yee 1-Phase Half Bridge Inverter 1. RMS Output Voltage: The Average Output Voltage is given by Verve Z Sp” Yo (wt) dwt) Now, rms value of the output is given by, Von [JG ¥3 (wt)d(we) = - SZ ¥8 (wt)d (wt) [Due to quarter wave symmetry] 255 ("EY dew Vac 2 RMS value of a square wave is equal to its peak value. Page 1 of 262. Instantancous Output-Voltage: The Fourier-series can be found out by using the following equation vo(wt) =, > Cysin(nwt + Op) neta, Where CG, = faz + DE And Oy = tant (22) And a, = 22" vp (wt) cos(nwt) d(wt) =0 [ due to quarter wave symmetry] bat fo v9 (wt) sin(nivet) dwt) Due to quarter wave symmetry, b,,= 0 for all even ‘n’. So, b, re ~£sin(nwe) d(we) a t0 baoE [fF “sin (nwt) dwt) + J2"(— 48) sin(nwe) dowe)] Pe ant tl nm Ie 2 Io =£££ [cos 2nn — cosnm — cosnm +cos0 ] Forbi, ates [1414141] a For bs, “SO =2Vae an For bs, aac om Page 2 of 26Therefore, The instantaneous output voltage of a half-bridge inverter can be expressed in terms of Fourier-series form as Wee VoCwt) = > SE sin(nwe) nerds. Vo(iwe) = 0 ,for n=2,4,..(even value of n) Z— 3. Switeh (Device) Voltage and Current Ratings: Vac The current waveform for switch is a square wave with a peak value of a So, a1 plac Iravg = 73 Ge Performance Parameters of Inverters 1. Harmonic Factor of n" Harmonic (HF): ‘The Harmonic factor is a measure of the individual harmonic contribution in the output voltage of an inverter. It ig defined as the ratio of the rms voltage of a particular harmonic component to the rms value of fundamental component. 2 HD); A total harmonic distortion is a measure of closeness in a shape between the output voltage waveform and its fundamental component. It is defines as the ratio of the rms value of its total harmonic component of the output voltage and the rms value of the fundamental component. Page 30f26Mathematically, 3. Distortion Factor (DF): A distortion factor indicates the amount of harmonics that remain in the output voltage waveform, after the waveform has been subjected to second-order attenuation. It is defined as 4. Lowest order Harmonics (LOH) The lowest frequency harmonic, with a magnitude greater than or equal to three-per cent of the magnitude of the fundamental component of the output voltage, is known as the lowest order harmonic. Higher the frequency of the LOH, lower will be the distortion in the current waveform. Solved Problems (EESEnSE. A single phase half bridge inverter has a resistive load of =32 and the de input voltage Va.=24 V. Determine: (a) IGBT ratings (b)Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) (c) The distortion factor DF (d) The harmonic factor and the distortion factor of the lowest order harmonic Page 40f 26Solution: (a) IGBT ratings: / nw Ave alg Vee gpa Yael Vac R) (i) Average Ing current = (3 ¥8e ae = Mee? = Hac & So, average IGBT current= 2* = 2, oe xa oye (i) IGBT peak current= ipoa =" = 4 Ss Pad (iii) Peak reverse blocking voltage Vsx of each IGBT, ww = Vop=2 x42 = 24 Volts ay 2 oh ff (b) Total Harmonic distortion (THD): x OY wv - 2ax2 Vang Vina =10.8V Vonsy- “é = 28 = 12V RMS harmonic voltage = |E-35.7 VE, = Vaiems) — VE =V12? — 10.87 =5.23V =8:23 = 48.44 THD: To8 * 100% = 48.4% (c) Distortion Factor DF: tn DF: . Virms Page Sof 26_ To determine “#2, we have to find Varms uy Vo= Eiferaa. Zé sin(mwt) = 0, for n=24,6. ac Me sin(we) + 24¢sin aut) + Ae sin(Swe) + 2A sin(7we) + Vorms= 1.2V Vitrms™.982V. 3 +@+@+-} =[.16 +.0348 +0023 +. =44V 3 * 100% = 4.1% (d) The lowest order harmonic is third harmonic. So, HF for the third harmonies HF sj DF of the third harmonic DF)—Y#=0e Varms (EUSA The single-phase half bridge inverter has a resistive load of 10Q and the center tap de input voltage is 96V. Compute, (a) RMS value of the output voltage (b) Fundamental component of the output voltage waveform. (c) first five harmonics of the output voltage waveform (d) Fundamental power consumed by the load Page 6 of 26(c) RMS power consumed by the load (0 Verify that the rms value determined by harmonic summation method is nearly equal to the value determined by the integration method. ss shy a ote oe ON s oe Vicon Vae = 9x96 = 86.40V (©) First five harmonies are given by, Neorg Bro 28a Vos)-8 = 4 = 17.28” Vor) = = 12.34v Va =" = at =9.6V Voan- = S84 7.85 (d) Fundamental power, Poctin = Bowe = 864" = 746.5W (©) RMS power, Povrs)= oan 2s = 921.6W (f) RMS values by harmonic summation method is, Vom =VVe+ VE +VE +E + VE + VA =94.34.V Thus, the two values are equal. The value obtained by harmonic summation method is always less than the direct integration method. 1-Phase Full Bridge Inverter + Circuit Analysis: 2 I Page? of 26Load jp Voltage +e Ofennnnafgrmnnn permanent : = en ! sree Load 4 “ee wees cecanest Vee os conceal op Yo. _{----}-- ------3t sey}, Ney Gereren Po = = ~~ ----- 5 t Is,15, } Si'Sy% Nbe/e 1 i a -----5t Ist Vée/R { i Mode -I] Made -I} TTT Sa ane bt 1 $5, 53,54 Mode -I : Mode- IIThe analysis of the full-bridge inverter with resistivelond can be carried cut on sia ins of half bride inverter with ive load, Hence all equations of half bridge are valid with “replaced by Vae 1. RMS output voltage, Voymy=Vae 2, Fourier series, Vo(we) = Y we (nwt) ” oer et § Fundamental Output voltage, Vain” 2 ae rd ees Yanna oe B® harmonie voltage, Vou ee 5, Transistor switch ratings: v. Ver, = Vee + Ir(av) = q Treems) = ig a= Solved Problems [EEEEEEED A single phase full bridge inverter is operated from a 48Vbattery and is supplying power to a pure resistive load of 102. Determine (a)The fundamental output voltage and the first five harmonics. (b) RMS value by direct integration method and harmonic summation method. (c) Output rms power and output fundamental power (4) Transistor switch ratings Solution: Given, Vac= 48V, R=10Q (a) So, Fundamental output voltage, Vo yan Vee = 2 (48) = 43.22V Page 8 of 26Now n harmonic voltage, Vaya) 12 tant 43.22 =S2 = 14.40V Vosy= 8.64V Vo) S22 = 4.80V z wo ee ot ©) Vom = Vee" 48V Von) = (VE + VE HVE HVE + Ve+VA = (3.22) + (14.40)? + (8.64)? + (6.17)? + (4.8)? +(3.92)? =47.18V Hence, the two values are nearly equal. (©) Output RMS power, Pons) = “222 “em 930, aw Output fundamental power, Poyfons) = Hoan = 186.624W (@) Switch transistor ratings, v. Vee, = Vac248, Inr(peaxy 2 =$° > 4.8A Ireems) 2 FEE 23.394A, In(any 2 224A Page 9 of 26(ERSMEEIS? The full bridge inverter has a source voltage Vy.=220V. The inverter supplies an RLC load with R= 100, L= l0mIL and C=52uF. The inverter frequeney is 400Hz, Determine, (a) The rms load current at fundamental frequeney (b) The rns value of load current xan tie (c) The power output ee wert amen eat (d) The average supply current Sane Solutic Given: E, = 220 V, R=100, L= 10 mH, C= S2HF, f= 400 Hz The inductive reactance of the fundamental voltage Ny = 2nfl = 2x 1x 400 x01 = 25.130. The capacitive reactance for the fundamental voltage, es 1 = Qnfc 2mx 400x 52x 10-6 Impedance offered to the n® harmonic-component 7.72 2p Re+ (nx, Impedance offered to different harmonic components are obtained by putting different values of n, 2, = (G0)? + 25.13 — 7.7)? = 20.09 23 = }(10)? + (3 x 25.13 — 2)? = 73.51 Zs = |(10)? + (5x 25.13- yp = 124.51 = |(10)? + (7 x 25.13 -% 2 = 175.09 25 = }(10)? + (9 x 25.13 ~ 222 = 225.54 Now the rms value of n® harmonic component of the output voltage is , Z, Vee = *220 = Also, rms value of n" harmonic component of the output current is Page 10 of 26(a) RMS value of the fundamental component of load current, 198, 1x 20.05 (b) Now, for different harmonics components different values of n and Z, are placed, 4 = 9.86A I, 897A I, = 318A 161A 1, = 097A ‘So, mms value of load current, +B +R +R +h =\GSO= + (897) + (318)? + (161)? + (097)? =9.90 A (6) Output power, re ee Po= I?,R=(9,90)?,10= 980.10W ie se (d) Average supply current, ae ’ Page 11 of 36[ERDIEREEE A single-phase transistorized bridge inverter has a resistive load of R=3Q and the de input voltage of Vs.=24V. Determine: (a) Transistor ratings (b) Total Harmonic distortion (©) Distortion factor (d) Harmonie factor and distortion factor at the lowest order harmonic. Solution: (a) Transistor Rating: 1. Peak transistor rating Ip, =““° = “= 16A 2. Average transistor current lavg = ws =8A Ye 3. Peak reverse blocking voltage, Var= 48V= Vac (b) The rms harmonic voltage is v2 ‘o(rms) Ww We Virms™ 9V ge =.9%48 = 43.2V Vorms= of (48)? = (43.2)? = 20.92V So, THD= 227 x 100% = 48.43% © z Here JD23.¢7(“B#) =.0342V gases DF=—— x 100% =3.8% Page 12 of 26(a) The lowest order harmonic is the third harmonic. The rms value of the third harmonic is wo ane ont Satan eal wt ne Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) In PWM Half Bridge Inverter > Circuit Analysis: 1, Fundamental Output Voltage: The fundamental output voltage can be very easily found by assuming the carrier ratio is quite high. Fundamental output voltage is proportional to the instantaneous modulation index and to the peak value of the output voltage (Vee/2) Vo (éena= Instantaneous modulation index x peak value of the output voltage _Ymsinumt Ye * Vac/2 Vm vde sin Ont But modulation index, M=U So, Vortuna= M .Vae/2 . Sin Wnt, M The general equation for the rms value is given by Vorwny= [Yuna + Vay # VB = Wa pumay + EF=2 V3 (n) eg oe “ Soon ae Now, on? en ot Es VR(M= [VF my — VS er saa V8 Sirs) — Votyunay Substituting the value of Vojms) and Vogtuna from equation (1), = va(n) = |(¥8)° + (MY (Yes) = Ye fee sei) +) A) - SR Thus the amplitude of the harmonics are independent of Mr. (4) Distortion and Harmonic Factor: fans 0.707 .MYSe Distortion factor, DF= ye = a =.0™M ‘oorms Ya DF mx= .707 when M=1 i 2 Harmonic factor HP= |-*— ee 1 HF max=100% when M=1 Page 14 of 26(5) Harmonies at the Output: ‘The carrier ratio is defined as, Me felfm = 2.p, where p is the number of pulses per half-eycle, The harmonic frequencies present at the output can be expressed as fr=kifet+ ko.fin where fi= frequency of the n" harmonic so, = ky, £ tke ot Im In Pa ard The order of the n® harmonic ’n’ is given by, os oe hr oe on 1 a kumetk The carrier ratio is usually chosen as odd number. The waveform then will have a quarter-wave symmetry and only odd harmonies are present. This is one of the requirements of a PWM signal. Now only odd harmonics are present hence if ki is odd and ke is even and vice versa. Therefore, the harmonic component at the output, n= My, My2,.MysaMys6 n=2My41,2My43,2My45 1 n=3My 3Mys2.MysaMyso-~ Solved Problems A single phase half-bridge bipolar PWM inverter is operated from a center tap 240V DC supply. The fundamental output frequency is adjusted to S0Hz. The carrier frequency used is 1.2KHz. Modulation index is adjusted to .8. Determine: (a) Carrier ratio and the number of pulses per cycle (b) Fundamental output voltage (c) Distortion and the harmonic factor of the output voltage waveform. (d) The order of the first five significant harmonics. Solutio Given, “8 = 240V ,f=50Hz, fe= 1.2KHz, M=8 1200 (a) 2p-Mr= fo/fn=—So=24 Page 15 of 26vac () Voy MSE = TOT» Mae - 107 80240 = 135.74V (€) Vou = “2 = 240 Yopuniy’ 13574 S655 = 56.55% Vocrms) 0" a i pe [Lie | -1- = 145,84 Harmonie factor, HF oF 1 Gseoayt 1= 1,458 =145.8% (d) harmonics are given by, Distortion factor DF n= My, Mp2, My sa My 46 oy n= 2My41,2My43,2My45 n= 3M, 3Mys2MpsaMyso n=4M ys 4My43,4M p45 n=5My SMy+2,5My44,5My46 Thus the significant harmonies are, n=24,20,22, n= 47,49,45,51 n=72,70,74 n=95,97 n=120,1 18,122 etc. Shuvra Prokash Bnwas rn tact tata diemintkenn PWM Full Bridge Inverter Circuit Analysis: Half bridge and full bridge are identical in fact that the peak voltage for full bridge is Vac instead of “ 1. RMS value of output, Vorns)» Vee 2. RMS value of the fundamental , Vortng= .707*M Vue 3. Distortion factor, DF= .707*M 4, Harmonic factor, HF= 5. Gain of inverter, G= .707*M. 6. Dominant harmonics, n= My, Mys2.Mys4. Mp6 Page 160126n=2My+1,2Myi3,2Mp4s o n=3My 3My42MysaMys6 n=4My a4 4Myi3,4Mya5 oo n=SMy SMys2,5Mps4,5My46 Solved Problems (ESSENSE A single phase full bridge bipolar pwm inverter is fed from a 240V battery and is driving an RL load. Compute the following if modulation index M=.8 (a) Total RMS output voltage (b) fundamental Output Voltage (©) Distortion and harmonic factor os oo (4) Gain of the inverter. ager Solution: Given, Ve= 240V. M=.8 (a) RMS output voltage, Vorms = Vse=240V (b) Fundamental output voltage, Vagina .707*M Vee = ,707*240%.8 =135V (c) DF= .707*M =.707*.8=.5656 And HF= 1.457 (d) Gain of the inverter, G= .707*M =.707*.8=.5656 Page 17 of 26bay A full-bridge inverter is operated from a de supply of 280. V and in unipolar PWM mode, Determine (a) Fundamental output voltage at M=.8 (b) the first five dominant harmonic order if Mr 24 Solutic (a) Fundamental voltage, Vaytinty® .707*M Vex Voctunty™ 207% 8280, 1SRI6V. (b) 1 five dominant harmonics are given by, n= 47,49,95,97,143,145, Three-Phase Inverters onduction Mode with Resistive load The line to line RMS voltage can be found from _ 1 vB vaedw0)} B E Vac The RMS n*® component of the line voltage is, Ae cog BE Vur= Fann 86 Which for n=l, gives the fundamental line voltage, Viz Fé cos! =7797Vae vin The rms value of the line to neutral voltages can be found by, Page 18 of 26y SOLVED EXAMPLES GLE A three phase bridge inverter is operated in 180degree conduction mode, Draw the output line voltage waveforms and obtain (a) Fourier series for the line voltage (b) RMS value of the n" harmonie- line voltage (c) RMS value of the fundamental component of the line voltage (d) First four harmonics present at the output in the line voltage waveform. (c) The RMS value of the line voltage ‘smuvta Prokash Biswas, (f) distortion and harmonic factor. penne tacoemreneeton a laipeenn atgeny eee Solution: fanateions rT >t zt: me % at % (a) Since, the waveform has a quarter-wave symmetry, ,=0, for all n, and b,=0, for all even n = Also, bi=* {2 v(wt) sin (nest) dust for all odd ‘n From Figure, it can be written, 4 bp T ® [ Vac sin(nt)dat 6 sae = Hes [eos(nut IE Las nn So, bs Ge COS Now, Cons/al + BR = “2 cos Average value of the waveform is given by, Ae Vang = xl v(wt)dat a Page 19 of 26| fei Vacdoot + gy (tua Now, the fourier series for any periodic waveform is given by, Met)= Vang + Dy as..Cn sin(nat + g,) We 04 LPs “cos™ sin(nwt + 0) so Ade =Eias,. Seco sin(nat) (b) The rms value of the n® harmonic component is given by. = Ney, cos(%) ot” 4, Vac cos (= *) for all odd 'n! EE os ge or (c) The rms value of the fundamental can be obtained by substituting m1 Vane) = Vee 605 ("E) = 78V4e = 78%6Vae (d) we have Vac Vacune) = SE cos (= =) for all odd ‘n' The first four harmonics are given by, h=1,5,7,11,13.... (Tripplen harmonics are zero] he6k#1, k=1,2,3.... ) The fourier series is given by, Vine = -78¥ae [sin(Lot) + 2sin(Swt) + 4sin(7at) + = sin(Ltae) + Asin(130t) y+] The rms value is given by, Page 20 0f 25an 1 Vass = fee[ v*atldon) ; the waveform has quarter-wave symmetry, we can write v, rms 3 | v?(wt)(det) a From Fig (9.26), Vinstiny EE VRdot = FEvz(E-2) as! ¢ a ss o =81.6%V ae (Distortion factor, DF= Me. = Ye = 9558 = 95.58% Vemscline) — 816Vae Harmonie factor, HE= [45 — 1 = | oaeage ~ 1 = 30.76% (EENEES? A three-phase bridge inverter is fed from a SOOV de supply.The inverter is operated in 180°conduction mode and it is supplying purely resistive star connected load. Determine the following: (i) RMS value of the output line and phase voltages (ii) RMS value of the fundamental component of the line and phase voltages. * 120°-conduction Mode with Resistive Load (EEE A three-phase bridge inverter is operated in 120° conduction mode. Determine: (i) Fourier series for the line voltage (ii) The n® harmonic component (iii) The fundamental component (iv) The rms value (v) Distortion and harmonic factor (vi) First four Harmonics Page 21 of 26Line voltage waveform is a six-step waveform, shown in Fig 9,28 (ji) Since the waveform has quarter-wave symmetry, we get a, = 0 foralln by = 0 for all evenn b-4 F v(t sin(nat) dt forall on? Vac sin(nast)dot 1 fy, [ Fsintntyaee + 0 ae $84 [1 ~ os (22) + 200s(22)- 20s(¢)] Bat cos (°) = 0, for all odd n nt GS [1+ cos ()] cna Og po tly And @,=0 sue $0, Vine(wt) = Diss. [1 + cos (2) singe] cs (ii)The n* harmonic component, Vactine) = $- hee + cos(F)] ii) Fundamental component, Vane) = 22H (1.5) = 67.52%Ve (iv) Since the waveform has quarter-wave symmetry, a, 4 Va tsoms = [Alf Ce aus frat 0 a3 Page 22 0f 26(v) DF= tute = TSae-95 59, o Vrmsi(line) 707Vae oo ve a ote shea Tee on p= |4—1=/ 4-4. Se And HE= [55 ~ 1= [5 — 1= 30.8% aan (vi) The first-four non-zero harmonics are 5,7,11,13. ro Wel sn( f= BL ye 1 +00 3(F )] = 096¥ae Mia = ete + cos] = 0 i, 130 hg = aie [i + cos()] = 06Vac So,Fourier series is, + i 2 wt) + (1c it) tsin(S t) 3sin(7 it) a sin(11wt) v(wt) = Vae [sin 1 oe 2 sin(130t) + ] Page 23 of 26