Global Migration: Impact of

7 Sending and Receiving

Countries

Learning Pretest
Outcomes:
Directions: View the pre-recorded video of a Filipino immigrant. Listen to how s/he
At the end of the migrated and worked; length of stay; number of relatives that are reliant to the
lesson, you will migrant. Also, look at the architecture of homes abroad, the way of dressing,
be able to: vehicles, etc. After viewing, give your brief impressions in 3-5 sentences. Use the
space provided below.
• describe the
different reasons __________________________________________________________________
for migration;
__________________________________________________________________
• .expound why __________________________________________________________________
states control
__________________________________________________________________
migration; and
__________________________________________________________________
• .explain the
impact of global __________________________________________________________________
migration in __________________________________________________________________
terms of __________________________________________________________________
economics.

For viewing:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d9r_LW0beyE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0g9BPv4pb4U&t=198s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Go-MTHnK4Wg

Overview
This lesson will discuss on the effects of global migration both the sending
and receiving countries. Current migration flows have placed the issue of
migration high on the international agenda. Although, there is nothing
moral or immoral about moving from one country to another and should
The Contemporary World 1
not considered as a problem. Instead for looking at the negative side of it,
treat it as a complex social phenomenon that exists even before the
contemporary globalization.
 Let’s Elaborate
Global Migration
worldbank.org
What is Migration?
There are two types of migration:
internal migration and international
migration. Internal migration refers to
people moving from one place to another
within a country. International migration
refers to people moving from the resident
country to another country.
As shown in Figure 7.1., international
migration has five classification:
1. Immigrants – those who moved
permanently to another country.
2. OFW – workers who stay in another
country for a fixed period of time (at
Illegal Migrants
OFW
Immigrants
least six months in a year).
3. Illegal Migrants – workers
probably does not harm the
economy of the receiving countries
but denied the protection of the law
and defenseless.
4. Petitioned Migrants – whose
families petitioned them to move to
the destination country.
5. Refugees – they are also known as
asylum-seekers. Unwilling to return
to their country because of fear of
oppression on account of race,
religion, nationality or political
opinion.
According to the report of
International Organization for Migration
(IOM), an estimated of 272 million of
migrants globally as of 2019 (3.5% of the
world’s population), an increase of 51
million since 2010. The top three countries
of migrants living abroad are India (17.5
million), Mexico (11.8 million) and China
(10.7 million). The top destination country
remained the United States of America
with an estimated international migrants of
50.7 million.
Refugees
Petitioned Migrants
Figure 7.1 Classifications of Immigrant
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 As of 2018, global refugee
population reached to 25.9 million. There
Table 2. Top 10 Countries Receiving
were 20.4 million refugee population under Remittances, 2018 (current USD billions)
the supervision of United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and Top Countries 2018
5.5 million of them under the United India 78.61 billion
Nations Relief and Works Agency for China 67.41 billion
Palestine Refugees (UNRWA) in the near Mexico 35.66 billion
East. Among all the global refugees, 52% Philippines 33.83 billion
was under 18 years old. Egypt 28.92 billion
France 26.43 billion
50% of global migrants moved to Nigeria 24.31 billion
the developing countries of the world and Pakistan 21.01 billion
contribute from 40 to 80 percent of their Germany 17.36 billion
labor force. Migrants have contributions to Vietnam 15.93 billion
sociocultural, civic-political and
economics in origin and destination
countries and as an agents of change in a The arrival of migrants has led to an
range of sectors. Once settled, they argument whether they are assets or
contribute extremely to raising the liabilities to national development. Groups
productivity of their host countries. who are not in favor of migrants argued
that government should control legal
immigration and put an end to illegal entry
Table 1. Top 10 Countries Receiving of foreigners. Many of these anti-
Sending Remittances, 2017 (USD billions) immigrant groups are influencing the
political leaders on their beliefs and
Top Countries 2017
reversing the existing pro-immigration and
United States of 67.96 billion
refugee-sympathetic policies of their
America
states. Few years back, President Donald
United Arab Emirates 44.37 billion
Trump attempted to issue a ban travel to
Saudi Arabia 36.12 billion
people from majority – Muslim countries,
Switzerland 26.60 billion
even those who have completed their
Germany 22.09 billion
documentation.
Russian Federation 20.61 billion
China 16.18 billion These government actions has been
Kuwait 13.76 billion consistently contradict the data. The 2013
France 13.50 billion report on government welfare spending by
Republic of Korea 12.89 billion Organization for Economic Co-operation
and Development (OECD) shows that

The Contemporary World 3

native-born citizens still received higher
support compared to immigrants.
The huge numbers of internally
displaced persons due to violence and
conflict reached up to 41.3 million on the
record since the monitoring of Internal
Displacement Monitoring Center was in
placed in 1998. Syrian Arab Republic got
the highest number of people displaced
(6.1 million), followed by Columbia (5.8
million) and the Democratic Republic of
Congo (3.1 million). The International
Monetary Fund predicted that the flow of
refugees fleeing the war in Syria would
actually grow Europe’s GDP modestly. In
Germany, the massive arrival of refugees
from the Middle East has not affected their
social welfare, programs and had a little
impact on wages and employment since
they have delivered much-needed labor to
the economy instead.
Advantage and Disadvantage for
the Sending Countries
Even if huge percentage were given
by migrant workers to their host countries,
still they have sent billions back to their
home countries. In 2015, India held the
shutterstock.com
highest recorded remittance ($68.91
billion), followed by China ($63.94
billion), the Philippines ($29.80 billion)
and Mexico ($26.23 billion). These
remittances give contributions to the
development of small and medium
industries that help generate jobs.
Remittances also change the economic
status of the migrants and its relatives
since they can avail already the new
consumer goods and can send their
children to school. Still, there are problems
with regards to the economic stability of
those reliant on migrant monies.
Asian Development Bank (ADB)
detects that in the Philippines, remittances
don’t have significant influence on
investment such as spending on education
and healthcare. It is therefore help the
migrant’s family uplift from poverty but
not in rebalancing growth, especially in the
long run.
Actually, global migration is getting
the qualified and skilled people in one
country to another or we called it “brain
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drain”. According to the McKinsey Global
Institute, countries in sub-Saharan Africa
and Asia have lost one-third of their
college graduates. Fifty-two percent of
Filipino graduates leaved to find higher
paying opportunities in more developed
countries.
Moreover, the loss of professionals
like doctors and nurses has been
unfavourable to the migrant home
countries. In 2006, 15% of locally trained
doctors from 21 sub-Saharan African
countries had migrated to United States or
Canada. Philippine Overseas Employment
Agency (POEA) said that almost 19,000
nurses leave the country every year. It is a
sign that the Filipinos compete in the
global arena but it is also a sign that the
country isn’t providing enough to the
professionals for them to practice their
expertise in the country.
Governments are already aware of
these issues but have no choice but to
continue endorsing migrant workers
because of the remittances impact in GDP.
Further, governments also actively
involved in the recruitment and
deployment of works. Some of them
creating special departments like Bureau of
Manpower, Employment and Training in
Bangladesh, Office of the Protector of
Emigrants within the Indian Labor
Ministry and the POEA. The stability of
migrants in different countries depends on
the strength of these institutions.
Problems in Human Trafficking
United States Federal Bureau of
Investigation lists human trafficking as the
third largest criminal activity worldwide.
In the report presented by the United
Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
(UNODC), most common form of human
trafficking is sexual exploitation surmount
to 79%. Notably, that 30% of the countries
provided information of traffickers are
women.
Second common form of human
trafficking is forced labor pushed up to
18%, but this is less frequently detected
and reported unlike sexual exploitation.
Globally, almost 20% of the trafficking
victims are children. .Human trafficking
gets high profits earning syndicates.
Smugglers and corrupt state officials as
high as $150 billion a year in 2014.
Governments, private sectors and civil
society worked together to stop human
trafficking, hence, the results remain
uneven.
Integration
Probably, we can see that migrants
significantly contribute much to their host
countries but the question is, how they are
going to relate or interact with so much
barriers in their new home country?
Migrants received bigger salary and yet,
some of them cannot easily access to
education, housing and healthcare. Of
course, there are substantial deviation in
the economic integration of migrants.
Example, migrants from China, India and
Western Europe often have more success
The Contemporary World 5
than those from the Middle East, and some
countries in African continent, since these
countries faced greater challenges in
securing jobs.
Some aged and democratic states
granting immigrants family a citizenship
and the rights that go with it. But this is
only for formality because if there were no
solid support from the citizens, it may
create cleavages between migrants and
citizens of receiving countries, especially
in the West. Migrants may be allegedly
bringing in the culture of their home
countries and augmenting differences in
linguistic and ethnic customs. Pressingly,
the lack of integration gives anti-
immigrant groups more reasons to argue
that these new citizens are often not
nationals.
As migrants in a place wherein you
cannot see anyone who can help because
everything is new to you, there are some
organizations that served as migrants’
safety net from the dislocation of uprooting
oneself. For example, the Chinese
Consolidated Benevolent Association of
California provides basic support for new
Chinese migrants, guiding them in finding
work or in setting up their small
businesses. The weakness of these
networks is that instead of promoting
integration, they provoke differences and
discrimination.
The governments have initial steps
in addressing integration problems like
using multiple languages in state
documents, training programs and other
initiative in order to pursue the integration.
Whether these actions will succeed or not,
it remains an open question.
worlview.unc.edu
The Contemporary World 6
 Time to Connect

Learning Activity
Directions: Briefly explain the following questions. Use separate sheet of paper, if necessary.
5pts each.

1. Why do people migrate?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

2. Why States/Countries tend to regulate and control migration?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

3. Can migrants affect the economy of both sending and receiving countries? If yes, how?
If no, justify your answer.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

The Contemporary World 7

 Time to Connect

Mastery Test
IDENTIFICATION

Directionss: Identify the correct answer for each statement. Write your answer on the blank
provided.

_____________1. What is the third largest criminal activity worldwide according to the

United States Federal Bureau of Investigation?

_____________2. This refers to people moving from one place to another within a country.

_____________3. What do you call those people who moved permanently to another

country?

_____________4. This refers to people moving from the resident country to another

country?

_____________5. It refers on getting the qualified and skilled people in one country to

another due to higher paying opportunities.

The Contemporary World 8