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Hydro- Meteorological Status of Nepal Himalaya

Conference Paper · March 2015

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Niraj Shankar Pradhananga Suresh Chand Pradhan

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 Hydro- Meteorological Status of Nepal Himalaya
Suresh Chand Pradhan and Niraj Shankar Pradhananga
Snow, Water Quality and Environment Section, Department of Hydrology and Meteorology
Government of Nepal

Langtang Region Khumbu Region

Introduction Jumla Tsho Rolpa
Station: Langtang Station : Dingboche Meteorolgical station
Place: Kyangjing Place : Dingboche
• Government of Nepal started hydrological and meteorological activities in an Lat: 28°13’00” Long: 85°37’00” Altitude: 3920m Altitude: 4320 m
organized way in 1962. The activities were initiated as a section under the Parameters: Thermo-hygrograph, Anemometer, Manual rain gauge, Parameters: Thermo-hygrograph , Solar Radiation Recorder,
Department of Electricity. Totalizer, AWS Anemometer
• The section was subsequently transferred to the Department of Irrigation and was Established date: 17 Jul 1987 Manual Rain Gauge and Totalizer
ultimately upgraded to Department status. AWS – Data logger.
• The Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM) is an organization under the Station no : 446.1
Ministry of Environment, Government of Nepal. DHM has a mandate from Place: Kyangjing
Government of Nepal to monitor all the hydrological and meteorological activities in River Name : Langtang khola ( Source:Langtang Glacier) Station no : 666 Station no : 667
Nepal. Lat: 28°13’00” Long: 85°33’00”Altitude : 3800 m River : Imja Khola River: Imja khola
• The scope of work includes the monitoring of river hydrology, climate, agro Catchment area: 360 km2 Place: Dingboche Altitude: 4150m
Parameters: staff Gauge 1 m to 4 m Lat : 27°53’40” Place: Pangboche
meteorology, sediment, air quality, water quality, limnology, snow hydrology, Long : 85°56’40”
Established: 17 Jul 1987 Parameters: Station : Danfe Lek Station No: 643 (Beding)
glaciology, and wind and solar energy. Altitude: 4320 m Station: Tsho Rolpa
Staff Gauge 1 m to 3 m Place: Thali, Jumla District
• A full-fledged Snow and Glacier Hydrology Unit (SGHU) was established in the Catchments Area: 135 km2 Altitude: 3800 m Place: Beding (3800 m),Tsho Rolpa
Manual rainfall
Department of Hydrology and Meteorology in 1987. Average Precipitation in Langtang (1987- Ave ra ge Te m p e rat u re In Established: 1987 Established: June 2010 Lat: 27º51’00”, Long: 86º27’00”
• SGHU has established hydro-meteorological stations in Langtang (Rasuwa), Khumbu La n gta n g ( 1 9 8 7 - 2 0 1 0 ) Parameters: Thermo-hygrograph, Altitude: 4500 m
2010) 14.0
Established: 2000
(Solukhumbu), Annapurna (Kaski), Makalu (Sankhuwasabha), Kanjiroba (Dolpa), Average Radiation in Kumbu (1987-2004)
Manual Rain gauge, Totalizer
Average Precipitation In Pangboche (2004- Parameters: Thermo-hygrograph, Manual Rain
Humla (Humla), Tsho Rolpa (Dolkha), Danfe Lek (Jumla) and Dharapani (Manang) 180 10.0

TEMPERATURE IN OC
160.5 167.2 200 2012) 171.0 280 Gauge, Totalizer
Avg. precipitation (mm)
261.9
Regions. 160

Average Precipitation (mm)

252.6 Data logger : AWS Data logger
140 6.0 260 244.9 243.5
132.4
• These stations collect temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, solar radiation, 120
150
240 226.6
wind speed & direction and water level data. At the present, these stations are 214.7
Other activities

Radiation (W/m2)
100 87.7 87.5 2.0 220 226.1
100 81.2
monitored by Snow, Water Quality and Environment Section. 80 70.1 200 188.7 199.8
60
• The different activities carried out by Snow, Water Quality and Environment Section

OCT
NOV
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP

DEC
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
40 31.2 37.2 -2.0 50 32.8 180 169.0 • Through different projects, DHM has installed number of stations in different parts of
24.0 18.0 17.5
and data analysis is shown below. 16.9 23.3 5.4 4.0 5.3 160 152.2 149.6
20 10.7 6.8 3.2 Maximum Temperature 1.5 0.9 country.
-6.0 140
0
Minimum Temperature
0 • Snow survey has been carried out in Langtang, Khumbu and Annapurna Regions.
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May

Sep
Aug

Nov
Jul
Jun

Oct

Dec
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 120
-10.0 • Continuous mass balance measurements of Rikha Samba ( hidden valley, Mustang) and
Kanjirowa Region Month
Average Temperature 100
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Yala glacier (Langtang Valley, Rasuwa)
• Glacio-Hydrological Modelling in different glacierzied catchments of Nepal.

Rating curve for Langtang River Average monthly Discharge in Dingboche

7

Discharge (m3/s)
5.18
4.49
5
3.69
3.25
2.67 2.36
3 2.19
1.76
1.38 1.37 1.41 1.56
1
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Rating Curve for Imja Khola Gauging Station, Dingboche

2 (1990 - 2008)

Gauge Height (m)

1.8
1.6
Station: Kanjirowa Station No: 263 1.4
Place: Hurikot, Dolpa District 1.2
Rating Curve:
AWS on Yala Glacier (5250 masl)
Lat: 29°07’00” River: Sano Bheri Q = 0.887(H - 0.095)3.813 AWS at Yala base camp (5100 masl)
Long: 82°36’00” Place: Hurikot 1
Lat: 29º05’00”,Long: 28º33’00” 0 2 4 6 8
Altitude: 2735 m Discharge (cumec)
Established: 30 May 1991 Catchment area: 725 km2
Parameters: Thermo-hygrograph
Manual Rain gauge and solar Radiation
Altitude: 2735 m
Staff Gauge: 1 m to 3 m
Annapurna Region Makalu Region
Established: 30 May 1991 Station: Makalu
Average Precipitation in Kanjirowa Place: Tashi gaun
Average precipita in Humla
(2004 - 2009)
(2006 - 2010) Altitude: 2100 masl
230.2 300
Established Date: 20 Nov 1990
250 260.6
Parameters: Thermco-hygrograph, Manual Rain
Precipitation (mm)

Precipitation (mm)

200 168 250 gauge, Totalizer, Vantage Pro Data logger

189
150 200 Types of Met.St.: Semi Automatic and Automatic
110.4
150
100 67.457.876.4 61.8 103.8
44 67.4 79
35.231.6 100 63
50 19.221.8 35.2 39 47.6 44
50 23.230.6
0 River: Brun River
0 Mass balance measurement in Yala glacier
Feb
Jan

Mar
Apr
May

Sep
Aug

Nov
Jul
Jun

Oct

Dec

Station No: 406.4 Place : Barun Dovan Snow Survey in Langtang Valley
Apr

Aug
May
Feb
Mar

Jun

Sep

Nov
Jan

Jul

Dec
Oct

Station: Annapurna Met. Station River: Modi Khola (Source: Annapurna Glacier) Station No: 600
Humla Region Place: Machhapuchre Base Camp Place: Bager Latitude: 27° 44’ 00” Longitude: 87° 11’ 00”
Lat: 28°32’00” Lat: 28°31’00” Altitude :1800 masl
Long: 83°57’00” Long: 83°57’00” Catchment Area: 240 km2 Future works
Altitude: 3750 m Altitude: 3160 m Established on March 2002
Established date: 7 Aug 1987 Catchment area: 148 km2 Parameters: Staff gauge 1 m to 4 m
Instruments: Thermo-hygrograph, Source: Barun, Glacier ,
Manual Raingauge, Totalizer, Parameters: W. L. Recorder • Up gradation of existing hydro-met stations with the latest AWS and AHS including telemetry
Staff Gauge: 1 m to 3 m Glacier coverage Area:13%
AWS Data Logger system.
Established:7 Aug 1987
• Establishment of snow monitoring station.
Average Monthly discharge in Modi River Rating Curve of Modi Khola at Bagar, Annapurna
(1999-2006) 2.5 Average Monthly Discharge in Barun River Rating Curve of Barun River at Barun • Regular discharge measurements for upgrading existing rating curves.
( 2000-2006) Dovan, Makalu
30 27.5 3 • To establish new benchmark glacier for mass balance measurements.
24.6 2 70
25
60.0
54.0
2.5 • Use of latest remote sensing technology for mass balance measurements and snow cover
60
Gauge Height (m)
mapping.
Discharge (m3/s)

47.1 46.6
Discharge (m3/s)
Gauge Height (m)

20 17.5 1.5 2
50
Station : Humla Station No: 204 13.7 • Snow survey in all the regions.
40 1.5
Place: Panchmukhi Base Camp River: Panchamukhi Khola(daldung) 15
1 27.8 28.9
Rating Curve:
• Continuity of Glacio-Hydrological Modelling in different glacierzied catchments of Nepal.
Altitude:3835 m Place: Daldung 30 1
10 7.13 18.6
Established:2002 Lat: 30°11’00 4.24 Rating curve : 20
16.9 Q = 33.739(H+0.302)1.144 • Preliminary Study of permafrost in Kanjiroba region.
3.82 11.6
5 1.73 1.55 1.91 2.47 1.92 0.5
1.263(H+0.716)3.092c 8.18 7.81 10.8 0.5
Parameters: Thermo-hygrograph Long: 81°32’00 10
Manual Rain gauge Altitude: 3500 m 0 0 0
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100110120130
Parameters: Staff Gauge: 1 m to 3 m Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 0 20 40 60 80 100 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Discharge (cumec)
Established: 2005 Discharge (cumec)

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For correspondence: Niraj S. Pradhananga, Email: nirajsp@hotmail.com

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