o in s e l do m ,
to r e mar k
hatt u h at ,
h u o m au t u s , r e m ar k
h a u kk u a t o b ar k t o i n s u l t
, ,
huo n e r o o m ,

ha u s k a p l e a s a n t
,
h u o k e a ch e ap ,

h av u p uu f ir tr e e ,
h u o l e t i w ith o u t car e ,

he, they h u u l i l ip ,

h e d e l m a, f r u it h u u t aa t o c ry t o s h o u t, ,

h e d e l m apuu ; f r u it tr e e h u k k a a n in vai n
'

h e ikk o w e a k ,
h u h t ik uu A pri l ,

h e in ak u u Ju l y
'

,
h uv i t t aa t o a m u s e ,

h e it t ai t o thr o w h y pat a t o Ju m p
' '
'
’
c , ,

h e l m iku u , F e br u ar y h yv in v e r y ,

h e l pp o , e a s y ch e ap
,
h yv a goo d ,

b enki l i f e ,
h airit éi t o di s t u rb ,

h e rra M r , .
,
S ir h an , h e , sh e

t l a h zi n e l l a he she h as
' '

h e rra s mi e s , g e n e m n on, or

he rn e , pe a
hi tai l
n t a,

he v o ne n, ho rse h at a di s tr e s s
'

, ,
n ee d
h ih a , sle eve h o y ry s t e a m ,

h iiri, m o u s e
 VO CABULAR Y
k ai k ki a l l a , e ve ry wh e re k e k S I a, t o In vent
k ai va n t o ,
m in e k e ll o b e ll ,

k a jah t aa, t o e ch o k e l t a in e n , y e ll o w
k a k s it t a in , t w o b y t w o k e n k ai, s h o e
'

k a k si , t w o k e n k aa n , an y one

k all i o r o c k
, k e rt o m u s , t ry s o

k all i s e x p e n s w e d e ar
, , k e s ci ,
‘
sum me r

kal a fi sh
, k e s a k uu , Ju n e
k al a s t aa t o f i s h , k e s ki viik k o , Wd e nes d ay
k a m mo a t o di s g u s t , k e s k e l l a, in t h e m id s t o f
kam p a c o m b , k e s y ta m e ,

k an a h e n, kev ait
'

s p ri n g ,

k a n a rial in t u ca n ar y bird , k e rm a cr e a m ,

k a n sa l l i n e n n ati o n a l k e reit fi t o gath e r c o ll e ct

'

,
, ,
to
k a n s s a w ith , k e t t u, fo x
k a n t a a t o b e ar t o carr y k iit t aa, t o tha n k
'

, ,

k a rt t a , m a p k u t t a m a t ii n u n tha n k f u l ,

k arta n o g ard e n
, y ar d , kie l i t o n g ue
,

k at k e ra b itt e r s o u r
, , ki e l i o ppi g ra m m ar ,

k asv i p l an t
, k ie h u a t o b o i l ,

k as v aa t o gro w
, ki rj a b o o k ,

k at s o a t o l o o k t o s e e
, , kirje l e tt e r ,

k att o r o o f , k irjai n l e tt e r ,

k at u s tr e e t
, k irjo it t aa t o w rit e ,

k a t uv au n u s tr e e t car , k ir kk o ch u rch ,

k a n k an a f ar , ki r k a s bri g h t c l e ar , ,

k au l a n e c k, k irv es ax ,

k au l u s c o ll ar, kiss a c at ,

k au n is b e a u ti f u l
, k o e tt a a , to t ry
k a u p u n k i cit y ,
k o h d at a, t o m e e t -

k au t t a , b y k o hta s o o n ,

k e h t o , c rad l e k o ira d o g ,

k itch e n
k e it t i ti , ko ko who l e siz e
, ,

k e it t ijéi c o o k
‘
c
,
k o l m e thr e e ,

k e it t aéi t o c o o k k o k o u s m e e ti n g
'

, ,
 FI N NIS H ENGLI S H
-
1 83

k o n t t o ri, o ffi c e k un n e s , un til t il

,

k o n t a t a, t oc raw l k un , wh e n , as

k o r k e a h i gh , p uni sh
k u rit t aa , t o
k o rva e a r , k u t s u a t o ca ll t o , , ask

k o s k a b e ca u s e
, ku t o a t o w e av e ,

ko ti h o m e
, k uva p i ct u r e,

k o u l u s ch o o l
, k y l l a, y e s
k o va h ard
, k y l ei , vi ll ag e
'

k uu , m o o n k y l a i l l a, t o vi i t
'

ku i n tha n
, k y l mai ,
'

cold
k un l l a, t oh e ar k y n ai , p e n
'

k uu k au s i m o n th ky p s y a, t o rip e n
'

k u k ka u m pu f l o w e r b ud k y s y ai, t o ask
'

k u kk a f l o w e r
,
k ar ki p o i n t ,

ku k i n e ach , k a s i ha n d
,

ku k k o r o o s t e r
,
k a s iva rs i, ar m
k u k aa n , an y o ne kas it y s t e n , ha n d in ha n d
ku l t a , g o l d k ai t k y t ,
'

crad l e
ku l ku ri w a n d e r e r
,
k ave l l ci ,
’
t o w al k
ku mm a w o n d e r ,
k a y da, t o go
ku m pikin , k a yt ei v ha ll
'

o ne o f t he t w o a,

k u n n i o i t t aa , t o h o no r k o y h a, po o r

L .

l aaj a w id e
,
l a mm a s l a u m a , fl o c k o f s he e p
l aa k s o va ll e y,
l a m pa a n l ih a , m u tt o n
l a a t ik k o , b o x l a p i o s pad e ,

l aa t u s a n a , adj e ct i v e l a p s i chi l d
,

l ah ja g i f t pr e s e n t
, ,
l a t t ia f l o o r ,

l ah jo it t aa t o p r e s e n t ,
l atva t o p o f a tr e e
, , to p

l a i b a th i n
,
l a u a n t ai S at u rday ,

l a in e h t ia t o w av e l au l aa t o s i n g ,

l ai v a ,s hip l au m a f l o c k ,

l a kan a b e d sh e e t
,
l aul u so n g ,

l a m m as l a m b s h e e p, ,
l aut an e n p l at e ,
1 84 VO CABU LARY
l e ht i l e a f
, l uk e a, t o r e ad
l e ip a b r e ad
, l u ku ch ap t e r
,

l e n t aéi, t o f l y lum i s n o w
'

l ev ii t ai, t o r e s t l u ul l a s up p o s e
'

to , , to pr e
l e u k a chi n , su me
l iian , t o o l u o kk a , c l as s
l u ke b u s i n e s s
, l u s ikk a s p o o n ,

l iivi v e s t
,
l y I Jy k yn a p e n ci l ,

l i ha m e at
, l y h yt s h o rt
,

l ih a k au ppa , m e at m ar k e t l y fidéi t o b e at t o s tri k e

, ,

l ih a va, f at lé h d e s pr i n g
,

l ik i 4 1
( 2i, -
ta ,
-
11 e ) ne ar l ab e ll a n e ar ,

l in t u , bir d l a h e tt eia t o s e n d
' '

l o is t a a , t o hin e l ah t e a t o s tart t o s e t o ff
' '

s , ,

l o k a ku u , O ct o b e r l ak s y l e s s o n
,

l o pe t t a a, t o e n d, to fin ish l a m m in war m ,

l o u k a ta , to i n sul t ,
to h u rt l a m p o t e m p e rat u r e
,

m aa e arth l a n d , ma r kk i n a m ar k e t ,

m aa il m a w o r l d m a rra s k u u N o v e m b e r ,

m a al is k u u M arch ,
m a tt o carp e t ru g
, ,

m aan a n t ai , M o n da y m ata l a s ha ll o w l o w
, ,

m a al a t a t o pai n t , ma t k a trip j o u r n ey
, ,

m a al a ri pai n t e r , ma t k al ippu ti ck e t ,

m ai to , m i lk m at k u s t aa t o trav e l ,

m aj at a l o , h o t e l me w e,

n i ah t a va
p o w e r f u l m i g ht y
, ,
meloa to ,
p add l e
m ak e a s w e e t ,
m e n n éi , to go
m a k e in e n ca n d y ,
m e n e t t aa lo se ,
to

m a k e is k a u pp a c o n f e cti o n ary ,
m e n e s t ya t o s u cc e e d ,

m a kk ara s a u s ag e ,
m e rki t éi t o m ar k ,

m ak s a a ,
to p ay m e ri s e a ,

m a n s i kk a , s tra w b e rr y m e t sa f o r e s t ,

m arj a , b e rr y t o h un t
1 86 VO CABU L AR Y
o m i s t aa , to o wn o s a, p a rt ’

o me n a ,
app l e o sot e addr e s s ,

o n, is o s t aa , to b uy
o n ki , f i s hi n g tac kl e f i s hh o o k ,
o s t o s, s h o ppi n g
o n k ia t o f i s h w ith a h o o k
,
o tsa f o r e h e ad
,

o nni , luck o t t aa t o ta k e
,

o n n e ll in e n l u c ky ,
otta a ki in n i ,
to catch
o pp ia t o l e ar n
,
on o,t s t ra n g e
o pe t t a a, j t e ach e r ova t a r e
,

os ata ,
to kn o w ovi do o r
,

p ai kk a , p l ac e p e it t a a , to co ve r
p ai m e n s h e ph e r d ,
p e ite c o ve r ,

p a i n a a t o p
,
r e s s t o w e i g h ,
P e kk a P e t e r ,

paita s hirt,
p elt o fiel d ,

p a i s t a a t o b a k
, e p e l éi t i
a ,
'

to b e a ffra id

p ai t s i b,e s id e s e x c e p t , p e r h e ,
fam ily
p aha b ad , pa id, t o i n h e ri t
p a l k it a t o r e w ar d
, p e r ja n t ai F r ida y ,

p a l l o b a ll
, p e r un a p o tat o ,

p al a p i e c e
, pe sa n est ,

po l t t aa t o b ur n p e sta t o w a s h
'

, ,

p a l j o m u ch
, p e t o l l in e n d e c e it f u l,

p j
a l a s b ar
, e p ia n s o o n,

p a l v e l ija s e rva n t , pi e n i s m a ll ,

p a n kk L b a n k p u ra kk a , i
p e
p an n a t o pu t , p il vi, cl o ud
p a n n u, p an p im ea dar k ,

p appi p ri e s t m i n i s t e r
, , p i s i n s u p o f p it k a l o n g e s t
, .
, ,

p a p e ri pap e r , ta ll e s t
p a r e m pi c o m p o f h y v a ,
'
.
, b et p it ki n a l o n g ,

p it k a l o n g
'

ter ,

p ara s s u p o f
, . hyva, b est p i t a a t o h,o l d t o r e gard ,
t o ,

p ata k e tt l e
,
l ike
 FI N NIS H ENGLIS H
-
1 87

p o ikk i, acr o s s p u u , tr e e
p o i ka , b oy p u n t o p o rridg e
,

p o i m ia , to p ic k , to gath e r pu u t t u a , t o l uc k , to wa nt
p o hj a b o tt o m
, p u u t a rh u r i, gard n e r
p o hj o i n e n n o rth e r n n o rth , , p y
y h e l iin a , to w el
p o l vi k n e e py yt aa, t o b eg as k
' '

, , to

p c n n is t u s e ff o rt e x e rti o n
, ,
t
py y ,
s pri g h t p o s it i o n
an u

p o n n i s t aa t o e x e rt , pyo r e a r o un d ,

p o s t ik o n t t o ri p o s t o ffi c e , p a a , h e ad
p o t k a i s t a t o kic k ,
p aa s k yn e n s w a ll o w ,

p u d o ta t o f a ll , p aa s t éi t o ,
r e ach
p u k u s u it paa tt éi a t o d e cid e
'

, ,

p uh u a t o s p e a k
, p a I n v a s t o in o n t h e c o n trar
, y
p u n ai n e n ,
re d p a l va d a y ,

p u o l i ha l f
, p a i v a l l in e n di n n e r ,

p u o t i s t,o r e p o yt zi tab l e
'

p u rr a t o b it e
, o
p y t a ki rja r e g i s tr y b o o k
,
-

pu r e hjt i a , t o s ai l p y
o t a
’

l iin a tab l e c l o th ,
-

ra k a s d e ar , r e pa i s t a , to t e ar
ra k a s t a a , l o ve to r e h e l l in e n , ho ne st
ra k e n t a a t o b uil d ,
ri ka s r i ch ,

ra n g a is t a t o p un i s h ,
rin n a t u s t e n , s id e by s id e
ran g a is t u s p un i sh m e n t ,
rinne l pe
s o
r an ta s h o r e c o a s t
,

, ,
rin t a , br e a s t
R an s k a F ra n c e
rata trac k
,
r ipu s t a a , to ha n g
ri s ti tr o u b l e
,

c ro s s ,
r a u ta ir o n ,

va
,

ra u t a t ie rai l r o ad ro u , M rs .

ra v in t o n o u ri s h m e n t f o o d
, ,
ruo h o , g ras s
ra v in t o l a r e s ta u ra n t ,
ru o kah uo n e , d i ni n g ro o m

re h e l l in e n ho ne st ,
ru o k a , fo o d
r e k i s l e igh
,
ru k o il l a , to p ray
1 88 V O CABULAR Y
ru s k e a , br o w n ruu s u , ro se
ru u mis , b o dy ray s t as
'

e av e s ,

s aada t o r e c e i v e
, su st i , ne at
s a a da v al n iii k s i t o g e t r e a dy ,
S l j a, ca s e , se at
s a al i s b o o t y pr e y
, ,
s il m a , eye

s a apu a t o r e ach t o arr i v e

, ,
S il e a ,
sm o o th
s ad e rai n
,
S il l o i n , th e n
s a l l ia t o a ll o w t o p e r m i t
, ,
S i ll a , fo r
s a l aa s e cr e t l y
,
s in in e n , b lue
s al v e t i n ap k i n ,
s n i a th o u
,

s am a sam e
,
s in u n , t hy
s an a w o rd
,
i r
s sa , i t r
s s e

s an o a sisa
i l t a, ) m
'

t o s ay
,
-

s s a, -
s t a, -
e tc .
,

se in a wa ll
,
in t he i n t e ri o r
s e in a k e l l o , c lo c k s i tt e n th e n ,

s e is o a , to s ta n d s it t e n k u n , a f t e r that
s e k o it t a a , t o s tir s it o a t o t ie
, t o bin d ,

se, it s it ru u n a lem o n ,

s e ka al so
,
so k ea bl in d,

s e ka e tt a b o th , an d s o k e ri s u gar ,

s e l l a in e n s u ch ,
s o k e ri p a l a a pi e c e o f s u gar ,

s e l it t i a e x p l ai n de s o k e ria s t ia s u gar b o w l
’
'

c to , ,
to ,

s crib e s o k e ril e iv os ca k e ,

s e l k ai
'

bac k
, s o p im u s agre em en t ,

s e l va c l e ar
,
s o p ia t o f it
,

se m m o in e n , suc h s o ppa , s o up

s e n t éi h d e n , th e r e f o r e , fo r so r mi f i n g e r ,

s e rk k u c o usin ,
s o rm u s ri n g ,

set i un cl e
’
c , s o ut a a, to ro w
s c u rata t o f o ll o w ,
s ub t e e n in r e l ati o n t o
,

s e u raa v a n ext ,
s u k ka s o ck , s to ckin g ,

S i e v a n ic e , fi n e , s u k e l t aa t o d iv e ,

siis , th e r e f o r e s un n u n t a i S u n day ,
 1 90 VOGABUL AR Y

ta m a thi s , tays i f u ll ,

t ann e h e r e , t a y t yy , m us t
ta n aan t o d a y f i ll
' '

t a yt t éici , t o
— ’
,

ta t i a u n t
,

u id a , to s wim brav e
u rh o o l l in e n ,

ul o s, o ut uu n i sto ve, fu r n ac e , ,
o ve n
u l k o m a a, f o r e ig n c o u n tr y un i ,sle ep dr e a m ,

u n h o t t aa, t o f o rg e t u se a m a n y,

use im , o ft e n uus i new

,

u s k al t a a to dar e , to v e n tur e

va a n , b ut va p a fi s hi n g ro d
,

vaara da n g e r
,
van ha o l d ,

vaat e c l o t h
,
va rh ain e n e ar l y ,

vaat e k aa pp i w ardr o b e ,
varjo s had e ,

va at e k au ppa c l o thi n g s t o r e , va rm aan s u r e l y ,

vah in g o it t a a t o i n j u r e t o , ,
va rpu n e n S p arr o w ,

har m vara s thi e f ,

va h in k o i n j u r y har m , ,
va ras t aa t o s t e a l ,

v ahva , s tr o n g vart al o s t e m b o d y , ,

vai h t aa ,
t o cha n g e vart e n , f o r, f o r t h e s ake of

va ik k a b u t , va s e n l e f t ,

vaik e a di ff ic u l t
, , h ar d va s t aan aga i n s t ,

va im o w o m a n , va s t apaat a o pp o s it e ,

vaiva tr o u b l e
, va s t a t a t o a n s w e r
,

vaku u t t a a , to r e gi s t e r , to vas t au s a n s w e r ,

a s s e rt vat sa s t o m ach
,

val e h t e l ija l iar , vau n u car ,

va li ta , to ho o se
c ve it s i k n if e
,

val k e a , w hit e v e li br o th e r
,

val m is , r e ad y v e n e b o at
,

vapaa , fr e e v e ri b l o o d
,
 FI N NIS H ENG L I S H
-
1 91

ve raija gat e pa s s a g e way vu s a s w is e

' '

, ,

v e s i wat e r
, v u s i fi v e ,

ve t éia t o p u ll t o draw vil l ai n e n w o o l e n

'

, , ,

vie d a t o carr y ,
virk a mie s o f f ic e r , ,
o ffi c e
vie la y e t ,
ho lde r
vie rail l a t o v i s i t ,
vo id a t o g e t a l o n g c an
, ,

v i e ra s s tra n g e r ,
vo i b u tt e r
,

vie ra s mi e s w i t n e s s ,
vo im a s tr e n gth ,

V i e ra s h u o n e par l o r ,
vo im ak a s p o w e r f u l ,

V ih d o in at l a s t ,
vo itt aa t o w in ,

vih an n e s v e g e tab l e ,
vu o d e b e d ,

vih a t a t o h at e ,
vu o k s i fo r fo r t h e s a k e o f
, ,

vih a s t u a t o g e t a n gry ,
vu o l l a t o ch i p ,

vih e riai gr e e n
'

,
v u o ri m o u n tai n
,

viih t ya t o f e e l at h o m e ,
vu o s i y e ar ,

vu kk o w e e k ,
v ak e va p o w e r f u l
'

vurn e in fi n a ll y a t l a s t , ,
va rs y v e r s e ,

vum e in e n l a s t vaLi rEi wr o n g cr o o k e d

'
'

, ,
,

Y .

y h t e e n ,
t o g e th e r yl i ,
v e r acr o s s
o ,

Y h dy s val l a t , the U nite d y r i t y s e n t e rpri

,
s e at t e m pt ,

S tat e s y s t éi va f ri e n d ,

y k s i, o ne m
y p a r i ar o u nd ,

y k s it t ci in
’
o ne by o ne y O n
, i g ht
y l e t i
a
'

,
t o ri s e

th e r v o ic e t o n e
aan i ,
' '

aiit i , mo
’

aan e t i, si l e n t samaa t o pr o n o u n c e
’

Ol jy , o il
 VOCABU LAR Y

ENGLISH Fl NNl SHVOCABULAR Y-

.

a cc o rdi n g t o m y o t e n ,
am u s e h u vit t a a ,

acr o s s y l i p o ikk i, ,
an d ja ,

addr e ss o s o t e o s o t t a a, ,
a n s w e r va s t a t a va s t au s
, ,

a dj e ctiv e l a a t u s an a ,
a n i ma l e l ai n ,

ad m ir e ih a il l a ,
an y o n e, k e n k a a n , m ik in
advi s e n e u vo a ,
ap p l e , o m ena
a f r ai d o f p e l ata ,
-
A p ri l , h u h t ik u u
a f t e r jal k i s s a s t a f e n )
,
-

,
-

,
ar e , o va t
agai n taa s ,
ar m , k as iva rs i
a gai n s t va s t a a n va s t e n
, ,
ar o u n d y m p a ri ,

air i l m a
,
art taid e
,

a l a s ah as i f ik aa n k u in n i i n k u in
'

, , ,

al l , k a ikk i as, kun

a ll k i n d s o f k a ik e ll a in e n , as k, k y s y a , py y t a a
a ll o w s a l lia , att t
e m p , y r it y s

a l m o s t m e l k e in , at l a s t V ih d o in vn m e in , ,

a l o n g p it k i n m y o t e n
, ,
A u g us t e l o k u u ,

a l r e ady jo a u n t t ati
'

, ,

a l s o m y Os k in
,
a x k irve s
,

a l ways ai n a ,

b ac k s e lk a ta k a
, , b e, ll a o

bad paha b e l at e m y o h a s t y a
.
'

, ,

b a ll p a ll o
, b e ar k a n t a a
,

ba n k p a n k k i
,
b e ar k arh u ,

bar e pa l jas
,
b e at l y od a ,

bar k h au k k u a
,
b e a u ti fu l k a u n is ,
1 94 VO CABU L AR Y
c h i l d l ap s i,
c o l d ky lm a
,

chi n l e u k a
,
c o ll a r k a u lu s,

ch o o s e va l i ta , c o m b ka m p a ,

ch u rch kir kk o , c o m e t u ll a ,

city k a u p u n k i
, c o n f e cti o n ary ,
m a k e is k a u p p a
c l a i m va a t ia, c o n se q ue n t l y ,
n iin m u o d o in ,

c l a s s l u o kk a
, sus

c l au s e l a u s e ,
co o k ,
k e it t a a , k e it t a Ja
c l o ck s e in ak e l l o
,
co ve r , p e it t aa, p e it t o

c l o s e s u l k e a a h da s
, ,
c ra dd l e , k at k y t
c l o th va a t e ,
craw l k o n t a t a ,

c l o u d pilv i ,
cr e a m k e r m a ,

c o at ta kk i
, cr o s s r i s t i
,

c o ff e e k a h vi ,
cry it k e a h u u t aa
, ,

co ff e e po t , k ah vip a n n u c ut , l e ik at a

d a n g e r vaar a d i n i n g r o o m ru o k a s a l i
d in n e r p ai v
, ,

da n g e r o u s va a ra l lin e n , a l l in e n
,

d a re u s k a l t a a
, di s t re s s h at a ,

d a r k p im e a
, di s t u r b h airit a ,

day p aiva
, d o g k o i ra
,

d e ar ra k a s
, d o wn a l a s ,

d e c e i t fu l p e t o llin e n , dr e a m u n i ,

d e c i d e p aat t aa , dri n k ju o da in o m a
, ,

d e e p s y va, dr i v e aj aa ajo
, ,

de s i re h a l u t a t a h t o a
, , dr i v e r aj aj a ,

d iff ic u l t va ik e a , dry g o o d s s t o r e rih k a m a ,

di l ig e n t a h k e ra , k a u pp a
di l ig e n t l y ah k e ras t i ,

e ach jo k a , e arth ,
m aa
e ar , k o rva e as y , h e l pp o
e ar l y va rh a in e av e s r ay s t éi s
'

, ,
 E N GLIS H F IN NIS H
-

1 95

e ch o k aja h t a a, e v e ry j o k a jo k a in c n
, ,

e dg e r e u n a raj a
, , e v e ryb o dy j o ka m ie s ,

e i th e r o r j o ko , e v e ry o n e j o ka y k i , s

e n d, l o pp u , l o p e t t a a e v e ryw h e r e k a ik k ia l l a ,

e rr, e re h t y a e xp e n s iv e k a ll i s ,

e ve ni n g i l ta , y e s i,
l m a
e ve n t t ap au s ,

f a i l e p a o n n is t u a
, fl o o r , l a t t ia
f a ll p u d o ta
, f l o w e r k u kk a ,

f all s y k s y
, fl y l e n t a a
,

f a mi l y p e rh e ,
'

fo o d, ru o ka
f a m o u s k u u l u is a , f o o t j a lk a
,

f ar k a n k a n a
, fo r s i ll a
,

f a s t k iiva s
, fo r t h e s a k e o f, vu o k s i
.

f a s t e n s it o a , te n
f ath e r I s a f o r e h e ad o t s a
“

, ,

Fe b ru ary h e l m ik u u , f o r e i g n c o u n try u l ko m a a ,

fee l tunt e a
, f o r e i g n e r u l k o m a a l a in e n ,

f e e l at h o m e vn h t y a , f o re s t m e t sa ,

f e n c e a i ta , f o rg e t u n h o t t a a ,

fi e l d p e l t o , f o r k k a h ve l i
,

fi n a ll y viim e in vih d o in
, ,
f o r m m u o d o s t a a m uo t o
, ,

fi n d l o y t aa
,
f o r m ati o n m u o do s t u s ,

fi n g e r s o rm i ,
f o r me r e n t in e n ,

Fi n n s u o m a l a i n e n
,
f o rward e t e e n pa m ,

Fi n l a n d S u o m i ,
fo x ,
ke t t u
fi r tr e e h avu p u u ,
F ra n c e Ka n s k a ,

fi r e t u l i
, f r e e va pa a,

fi s hh o o k o n k i ,
F r i day l a u a n t a i ,

fi t s o p i a
,
f r i e n d y s ta vii ,

fi v e v ii s i
,
f r i e n d l y y s t a va l l in e n ,

f l o ck l au m a ,
f r o m ( s e e S e ct i o n 0 2 a n d
fl o c k o f s h e e p l am m a s l au m a ,
f r o m s o m e wh e r e m u u a lt a ,
1 96 VOGABUL AR Y

f ru i t h e de lm a
, fu ll ta y s i t a y t t aa
, ,

f r u i t tr e e h e d e l m a p u u , f u r n i s h h an k k ia ,

gard e n e r p u u t a rh u ri , giv e , an t aa

gard e n k arta n o piha , , g l ad , il o in e n

g at e ve raja p o rt t i g o, m enn a
'

, ,

g a th e r k e ra t a k o o ta
,
'

, g o l d kult a
,

g en t l e m a n h e rra s m ie s ,
gra m m a r k ie l io pp i ,

g e t, s aada gra s s r u o h o,

g e t a n gry v ih as t u a , gray h arm a a

,

g e t r e a dy s aada v a l m ii
,
k s i gr e e n vih e ri a
,

gi ft l a hja
,
gr o w k as vaa ,

H .

h ai r t u kk a p l u h iu k s e t
, , . he lp , a u t t a a, ap u

h a l f p uo l i
,
h e n, kan a
ha ll k ay t ava
,
'

h e r, h au e n
ha n d k as i h e r e t adl l a
' '

, ,

ha n d in ha n d k a s i k a d e s s a , h i d e p iil o u t u a
,

ha n g rip u s t a a
,
h i gh k o r k e a
,

ha pp y o n n e l lin e n hi ll m ak i
'

, ,

ha pp e n t ap ah t u a ,
h is , h an e n
'

hard k o va h o l d p it a a
' '

, ,

har m va h in g o it t a a
,
h o l d f a s t p it a a k u n n i ,

hat e vih a t a vih a

, ,
h o m e k o ti ,

hat h att u
,
h o n e s t re h e l lin e n
,,

h av e ( s e e L e s s o n X V )
, h o o k k o u kk u
,

h e , h an h o p e t o ivo a t o ivo
, ,

h e h as , b a n c l l a on h o r se h e vo n e n
,

h e ad p aa ,
h o t ku u m a
,

h e ar k u n l l a
,
ho u r t un t i
,

h e ar t s y dan h o u s e ta l o
“

, ,

h e av e n t a iva s ,
h o t e l m aj ata l o h o t e l l i
, ,

h e avy ra s k as ,
h o w k u i mk a
,
1 98 VO CABULAR Y
'

l e g, n il k k a l i o n l e io n a
,

l e n gth p it u u s , l ip h uu l i
,

l e s s o n l ak sy , l iv e a s u a e l aa
, ,

l e tt e r kirje , l o n g p it k a
,

l iar va l e h t e l ija
, l o s e m e n e t t aa
, ,
k a d o t t aa
l ib e rty va p au s , l o v e rak as t a a
,

l i fe e l am a l o w m ata l a
'

, ,

l i ght va l o
,

m e rcha n t , k a u pp ia s
m i lk , m ait o
min d m i e l i ,

m an y m o n i us e a, ,
m i n e k aiva n t o
,

m a n y t i m e s m o n ta k e rt a a ,
m i n u t e m in u t t i ,

M arch m aal is k uu ,
M i s s me it i ,

m ar k m e rk it a m e rkk i
, ,
M r h e rra
m ar k e t m ark e t t i ,
M rs .
, ro u va
m a s t e r, I s an t a m o n th ,
k u u k au s i
M ay , t o u k o k uu m o o n k uu ,

m ea do w , n iit t y m o r n i n g a am u ,

m e a sur e , m itta , m i tata m o s t, en n i

m e at , l iha m o th e r , ai t i

m e at m ar k e t l ih ak au pp a , mu tt o n , l a m p aa n l ih a
m e e t k o h d at a
,
m o u n tai n , v u o ri
m e m o ry mu is t o ,
m y, m i n u n , ( s e e S e cti o n
m e rcha n di s e k au pp at ava ra ,

n ai l n a u l a
,
ne ar , l ah e l l a, l iki -
ll a ,
-
l t a,
n am e n im i ,
-
ll e , etc .
)
n ap k i n s alveti ,
ne at s u s ti
,

n ati o n a l k an s al l in e n ,
n e c e s s ary t a r p e e l l in e n
,

n at u r e luo nt o ,
n e ck kaul a ,
 ENG L I S H FIN NIS H
-
1 99

ne e d l e n e n la , n o o n, p u o l ipa i vii
n e i ghb o r n a a p u ri ,
n o se , a ne n

ne st , p e sa n o t at a ll c i c n s in k a a n ,

n e ve r c i k o skaan
,
no tice h u o m a t a h u o m a ut u s
, ,

ne w , uus i n o u r i s h me n t ra v in t o r uo ka , ,

ne xt , s e u ra a va N o v e m b e r m a r ra s k u u ,

n i ght , yo n ow , ny t

no, ci ( s e e S e cti o n 8 5 ) num ber , nume ro

no one c i y k s ik a an
,
nu rse , h o it a a , h o it aja
n o i se m elu ,

o b e y, t o d e Ha on acc o un t o f, t ah de n
o cc u r t ap ah t u a
,
o ne by o ne , y k s it t ain

O ct o b e r l o k a ku u ,
one of the tw o, o m p ik u m pi
j
o do r t u o k su
,
o pen , a u k a is t a

of , ( s e e S e ct i o n 2 5 ) o pp o s it e va s t a pa a t a ,

o f fe r t a rjo t a t a rjo u s
, ,
o ar airo
,

o ffi c e r virk a m i e s
,
or ,eli tah i ,

o ff ic e k o n t t o ri
,
o th e r , t o in e n

o ft e n u se i m
,
o u ght , p it aa
o il , Ol jy o u r, m e id an ( s e e S e cti o n 90 )
o l d, va n h a o u t, u lo s

on, paal l a ( se e S e cti o n ow n , o ma , o m is t a a

p add l e m e l o a ,
p ar k pu is t o
,

p ag e s i y u,
p ar l o r V ie ra s h uo n e
,

p ai n t u s k a k ip u
, ,
p art o s a ,

p a i n t ni a a l a t a m aa l i
, ,
p a s s e n g e r m a t k u s t aja ,

p ai n t e r m a al a aja ,
p ath p o lk u
,

p a i r p ari
,
p ay m a k s a a m a k s u
, ,

p a n , pa n n u p e a, h e rne
p a p e r pap e ri ,
p e ac e ra u ha ,

p ar e n t s va n h e m m a t,
p e n e trat e t u n ke u t u a ,
2 00 VO CABU LAR Y '

pe n , ky n a p o o r ko y h a
,

p e n c i l ly l j y ky n a
, p o t at o p e r u n a ,

p e rmit , s al l ia p o w e r fu l vo im a k a s ,

P e t e r, P e kk a p r a y ru k o il l a
,

p ic k , p o i m ia , k e ra t a p r e s s p a in a a
,

pi e c e of su g ar , s o k e rip a l a
v
p re s e n t l a h ja ,

p i e , p n ra k k a p ric e hin t a,

p l a c e , p a ikk a, s ij a p r o n o un c e a a n t a a ,

p l at e l aut a n e n
, p u ll ve t a a
,

p l a y l e ik k ia
, p u n i s h ra n g a is t a
,

p l e as e O l k a a h y va
,
p un i s h m e n t ra n g a is t u s ,

p l e a s an t h a u s k a , p t,
u pa n n a
p o i n t k ar k i
,

Q
.

q ua rt n e l jas
, o sa q u i e t ,
h ilja in e n

q u ic k vi l k a s
,

rabb i t j an i s ,
re l ati o n t o s u b t e e n ,

ra i l r o a d r a u t a t ie
,
re ma r k h u o m au t t a a
,

ra i n s ad e re m e m b e r m u is t a a ,
,

i
ra s e , n o s t aa r e s t l e v ata l e p o
, ,

ra k e harava
,
r e s ta u ra n t ravin t ol a ,

ra y ,s ad e
'

r e t u rn p a l ata t ak a is in
,

r e ach s aa p u a
, , p aas t a p e ril l e r e ward p al kit a ,

r e ad luk e a
,
rich ri k a s
,

r e ady va l m is
,
r i ght o ik e a
,

re as o n , syy ri n g s o rm u s
,

r e c e iv e , s aada ri p e n k y p Sy a
,

re d , p u n a in e n ri s e n o u s t a
,

ga rd p it aa ro ad t ie
' '

re , ,

re g i s t e r vak u u t t aa , ro c k ,
k a ll i o k ivi ,

re g i s try b o o k p a iva
-
k i rja ,
ro o f ,k att o
r e in , o h ja s ro o nn h u o n e
2 02 VO CABU L AR Y
i t r
s s e , s s i ar s p e a k p uhu a ,

s it , is t u a s p e c i al e rit y in e n l i m a a
, , y
s k i n n ah k a k u o r i
, , ra m e n
s k irt ha m e
, spen d k ul u t t aa
,

s k y, t a ivas s p o o n l u s ik k a,

l p n u kk u a
s ee ,
s p r e ad l e vit a , , levit t a a
sle eve h ih a ,
s p ri n g k e v at ,

s l e i gh r e ki , s tair p o rra s
,

sl ope ri n n e
,
s ta m p m e rk k i
,

slo w hida s
,
s ta n d s e is o a
,

s m a ll pien i
,
s tar , t ehti
s m o o th sil e a ,
s tir , s e k o t t aa

sno w l um i,
s ta rt a l k aa
,

so, n iin s tat i o n asem a ,

ap s a ipp u a s tay j aad a v

'

so , , u py a ,

s o ck , su kk a s te al va ra s t a a
,

s o ft , p e h mea s t e am h Oy ry,

s o il m aa ste p ,e ske l

m e , j o ku m u u an /
,

so , sti ck k e pp i
,

some o ne j o ku , s t o ck i n g sukk a ,

s o m e th i n g , jo t a in s t o m a ch vat s a ,

s o m e wh e r e , jo s s a k in stone k iv i
,

so n, p o ika stop ,py s a y h t ya

s o n g l aulu, sto re pu o t i
,

so o n p ia n jo u t u in
, , sto rm m y rs k y
,

s o rr o w suru , st o rm y m y rs k y in e n
,

s o un d aan i s t o ry k e rt o m u s
,
,

s our v ak e va st o ve unn i
'

, ,

s o u th e t e l a s traight s up ra ,
,

k y lv s tra n g e o nt o
'

sow, aa
'

sow, n e ulo a s tra n g e r vi e ra s ,

s pad e l api o ,
s traw o lk i
, ko r si ,

s par e s aas t ad s trawb e rry m a n s i kk a

' '

, ,

s par k sake n e , .
s tr e e t k at u
,

s parr o w v a rp u n e n s tr e n gth vo im a ,
 ENGLI S H FIN NIS H
- 2 03

s tr i k e l y d a o
S u n day , s un n u n t ai
,

s tr o n g va k e v a ,
su p p e r il l a ll in e n
,

s ur e l y va rm a s t i
s t u dy o pe t e l la
,
,

s u r f ac e p i nt a
s u bj e ct a l u s ai n e
, ,
,

s u s p e ct e p ail l a
s u cc e e d me ne stya ,
,

s we e p l a k a is t a
s u ch s e ll a in e n
,
,

s wa ll o w p aa sk y n e n
s u ff e r k ar s i a
,
,

sw e e t m ak e a
s u gar s o k e ri
,
,

ga r b o w l s o k e r ia s t i a s wi f t n o pe a
su ,
,

s wi n g h e il u a
sui t , p uku ,

s wi m n ida
sun , a u r in k o ,

T .

t ab l e , p o y t a
th e y h e,

ta i l ha n t a
,
th i c k pa k s a
,

tai l o r ra a t a l i ,
thi e f vara s,

t a k e o t t aa
,
t h i n g a s ia e s i n e
, ,

ta m e k e s y ,
thi n k aja t e l l a
,

t e a, tee
thir s t j a n o ,

t ea o
p ,t t e e pan n u
th i s ta m a
,

t h o se
t e ach ,
o p e t t a a
ne ,

t e ar re p ia ,
th o u s i n a ,

t e e th h a m p a at ,
th o u gh va ik k a ,

t e ll s a n o a k e rt o a ,
th ric e k o l m a s t i ,
,

t e m p e rat u r e l a m p o t hr o at k u rk k u .
,

ten, kym m e n e n
thr o u gh l ap i ,

thr o w h e it t aa vis k a t a
'

th a n k u i n , ,

T h u r s day t o rs t a i
,

tha n k k iit t aa
'

thy s i n u n ( s e e S ct i 97 )
,
e o n
that t u o ,

k l i
m
,

th aw s u l aa ,
t i c k e t p a a s y l ipp
.
u a t a p ,

th e i r h e id a n ,
p u

t ie , s it o a k a u l a n au h a
th e m n e n a m a , ,
,

th e n s itt e n ,
ti me ai k a ,

th e r e t u o l l a s ic ll a tir e v a y a
,
s

Se c t io n s 6 4
,

76 )
,

( se e an d
th e s e n am a to,
' '

,
2 04 VO CABULAR Y
t o da y ,
-
t an aan tra n s p ar e n t l ap in ak y va ,

t oe ,varva s trav e l m at k u s t aa ,

t o m o rr o w h u o m e n n a
-
, tr e a s u r e k a s s a ,

t o ng u e ki el i ,
t r e at k o h d e l l a k a s it e l l a
, ,

t o n i gh t ta n a il t a n a
-

,
t ri c k k e in o ,t e m p pu k e pp o , ,

t o o m y o s k in l iia n vi e l a
, , ,
nen

t o o th h a mm a s
,
trip m at k a,

t o p l atva
,
tr o u b l e h an k al u u s ,

t o u ch k o s k e a ,
tru s t l u o t t a a,

t o u r m at k a
, tr u th t o t u u s ,

t o w e l p y y h e l iin a
,
try k o e t t a a
,

t o wn k a u p u n k i
, T u e s da y t n s t a i ,

t ra c k rata ,
t u r n k aan t aa
,

t rain j un a
,
twi c e k ah d e s t i ,

t r a n s l at e k aan t aa ,

U .

u gl y r um a ;
, va
e p am i e l l y t t a l
un e s s , j l l o
e i, p a it s i
un c l e s e ta,
un ti l , a s ti , k u n n e s , s aak k a
un d e r a ll a , u p o n p aal l a ( s e e
, S e ct i o n 74 )
u n d e rs ta n d , y mm art aa, k as it u pw ar d y l o s p a m ,

t aa ur ge , k e h o it t a a
it e y h dis t aa us e k ay t t aa
'

un , ,

V .

va ll e y l aa k s o ,
victi m u hri ,

v e g e t a b l e vih a n n e s ,
vi rtu e h y ve ,

ve rb t e o n s a n a
,
vi s it k y l ail l a
, ,
k y l ai ly
v e r s e var s y,
w srt o r, k y l ail ija
ve s t l i i v i
,
v o rc e ,
a an 1 ~

wa ge p al k k a , wal k k a v c ll a
,

w a g o n k arr y , w a ll s e in a
,

w a i s t vy o t ain e n
, w an t t a h t o a h a l u t a
, ,

w a k e , h e rat a w a r dr o b e va a t e k a a p pi ,
 IND E X .

NOTE —
R e fe r e n c e s are to p a ra g ra p hs un l ess o t h e rw is e in
d ic a t e d .

a b e ss v i 7 7, 2 4 8
e 2 49
c ase , , . c o n son an t s tem 81 , 2 95
tiv b
.
,

ab la e case 7 5 , 2 3 2 , 2 3 3 , 2 3 4, , c on son an t s , 3 , 7,
ha n g e s
.

2 3 5, 2 3 6 2 3 7, 2 3 8 . . c on so n an t c , 1 1 , 1 2 ,

acc en t, 9 . c on t ra c ted W o rd s , 2 74 .

v v
.

a c cu sati e case, 2 3, 2 7, 1 8 7 , d im in u ti e s , 1 7 4, e .

1 88 . d ip h t h on g s , 4; h o w pro
a d je c t i e s, a v
re e m e n t of 20; g n ounee d, 5
p d l
,

b
.

c om a ris o n , 1 2 3 ; e c e n s io n d is t ri 1 49
ut i e s, v
l
.
,

1 2 6 , 2 77 , 2 7 8 , 2 7 9 ; d e r i a t i o n , v e ati e v
c as e , 6 2 , 2 0 8, 2 0 9, 2 1 0,
1 75 ; i rre u a r, 1 28; po s g l 21 1, 21 2 2 1 3, 2 1 4 . .

s e s s iv e , 96 . e ssi e v
case 41 1 8 9, , , 1 90 , 1 91 .

a d e s siv e c as e 7 3 8 2 , 2 2 3 , 2 2 4, , , f u t u r e t im e , 1 2 1 , 1 2 2 .

2 2 5 , 2 2 6 , 2 2 7, 2 2 8 , 2 2 9, 2 3 0 , g e n d e r, 1 3 .

2 31 g e n it i e c as e v 2 4 2 5, 1 7 9, 1 8 0,
b d fi
. , ,

a d ve r s , e n it io n 1 6 0 ; for 1 82 , 1 83, 1 84 1 . 85 .

p
,

m a t io n , 1 61 ; o s it i o n o f, h a ve , 82 .

1 6 4 i ll a ti v e case 6 3, 6 4 2 1 5, 2 1 6
l
.
, , ,

a l t i ve
a c ase , 76 , 2 3 9, 2 4 0 , 2 4 1 , 2 1 7, 2 1 8, 2 1 9, 2 2 0 , 2 2 1 , 2 2 2 .

2 42 .
v
i m p e r a t i e , 5 3 , 5 4, 2 5 8 , 2 6 0 .

a lph b et, 1a .
i m p e r f e c t , 3 7, 3 8 , 3 9, 1 1 2 , 2 5 1 .

a p p o sit iv e , 1 59 im p e rs o n a er s 1 09 l v b
b
.
,

a spirat io n , 1 1 n ote 1 ; 8, .
v
i n d ic a t i e , 3 3 , 3 5, 1 1 1 , 2 50
l
a r ti c e , n o n e In in n is , 1 9 F h in fin it i v 56 es 261, 262 fi rs t
l v b ll
.

, , ,

aux i iary er o a , 6 5 ; c o n ju
263; second 57 1 1 7 264 , ,

h d f h
,

g a t io n , 2 8 8, 2 8 9 .
t ir 5 8, 1 1 8, 2 6 5 ; o u rt
a t t ri b u te, 1 58 5 9, 2 6 6
, ,

l be
.

c ardin a num rs , 1 41 ; for in e s si e v

case 52 2 02 , 2 03 , , ,

m a t i o n 1 42 , , 1 43, 1 44 .
2 0 4, 2 0 5 2 06 , 2 07
l
.
,

c o m p a r a t i ve , 1 24; d e c in e d , in s t ru c t i e c ase v
7 9, 2 4 4 , 2 4 5 , ,

2 78 . 246 2 47 ,
.

c om i t a t i e c a s e 7 8 2 43 v , , . i n t e r j e c t i o n s , 1 72 .

c om pou n d n oun s 1 57 , . i n t e rr o g a t io n , 1 3 0 1 31 , 1 32 , .

c om poun d tenses Le s s o n , in t e rro g a ti v e p ro n o u n s, 1 3 0,

X VIII . 2 87 .

c o n ditio n a l moo ds 4 9, 5 0 , 2 5 5 , m o o ds, 29

lt i p li
, .

2 56 . m u ca t io 1 53
n s , .

c on ju g a t io n s , 2 8 8, 2 8 9, 2 90 , n e g atio n , L esson X VI .

2 91 . n e g ati v v b e er s , Le s s o n X VI .

c on ju n c t io n s, co -
or di nate 1 70 ; n u m b e rs , c ard in a l 1 41 ; or
l
, ,

su b di or n at e , 1 71 . d in a ,
1 51 .
 I N DE X 2 07

n o m in a t i v e case , 1 8 , 21 , 2 2, p re po s i t io ns . 16 5 16 7 . . 16 9 .

1 7 7, 1 78 .
p re se n t t e ns e 34 35 47 48
d e i v a t i o n 1 73
, , , . .

n o uns , r , . 4 9, 50
pe
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