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    philosophy first quarter notes grade 11

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    12 views40 pages

    PHILO 1ST QUARTERrrr

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    Niño Prince B. Villarin
    philosophy first quarter notes grade 11

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    8. Which of the given statements is true? 1 2 a b. Prudence and frugality can only be applied in one environment Looking at aesthetics is a way of determining disorder. both statements 1 and 2 c. statement 4 neither statement 1 nor 2 d. statement 2 9. what is the role of the environment in achieving sustainable development? 1 2 It can reproduce resources. Itis the venue for producer-consumer relationships. a. Statement 1 b. Statement 2 c. Neither statement 4 nor 2 d. Both statements 1 and 2 10. Which of the given statements is true about frugality? 1 2 a b. ic d. itis only limited to tangible or solid materials It applies to a select few. Statement 1 Both statement 1 and 2 Statement 2 |. Neither statement 1 nor 2 Directions: Read carefully and write the letter of your answer on your notebook. 1. What is the ability to govern and discipline oneself by the use of reason? a. Transcendence b. Frugality c. Aesthetics d. prudence 2. What is the act of using or other resources wisely and practically? a. Aesthetics b. Prudence c. Frugality d. Economics 3. What may be a sign of an environmental disorder? a. Lack of material things b. Lack of resources c. Lack of friends d. Lack of space 4. Which among the following options is a disorder in the environment? a. A basket of unwashed dirty clothes b. Ahouse with no single plant c. Agarden with dying plants d. library with a small number of books 5. In what way can the environment contribute to health and well-being? a. Itcan be available anywhere. b. Itis the source of life. c. Itan produce products that provide medicinal value. d. It is made up of consumers and producers. 6. In which of the following scenarios is prudence demonstrated? a. Ordering food that you can consume b. Searching assignment answers over the internet c. Keeping the lights on all day d. Being friendly to neighbors 7. Lila wants to buy an expensive phone using the money she has been saving since last year. She asked for her friends’ opinions in making her decision. Which among her friends is frugal? a. Jen suggested that she should spend the money for travel abroad. b. Marco advised her to spend the money on the expensive phone. c. Aiza said that the she should go on a shopping spree using the money. d. Jack suggested that she should keep the money for future, more important uses. Prudence is defined as the ability to have good judgment that allows avoidance of dangers and risks. Meanwhile, frugality is the act of using money or other resources wisely and practically. Prudence Frugality covers good judgment, considering the | The quality of being thrifty, sparing or consequences of an action, using ‘economical in the consumption of ‘common sense and discretion, resources and avoiding waste, exercising caution, and conforming to lavishness, or extravagance feason and decency ‘Arising from the discussions, Fromm (2013) suggested a new society that should inspire the development of a new human being that will nurture prudence and faimess or frugality towards environment. These are some of the functions of Fromm's envisioned society: 1. The enthusiasm to offer up all forms of having, in order to fully be. 2. Being fully present where one is. 3. Trying to lessen greed, hate and illusions as Much as one is adept. 4. Making the full growth of oneself and of one’s fellow beings the utmost goal of living. 5. Not deceiving others, but also not being deceived by others, one may be called acquitted, but not naive. 6. Freedom that is not uncertainty but the possibility to be oneself, not as a bundle of greedy desires, but as a carefully balanced structure that at any moment is threatened with the alternatives of growth or decay, life or death 7. Happiness in the manner of ever-growing aliveness, whatever the extreme point is the destiny permits one to reach, for living as full as one can be so agreeable that the concern for what one might not attain has little chance to develop. 8. Joy that comes from giving and sharing, not from hoarding and manipulating. 9. Developing one’s capacity for love, together with one's capacity for critical, unsentimental thought. 10. Shedding one's narcissism and accepting that catastrophic boundaries inherent in human survival. The ideals of this humanity cross all party lines, for protecting nature needs focused conservation, action, politically aware and support from business. If all these segments agree on the same goals, the chance of transformation would seem to be significantly greater, especially since most citizens have become less and less interested in part allegiance and slogans. \ AY There are numerous theories to show care for the environment aside from the ecocentric model such as deep ecology, social ecology and ecofer ism to name some. Deep Ecology logical phiosoohy developed. by Noraesanpilcsopher Ame Aas heey 19705 asserting that lie fr hae a ul those of other empnisms. Beeves tat the Wing vironment shade be ten regi 3¢ hing oh to ours, independ Sei gr ta i il yf wn achat sci shar Mary Bein opie seine tan al pil nds cbsial vos, epones 3 reas, soba, conmuntin and etic appoahto sce. a Eccfeminsm rw yoo Paeie Eater re drs x Canes fom Be i tat women and mtv hel B. Modern Thinker mu oom 5) involving biophitia love of other living things) A. Ancient Thinkers “set Anaximander a pre-Socrte phiceopher and scientist sald bout the eretion-Desiruction. According to him, the sketch ‘of the genesis ofthe world (cosmoiogy), the evolution of he ‘word begins with the generation of opposites in certain region Nature. Nature is indeterminate-boundless in the sense that no boundaries between the warm and or the moist and dry regions are erginaly present wt, While, according to Pythageras. ‘universe is a| living embodiment of nature's order, harmony} and beauty.’ 4, He sees our relationship with the universe| And cosmophilia (love of other living beings). For Modem Thinker, Immanuel Kant. beauty is ultimately a symbol of morality (goodness). He believes that the orderliness of nature and harmony of nature with our facultt guide us toward a deeper religiou perspective. Herbert Marcuse said about the power of humans over nature, while George Herbert Mead tackled about our duties and responsibities Ecocentric Model Econcenttric model, the ecological or relational integrity of the humans provides, meaning of our morals and values and itis nature centered. Devoted to preserving the totality of Earth's biodiversity and the functioning of it's life supporting system. Nature Wild Holism Body Relational EarthWisdom Ecology over / against human ¥ Human ¥ Culture ¥ Caleulative ¥ Individualism ¥ Human over/against Environments ¥ Mind - GlobalTechnological it Anthropocentric Model + SLED sok Se 2. Ecocentric Model. It is the ecological or relational integrity of the humans that provides meaning of our morals and values and itis nature centered. Devoted to preserving the totality of Earth's biodiversity and the functioning of its life -supporting system Global Warming ‘What signs of disorder in the environment do you see? What is the world made of? How did the world come into being? How can we explain the process of change? How did the song regard the environment? How did the song see the human person in the environment? ‘What is the tone of the song? Which lyrics serve as most meaningful? Why? sans Environmental philosophy is the discipline that studies the moral relationships of human beings with the environment and its non-human contents. Philosophers believe that the human person has the ability to change the environment to suit his purposes. It will enable them to become aware of their relationship and its related issues in our society and their impact on the lives of human persons. “What is the world made of?” “How did the world come into being?” and "How ‘can we explain the process of change?” were philosophical questions already brought up approximately 600 B.C.E. (before the common era) in the Western lonian seaport town of Miletus across the Aegean Sea from Athens, Greece. ‘The speculation of the pre-Socratic philosophers represents a paradigm shift- a change from mythical explanation of the origins of the cosmos to a more rational explanation. Eastem sages probed nature's depths intuitively through the eyes of spiritual sages which Greek thinkers viewed nature through cognitive and scientific eyes (Price 2000). These thinkers were looking for the underlying laws of nature. They wanted to understand the processes of nature by studying nature itself, not by listening to the stories about the gods. ‘According to Payne (2010) there are two frameworks where humans can be related. 1, Anthropocentric Model. Based on the anthropocentric model, humans are superior and central to the universe, thus, itis human centered. 41, What is environment philosophy? AA Discipine that studies the moral relationship of human beings with the environment and its non-human contents. B. Is par of the world, and we significantly affect in environment, . Significantly role of humankind inthe wort. . Extends intrinsic value and moral consideration to higher forms of animals 2 2, Itbelieves that humans are not the only significant species on the planet. ‘A. Anthropocentrism B. Panthocentrism ©. Biocentrism D. Ecocentrism 3. A science that deals with the relationships between groups of living things and their environments. A. Anthropocentrism B. Ecology ©. Ecofeminism D. Ecocentiism 4. Whatis a flame in cyberspace? ‘A. Aperson who follows the rules of Netiquette. B. An expert programmer. ©. Anonline chain letter. . Apost or email message that expresses a strong opinion or criticism. 5. Knowledge and understanding of netiquette is useful because: ‘A. ithelps you create a positive impression on those you meet in cyberspace. B. itexplains some of the technical imitations of online communications. . itexplains the conventions already being used by millions of cybernauts. D. Allof the above. 6. What type of online threat happens when an attacker uses electronic devices to do unwanted surveillance againstits victim? ‘A. Cyberbulying 8. Phising —C. Spamming. Cyberstalking 7. What type of online threat happens when the attacker impersonates another individual or organization to gather personal or business information? ‘A. Cyberstaking B. Spoofing. Scamming. Pharming 8, What type of information should you avoid giving when using the internet? ‘A. Phone number B. Profile Picture C. Shit'Size —_D. Religion 9. Whatis the golden rule of netiquette? ‘A. Remember the human. ©. Use correct grammar. B. Puta smiey in every message. _D. Respect people's time. 10.You get an email teling you that you won a hundred thousand without joining in.a competition. You should, 7 ‘A. Claim the prize. G. Return the email with response. B. Ignore the email D. Send rude message as revenge ANSWER KEY S vo vs 86 avr ve ae jewlul aut uy svamsue 34) 398UD O5IE vie ane 0} 424980) au Jo} Aessaoeu 51 ay at a fie Kew siamsue sjwapnis LNSWSS3ssv saniiaissod pue uopesun s.2u0 :1'¢ ALY yeusaqul aun "uw suamsue 3:24) 999U0 OsIe “yous un 0} s9y9801 94} Jo} Azessad0U 5} ta siamsue sau 398u9 Ose ahven Kew siamsue siwapnis (0 404929) 24) 10) Asess200U st ‘e0uapusosuen 103 ‘sanmiaissod pue suoneywiy :2°c ALOV W fuer Kew suamsue ,sjuapnis, AsaL- aud 7. Why do some people fail to experience transcendence? a. They have a feeling that it will not occur. b. They are not meant to experience it. ©. They are not hardworking. 4d. They have a goal that is too challenging for them to achieve. Which of the following statements true? 1. Transcendence is for younger ages. 2. Transcendence is similar to self-actualization, a. Statement 2 b. Both statements 1 and 2 . Neither statement 1 nor 2 d. Statement 1 9. How does the human body play a role in transcendence? The body has its limitations. ‘The body functions against transcendence. Statement 2 Statement 1 Both statement 1 and 2 Neither statement 1 nor 2 10. Which statement about transcendence is true? 41. Itonly starts during old age 2. All personal limitations are clearty defined, Both statement 1 and 2 Neither statements 1 nor 2 Statement 1 Statement 2 a b. ce r Congratulations! You have completed your journey in this modul You did a great job! It's now time to go on to the next adventure... Good luck! Assessment Direction: Read each item carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. What do you call the state of being or existence above and beyond the limits of material experience? a. Transition b. Transcendence . Transformation d. Transgression ”. What does the term scandare mean? a. “toexist” b. “to impart” . “to climb” d. “to deduce” ‘According to this philosopher, the human person is an embodied spirit. Who ishe? a. Socrates b. Aristotle . Immanuel Kant d. St. Thomas Which of the following is a biological limitation for transcendence for a student whose goal is to be a valedictorian? a. Joining a dance troupe b. Being absent for a week due to fever c. Watching videos over the internet d. Criticism from his teacher on his science project 5. Which of the following is not a possibilty or transcendence? Looking for help Having a positive outlook Working to reach a goal Leaming from experience .. Magie is a poor 17-year old girl whose ultimate dream is to finish her studies What can she do to make her dream possible? ‘a. Join the school choir to lessen her stress in her studies b. Start on organization that fights for human rights ©. Work during her free time to gain extra money for school d. Read books on her own, SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL LIMITATIONS. ~ socioeconomic status = location of neighborhood (e.g. armed, disorganized, or violent neighborhood) ~ abusive relationships (e.g. emotional abuse) negative influences (e.g. drug use) © OVERCOMING LIMITATIONS Bodlly limits can be tested by trying on new experiences and working on challenges with increasing levels of dificuty. The human body, if given enough exposure to any situation, can attain a goal with efficiency. Social and environmental limitations are more difficult to overcome than bodily limitations because they involve the influence of other people and the external world. However, with a proper mindset, clearly defined goals, and motivation to rise above challenges, one may successfully overcome his or her limitations. © RECOGNIZE AND EVALUATE OWN LIMITATIONS AND. POSSIBILITIES FOR TRANSCENDENCE. Even though you are stil young, you are not prevented from further understanding yourself. Transcendence is even more possible when you begin to understand that you can go beyond your limitations if you set your mind on your goals. ‘SOME POINT TO REMEMBER WHEN GOING BEYOND YOUR LIMITS = you are connected to the extemal or eternal world - challenges are learning opportunities = your goal is more important than your fears = think outside the box = recognize that everyone has fears TPs The terms ‘transcendent’ and transcendental” should not be used interchangeably. According to Immanuel Kant, “transcendent” is a term used to refer to God, while “transcendental” refers to all other matter. While transcendence may not occur for everyone, all people have the capacity to experience it regardless of any sociodemographic, biological, or personal factors. Let us find out the answers in this lesson! ‘The previous example talks about transcendence or a state of “existence above and. beyond the limits of material experience.” Transcendence originated from the words Trans, meaning “go beyond’, and scandare, meaning “climb”, In the example, fulflling a dream requires transcendence because it opens a state of thinking and feeling that there is something more in life than just physical and material things. Much like Abraham Masiow’s self-actualization concepts, transcendence is a state of being intrinsically satisfied with life regardless of physical and tangible factors, © LIMITATIONS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR TRANSCENDENCE Here are some limitations and possibilities for transcendence: = may not cour to everyone = does not come at a specified period = varies across all people = may coincide with physical limitations of the body - developing a positive outlook in lite = working towards reaching a goal = leaming from experience © POSSIBILITIES FOR TRANSCENDENCE. It is also important to know that transcendence may be applied to present Worries by living in the present. This means that lfe is lived from moment to moment in a carefree and cheerful manner where concems for stress are reserved for the future, and regrets or quilt feelings are kept in the past. © THE HUMAN BODY IN IMPOSING LIMITS AND POSSIBILITIES From a biological and physical standpoint, it can be recognized that the human body, although it can perform many functions, also has limitations. Limits in the environment, demographics, and society may also hinder a person from reaching transcendence, Here are some examples: BODILY LIMITATIONS mental and emotional disorders (e.g. anxiety, intellectual disability) - disabilities (e.g. amputated leg, deafness) - disease and ilinesses (e.g. hypertension, cough) ~ failures and experiences (e.g. failing a subject) ‘The Body as Intermediary Intermediary means acting as a mediator (Merriam-Webster). Having a body may prevent us from revealing what we really want to express. How do we communicate with each other? WORDS But can words really capture the things we want to express? But this limitation can also be an advantage. In most cases, words are not enough, EXAMPLE: Magbabago Na Ako Promise!!! Human persons cannot underwater without the breathing device. bite vwww plastondvina caven/thvinay LIMITATIONS GAN LEAD TO POSSIBILITIES Transcendence is the ability to change, be dynamic, ‘and continually redefining one’s self which works with our facticity to create change, “tr you were born poor Its not your tmistaxe but i yo How do limitations lead to transcendence? de poor its your ? Facticity refers to the things in our life that are ™stake already given, EXAMPLE: LIFE Bullgate We are free to define who we are and who we are to be. itedthewonive stoves boascotcemy £20160 rAsrouarere-bom-pocrts-00 voushind Spatial-temporal being. As temporal beings, our most obvious limitation is our finitude - our finite quality or state. For example, Walang forever, pero meron talaga. ‘As spatial beings, we are limited by our bodies to be present in two or more places at the same time. We are limited by space (spatial) and the time (temporal). Our spatial-temporal situation sets our preconditions of understanding. Why do we want to be in a humy to achieve or have something which Is not yet? NOW, FUTURE, PAST Why do we hold on or lament on something which is no longer? It is the people closest to us that we most often |. neglect. Try saying these! 1am a person. lam alive. lexist. 1am here. | am present. Lam living at this very moment. Let's examine Little Jose is playing in the living room while his mom is in the kitchen. He accidentally bumps into a table, causing a vase to fall. Upon hearing, his mom went to the living room and saw him, standing near the broken vase. She asked, “Did you break the vase?” What do you think Jose's answer will be? Self-determination refers to the capability of persons to make choices and decisions based on their own preferences, monitor and regulate their actions, and be goal-oriental and self-directed Consequence is the result or effect of an action or condition. Philosophers believe that a person acts freely and with due regard for the consequences of his actions. Externality refers to the capability of a person to reach out and interact with others and the world. Dignity refers to the innate right to be valued and respected. Philosophers consider all humans as having an inherent worth or value. "You're worthless!” is an insult since it attacks the very notion of a person having value or worth. Limitations of the Human Person Human persons are naturally deficient beings. This means that we are not prepared with the best physical aspects among all the beings Human persons do not have the natural ability to fly. HUMAN COMPOSITION OF MAN MAN (rom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia) The English term *man* is derived from a Proto-indo European root “man - (see Sanskrit/Avestan Mant Slavic mp2 "man, male"), itis the general term commonly used to refer to the entire human race. Other related terms, humanity, mankind, and humankind. HUMAN refers to man as species ~ HOMO SAPIENS or MODERN HUMAN BEINGS. The term human being is also used to differentiate man from other animals. PERSON is the personality of a human being so called “SELF”. Refers toa human being granted recognition of certain rights, protection, responsibilities and dignity above all. Philosopher refers to the human person as the totality of an Individual, possessing awareness, self-determination and capacity to interact with others and with himsettiherself, Personhood refers to the state of being a person. HUMAN NATURE defines as the nature of humans especially the fundamental characters and traits of humans, It refers to the characteristics that distinguish humans from all other creatures. These traits are expected to arise independent of the influence of culture and society. EXAMPLES: THINKING, FEELING AND ACTING. ‘What is tho human person? auctor able toreach es Rien! Eetemtaetcn) pater Self-awaroness refers to the person having a clear perception of oneself, his thoughts, emotions, identity and actions. seig [esmuno “Ob 1881910 J0 JOIJUOD *6 Bulwesy g uonipedy 0} jeeddy 2 WeUIWoH PY 9 WML 's soeied uowido '¢ spesz obpowmouy “L BOL ‘Aven ew somsuyy 20 | UO JUN, ‘Aven Kew semsuy ‘9/0 $32UN\ few JoMsuy-MON SsJeyWE'Z UOsse] ‘Auer Kew somsuyse}-2ld :2'z UOsse7 ‘Auer Kew Jomsuty-!S9}-31¢ ‘|Z UOSS7 ‘Aven Kew samsuy-man S3eUM ‘Aven Kew somsuy -IS9}-O4e:Z UOSSO, seg ‘snsuasuo9, ‘s9sueg yanog wn powes} eney LeU Bunjuu temed “OF BupjUL OnSIOH yqnog uoneyex sedser ey Kien oid wopsia 2107 WopsiA 40} 8407 ‘Audosontud 180 180d 6 Facis Cultural of Bias | Truth Framing Knowledge ‘Appeal to Tradition | Fallacies Opinion ‘Ad Hominem | Conflict of interest 1. Itis the clear awareness and understanding of something. 2. These are statements which are observed to be real or truthful 3. These are comprised of statements that provide views on a certain matter. 4. These are arguments based on faulty reasoning. 5. Itis most often used to mean being in accord with fact or reality, or fidelity to an original or standard. 6. A fallacy which is attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the argument tse. 7. Afallacy which the idea is acceptable because it has been true for along time. 8. Akind of biases which is focusing on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other aspects. 9. Akind of biases which a person or group is connected to or has a vested interest in the issue being discussed 410. Is by analyzing an event or issue based on one’s cultural stand. Congratulations! You have completed your journey in this modulo. You did a great job, it’s now time to go on to the next adventure...Good luck! y v Doubt Truth Senses Consensus Bias Opinion Philosophy is concerned with determining the concept of, Truth lies at the heart of any inquiry. In philosophy, systematic is employed to help determine the ‘ruth. This means that every statement, claim, evidence, and experience is scrutinized and analyzed, ‘There are various philosophical views regarding truth. One perspective is that a belief is tue if it can be justified or proven through the use of one's, , a belief or statement is true i itis based on facts. Another way of determining what is true is getting a or having people agree on a common belief. Philosophers also believe that claims and belief should also be subjected to tests to determine truth. Opinions are statements which not only give facts but also pr perspective regarding certain situations. ‘Arguments often take the form of statements that are either claims of facts and are phrased in such a way that they seem reasonable. Hence, some arguments may contain fallacies which means they are products of faulty reasoning or the personal views of the person presenting it affect the way he or she sees reality fe conclusions or Both the Socratic and dialectic method are based on a discussion between two or more people who may carry differing views but wish to pursue the truth by seeking an agreement with one another. Meanwhile, the scientific method is a process of determining truth or knowledge through experimentation, inductive and deductive reasoning, and hypothesis or theory testing. The scientific method, also called empirical method, is a process of determining truth ‘or knowledge through experimentation, inductive and deductive reasoning, and hypothesis, or theory testing Logic is the truth based on reasoning and critical thinking. It includes analysis and construction of arguments. It serves as path to freedom from hatf-truths and deception. TYPES OF REASONING DEDUCTIVE REASONING INDUCTIVE REASONING mal Py ane) OTe nel Teri itimages.sheplayercom28N35128ieiselsse_2 pg Deductive Reasoning in this type of reasoning, conclusion comes first, followed by main points, and the last will be the supporting data, facts, examples, and evidences. General idea comes first before the specific or particular idea. Inductive Reasoning In this type of reasoning, supporting data, facts. examples, and evidences come first followed by the main points and conclusion willbe the last part. This is the vice versa of the ‘deductive reasoning because particular idea comes first before the general idea. iy Evaluate Truth from Opinions y) fe in Different Situations Using e the Methods of Philosophizing ‘A method of philosophizing is a process of determining the truth or drawing conclusions from a statement using various philosophical methods, such as: Socratic, dialectic, scientific, and historical. ‘When you evaluate information, it is very important to distinguish between fact and pinion. How do we know if something is true? Philosophers emphasize the importance of belief as a basis for determining truth. It is said that there are instances when we have to unlearn something so that we may learn anew. Philosophers questioned what they knew and even analyzed their methods of knowing in order to understand themselves and the world much better. The discussion on truth is part of philosophical studies on knowledge where philosophers explore the nature of knowledge and the ways of knowing WHAT’S IN? ‘An understanding of opinions and facts and the mean to distinguish one from the other can further improve our understanding and appreciation of varied views and ideas. The abilty to determine truth goes hand in hand with the holistic perspective and enables us to make wiser decisions, especially in choosing then ideas and views which we find acceptable. A critical mind aided by philosophy can help us from our own personal point of view that can guide us in making decisions and actions when we faced with a problem. Philosophy can help us determine ideas that are truthful and acceptable, which we ‘can use to form our own views regarding certain matters For Maboloc and Pascua (2008) critical thinking is a lifelong process of selt- assessment that further consists of: Defining, analyzing and devising solutions, Arriving at reasonable and informed conclusions Applying understanding and knowledge to new and different problems. Willingness to say "I don't know.” ‘The attributes of a critical thinker include: Looks for evidence to support assumption and beliefs Adjusts opinion Looks for proof Examines the problem Rejects irrelevant and innocent information Methods of Philosophy 2.2 Lead to Wisdom and Truth The methods of philosophy will help to learn the process of doing philosophy in a systematic way. On the other hand, philosophizing is to think or express oneself in a Philosophical manner. ‘Although philosophy is an organized body of knowledge, the subject matter of philosophy is questions, which have three major characteristics; 1. Philosophical questions have answers but the answers remain in dispute, 2. Philosophical questions cannot be settled by science, common sense, or faith. 3. Philosophical questions are of perennial intellectual interest to human beings. ‘The methodology or method that philosophers use to address philosophical question is critical thinking, Critical Thinking is the careful, reflective, rational and systematic approach to questions of very general interest. Critical thinking means understanding if philosophy and refraining from merely giving claims but through careful thought, one reasons through to argumentation. ‘The scientific method also leads to wisdom and truth because it uses an evidence- based approach to come up with its conclusion. In this method, all truths are supported by facts that can easily be tested or proven again through experiments, logical reasoning, or observation The following are the examples of fallacies. Fallacy ‘Ad hominem, ‘Appeal to force ‘Appeal to emotion ‘Appeal to the popular ‘Appeal to tradition Begging the question ‘Cause-and-effect Fallacy of composition Fallacy of division Characteristics attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the argument itself. using the threat of force or an undesirable event to advance an argument. using emotions such as pity or sympathy. the idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people accept i the idea is acceptable because it has been true for a long time. ‘assuming the thing or idea to be proven Is true; also known as circular argument. ‘assuming “cause-and-effect” relationship between unrelated events ‘assuming that what is rue of a partis true for the whole ‘assuming that what is true for the whole is true for its paris. The following are the examples of biases. Bias Characeristics Correspondence bias | tendency to judge a person's personality by his or her actions, or attribution effect without regard for the external factors or influence. Confirmation bias tendency to look for and readily accept information which fits ‘one's own beliefs or views and to reject ideas or views that go against it. Framing focusing on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other aspects. Hindsight ~ the tendency to see past events as predictable, or to ascribe a pattern to historical events. Conflict of interest ‘a person or group is connected to or has a vested interest in the issue being discussed. Cultural bias ‘analyzing an event or issue based on one’s cultural standards. ¥ Opinions are statement that go beyond providing facts. ¥ Aconclusion is a judgment based on certain facts. Y Beliefs are statements that expresses convictions that are not easily and clearly explained by facts. ¥ Explanations are statements that assume the claim to be true and provide reasons why the statement is true. Y Arguments are series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader or listener that a claim or opinion is truthful ¥ Fallacies are arguments based on faulty reasoning. ¥ Bias is disproportionate weight in favor of or against an idea or thing, usually in ‘a way that is closed-minded, prejudicial, or unfair. ‘The facts that form the bases of a conclusion may not be disputed but the conclusion Itself could stil be contested or questioned. To judge the truthfulness of belief, we must also consider things such a person's experiences and views. Facts are statements that are observed to be real or truthful. Claims are statements that require further examination to determine their truthfulness. Some arguments may contain fallacies. We must be aware of the various kinds of fallacies as these affect the validity of arguments. Opinions are often influenced by bias. We must be aware of bias so that we can objectively and critically examine points of view. Opinion is something intermediary between knowledge and ignorance. While Public pinion is the intermediate faculty which seizes the things that float between the two extremes (Plato) Opinion applies to what, being true or false, may be other than itis: in fact, opinion is the apprehension of an immediate and unnecessary premise (Aristotle) pinion, founded in the probable, perhaps also the name of knowledge (Leibniz) Opinion is a belief that is conscious of being insufficient both subjectively and objectively (Kant) ‘An opinion gives for truth something that has been said, although sometimes they are absurd words, which mean nothing, impossible to understand (Hobbes) Public opinion is the convergence of the opinions of the greatest number of people in ‘a community, so that they form a common and dominant feeling, exerting diffuse pressure (Freund) + Examples of an opinion. + Ann can have the opinion that Italian food tastes best, while Joe has the opinion that French food is ideal + Sue can have the opinion that reading is boring, while Mike can have the pinion that reading is fun. + Penny can have the opinion that cold weather is better, while Tim can prefer hot weather. BACT au 28 eo } ' i BR tact is An opinion | something ji ishowa |; yourcan person or prove to be i! fhing feels Cienertrue jl about | ZN or false. something. | Oe) You cannot {i+ Yousan | S changes!) change'an | opinion. Let us take a look at the following statements and determine which one states fact or opinion, ¥ 1. Ittakes me 30 minutes to walk from my home to school, ¥ 2 Living near the school is better because we do not have to spend much for transportation, v3. My sister ate the last piece of pizza pie. v4. My sister is a selfish person because she ate the last piece of pizza pie and did ‘not share it with me. v5. The policeman firmly pushed the suspect to his knees and placed him in handcuffs v6. The aggressive manner by which the policeman arrested the suspect is an example of the brutality that characterizes our police force. Statements 1, 3, and 5 are more factual than statements 2, ot philosophical tools we learned, they fit into the category of facts since 12/26 38 information that are easily verifiable. While statements 2, 4, and 6 could be considered as opinions. These statements go beyond providing facts. It also provide conclusions or perspectives regarding certain situations. Opinions are also the bases for making arguments and convincing people that a certain claim is a fact. 1 1 Fact is something concrete that can be 1 proven. You can find facts in legal records, 1 Scientific findings, encyclopaedias, atlases, 1 etc. In other words, facts are the truth and 1 2Fe accepted as such. 1 1 Afact is something that is true, real information Kean be proven ' ' Opinion is less concrete. It's a view I formed in the mind of a person about a I particular issue. In other words itis what I ' ' ‘someone believes or thinks, and is not necessarily the truth. Also, note in the ‘As opiionis something that you think examples below how facts are the same for {THsnot Ie information, tpsietudy conacademy/ 3 everybody, but opinions can differ quite widely. Truth in metaphysics and the philosophy of language is the property of sentences, assertions, beliefs, thoughts, or propositions that are said, in ordinary discourse, to agree with the facts or to state what the case Is. I is most often used to mean being in accord with fact oF realty, or fidelity to an original or standard. Truth is also sometimes defined In modern contexts as an idea of “ruth to self, or authenticity, Propositions is a statement about the world or reality. Propositions may or may not cary truth, Knowledge is the clear awareness and understanding of something. It is the product (of questions that alow for clear answers provided by facts. Facts are propositions or statement which are observe to be real or truthful Claim is a statement that is not evidently or immediately known to be true. This ‘means that any claim can be proven by verification and experimentation. ‘Therefore, truthful statements can be considered as based on facts. ‘There are several views regarding truth. Philosophers emphasize the importance of belief as a basis for determining truth. But as a philosopher, we do not assume that every statement is true. Remember the famous French philosopher, Rene Descartes traced the need to philosophize to doubt In philosophy, systematic doubt is employed to help determine the truth. This means that every statement, claim, evidence, and experience is scrutinized and analyzed. Philosophers always engaged with the concept of truth. Philosophers consider truth a a kind of quality or value. Knowledge is the clear awareness and understanding of something, since itis true knowing that we are able to determine what is true. Doubt has a very Important purpose in philosophy as it drives our desire to discover the truth. In philosophy, systematic doubt is employed to help determine the truth. A belief is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of one’s senses. ‘Another basis for determining truth is a belief or statement is true if itis based on facts. Getting consensus or having people agree on a common belief is another way of determining what is true. Although this approach has certain limitations. Geiting everyone 10 agree on something may not take that belief true. Philosophers also believe that claims and belief should also be subjected to test 10 determine truth. In determining truth requires also that a person can prove a statement through an action. Philosophical method (or philosophical methodology) is the study of how to do philosophy. A common view among philosophers is that philosophy is distinguished by the ways that philosophers follow in addressing philosophical questions. There is not just ‘one method that philosophers use to answer philosophical questions. Philosophy is concerned with determining the concept of truth. Truth les at the heart of any inquiry. WHAT I KNOW Before heading on to our lesson, let us first check what you have learned from our previous lesson. Direction. Identify each statement. Choose your answer from the box and write them (on the space provided Plato) Wisdom ‘Doubt Philosophy _| Holistic Thinking Love of wisdom Kari Jaspers | Partial Thinking | Reflection | Love 1. tis the study or discipline that uses human reason to investigate the ‘timate causes, reasons, and principles which govern all things. 2. The Greek term, philosophia, means 3. The Greek word, philos, means 4. The Greek word, sophia, means 5. The Greek philosopher who believes that Philosophy is brought about by man’s sense of wonder. {6. He believes that persons engage in philosophy in order to make sense of difficult fe experiences. 7. Itis an activity that requires a person to examine his or her thoughts, ‘feelings, and actions and leam from experience. 8, Rene Descartes consider this as a reason why people philosophize 9. Itis a perspective that considers the “bigger picture” when looking at problems and situations, 10. tis a perspective that focuses on specific aspects ofa situation 2°0L vs v6 ov ae at au az o9 vib 3801 180g ‘Aven Kew somsuy 0g | UD UM Burjunp reed °¢ aGpamouy “p eousuedk3 “£ WOpsm Jo SIBAO] °Z 39819 “1 spewiesy eney | EU emul OL ont 6 soma-osies “8 ABojowaysidz-asies “L a1607-85124 “9 ony eouauedx3-95/e4 “p uosied UBLUNH 24) Jo Aydosoj1Yg-esjes “f en ona BJO; SJEUM ‘Kaen Kew somsuy MeN S224, ‘Kren Kew saMsuy ~ 1S9}-@d €°} UOSsa7 Aydosojiyd 0 Ks0ysi4 91607 “ABojonny ‘ABojowiaysidy ‘sorskydejeyy -MaN SJeUM, Aven Keui Jomsuly —1S2}-2d :2'| UOsse7 ‘Auen Kew samsuy— 192d ‘| "| Uosse7 ‘anorsuy ‘selei00g‘o1eIq “srunoidy ‘sMOOWeg -MaN SJeUM, ‘Kien Kewl JOMSUY - 1S2}-2el :| UOSSE] Rubrics for Short Answer Correctanswer | Corectanswer | Correct answer | Correct answer but not in a written in a written in a writen ina sentence sentence butno | sentence with 1 | sentence with 2 supporting detail | supporting detail | supporting details from the text from the text, 7 z 3 4 ASSESSMENT After our lesson, let us now check what you have learned, Direction: encircle the etter of the correct answer. 1. The word Philos is a Greek word means a Love b. Wisdom ‘© Philosopher —_.- Philosophy 2. Sophia's a Greek word for a Love b. Wisdom Philosopher. Philosophy ‘3, The people who engages in philosophy are called a Love b. wisdom Philosophy ——_—d. Philosopher 4. He was considered the foremost philosophers of ancient times. He was credited with formulating the Socratic method. a. Prato b. Aristotle . Socrates 4. Democritus ‘5. Asstudent of Socrates, he wrote down his mentor’ teaching and incorporated some of his own ideas into them included his Theory of Forms 8. Plato 'b. Aristotle . Socrates 4. Democritus 6. Itrefers to @ perspective that considers large-scale pattems in systems__ a, Dowt ’b. Academy Holistic Thinking d. Partial Thinking 7. Itfocuses on specific aspects ofa situation, as an individual focuses on certain areas. ‘or aspects of a problem in order to understand it a. Doubt 'b. Academy ‘c. Holistic Thinking d. Partial Thinking 8, ‘tis the process by which specific statements are analysed to reach a conclusion or generalization a. Academy 'b, Deductive reasoning ¢. Holistic 4, Partial 9. Itrequires a person to be wiling to examine one's thoughts, feelings, and action and to lea more about one's ife and experiences. a. Reflection . Observation ©. Knowiedge Doubts 10. The Greek term for philosophy, philosophia, means ‘a. Holistic Thinking. Partial Thinking. Lave of wisdom — d. Knowledge ‘Congratulations! You have completed your journey in this module. You did a great job! t's now time to go on to the next adventure...Good luck! > WHAT I HAVE LEARNED Direction: Fl in the blanks. Write your answer on the space provided, Experience Knowledge Greek Holistic Thinking Partial Thi Lover of Wisdom + Philosophy ~ comes from two word philos (love) and sophias (wisdom) isthe study of general and = fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Philosophers - or ‘people who are engage in philosophy. ‘A man needs to philosophize because of his sense of wonder, doubt and ‘+ Philosophy does not limit itself to its own field as it makes sense of information gathered from various fields of (e.g., science, psychology, ‘economics, politics, etc.) ‘+ Philosophy of the Human Person is an area in philosophy that understand the human person from a philosophical perspective which involves holistic thinking and ‘+ Philosophical reflection is important in our daly lives as it ensures that our actions and, decisions are well thought by using a deeper, holistic perspective, ‘+ In doing philosophy, crtical, logical, and analytical thinking, observation, and ‘communicative skills were involved. WHAT IS IT? Based on your answers in Table 1, what must before making actions? Do you consider it helpful i you do this before making actions? Why or why not? Simple action seems to take a whole new meaning when one engages in reflection. Like buying a new gadget, think of the questions you asked yourself as you consider buying the said item. ‘You may start with simple questions, but since we are in reflective and philosophizing ‘mood, we try and think of deeper questions and reflect on the situation WHAT’S MORE Direction: TRUE OR FALSE. Write TRUE if the statement is correct otherwise choose FALSE. Write your answer on the space provided. 1, Plato traced man's need to philosophize to his sense of wonder. 2. The need to philosophize is driven by the love for wisdom. 3. This is an area in philosophy that understand the human person from a philosophical perspective is holistic thinking. 4. Swiss-German philosopher Karl Jaspers saw the need to philosophize because of doubt. 55. Aesthetics is branch of philosophy which deals with beauty. 6. Ethics is a branch of philosophy which deals with correct reasoning 7. Logie is a branch of philosophy which discusses the nature of knowledge and knowing, 8. Philosophy of the Human Person is a branch of philosophy which deals with moral questions and dilemmas. 8. Metaphysics is branch of philosophy which deals with questions regarding reality and existence. 10,Political Philosophy is branch of philosophy which studies governments and

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