Unit 2 1 READING AND COMPREHENSION CIRCUIT ELEMENTS Carrént moves froma point of high potential energy to one of ow potential. It eam oaly do so if there isa path for it to follow. This path is called an elecitic ‘iret ALE circuits contain four elements: a soures a load, a transmission » system and s control, 4 The source provides the electromotive force. This establishes the difference i potential which makes current low possible, The source can be any device Which supplics cloctsieal energy. Forexample, it ay bea generator ora battery. The fond converts the electrical onscgy from the source into souse other Form of erergy, For instance, a lamp changes electrical energy into light and 10 cat, The toad caia be any electrical device. The transmission system conducts the curvent round! the circuit. Any ‘ondpetpr ean be part of trausinission system. Mos! systems consist af wires, is often possibte, however, for the metat frame af'a unit to be one section of its trarsmission system. For example, the metal chassis of many electrical 45 doviots ure used to conduct current. Similarly the body of a ear is part of its ‘electrical transmission system. ‘he coaisol rexulates the ewsent How in the circuit. tt may control the ‘surreal by limiting it as does a cheostat, or by intezruptingit, as does xswitch, sweat Torch ade ; rieun 1 Study Figure 1. la this simple Hashl 2 15 Veellsin sories. The lond isal-3 W the metal body of the as ight cirouil, she source comprises three bulb, Pact of tic transmission system is i, and the control isa sliding switehcompare Fite 2 The finton ofthis ciel cooperate tleision © cars vari space st Her the once is acer of sla cll. A ‘Sra yan cele wich covers unhinto lvtsal enn. The 2s lon te lesson eam. The ensmson en she cnet aes ‘Te coniel 3 a eay acaied by tnnamsons fom ground cote [Although the ection os eu oc re compen than that of the Bashigh, fo const of he ou esi mens EXERCISE A Rephrasing Rewrits the following sentences. ep | 2 The ponccator provides te sie 1 The metal feme of he osiloscape is par of transmission system, 4, The sheasiat controls exzret flow ia te iui. 5. A battery of solar ealis en power to the cre } i { EXERCISE N Contextual reference ‘What do the pronouns i italis in these sentences reer 1. Currest moves from paint af high pot potential. ie 1) ©) eure () energy © arpoint 2, For example, ie may be generator or 8 batery. (line 7) {@) the source () a deview {0 electromotive force Hall 3, Mis often possible, however, for the metal frame of uni i Ere offs tansmision system. ine 13) tte femme Sectier ((@) the metal frae's ‘ i energy to one oF low {b) the unit’s a i (©) the circuit's ; & | ] i FAT EET EEE SEI |Ie vical Engineering aid Eke 4 Although the fiction of this circuit is mach mace ee the Mashlight, fo) this circuit (b) the function fo} the Masilight ex thaw that of 4 200 consists of tne Four basic elements. (line 27) EXERCISE C Checks Jovcts and ideas Decide if these statements are true or f your decisions, Quote from the passage to support Adi 1 snex in potential i gequited before current can flow in a cireit. 2. A generator is a source of electromoiive force. 2. Loads conveet elecrical energy into light and heat. 4 Transmission systems must consist of wires. 3. A rheostat may be used 26 a control 6. The load in the flashlight cizeuit isa bulb. . 8 9. | The source in the satelite cizcuit is a solar cell ‘The cusrent flow in the satellite circuit is regulated by a selay. ). The Nasalight circuit dilers basically from the satelite circuit IL USE OF LANGUAGE EXERCISED Describing fanction When we swer the question What dacs 1 la?, we describe the function of X wxal What does a fu Jo? It protects a circuit We can emphasize fu jon by using this pattern! The furiétion of a fuse is to protect a circuit Now identify these components usiig Appendix 3 if necessary. Explain the function of each component with the help of this list. (@) adds capacitance to a cirouit (b) cectifies alternating currents (©) adds resistance to a circuit (6) weasures very small currents (o) break’ a cirouit protects a circuit (g) varies the current in a cirouitnie 17 SF (9 ansforus ae voltages © (). seceives ef signals selects frequency EXERCISER Describing purpose When we answer the question Wat is Jor2, we dsecribe the purpose of X. umes i What is an ammeter for? Its for measuring current, Other ways we ean describe the purpose of an ammeter are: LL Is used for measuring current 2. tis used to measure cusrent. 3. We measure current with an aricter, 4. We measure current using an ammeter. Now deseribe the purppse of these instruments and toots using any of the siractures presented above, La voltmeter * 2. a soldering iron 3. 8 miliammeter 4, an otcilloscope 5. a heat sink 6. wireelippers 7. a mogolimmeter 5 an olimmeter 9. a signal generator 10. « battery charger PREECE EMEP ET INE ee (8 Blectricat Engineering an Blectronscs EXERCISE F Describing means Contras Study this diggrazn, It shows the controls of an oseilascope, Some of them fe | — Ihave been nurabered. 1 Brice 2 xsuer > ysHr 4 coarse FREQUE 5 FINE FREQUI 6 YGaIN FHP exereis f Explain ie ts bo i Foci the Varies the poesia H citron ken, on anode oe eo study thats Using this information, we cun answer three questions: F Thecablo 1. itis te ta Tos con Te able 2. What is the focus eoutcol for? 2 Wecan ink 3. How does the foous contal work? os atee + Question | is about function, As you have seen, we can answer it ike tis: 2, Theca Sentence | “The Focus contvolfoeuses the electron lens meee tion 2s about purpose, We ean answer it ike this: x defining 0 . uae essential in “The focus contro is or focusing the electron lens aan ‘Question 3 Sabout means. tasks for an explanation of how the focus control armoured. * works. We ean answer it in this way information ‘The focus control focuses the electron lens by varying the potenti om esa pets : 5 One we Or wean say: bp diagram: Jing the ‘The focus contzol varies the potential on anotle, thereby fo iP clectron lens. i Now fsk and answer questions about the function, purpose and means of is table. ' ‘operation of the controls listed ines ape. Some of them sa ve potzata asover ib like this: * ‘the focus control the potential on ceby focusing the — | se andl means of Unit 29 Contra Funes 1 BRIGHTNESS Varies the intensity a the ben 2 xsi Moves tte tsce Alters the basing of the X zs along the X ae Aamplifi a ystier Moves te trace Alters te biasing oF the ¥ along te V a amplioe. 4 COARSE Selects tie appeoximate Specie capacitor FIEQUENCY tame base frequency. imebase osilar. 3 FINE Adjusts the tmehse ——Vareeavesstr in the FREQUENCY ——fequency. Cimelse oscillation 6 Y GAIN Conwels the signal Alters che gain of the Y aumplibeation. fer XERCISEG Explaining controls Explain the controls of any other piese of equipment you are familiar with, eg, 8 multimeter, a transmitter, a receiver. EXERCISE H Relative clauses 2> malting definitions Study these two sentences: ‘The cables were undamaged The cables were armoured. ‘We ca fink them in wo ways using a ceative clauses 1. The cables wise WERE ARaouNED were undainaged 2, The ables, wince wane anouRrD, were undamaged Sentence 1 means that only the armoured eables were undamaged. Other cbs, for example pre eoatcd eables, were damayed. The relative chawse is at defiaing one. I defines the (ype of eable winch was undamaged. It éaries essential inforrnatin Sentence 2 means that afhe cables were undamaged and all theeables were armoured. The relaive diuse is » non-defning one. Tt adds some extre information to te sentenct but itis aot essential. We can remove it rom the seatense and the sentence sill makes good sense. It is separated from the test ‘of Ure sentence by commas. (One use of defining relative causes is ¢o make definitions. Staly this diagram: [Pa] men} | trical Engineering ant Electrics We can make « definition of a solar cell by joining (a), (b) snd (c. ‘A soles cell isan sere cell whieh converts sunlight le electrical en Nov make eight éefinisions using the information in this table. You niust siecide on the corvect ecarbinasions of (1, (b) an () © ater instrument resi leur dectroas an sterling caren surrent lows fs in one ditesion, est erect device Gree hee does ot rowel eleee session ltront acted «impedes the Mow of curse it 2 ight mete Beirut ‘converte mochorical energy Inno elses! energy 1 Sree only XERCISE! Making definitions ‘Try to write your owa definitions of these: a voltmeter a receiver a transmitter ‘an eloctsc ell EXERCISEY Refine oletes 3: adding information 0 pancge Use 2ea-defining relative clauses 19 adé extra information to this paragraph abou! a relay. This extra information is given below the paragraph leexic relays (1). One of the mast co eon core. When en armature (3) togetier or putts (5)... -eonteot o beaver eureat that 1, Blectric relays an 2 The most comene 3. The armavure is 4, The sets of conta 5. The contacts are EXERCISE K 1 ‘Study these seatene 1. Almetals are 2 Some motels d ‘Sentence 2 qualifies using however, but ¢ ExAMMLES 1. All metals are 2 All metals are 3. attuioua all Link each of the ‘qualification from t The unit of eapa farad 2. In an ideal teams. ‘ould be no loss 3, Moving-iron me ac voltages with: 4, Resistors usually tolerance of Sor 5, Semiconductors valves im most 3}(band fe {to electrical ences this able, You rast ses ight ity selene eetrocs ‘cto one direction, ‘athe oer sot cea release des the Row ofcurcent ix sts mechanical energy sletialenery in ove direction only ea pasiage sn to this paragraph paragraph. thie 221 ‘iectrie relays (1)... tlie the magnetic effet of 2 curvent ina solos One of the most common types (2)... consists of a solenoid with a sot ivan core. When energized by 2 stasis de ewrent, the solenoid allrets an armatins 2), The armature is pivoted in soch a ay that it panes togsther oF pulls apart a set of eontaels (4). “These eontacrs (5)... contro! one or more eitcuis. Normally lee sitesi draw mach eawier aureat than the relay coli 1. Blctric relays are widely usd in (clecommunivations 2. The most comsnoe type of relay is known as the hinged armature relay 3. The erature is also ede of soft ito, 4. The sets of contacts are mou of: the body of the relay. 5. The contacts are often made of platisun. EXERCISE K Quatjfoation Stody these senteness: 1, All metals are conductors. 2 Some metaks do nat condves wel, ‘Scatence 2 qualifies sentence 1. We cas link a siatement and a qualification sing heseever, but oF although 1. All metals are conductors, uoweven seme metals donot conduet well 2. All metals ace condubtors nur some do not conduct well 5, Avrniouc all metals are conductors, some do not conduct wel, Link each of the statements in the Jeflchand column with a suitable ‘qualication from the right-hand coluum. ‘The unit of eapacitance it he Valves are still used in large faraé. Leapamittess. 2. Inan ideal teansformersthers For professional work a tolerance of would bene loss." Lor 2% is required ‘Capitance is usually measured in 4. Moving-ivon meters cali measure mmicrofarads or picolarads. ‘ae voltages without a rectifice 4, Resistors usually havea In practice those is always some tolerance of S ar 10%, Toss. 5, Semiconductors haye replaced Moving-coil meters with rectifiers valves in most applications. are preferred.2 Blecivcnt Enpinerng ant Blectroics 22 Blecriut Engincering fe When we qualify a statement, i commen {© give & reason for the EXERCISE N quaisficatian. q Study this table; Mica ian sxe ste, soterent {cis aot used for making lage capacitors. auaifiention = The cost would be excesive, reavon j Bae Mies isan excellent dielectric butts not weed formakinglargecapacitors (EY), law because the cost would be excessive. ect cali EXERCISE L Giving reasons for qualiention ses Ada ais explanation to each of the qualifications you madein Exercise Kwsing the iofortation below, Use becouse or Becoute of (Soe Urit 1, Exercise K) we Tdentify the folto. 1, the resistance of the windings their vas inf 2 the farad is too large anit 3 3. higher standards of accuracy aze needed Ra 4 the vocy high powers equized 2Re 5. they do not absocb so much power for the circuit * fy. 40) MII INFORMATION TRANSFER PRS Albee: see © CT Ato EXERCISE M_ Terms usd in eleirical enginecring ant electronics fs Ef a Stody the cable of terms in Appesdix 2, Thea write out the folowing FE Ler Te expressions in Tull TaN | [Bes v a ; 1, fou overs i 2 Bal 7 wits if = 8150 He, 2010 2x (LC)! -1-vto give a reason for the uate ‘or making large capacitors suumade in Exercise K using (Gee Unit 1, Erereite K} ing and electronics » write out the following Unit? 23 ARGS EXERCISEN Describing component values 2 Study this table: : ae Le Symbol Mule “eam ae — GHz gigahewe M MO toegolees « Kv lovone 4 io a decbeie = lo ‘nW llwatis " wo HA icons " io HE nanotarae ? Heep picafaras [ieatify te following components ip the circuit of the amplifier and write out their values in ull Lea SFI 2R9 ob acs TR 4c1 SRE xan R3 A three point three ohm resistor, C7 A thousand misrofied slestrlyic enpacitor. Bi J] id [Soka i ie oft Ein es