Physica B: Condensed Matter 552 (2019) 202–208

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Physica B: Condensed Matter

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/physb

Influence of hydrostatic pressure and spin orbit interaction on optical T

properties in quantum wire
Sheetal Antila,b, Manoj Kumarc,d,∗, Siddhartha Lahone, Sajjan Dahiyaa, Anil Ohlana,
Rajesh Puniaa, A.S. Maana
a
Department of Physics, Maharshi Dayanad University, Rohtak, 124001, India
b
Department of Physics, Hindu Girls College, Sonipat, 131001, India
c
Department of Physics & Astrophysics, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
d
Department of Physics, Govt. College for Women, Jind, 126102, India
e
Department of Physics, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, 110007, India

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: The role of hydrostatic pressure and temperature on the optical properties of a two dimensional electron gas
Quantum wire confined in a quantum wire having Rashba spin orbit interaction is studied in this work. The energy band gap
Hydrostatic pressure and thus the effective mass of the charge carriers are found to have strong dependence of the hydrostatic
Spin orbit interaction pressure on the quantum wire and its absolute temperature. This in turn affects the linear as well as the nonlinear
Nonlinear optical properties
optical properties of the quantum wire. The external magnetic field, temperature, hydrostatic pressure and the
Rashba spin orbit interaction are found to interplay in determining the linear and nonlinear absorption coeffi-
cient and refractive change in the quantum wire as a response to incident electromagnetic radiation.

1. Introduction
Recently, much attention have been paid to the low dimensional
semiconductor structures e.g. quantum well, wire, dot etc., for their
promising applications in the field of optoelectronics [1–5]. The strong
confinement effects induce profound optical response in the quantum
nanostructures in comparison to the bulk materials. Therefore these
structures have gained high potentiality for device applications in laser
and optical modulation technology such as photodetectors, far-infrared
laser amplifiers, and high-speed electro-optical modulators [6–10]. The
energy spectrum tunabilty of quantum wire (QW) by the confinement
potential and other parameters make it suitable system for studying the
optical properties in the THz regime. Among the optical properties,
there has been significant research on linear and nonlinear optical ab-
sorption coefficients and refractive index changes in semiconductor
QW, especially in the theoretical and experimental investigation
[11–15].
There has been growing interest in the studies of spin-related phe-
nomena in quantum confined structures for their fundamental role in
future spin based electronic devices with high speed, low power con-
sumption and a high degree of functionality [16–20]. These devices use
the observable physical properties of electron spin for information
processing along with the electron charge. The mechanism of most of
the proposed devices work for manipulation of electron spin is the
Rashba Spin Orbit Interaction (SOI) [21]. An important characteristic of
Rashba SOI is that its strength can be influenced by applying gate
voltage [22]. Rashba SOI, therefore, is one of the choicest physical
processes for studies associated with device applications dependent on
spin manipulations in quantum nanostructures. One of the revolu-
tionary device proposals in this direction is the Datta-Das spin field
effect transistor [19]. Alternatively, optical properties of nanostructures
exhibiting Rashba SOI hold promising potential in the areas of spin
dependent device applications. There are number of theoretical and
experimental investigations on effects of Rashba SOI on the optical
properties of nanostructures [23–31], such as, Khordad has investigated
the influence of Rashba SOI and external magnetic field on the optical
properties for QW [28]. Lahon et al. have studied the effects of Rashba
SOI on the optical properties for quantum wire with external electric
field and magnetic field [23]. Gisi et al. reported the simultaneous ef-
fects of in-plane magnetic field and spin-orbit interaction on the optical
response for the QW [29]. Y. Karaaslan et al. have studied the effects of
Rashba SOI and magnetic field on nonlinear optical properties for
double QW [31].
Another externally controlled parameter which is able to manip-
ulate the optical properties of quantum nanostructures is hydrostatic
pressure. The hydrostatic pressure results in modification of the

∗
Corresponding author. Department of Physics, Govt. College for Women, Jind, 126102, Haryana, India. Tel.: +91 9812505090.
E-mail address: manojmalikdu@gmail.com (M. Kumar).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2018.10.006
Received 25 June 2018; Received in revised form 1 October 2018; Accepted 3 October 2018
Available online 09 October 2018
0921-4526/ © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
S. Antil et al. Physica B: Condensed Matter 552 (2019) 202–208

electronic band structure thereby leading to a change in effective of the two dimensional electron gas in a x-y plane. This makes the
masses of electron and holes, and resulting in a number of novel optical semiconductor quantum well with its growth direction along the z di-
and physical responses of the confined systems [32–37]. In the recent rection. The lateral confinement along the x direction makes the
times, these effects of hydrostatic pressure on the optical and electronic quantum wire in the y direction. A relatively narrow quantum wire is
properties have been theoretically investigated by many researchers chosen, so the form of confinement is approximated as a parabolic
with different confinement potential for the low-dimensional structures potential, V (x ) = m 0 x 2 /2 . Such narrow confinement can be realized
[38–43]. Duque et al. have demonstrated on exciton related optical by surface ploughing followed by a wet-chemical etching [45,46]. Here,
properties with hydrostatic pressure [34]. Ungan et al. reported the the lowest subband in the z direction is considered because of very thin
hydrostatic pressure effects on intersubband transitions in graded quantum well. An external magnetic field, B = (0, 0, B), is taken along
quantum well [36]. Rezaei et al. have extensively investigated the in- the z direction, this makes the corresponding vector potential as
fluences of hydrostatic pressure, on the linear and the nonlinear prop- A = Bxe y , in the Landau gauge. The single electron Hamiltonian of this
erties of quantum dot with external electric and magnetic fields [41]. system with spin orbit interaction under the action of hydrostatic
Effects of hydrostatic pressure and temperature in disc shaped quantum pressure and temperature in the effective mass approximation may be
dot have been studied by Liang and Xie [42]. Combined effects of hy- complied as [16,47–49]
drostatic pressure and SOI in quantum ring have been reported by
Mughnetsyan et al. [25]. Lots of researchers have studied the effects of H = H0 + HZ + HSO , (1)
different parameters on the optical properties of low-dimensional where H0 , contains the kinetic energy contribution with parabolic po-
structures; however, to the best of our knowledge, the influences of tential, Hz is the Zeeman energy splitting and HS0 is the Rashba spin
pressure, temperature and external magnetic field on optical properties orbit interaction term as
with spin orbit interaction, have not been discussed in the parabolic
confinement quantum wire so far. The understanding of Rashba SOI on (p + eA )2
the optical response for the quantum confined structures is fascinating H0 = + Vi (P )
2m (P , T ) (2)
and would be beneficial in many possible applications such as optos-
pintronics devices and quantum information systems [43,44]. Thus, it 1
HZ = gµ ·B
will be very interesting to study on the optical properties in a quantum 2 B (3)
wire under the influence of pressure and temperature with spin orbit
interaction. HSO = ( × (p + eA ))z
(4)
This work explores the interplay of hydrostatic pressure, tempera-
ture and external magnetic field in a QW exhibiting Rashba SOI. The Where is the Pauli spin matrix vector, g is the Lande's g factor,
study uses the exact spin inclusive wavefunction of charge carrier in the µB = 2m the Bohr magnetron, is the top gate [22,51,52] controlled
e

parabolic confinement potential QW, placed in an external magnetic

0
Rashba SOI factor. Vi (P ) = 2 m (P ) 02 (P ) x 2 is the pressure dependent
1
field. We have computed the eigenenergies and eigenfunctions using
potential and m (P , T ) is the effective mass of charge carrier which is
perturbation theory and diagonalisation technique. This work is struc-
dependent on pressure and temperature. For GaAs material, we have
tured as follows: Sec. 2 is related to computation of eigenenergies and
eigenfunctions of QW with magnetic field, hydrostatic pressure, tem- 15020meV 7510meV
m (P , T ) = m 0 [1 + + ] 1,
perature and Rashba SOI. These quantities are further employed to Eg (P , T ) Eg (P , T ) + 341meV (5)
determine the ACs and RICs using density matrix theory in presence of
THz laser field, whereas Sec. 3 is related to discussion of the numerical where Eg (P , T ) is the bulk GaAs bandgap [36]
results obtained for QW. Finally, the conclusions are presented in sec. 4. 0.5405K 1T 2
Eg (P , T ) = (1519 + 10.7kbar 1P )meV,
T + 204 (6)
2. Model and theory
The static dielectric constant, which is dependent on temperature
and pressure, for GaAs is given by Ref. [36]
We consider a system where the electrons are confined by split gates
r (P , T) = r (0, T0 )exp(d1 (T T0))exp( d2 P ), for T 200 K, (7)

Where
r (0, T0 ) = 13.18, d1 = 20.4 × 10 5K 1, d2 = 1.73 × 10 3K 1
and T0 = 300 K .

r (P , T ) = 12.74 exp(d3 (T 75.6))exp( d2 P ), for T< 200 K, (8)

Where d3 = 9.4 × 10 5K 1. The effective radius of QW is dependent on

HP as relation given as

R (P ) = R (0)[1 2P (S11 + S12)]1/2 , (9)

where S11 = 1.16 × 10 3 kbar 1 and S12 = 3.7 × 10 4 kbar 1 are the
component of the compliance tensor of GaAs [34]. R (0) is the effective
radius at zero HP. The effective radius is related to the confinement
potential as

R (P ) = ,
m (P , T ) 0 (P ) (10)

Thus, the operable form of the harmonic potential strength is given

as
Fig. 1. Schematic view of the quantum wire model (non-layered) within the
two dimensional electron gas with the parabolic potential showing the direc- 0 (P ) = 0 (0)/[1 2P (1.16 × 10 3kbar 1 7.4 × 10 4kbar 1)]. (11)
tions of an applied static magnetic field and laser field. After keeping the vector potential, H0 can be explicitly written as

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S. Antil et al. Physica B: Condensed Matter 552 (2019) 202–208

[px2 + (py + eBx ) 2] 1 2

split sub bands, the functional forms of the first (linear) and third
H0 = + m (P ) 2
0 (P ) x . (nonlinear) order absorption coefficients are obtained as [13–15]
2m ( P , T ) 2 (12)
µ Nc 2
The electron is free along the direction of quantum wire, thus the (1) ab |Mab |
( )=
(22)
2 2
system wavefunction may be considered as r (P , T ) [( ba ) + ab]

(x , y ) = (x )exp(ik y y ), (13) and

here k y is the plane wave number along the y-direction. Expressing py in (3) µ I 4Nc ab |Mab |2
( , I) = 3
× 2
form of k y , the Hamiltonian without the spin, H0 takes the form as r (P , T ) 2 0 n r c ( ba )2 + ab
|Mab |2
px2 1 0
2k
y ×[ 2
H0 = + m 2 (x x g )2 + , ( ba )2 +
(14)
2m ab
2m 2 2 2 2 2
(Mbb Maa ) 2 (3 ba 4 ba )( ba ab )
where =( 2 2 1/2
is the effective cyclotron frequency, + ].
0 (P ) + c) 2
4( ba + 2
)2 2
(23)
eB ky ab)[( ba + ab ]
xg = m2 2
is the center position for the harmonic oscillator and
eB Where is the incident photon energy and Mab is the transition matrix
= is the
cyclotron frequency.
c m element between the quasi ground state ( 0 ) and quasi excited state
The set of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of H0 + HZ obtained from
( 1 ) , and it is defined as Mab = | a |ex| b |. I is the intensity of incident
the Schrodinger equation (H0 + HZ ) n (x ) = En n (x ) is given as
light, µ is the magnetic susceptibility, 0 is the permittivity of vacuum,
1 2
0 ky 1 nr is the refractive index of quantum wire material, Nc is the electron
En = (n + )+ + gµ B density.
2 2 2m 2 B (15)
The total absorption coefficient is obtained as
1 x xg 1 x xg 2
(x ) = Hn ( ) × exp( ( )) (1) (3)
(24)
n
cl 2nn! cl 2 cl (16) T( , I) = ( )+ ( , I ).
The changes in refractive index associated first (linear) and third
with n = 0,1,2 …; = ±(+for up spin, - for down spin), and
cl = /m is the characteristics length of the harmonic oscillator. (nonlinear) order for the considered optical transition are evaluated as
Hn (x ) are the Hermite polynomials, are the spinor functions for spin nr(1) ( ) Nc |Mab |2
=
up ( + =
1
0 ()
) and spin down ( = 0 ). We can plot the energy
1 () nr 2nr2 0 {( ba )2 + 2
ba} (25)
dispersion relations using Eq. (15) and we have published the results in and
Ref. [16], here we are choosing the fixed value of k y = 1.0/R. After this
value of k y , the anticossing becomes more prominent as shown in Ref. nr(3) ( , I ) Nc Iµc |Mba |2 ( ba )
=
[16]. In order to determine the eigenvalues and eigenfuncion with the nr 2nr3 3 0 ( ba 2
) 2 + ab
Rashba SOI part of the Hamiltonian |Mab |2 2 ab (Mbb Maa)
×[ 2
+ 2
eBx d ( ba )2 + ab ( ba )2 + ab
HSO = [ x (k y + ) i y ],
dx (17) × {( ba ){ ba ( ba )+ 2
ab}
2
ab (2 ba ))}]
(x ) is expanded terms of n (x ) as (x ) = n an n (x ) . the Schrö- (26)
dinger equation H n (x ) = E n (x ) for the Hamiltonian ‘H ’ using or- respectively. The total change in refractive index is written as
thogonality condition can be written as,
nr ( , I ) nr(1) ( ) nr(3) ( , I )
(En E) an + an |HRi | = 0, = + .
n n nr nr nr (27)
n (18)
In the preceding section we present the numerically obtained result
where the matrix elements of 2nd term of this equation are computed as
with and their physical relevant discussions.
2
c c eF
n |HRi |n = [(1 )ky ] n, n ,
2 2 3. Results and discussions
c n+1
+ [( + )
cl 2
n, n 1
We have performed numerical calculations to find out the eigen-
c n values and eigenfunctions to study the role of hydrostatic pressure and
+( ) n, n + 1] , . temperature with the other parameters considered in this work. The
2 (19)
corresponding results are used to investigate the optical properties. For
For studying the influence of linearly polarized electromagnetic the purpose of numerical calculation and computation, the effective
wave on the system under consideration for QW, we have employed atomic units are used i.e. e = = m = = 1. For evaluating the optical
perturbation expansion method with compact density matrix approach. absorption spectrum, we have considered the following range of para-
The Laser field is applied to excite the system as meters for GaAs quantum wire r (0,300K ) = 13.18, g = −0.44, 0=
˜ i
E (t ) = Ee t ˜
+ Ee i t.
(20) 10 meV–30 meV and Rashba coupling factor, α = 10–75 meV nm.
Recently, the larger value of the Rashba SOI is recently produced ex-
The time evolution of the density matrix for the system of perimentally by the J. R. Bindal et al. [53]. The effective mass of an
Hamiltonian H with the x direction polarized electromagnetic wave is electron taken to be m (0,0) = 0.067m 0 , where m 0 is rest mass of the
given as electron, Nc = 3.0 × 10 22m 3 , the relaxation time 1/ if = 1.0 ps and
ab 1 i nr = 3.15.
= [H + exE (t ), ]ab 0)
ab ( ab = i ab ab [exE (t ), ]ab Fig. 2, shows the variation of effective mass as a function of hy-
t i
drostatic pressure for T = 1 K, T = 150 K and T = 300 K. It is observed
ab (
0) .
ab (21)
that the effective mass of the electron decreases with the increase in
Where ab = (Ea Eb)/ is the transition frequency between the ‘a’ temperature. This lowering of effective mass of electron is a con-
level and ‘b’ level and ab is the relaxation rate between these two le- sequence of the intricate relationship between Eg and temperature
vels. Using perturbative expansion methods, For the lowest two spin which in turn influences the effective mass. The energy band gap is also

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S. Antil et al. Physica B: Condensed Matter 552 (2019) 202–208

Fig. 2. Variation of effective mass of electron as a function of hydrostatic

pressure for three different temperatures – 1 K, 150 K and 300 K. Fig. 4. The variation of dipole matrix elements (upper part) and transition
energy (lower part) between the two states as a function of the confinement
strength for three different hydrostatic pressure at the fixed value of B = 1 T,
T = 300 K and = 75 meVnm.

Fig. 3. The transition energy variation as a function of hydrostatic pressure for

different values of Rashba SOI factor and three different temperatures at the
fixed value of B = 1 T, 0 = 10 meV.

Fig. 5. The optical absorption spectrum as a function of the energy of incident

dependent on hydrostatic pressure as given in Eq. (6). This linear de- photon for three different values of hydrostatic pressure and at the fixed value
pendence of Eg on hydrostatic pressure induces the curvature of the of 0 = 10 meV, B = 1 T, T = 300 K, = 75 meVnm and I = 9.40 × 105 W/
graph between effective mass and pressure as depicted in Fig. 3. As m2.
pressure increases, the energy band gap increases linearly and it results
in the increase in the effective mass of electron as the band energy is
placed at the denominator of the inverse relationship of the effective
mass Eq. (5).
Fig. 3, represents the variation of transition energy between the
lowest spin spilt subands as a function of hydrostatic pressure for dif-
ferent value of Rasbha SOI 35 meVnm, 65 meVnm and 75 meVnm and
different values of temperature 1 K, 150 K and 300 K. At a particular
value of Rashba SOI, the transition energy increases near linearly as the
hydrostatic pressure is increased. The underlying physical reason for
this is the enhancement of effective confinement potential of quantum
wire when pressure increases, this relationship between the confine-
ment potential and pressure is explicitly shown via Eq. (11). As the
Rasba SOI factor is increased, the transition energy increases. For a
particular hydrostatic pressure, when temperature is increased, it de-
creases the transition energy a little bit and the effect of temp becomes
more dominant at the higher value of Rasbha SOI factor. The change is
lowest for smaller value of Rashba SOI factor. So hydrostatic pressure
and temperature both modifies the energy eigenstates and eigenvalues Fig. 6. The change in refractive index as a function of the energy of incident
with all other concerned factors. photon energies for three different values of hydrostatic pressure and at the
Fig. 4, shows the variation of dipole matrix element (upper part) fixed value of values 0 = 10 meV, B = 1 T, T = 300 K, = 75 meVnm and
and transition energy (lower part) between the two states as a function I = 9.40 × 105 W/m2.
of the confinement strength for three different hydrostatic pressure

205
S. Antil et al.
Fig. 7. The optical absorption coefficients as a function of the energy of in-
cident photon for three different values of confinement potential 0= 10 meV,
13 meV, 16 meV, and at the fixed B = 1 T, T = 300 K, = 75 meVnm,
P = .01 kbar and I = 9.40 × 105 W/m2.
Fig. 8. The optical absorption coefficients as a function of the energy of in-
cident photon for two different values of Rashba SOI factor = 65 meVnm,
75 meVnm and three different magnetic field B = 1 T, 5 T, 10 T and at the fixed
confinement potential 0= 10 meV, T = 300 K, P = .01 kbar and
I = 9.40 × 105 W/m2.
(0.01 kbar, 50 kbar, 100kabr) at the fixed value of B = 1 T, T = 300 K
and = 75 meVnm. It is observed that for a particular value of pressure
as the confinement potential is increased, the dipole matrix element
strength between these two states decreases. This reduction in matrix
element is happened from the reduction of effective radius of quantum
wire, since the effective radius is decreased because of the increment of
confinement potential as depicted from Eq. (10). Decrease in the ef-
fective radius narrows down the quantum wire and the motion of the
electron becomes more and more confined resulting in the decrease in
the number of states with the weaker overlapping of the wavefunction.
Therefore, the dipole moment strength decreases. For a particular value
of confinement potential, as the hydrostatic pressure is increased from
0.01 kbar to 50 kbar and then to 100 kbar, it reduces the dipole matrix
elements strengths because of the same physical reason mentioned in
the previous point. Something interesting happens with the variation, at
some values of confinement potential there is the drastic changes in
dipole matrix elements as the coupling becomes weaker at these points.
These drastic changes region get shifted towards higher values of con-
finement potential for the higher values of hydrostatic pressure. Hence,
206
Physica B: Condensed Matter 552 (2019) 202–208
Fig. 9. The variation of dipole matrix elements (upper part) and transition
energy (lower part) between the two states as a function of the magnetic field
for two different = 65 meVnm and 75 meVnm at the fixed value of 0=
10 meV, and T = 300 K.
Fig. 10. The optical absorption coefficients as a function of the energy of in-
cident photon for two different values of temperatures T = 1 K, 150 K, 300 K
and fixed values of Rashba SOI factor = 75 meVnm, B = 1 T, confinement
5 2
potential 0 = 10 meV, T = 300 K, P = .01 kbar and I = 9.40 × 10 W/m .
it is expected that the interesting change in the absorption spectrum
peaks at the different values of confinement potential and pressure,
since the peak heights depends upon the dipole matrix elements
strength. The lower portion, of Fig. (4), represents the transition energy
variation, as the confinement potential is increased the transition en-
ergy increases, because the enhanced quantization of confinement se-
parates the energy levels. The higher value of hydrostatic pressure re-
sults more confinement hence the transition energy increases. This
combination of nice variation of dipole matrix elements strength and
transition energy makes the optical spectrum more prominent.
Fig. 5, shows the variation of the linear (α(1)), nonlinear (α(3)) and
total absorption coefficient (αT) for continuous incident photon energy
spectrum at three values of hydrostatic pressure. The Rashba SOI is
fixed at 75 meVnm and the incident laser intensity 9.40 × 105 W/m2.
The absorption peak energies are found to be at 17.05 meV (laser fre-
quency of 4.12 THz), 19.18 meV (4.63 THz) and 20.54 meV (4.96 THz)
corresponding to hydrostatic pressure 0.01 kbar, 50 kbar and 100 kbar
respectively. The resonance occurs when the incident photon energy
match with the transition energy as per Eq. (22) and (23). The
α(1)shows resonance at the corresponding transition energy difference,
as shown in Fig. 4, similarly with α(3) but with a negative sign. As the
hydrostatic pressure is increased from 0.01 kbar to 50 kbar–100 kbar,
the resonance peak, both for α(1) and α(3) blue shifts. This effect is
S. Antil et al.
accompanied by the decrease in the peak height of α(1) and α(3). Here,
α(1) is being effected strongly as compared to α(1). This explains the
observed behaviour of the total absorption coefficient at different
photon energies and different hydrostatic pressure. The blue shifts
occur due to increase in the energy levels spacing by the introduction of
hydrostatic pressure. It is evident from Figs. 1 and 3, that the increase in
hydrostatic pressure increases electron's effective mass and confine-
ment potential. This in turn reduces effective width of the wire and
enhances confining potential resulting in enhanced interlevel energy
spacing. The absorption spectrum is much stronger for lower value of
hydrostatic pressure. The peak height corresponds to strength of dipole
matrix elements. As it is evident from Eqs. (22) and (23), α(1) is pro-
portional to square of |Mij| and α(3) is proportional to fourth power of
|Mij|, thus the nonlinear absorption coefficient decreases more quickly
than the change in the linear term and it seems in the figure clearly.
This leads to the bleaching effect which appears for HP > 50 kbar, as
the |Mij| decreases between two states with the increment of HP, the
peak height decreases.
Fig. 6, depicts the 1st & 3rd order and total relative refractive index
changes of the quantum wire, for different applied hydrostatic pressure
on the QW, in response to incident electromagnetic wave. The 1st order
refractive index change shows negative dispersion at resonance photon
energy and its immediate neighborhood which returns to normal be-
haviour before and after this region. The region of anomalous beha-
viour shifts to higher photon energy value when pressure is increased
from 0.01 kbar to 50.00 kbar–100.00 kbar whereas the peaks maxima
attenuate. These two effects are the result of the fact that hydrostatic
pressure causes the effective width of the wire to decrease. Conversely,
for 3rd order relative refractive index change, the normal dispersion
behaviour on and around the resonance photon energy and anomalous
behaviour beyond this region are observed. This occurs due to the ne-
gative sign associated with the 3rd order relative refractive index
change and this same reason decreases the total refractive index change
peaks.
To study the role of width of the quantum wire, we present the
effects of the three different quantum confinement strength on the
quantum wire on α(1), α(3)and αT in Fig. (7) at the particular B = 1 T,
T = 300 K, = 75 meVnm, P = .01 kbar and I = 9.40 × 105 W/m2. We
get the resonace peak at photon energy of 17.05 meV (4.12 THz),
19.05 meV (4.60 THz) and 21.11 meV (5.10 THz) corresponding to
0= 10 meV, 13 meV, 16 meV respectively. All resonance peak of the
absorption coefficients undergo blue shift (shift to higher energies) as
the confinement potential is increased. This is due to the decrease in
inter-level energy difference with increased radius which is directly
related with the confinement potential as shown and explained in Fig. 4
(a). The resonance peak height decreases with the increment of con-
finement potential. The decrease in magnitude of the absorption coef-
ficients is due the lowering of the dipole matrix element as shown in
Fig. 4(b). This absorption spectrum variation of peak height and blue
shifting is in agreement with the reported work [4,54] where the ef-
fective width is shown which is equivalent to the confinement potential.
The magnetic field with Rashba SOI leads to intriguing energy
spectrum as reported by us and other authors [31]. The magnetic field
effects on the optical properties with the Rashba SOI and hydrostsic
pressure are calculated and given in Fig. 8. It shows very interesting non
monotonic behaviour for the absorption coefficient curves with the
combination of two pattern for = 65 meVnm and = 75 meVnm,
when the transverse magnetic field is modified from 1 T to 5 T–10 T at
the particular value of 0= 10 meV, T = 300 K, P = .01 kbar and
I = 9.40 × 105 W/m2. For the = 65 meVnm, the variation, both
linear and nonlinear, causes the blue shifts of the resonance peak with
the accompaniment of attenuation of absorption coefficients. For
= 75 meVnm, the absorption coefficient peaks, both linear and
nonlinear, are red shifted with accompaniment of attenuation of ab-
sorption coefficient. To explain this intriguing behaviour, the variation
of dipole matrix elements and transition energies are plotted in Fig. 9
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Physica B: Condensed Matter 552 (2019) 202–208
with all same parameter.
As in Fig. 9(a), the variation of transition energy, with magnetic
field, between the spin flip states of lowest two subbands have the
different nature for the different value of Rashba SOI factor. This is
because of Zeeman term in the Hamiltonian which overpowers the
Rashba term for the given set of parameters. As the magnetic field is
increased, the energy gap between the subbands decreases. At some
values of Rashba SOI, crossings and anticrossing happens between the
states. So we are getting these non monotonic behaviour because of the
involvement of Rashba SOI. In both the cases, the matrix element de-
creases, therefore in Fig. 8, the resonance height decreases as the
magnetic field is increased. For = 65 meVnm, the transition energy
increases with increment of magnetic field, this explains the blue shift
pattern for the left portion in Fig. 8. For the = 75 meVnm, the tran-
sition energy decreases with increment of magnetic field, this explains
the red shift pattern for the right portion in Fig. 8. Thus we are getting
both blueshift and redshift for optical absorption spectra with the in-
crement of magnetic field, just the matter of different Rashba SOI.
In Fig. 10, the absorption spectra for the quantum wire is observed
for the T = 1 K, T = 150 K and T = 300 K at particular Rashba SOI
factor = 75 meVnm, B = 1 T, confinement potential 0= 10 meV,
T = 300 K, P = .01 kbar and I = 9.40 × 105 W/m2. At T = 300 K,
T = 150 k and T = 1 K, the resonances occur at 17.05 meV (4.12 THz),
17.30 meV (4.18 THz) and 17.45 meV (4.22 THz) respectively. The
absorption spectrum becomes stronger for higher temperature and
shifts to lower energies, because the energy levels come close to each
other as evident from Fig. 3. The essentials of the physical description of
these results are described in the explanations of Figs. 3 and 4. These
results are expected to enhance the understanding of the changes in the
behaviour of quantum wire, with Spin Orbit Interaction, when placed at
different environments with varying temperature and pressure.
4. Conclusion
In this paper, the detailed investigation of the influence of hydro-
static pressure and temperature on the linear and nonlinear optical
properties of a QW in THz laser field with SOI is numerically presented.
The results are presented within the effective mass approximation using
perturbation technique and density matrix theory.
We have observed blue shifting of absorption coefficients peaks and
refractive index change with increase in pressure. While studying the
effect of the increase in confinement potential for the quantum wire, we
have demonstrated that the absorption coefficient peaks linear, non-
linear and total are shifted towards higher photon energy accompanied
with the decrement of resonance peak height. The variation of dipole
matrix element and transition is incorporated here for giving better
physical explanation with all range of parameter considered here. It is
found that an increase in absolute temperature of the QW red shifts the
absorption coefficient and refractive index change peaks while enhan-
cing their heights. The effects of external magnetic field on absorption
spectrum are found nonmonotonic with the Rashba SOI.
As a conclusion it is observed that the hydrostatic pressure, tem-
perature, magnetic field and Rashba SOI affect strongly the absorption
spectrum for the quantum wire. We can control the tuning and detuning
the THz laser in this low dimensional structure by varying the con-
trolling parameter i.e. the hydrostatic pressure, temperature, magnetic
field and Rashba SOI affects. These kinds of features would be very
helpful for the development of tunable optoelectronic devices.
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