Re c or ds o f C i v i li z at io n

S O U R C ES A N D ST U D I ES

EDI T ED BY

J A M E S T . S H O T WE L L , PH D . .

P R O F ESS O R OF H I STO RY I N C O L U M B I A UN I V ERS I TY

~
IN C O L LA B O R A T I O N W I T H
F R AN K LI N H G I D D I N G S P H D L L D
. , . .
, . .
j U LI US A . B EW ER , P H D . .

P R O F ESSO R O F SO C I O L OG Y A N D T H E H I S T ORY O F P R O F E SSOR O F O LD T E S TAM E N T E XEG E S I S I N

C IV ILI ZA TI O N I N C O LU M B I A U N IV E R S I TY U N I O N T H E O LOG I CA L S E M I N A R Y
M U N RO E SM I T H , LL D . . CA RL TON H . ES P H D
H AY , . .

P R O F E SSOR O F ROMA N W LA C OM PA RATIVE

AN D ASSOC I AT E P RO F E SSOR O F H I S TO R Y
J URI S RU E NC E
P D INC O LU M I A U N IVER S I T Y
B I N C O LU M I A U N IVER S I T Y
B

W I LLI A M R S H E P H ER D P H D
.
, . . E LLERY C S T O W E LL P H D
.
, . .

P RO F E SSOR O F H I STO R Y I N C O LU M I A B ASS I STA NT P RO F E SSOR O F I N TE R N AT I O N A L

U N IVER S I TY LA W I N C O LU M I A U N IVER S I TY
B

G E O R G E w B O T SF O R
. D PH D , . . H A RO L D H . T RYO N , M A . ., B D . .

O F H I STO R Y I N C O LU M I A B I N ST RU CT O R I N N EW TE S TAM E NT AND CH URCH

U IVER S I
N TY H I S T ORY I N U N I O N T H E O L OG I CA L S E M I N A R Y

N i ta
got h
CO LU M BI A U NI V E R S I T Y PRE S S
1916
 REC O R D S OF C I V I LI Z A T I O N

ED I T ED B Y
J AM ES T . S H O T WELL

A C O M P RE H E N S IV E
ER I ES C O NSI ST I N G
S

D O C U M E N T S IN T R AN S LATI O N

C O M M E N T A R I E S AN D I N T E R P R E T AT I O N S

B I BLI OG R A P H I C A L G U I D E S

ER SITY P RES S
C OLUMB IA UN IV
S ALE S AGEN TS
L EM C K E AN D B U E C H N ER H U M P H REY M I L FO R D
3 3 WES
0- 2 T S N W Y OR
T ., E K AM E C OR N E R L O N O N E C
N , D ,
.
1Re c o r b s of c i vi l i s a t i o n : S ou r c e s a n b S t u b i e s

T HE BOOK OF T HE POP ES
(L I B E R P ON TIF I C A L I S )

I
T O T H E P O N T I F I C A T E O F G R EG O R Y I

T R A N S L A T E D W I TH AN I NT R O DUCT I O N

L O U I S E R O PE S L O O M I S , P IL D .

N ew 120t h

C O L U M B I A U NI V E R S I T Y PRE S S
1 916
 C O PY RI G HT , 1 9 1 6,

BY C O LU M B I A U N I V ER SI T Y P RE SS .

Se t u p an d elec t r o ty p ed . e
P u b lish d S p t mb e e er , 1 91 6 .

N orim oh iaka
J . S C a shi n g C o
. . Be l-wi c k 65 Smith C o .

N or w ood , M as s , U S A
. . . .
 P R E FA C E

T H E p r e p a r a tio n of an E n g li sh t e xt of the L z be r P on tg ca lz s ,
’

fi
’

of w hich the fo l lo w in g p ag e s fur n ish the fir s t i n st a ll me n t, is some

thin g more th a n the tr an s l a tio n of a cr abb e d te xt cro w d e d with ,

o b scure r e fe r e n c es E ve n of the g r e a t lib r a rie s i n this cou n try

.

o n ly ab out te n p osse s s the ori g in al in the b e st w or k i n g e d itio n if ,

on e m ay j u d g e by li b r a r y retur n s a n d it is d ou b tfu l if m a n y more

,

co p ie s of the com p lete text e xist thi s si d e of th e A t lan tic A d ocu .

m e n t w hich l o n g w as vie w e d a s of fu n d ame n t al im p ort an ce for th e

hi story of t h e Pa p a cy h as thus su n k so com p l e t e ly out of si g ht a s
to h ave be c om e a r ather r a re curiosity to all b ut rese a rch stud e n ts
of me dieval hi story T h i s is in p a rt d ue to the ch a r a ct e r of the
.

w or k w ith its for b i dd i n g li sts of items of loc al a n d tem p or a ry i n te r

,

e st in w hich o n ly the tr a i n e d a rch ae o lo g ist c a n fi n d his w ay b u t

, ,

it is al so sure ly d ue to the f a ct th a t b oth text s a n d comme n ta r y

h ave hitherto bee n in forei g n la n g u ag e s a n d a re to b e fou n d o n ly
i n costly an d r a re vo l ume s The E n glish ver sio n a ims to over
.

come the s e d i ffic u lties W hi l e the n a rr a tive p ortio n s of the text

.

h ave bee n k e p t i n fu ll li sts of mere n a me s a n d fi g ure s e s p e ci a lly

, ,

i n the c a se of or d i n a tio n s h ave bee n i n p a rt e l imi n a te d un l e s s the y

,

w ere of d isti n ct historic al i n tere st The n a rr a tive w he n n o l o n g er

.
,

c l o g g e d w ith a n u n due a mou n t o f this m a teri al wi ll be fou n d to

,

r u n al o n g w ith s omethi n g o f the s wift n e s s of a me d ieval chro n ic l e .

The a rch ae o l o g ist w h o a lo n e Wil l miss the d isc a r d e d p ortio n s wi ll

, ,

tur n to the ori g i n al i n a n y c a s e I n the seco n d p la ce suffi cie n t

.
,

a p p a r a tu s h a s bee n g i ve n In the form of ex p lanator y n ote s to

m ak e the na rr a tive c le a r w hi l e b iblio g r a p hic al refer e n ces f u r n i sh
,

a g u id e to the tre a tme n t of the more in tric ate p ro bl ems It is .

'

ho p e d therefore th a t in its n e w form — for th e L z é e r P on t ifica lz s

’

, ,

h a s n ever b e fore bee n tr a n s late d i n to any other to n g ue — this

qu ai n t mo n ume n t of curi al hi storio g r a ph y w i l l be fou n d to h ave
reta in e d e n ou g h of th a t ch a rm of n ai ve sim p licity w hich t h e ,

scho la r a p p reci ate s in the ori g i n a l to lu re the g e n er al re a d er of

,

histor y i n to a study of the im p orta n t f a cts w ith w hich it d e al s .

vi PRE FA CE

It shou l d b e b or n e i n mi n d ho w ever th a t this vo l ume is n ot

, ,

a n a ttem p t to prese n t a histo r y of the Pa p a c y d uri n g the first six

ce n turie s It is sim p ly the pre s e n tatio n of an a n cie n t text with

.

e n ou g h comme n t a ry to m ak e it i n te lli g i bl e Th e text is th a t of

.

the e a r liest history of the Pa p a c y b ut eve n w ere it p rovid e d with

,

most exh a ustive n ote s it cou l d n ever furn ish by itse l f an a d equ a te
,

ba sis for a mo d ern n a rr ative T h e histori an of to d ay h a s a t h i s

.
-

d is p os al other d ocume nts an d a rch aeo l o gic al rem a in s w hich a r e ,

ofte n o f g re ater import a n ce for a n u n d erstan di n g of the se e a r ly

i th a the me ag re b io g r a h y the
'

fi b
' '

p o n t c a te s n
p i n L z e r P on t z ca lz s
fi .

It wa s ori g in a lly p la n n e d th at a co l lectio n of such d ocume n t s shou ld

form a p a rt of the vo lume i n w hich the L z be r P on zzfi m lz s a p p e a r s
' ’

b ut it n ow seems b est to p u b lish the s e d ocume n ts in a s e p a r ate a n d

p a r all e l vo l ume an d so l e ave the way ope n to comp l ete the L z be r
’

P on tifica /z s or a t l e a st to c a rry it d o w n to the he a rt of t h e M i dd le

'

A g es .

A w or d shou l d b e s ai d a s to the poi n t a t w hich the text of the

L z be r P on tzfi ca lz s is b ro k e n i n this e d itio n W he n the tr an s latio n
’ '

w a s first u n d ert ak e n it seeme d u nl i k e ly th at it w ou l d ever b e co n

t i n u e d further th a n i n the p rese n t e n terprise Dr L oomis there
. .
,

fore c a rrie d the text throu g h the p on tific ate of Gre g ory I a s a
, ,

poin t of g e n er al historic al i n tere st S i n c e there is n ow a p o ssi

.

b ility th at the n ext se ctio n of the b oo k m ay a lso b e tr a n s late d the ,

d ivisio n h a s bee n p u t a s n e a r to the on e ori g i na lly p la n n e d a s p os

sib le i n c l u di ng the p on tifi c ate s imme di a te ly p rece d i n g Gre g ory
,
.

T hose w ho re ad this b oo k w i ll sure ly a pp reci a te t h e a r d u ou s

ta s k w hich Dr L oomis h a s h e r e a ccom p lish e d a n d t heir ap p r e
. ,

c i ati on w i ll pro bably g ro w u p o n a c loser a cqu a i n t a n ce w ith the

p ro bl ems i n vo lve d .

J . T . S .
 C H RO N O L O G I C A L LI S T OF PO PE S

The dates of th e first ei ghtee n

pon tific a te s ar e so co j ectural th at they
n ar e n ot

give n here
.

P E T ER
LIN U S
CLE T U
S

CL EMEN T I

AN EN C L ET US
E VA R I ST U S
AL ExAN D ER
XY ST U S I
T ELESP H O R U S
H YG IN U S
PI US I
AN I C E T U S
S O T ER
E LE U T H ER IU S
V I CT O R
Z EP H YR I N U S

C A LL I ST U S I
U R B AN U S I
P O NT I AN U S ( 2 30—2 3 5)

ANT ER O S ( 2 3 5—2 3 6 )
FA B I AN U S ( 2 3 6—2 50)

CO RN EL I U S ( 2 5 1 —2 53 )

LU C I U S ( 2 53 —2 54 )

S T E P H EN I ( 2 54—2 57)
X Y STU S I I ( 2 57—2 58 )
D IO N Y SI U S ( 2 59—268 )
F EL I X I ( 269 2 74 )
-

E U T Y C H I AN U S (27 5 283 )
-

G A I U S ( 283 —2 96)
 C H R O N OL O G I C AL LI S T OF POPE S

M A R C E LL I N U S ( 296—3 04 )
M AR C ELL U S ( 3 08 3 09) -

E U SE B I U S
( 309 or 3 1 0)
M IL T IAD Es ( 3 1 1 —3 1 4 )
S YLV E STER ( 3 1 4 -

335)
MA R C U S ( 33 6)
J U L I U S I (3 3 7 3 52 )
—

LI B ER I U S ( 3 52—3 66 )
F EL I X I I ( 3 55 3 58 ) -

D A M A SU S 66— 8
(3 3 4)
S I R I C I U S ( 3 84—3 99 )
A N ASTA SI U S I ( 3 99 -
401 )
I N N O C EN T I ( 401 —4 1 7)
Z O SI M U S ( 4 1 7 4 1 8 )
-

B O N I FA C E I (4 1 8 42 2 ) -

C ELE S T I N E I (4 2 2 4 3 2 ) -

XY ST U S I I I ( 43 2 44 0) -

LEO I ( 440—46 1 )

H I L ARY ( 46 1 —45 8 )
S I M P L I C I U S (468 48 3 ) -

F EL I X I I I ( 4 8 3 —49 2 )
’

G EL AS I U S ( 49 2 496 ) -

J
AN A ST A SIU S I I ( 496 498 ) -

S YMM A C H U S (498—5 1 4 )
H O RM I SD AS ( 5 1 4 5 2 3 ) -

J O H N I — 26
(5 3 5 )
2

F EL I X IV ( 526 5 3 0) -

B O N IF AC E I I ( 53 0 53 2 ) -

J O H N 11 ( 533 53 5) -

AG AP IT US ( 53 5 53 6 ) -

S I LV ER I U S ( 53 6—5 3 7 )
V I G I L I U S ( 53 7 5 5 5)
-

P EL AG I U S I ( 5 56 56 1 ) -

J O H N I I I ( 56 1 574) -

B E N E D I C T I ( 5 7 5 579 ) -

P ELA G I U S I I ( 579
 I N T R OD UC T I ON

THE b ishopric of R o m e f a vored by circumst an ce i n m any way s

,

over the b ishoprics of other cities is fortu n a te al so in thi s th a t it

, ,

possesses records d a ti ng almost from the ag e of its ve n er abl e

fo u n d a tio n The equ ally an cie n t sees o f J erus al em An tioch an d
.
,

Al ex an dri a h a ve n o memori al s e a r lier th an the c a t al o g ues of b ishops

whi ch w ere set do wn by the hi stori an E u seb iu s in the four th ce n
tury C o n st an ti n op l e c an tr a c e its episcop al li n e n o further ba c k
.

th an the seve n th ce n tury On the other h an d R o m e for a v a riety

.
, ,

of re a so n s whi ch a re sti ll m a tters of co n trovers y wa s re ga rded ,

a s a pecu li a r ly f a ithfu l custodi an of a posto lic tr a ditio n ; the

seque n ce of its b ishops from P eter the a post l e wa s cited eve n a s
, ,
’

e a r ly a s the seco n d ce n tur y a s g u a r an tee of its c la im to tr an smit

the pure doctrin e u nall o y ed The episcop al lists of the seco n d

.

ce n tury w ere r epe a ted an d co n tin ued in succeedi ng ce n turies the ,

la ter records b ei n g exp an ded an d e nla r g ed u n ti l i n the sixth or

,

seve n th ce n tury th e L i b er P on t ific alis the first historic al n a rr a

,

tive or series of p a p al b io g r aphies wa s compi l ed by a mem b er of

,

the p ap al court La ter y et ever y pope h a d hi s o ffi ci al an n al ist

.
,

w ho c a rried o n the L i b er P on tifi c alis a ddi ng a n e w b io g r a ph y a t

,

the de a th of the po n tiff The chro nic l e wa s ofte n ba re an d per

.

fu n c tor y wa s n o w an d the n omitted al to g ether for l o n g periods a t

,

a time b ut wa s n ot fi nally aban do n ed u n ti l the ag e of Ma rtin V

,

i n the fiftee n th cen tury .

Throu ghout the M iddle A ges an d un ti l comp a r a tive ly mo d er n

times the L ib er P on tifi c ali s wa s a ccepted a s n ot o nly the o l dest b ut
a s al so the most a uthe n tic existin g hi story of the p ap a cy E x .

tr a cts from it w e re i n corpor a ted i n to Church li tur gies It wa s .

quoted a s an a uthority by cou n t l ess histori an s an d ecc l esi a stic al

ix
 I NT RO DU C T I O N

w riters from th e ei ghth ce n tury to the eightee n th It served a s .

mode l for other chro nic l es b oth secu la r an d re li gious in p a rticu la r

, ,

for the Gesta Epi sc opo mm an d the Gesta Abbatu m the records ,

w hich w ere k ept i n c a thedr al ch apters an d mo na steries of W ester n

E urope during the la ter M idd l e A ges B ec a use of its u nmist akabl e .

an tiquity an d b ec a use of the profoun d import an ce of its su bj ect

m a tter it wa s reck o n ed a s a source of u n impe a ch abl e ver a city an d
a s o n e of the in di sput abl e proofs of the primi tive po w er an d a ctivity
of the p opes .

M oder n scho la rshi p ho w ever in the perso n s of Lip siu s L i ght

, , ,

foot Wai tz Duches n e M ommse n an d others h a s la id its u n sc ru

'

, , , , ,

p u lo u s h an ds o n t hi s L i b er P on t ifi c a li s analyz ed it an d sep a r a ted ,

it i n to t w o p a rts e a ch differi n g from the other in ori gi n an d hi s

,

t or i c a l v al ue The la tter portio n from the seve n th ce n tury do wn

.
,

wa rd is a s w e h a ve al re a dy i n di c a ted simp ly the annal s of the

, , ,

p ap al court w ritte n up from time to t ime by the p ap al b io g r apher

,
.

The n a rr a tive m ay b e b i a ssed or i n a ccur a te b ut it recou n ts eve n ts ,

of w hich the n a rr a tor h a d for the most p a rt some perso nal kn o wl

ed g e from w hich he wa s in n o c a se very f a r di st an t an d a s such
, ,

d eserves co n sider abl e crede n ce It is in f a ct o n e of the fe w sur

.
, ,

y i y i ng sources for the tur b u l e n t ce n turies th a t fo ll o w ed the de a th

o f Gre g ory I It prese n ts n o un usu al pro bl ems b ey o n d those

.

o ffered by an y h isto r y tre a ti ng of an ag e so al ie n to our o wn .

The e a r l ier portio n covering the er a from S t P eter to the ,

.

seve n th ce n tury an d compi l ed first to wa rd the e n d of th a t er a is

, ,

of di ff ere n t qu ality Al thou g h sti ll a dmi tted to b e the o l dest of all

.

l oc al church hi stories ba sed upo n records e a r li er y et an d of uh

,

dou b ted g e n ui n e n ess it is itse l f a mesh of verit abl e f a ct rom an tic

, ,

l e g e n d de l i b er a te f ab ric a tio n an d heed l ess error It de al s wi th

,
.

perso n s an d th ing s whi ch seemed ofte n ahn ost a s remote to the

a uthor a s they do to us an d of whi ch he h a d o n ly the sc an tiest an d
most fr agme n t a ry a ccou n ts ; i t descri b es a chi eveme n ts w hich he
h a d li ttl e me an s of estim a ting j ustly an d w hich he h a d sometimes
the stro ng est motive to ex agg er a te or misreprese n t On e c an .
,

therefore o b serve i n this si ngl e docume n t a bl e n di ng of most

,

o f the processes by w hich a hi story m ay b e co n structed the use of ,

so b er re li abl e sometimes fi rst h an d reports of eve n ts an d aga in of

, ,
-

m a rve l ous l e g e n ds the cre a tio n s of ge n er a tio n s of e n thusi a sm an d

,
 I NT R O D UC T I O N xi

p iet y the
,
i n te n tio nal m an uf a cture of d a t a for a de fin ite purpose ,

the distortio n of o ther d a t a throu g h pre j udice or i gn or an ce Thi s .

portio n of the L i b er P on tifi c alis is ofte n fr a udu l e n t ofte n p a rtis an , ,

ofte n nai ve ly devout an d credu l ous Y et the ver y fr a uds an d u n

.

c orro b or a ted a ssertio n s an d mist ak es an d ve n er a tio n s h a ve a v al ue

to us of a sort I t is in teresting to kn o w w h a t cou l d b e b e lieved

.

ab out some of these m a tters in the six th or seve n th ce n tury A t .

b ottom there is the residue of su b st an ti a ted f a ct an d credibl e tr a

di tio n w hich co n ti n ue to m ak e eve n this p a rt of the L i b er P on tifi
c alis i n dispe n s abl e if n ot for the study of the po l icies of the imme
,

di a te successors of P eter y et for the history an d a rch aeo l o gy of

,

R o m e an d the church in the e a r liest M iddle A ges .

The tr an s la ti o n w hi ch fo ll o w s gives the text of this fi rst portio n 1

from the b e g inni ng to the life of Gre g ory the Gre a t wi th the ,

o missio n to wa rd the la st of some formu l ae an d lists of church

a ppurte nan ces whi ch seem to possess o nly an a rch aeo l o gic al w orth
o r i n terest I n order to m ak e Cl e a rer the pecu li a r hetero g e n eous
.
,

ch a r a cter of our text w e m ay here co n sider more i n det a i l the

,

e l eme n ts of w hi ch it wa s composed : first the an cie n t p ap al

, ,

chro n o l o gies whi ch preceded it an d upo n whi ch it wa s ba sed ; sec

o n d the supp l eme n t a ry m a teri al with whi ch the u nkn o wn a uthor
,

fill ed out the ba re s k e l eto n of na mes an d d a tes fur ni shed hi m by

the chro n o l o gies an d whi ch di sti nguished hi s w or k from them .

T he o l dest p a p al li sts of w hi ch w e he a r any thi ng w ere w ritte n

do wn a s w e h a ve al re a dy s a id in the seco n d ce n tury Ab out
, ,
.

1 50 A D H e ge sipp u s a C hristi an from Sy ri a perp l exed by the

. .
, ,

fin e spu n G n ostic theories of the na ture an d mi ssio n of C hrist whi ch

-

w ere w i nn i ng a ccept an ce i n the Ea st vi sited R o m e an d dre w up

,

a list of the R om an b ishops to his o wn d ay i n order to s a tisfy him

se l f an d his cou n try me n of the v ali dity of the R om an for m of
'
'

d oct r in e H is list co n t a in ed perh a ps n ot o nly the na mes of the

.
, ,

b ishops b ut al so the dur a tio n i n y e a rs of e a ch p on tifi ca te O r al .

tr a di tio n w ou l d sti ll b e re a so nably ex a ct for the y e a rs si n ce 1 00 A D .

for the b ishops w ho c ame b efore it w ou l d b e abl e to supp ly the

names an d a rou gh c al cu la tio n a s to the l e ng th of their terms .

’
Unh appi ly H e ge sipp u s list h a s n ot b ee n preserved in its o ri ginal
1
On the termin a ti on o f the first recen sion see pp xxi . an d xxn , an d n o tes to
V igil ius b elo w .
xii IN T RO D UC T I O N

form E use b ius in hi s C hurch H istor y quotes from H e ge sipp u s

.
, ,
’

w ritin g s his a ccou n t of the visit to R o m e an d the securing of the

l ist b ut n ot the list itse l f an d the w riti ng s h a ve perished The list
, ,
.

wa s used ho w ever by la ter chro nicl ers E use b ius amo ng them
, , , .

T w e n t y five or thirty y e a rs a fter wa rds duri ng the persecutio n

-

of Ma rcus A ure lius Ire n ae us c ame from Ly o n s to R o m e an d whi l e

,

there compi l ed an other list of the R om an successio n a s f a r a s E leu

t h e r iu s w ho wa s the n i n offi ce
,
I r e n a u s wa s a n xious to reco n ci l e
.

the wa rri ng sects whi ch me na ced the life of the church from w ithi n
more serious ly th an the persecutio n s without H e w rote a g re a t .

tre a tise Agai n st the H er esie s i n whi ch he exposed the f alla cies
, ,

of the heterodox an d set forth sy stem a tic ally the w ho l e Ca tho l ic

scheme of the re la tio n s b etw ee n God an d m an To support his .

sy stem he cited the u nb ro k e n l i n e of the episcop a te an d the g r a ce

tr an smitted by the layi ng o n of h an ds a s w e ll a s the testimo ny
of the S criptures Iren aeus i n serted in hi s episcop al li st a fe w
.

f a cts w hi ch he h a d l e a r n ed a t R o m e ab out the e a r ly b ishops H e .

s ay s for i n st an ce th a t L i n us the seco n d in ofii ce wa s the m an

, , , ,

to w hom S t Pa u l referred In hi s E pist l e to Timothy th a t Cl eme n t

.
, ,

the fourth b ishop h a d see n an d he a rd b oth the apost l es an d th a t

,
’
m any others survivin g a t R o m e i n Cl eme n t s d ay h a d b ee n t a u gh t
by them H e al so me n tio n s the m a rty rdom of Te l esphorus an d
.
,

in an other co nn ectio n the re la tio n s of Anicetus with P o ly c a rp

, ,

w ho h a d kn o wn the a post l e J ohn an d the rise of heresies a t R o m e ,

u n der Hygin us an d P ius The w or k of Ir e n mu s is preserved o nly

.

in fr agme n ts in the ori gi nal Gree k b ut o n e of the fr a gme n ts i n c l ude s

,

the p a ss ag e w ith whi ch w e a re co n cer n ed I n its time it exerted .

an im me n se i nflue n ce o n the formu la tio n of do gm a tic theo l o gy in

b oth Ea st an d West .

I n the thi rd ce n tury the li sts of the seco n d ce n tury w ere tr an

scri b ed an d c a rried for wa rd by a t l e a st t w o other h an ds H ip .

p yol t u s b ishop,
of P orto w ho wa s ban ished for hi
,
s f a ith to Sa r

di n i a i n comp any wi th the R om an b ishop P o n ti an us an d w hose , ,

m a r bl e st a tue n o w st an ds i n th e L a ter an M useum dre w up ab out ,

23 5 A D a c a t al o gue of the R om an successio n a s f a r a s hi s o wn d ay

. .

Hippo ly tus wa s a vo l umi n ous w ri ter i n terested n ot o nly i n theo l o gy ,

b ut al so in ecc l esi a stic al law an d i n chro n o g r a ph y He compi l ed .

a chro n icl e of the w or l d from the cre a tio n to the y e a r 2 3 4 A D ,

 IN T R O D UC T I ON xiii

wi th t abl es of the R om an emperors ki ng s of M a cedo n an d J e wish

,

hi gh priests the typ e of m any a Simi la r w ork i n the ce n turies to

,

fo llo w It is na tur al th a t he h a d his list of R om an b ishops al so

. .

Un fortu na te ly al thou gh a la r g e p a rt of the chro nic l e h a s su r vive d

, ,

the episcop al list itse l f a s H ippo ly tus prep a red it h a s b ee n l ost

, , .

It wa s in corpor a te d in la ter lists ho w ever an d in th a t way the

, ,

su b st an ce of it h a s come do wn to us .

An other third cen tury li st of whi ch w e he a r b ut w hi ch h a s lik e

wise n o w di s appe a red in its ori ginal sh a pe is s a id to h ave b ee n the
w ork of o n e J u lius A fric an us a na tive of Pal estin e Thi s la st li st
,
.

seems to h a ve b ee n more e lab or a te th an any whi ch preceded it an d

to h a ve in c l uded the names of the emperors an d co n su l s i n o ffice
w he n the te r ms of the v a rious b ishoprics b e gan an d e n ded The .

a uthor pro bably ga ve these s yn chr oni sms a ccur a te ly e n ou gh for

the period wi th whi ch he wa s a cqu a in ted an d reck o n ed ba ckwa rd
to secure the d a tes for the e a r lier ag e using a s a me an s the co n sula r
,

F a s ti an d the fi gures in the o l der p ap al lists .

From the fourth ce n tury o nwa rd the chro n o l o gies of the popes
come g r a du ally in to more g e n er al circu la tio n The p ap a cy by .

thi s time wa s an o l d est ablished i n sti tu tio n of in cre a sing impor

,

t an ce with a hi story i n whi ch it mi ght t ak e pride The emperors

,
.

w ere l e a vin g R o m e an d from their dist an ce n o l o ng er oversh a do w ed

the he a d of the church I n f a ct it b ec ame custom a ry to coup l e
.

lists of the popes with lists of co n su l s an d ki ng s an d other secu la r

m agna tes E use b ius the hi stori an an d frie n d of C o n st an tin e
.
, ,

i n serted lists of the R om an b ishops in b o th hi s C hro nic l e an d his

C hurch H istory b ringin g them do wn to the y e a r 3 2 5 H is tw o
,
.

lists dis ag ree wi th o n e an other in the fi gures for the l eng th of some
of the e a r lier p on tifi c at e s b ut give precise ly the s ame na mes in the
,

s a me order They m ay h a ve b ee n t ak e n from tw o differe n t sources

. .

They Sho w th a t eve n a t th a t d a te tr a di tio n an d records w ere u n ce r

ta i n a s to the y e a rs b ut w ere in a ccord a s to the me n To wa rd the .

c l ose of hi s chro n o l o gies Eu se b l u s a dded the mo n ths to the y e a rs

of some of the p on tifi c al terms .

Ab out the y e a r 3 50 a co ll ectio n of chro n o l o gic al an d ge ogr ap hi

c al lists an d t abl es wa s compiled for the co n ve nie n ce of C hris
ti an reside n ts in R o m e w hich must h a ve b ee n b ut o n e of m any
,

simi la r co ll ectio n s of th a t an d la ter times This p a rti cu la r co ll e e

.
xi v IN T R OD U C T I ON

tio n h a s ch an ced to come do wn to us almost e n tire an d g ives us a ,

curious glim pse in to the r ang e of in terests of the perso n s for w hom
’
i t wa s w ritte n such a s a W or l d s Alm ana c for 1 9 1 5 w ou l d g ive to a
,

stude n t of our ag e livi ng i n the y e a r 3 500 C omprised i n the co l .

l ectio n w ere C ivil an d court c al e n d a rs p a sch al t abl es lists of the

, ,

ann ivers a ries of the b uri al s of popes an d m a rty rs a topo g r a ph y of ,

the city of Ro m e di vided i n to di stricts t abl es of R om an emperors

,

an d co n su l s an d a list of the popes to the time of L i b erius fu ll er ,

a n d more comprehe n sive th an any w hich h a d g o n e b efore .

This la st list h a s sin ce b ecome kn o wn a s the L i b eri an Ca t al o gue ,

so c all ed from the d a te of its compositio n n ot from any co n n ec

-

tio n with L i b erius hi mse l f It ga ve the l e ng th of e a ch term from

.

the b e gi nnin g i n y e a rs mo n ths an d d ay s the imperi al an d co n su la r

, ,

s yn chro n isms in the c a se of some popes the d a te of b uri al or depo

,

si ti on
,
an d here an d there it m a r k ed an eve n t Un der P ius for .
,

ex a mp l e it me n tio n ed the w riting of T he S hepher d of H er mas

, ,
’
pro bably b ec a use of the d iscussio n i n L i b erius d ay over the c an o n
i c i ty of the b oo k Un der P o n ti an us L ucius an d Ma rce ll in us it
.
,

n oted the trou bl es due to persecutio n u n der F ab i an us an d C or n e lius

,

the outb re ak of the Nov a ti an schi sm an d u n der J u lius the five

ba si l ic a s w hich he b ui l t It committed the g r a ve bl u n der of m ak
.

i ng tw o popes out of Cl etus an d An e n c le tu s di ffere n t forms i n di f ,

’
fe r e n t e a r lier chro n o l o gies of the s a me m an s name The m aj or .

p a rt wa s compou n ded from sever al of the previous li sts There is .

’
re a so n to thi nk th a t H ippo ly tus wa s o n e of those co n su l ted A t .

any r a te some o n e of these p a ttern lists ga ve a pp a re n t ly the dur a

tio n of a fe w p on tifi c at e s i n d ay s a s w e ll a s in y e a rs an d mo n ths
an d all uded n o w an d the n to eve n ts a ssoci a ted wi th p a rticu la r
na mes The a uthor of the L i b eri an Ca t al o gue copied out these
.

fig ures an d refere n ces to eve n ts an d a dded a r b itr a rily mo n ths an d

d ay s to the y e a rs of all the terms from P eter do wnwa rd i n order
to m ak e hi s w ork a ppe a r more symmetric al Tw o or three c e n .

tu r ie s la ter this Li b eri an Ca t al o gue wa s tr an sported outri g ht i n to

the Li b er P on tifi c alis to form the g rou n d w ork for the period th a t
it covered T he a uthor of the Li b er P on tifi c ali s wa s co n te n t to
.

t ak e it a s it stood wi thout trou bling to g o b ehi n d to any of th e more

,

primitive lists I n deed he seems to h a ve kn o wn them o nly throu g h

.

th e me di u m of the Ca t al o gue .
 INT RO DU C T I O N xv

H e n ceforth l ists of the popes a re foun d w ith in cre a si ng freque n cy

i n the l iter a ture of the d ay quoted by theo l o gi an s i n oppositio n to
,

the n ove l ties of the heretics b rou g ht d o wn to d a te by chro n ic l ers

,

an d hi stori an s Op t a tu s an d A u gustin e cited the u nb ro k e n p ap al

.

”
li n e the b ishops of the u nique see a s w it n ess aga in st the Do na
, ,

tist s . The u nkn o wn a uthor of a poem aga i n st Ma rcio n i n vo k ed

them in support of hi s metric al a r g ume n ts o n b eh al f of orthodoxy .

J erome w ho tr an s la ted an d co n ti n ued the C hro n ic l e of E use b ius

, ,

c a rried the c a t al o gue o n to 3 78 P rosper of A qui t a in e w ho lived

.
,
’
a t R o m e u n der L eo I an d co n ti n ued J erome s C hro ni cl e to 4 53 ,

S ocr a tes Soz om e n an d T h e od or e t Greek s of the e a r ly fifth ce n tury

, , ,

who u n dertoo k to supp l eme n t the C hurch H isto r y of E useb ius

.

all a dded their quot a to the chro n o l o gy of the popes It is h a rd ly .

necessa r y to e n umer a te the w riters w ho la ter sti ll revie w ed the

na mes of the b ishops of R o m e The y of course depe n ded upo n .
, ,

o n e or an other of the prece di ng lists an d thou g h their d a tes an d , ,

fi g ures sho w ed ofte n a wi de di versit y due to the c a re l ess n ess or ,

i gn or an ce of cop yists the y all fo ll o w ed some o n e of the forms

,

al re a dy w ork ed out .

T he na me l ess priest or c l er k w ho fi rst compi l ed the Li b er P on tifi

c ali s too k a s w e h a ve s a id hi s p a p al list for the first three an d o n e
, ,

h al f ce n turies wi th fe w modifi c a tio n s di rect ly from the L i b eri an

, ,

Ca t al o g ue A fe w supp l eme n t a r y d a t a an d the out l i n e for the fo l

.

’
l owi ng ce n turies he fou n d i n J erome s C hro nic l e an d the la ter com
p e n di u m s I n to this fr a me w ork of na mes an d d a tes he proceeded
.

to fit a la r g e qu an tity of fresh m a teri al i n order to m ak e his b oo k ,

more i n teresti n g an d more i n structive an d to g ive it the ch a r a cter

of a history r a ther th an of a c a t al o g ue This b ody of n e w m a teri al .
,

w hich form s the disti nguishi ng fe a ture of the L i b er P on tifi c a lis

a s comp a red with the chro n o l o gies must n ext b e the su bj ect of ,

our a tte n tio n It h a s b ee n dissected an d ex a mi n ed of recen t y e a rs

.

by a rch aeo l o gists l ik e D e R ossi a s w e ll a s by the histori an s D u

, ,

ches n e an d M ommse n W e m ay summ a riz e b riefly in the succeed

‘
.

i ng tw o or three p ag es the resu l ts of their in vesti ga tio n .

I .The t w o pref a tor y l etters oste n si bly composed b y S t J er ,

.

Om e an d P ope D am asu s by me an s of whi ch the a uthorshi p of the

,

who l e first p a rt of the L i b er P on tific alis is a scri b ed to J erome a re ,

m ani fest for g eries of the sixth or seve n th ce n tury O ur u nkn o wn .

xvi INT RO D UCT I O N

a uthor in ve n ted them in the Cl ums y L a tin of hi s time hoping ,

throu g h them to g ive presti g e to hi s o wn w or k The pr a ctice wa s .

n o t u n commo n in his d ay The p a rticu la r form w hich the l etters

.

too k wa s su ggested to h im n o dou b t by an epist l e of J erome to

‘

, ,

D am asu s prefixed to the former s versio n of the Gospe l s an d by

’
, ,

’
the correspo n de n ce whi ch served a s in troductio n to J erome s
’
M a rty ro l o gy O ur a uthor s a cqu a i n t an ce with the correspo n de n ce
.

is proved by the f a ct th a t he too k from o n e of those l etters his fi g

ures for the n um b er of m a rt y rs th a t perished in the persecutio n of
Dioc l eti an in the time of P ope Ma rce lli n us .

2. The na mes of the f a thers of the popes an d of their na tio n s

an d b irthp la ces our a uthor m ay h a ve co pied a t l e a st for all th a t ,

co n cern s the la ter popes from some ecc l esi a stic al record l ost to us
,

to d ay W e kn o w of n o such source b ut our a uthor m ay h a ve

-
.
,

discovered it i n some R om an a rchive l o ng si n ce d estro y ed i n the

,

rui n of the an cie n t city For the e a r lier popes he u n dou b tedly
.

in ve n ted these det a il s i n order th a t he mi g ht seem to possess a s

,

much in form a tio n ab out them a s ab out their successors .

3 The comp a r a tive ly circumst an ti al b io g r a phi es of S t P eter

. .

an d S t Cl eme n t an d th e a ccoun t of the de ba te over the d a te of

.
,

E a ster u n der V ictor he took from t w o fourth ce n tury productio n s ,

the De Vi r i s I llu str i bu s of J erome an d R u fin u s tr an s la ti o n of the ’

a pocryph al R e cogn i ti on s a ttri b uted to Cl eme n t H e m ay al so .

h a ve dr awn from the l etter of Gre g ory I to Eu logiu s of Al ex an dri a .

Unl ucki ly these w ork s w ere all too la te to h a ve much v al ue a s

a u thori ties o n eve n ts of the fir st or seco n d ce n tury .

4 The decrees for the or gan iz a tio n an d g over n me n t of the

.

church a scri b ed to the v a rious b ishops a re pr a ctic ally all spurious

un ti l the y re a ch the la tter h al f of the fifth ce n tury O ur a u thor .

evi de n tly fe l t it n ecess a ry to record some a chieveme n t for every

b ishop in the w ho l e l o ng li n e an d therefore a ssi gn ed to e a ch i n
,

tur n the i n stitutio n of some ecc l esi a stic al custom w hi ch o b t ai n ed

a t the time he himse l f wa s w riting These st a teme n ts h a ve some
.

w orth a s in dic a ti ng the na ture of procedure in the sixth or seve n th

ce n tury b ut l itt l e or n o n e a s b e a ri ng upo n the e a r lier periods .

E xceptio n s to thi s g e n er al ru l e a re the decrees of S iricius an d of

I nn oce n t I whi ch our a uthor pro bably fou n d in the o ffi ci al l etters
,

of those popes i n c l uded i n the C o ll ectio n of A cts of P opes an d

xviii IN T RO D UC T I O N

al thou g h i n its prese n t sh ape it is p la inly corrupt in p a ss ag es the

, ,

proper na mes b ei ng a t times quite u ni n te lli gi bl e The do natio n s .

e n umer a ted i n such lists a re of g e n ui n e b ut o b scure hi sto ric al in

t e r e st either for the hi s tor y of the Pa trimo ny of S t P eter if gr a n ts
,
.
,

of est a tes or for the histor y of a rt if ba sili ca s an d a ppurte nan ces

, ,

of w orshi p I n the la tter c a se the y fur ni sh valu abl e ii sometimes

.
—

un certa in evi de n ce for the re la tio n of Byz an ti n e a rt to R om an in

’
the e a r ly C hristi an period The c a t al o gue of C o n st an ti n e s b e n e
.

f a c tio n s is reproduced e n tire i n the tr an sla ti o n al so the most n ot ,

abl e items oi the la ter lists The stude n t w ho wishes more wi ll

.

co nsu l t the o ri gi nal text .

7 The lists of episcop al ordina tio n s set li k e fo rmu l ae n e a r the

.
,

e n d of e a ch b io g r aph y w ere al so in all pro bab i li ty t ak e n from

,

records k ept to wa rd the c l ose of ou r period in the R om an church .

I n deed Gre g ory I all udes in on e of his l etters to such a record .

O ur a uthor the n in troduced ficti tious li sts of ordi na tio n s in to the

e a r ly b io g r a phies i n order to m ain t a in the much desired a ppe a r an ce
of u ni formi ty an d of comp l ete n ess of in form a tio n All the lists .
,

ho w ever in spite of their offici al sem blan ce a re so ba re an d b rief

, ,

an d the figures in m any c a ses a re o b vious ly so corrupt th a t the y

ret a i n n o v al ue a t the prese n t d ay Lik e the a ccou n ts of the pro
.

visio n s for the co n duct of the church they emph a siz e the p a rt ,

p lay ed by the b ishop to the di sp a r ag eme n t of th a t p lay ed by the

o ther c l er gy or the la ity T he y sho w the a utocr a tic or mo na rchi c al
.

ch a r a cter of the R om an structure a s it appe a red to th e e y es of its

fi rst hi stori an .

8 The n otices of the d a tes an d p la ces of b uri al or depo siti o n of

.

popes an d m a rt yrs w ere ba sed p a rtly o n the Li b eri a n Ca t al o gue

’
an d p a rtly on li sts of s a in ts ann ivers a ries an d tr a di tio n s co n
’
n e c t e d with cert a in ba si li c a s a n d cemeteries Whe n a b ishop s
.

na me ho w ever di d n ot a ppe a r i n the we ll kn o wn lists of s a in ts

, ,
-
,
‘

an d n o tr a di tio n a ssoci a ted him with any p a rticu la r tom b our ,

a uthor a r b itr a ri ly supp lied him wi th d a te an d p la ce of sep u l ture .

The na tur al spot for i n terri ng the fir st p on t ifi s wa s the Va tic an ;

a fterwa rd the c a t a com b of C alli stu s I n f a ct the b ishops Anicetus
.
,

an d S oter a re a ssi gn ed in o n e text to the cemetery of C allistu s some

ye a rs b efore C allistu s co n structed it .

Ha vi ng here wi th bal d ly sk etched the an tecede n ts an d sourc e s

 IN T RO D UC T I O N xix

oi th e Lib e r P on tific ali s, w e m ust a dd a fe w w ords o n the vexed

pro bl em of the period of composi ti o n the d a te w he n our an o ny,

mous c l eric set ab out pieci ng it to g ether out of its misce llan eous
e l emen ts It is a pro bl em upo n w hich the m Ost erudi te au th ori
.

ties sti ll di s ag ree an d whi ch w e c an do h a rd ly more th an st a te i n

abb re vi a ted form the a r gume n ts o n either side b ei ng too l e ng th y
,

an d techni c al to reproduce here The y a re re n d ere d es p eci ally

.

comp li c a ted by the f a ct of the v a riety an d n um b er of texts of the

L i b er P on tifi c alis an d by the difficu l ty of determini ng whi ch text
represe n ts the a rchetyp e or ori gin al dr a ft of the w or k A s it h a p .

pe n s i t h a s come do wn to us n ot o n ly i n three di ffere n t versio n s

,

of the fu ll text b ut al so in tw o ab rid gme n ts or epitomes It is .

n o w g e n er ally co n ceded th a t all forms of the comp l ete text i n the , ,

sh ape th a t w e h a ve them a re products of the seve n th ce n tur y

,
.

The e a r liest rece n sio n or e di tio n d a tes ba ck perh aps to the first
qu a rter of the ce n tury n o t l o ng a fter the de a th of Gre go ry I
, .

Forty or fifty y e a rs la ter it wa s re w ritte n i n a s li ght ly more exp an

sive st yl e an d b rou ght do wn to in c l ude the popes w ho h a d he l d
o ffi ce si n ce the fi rst rece n sio n wa s finished S hort ly a fterwa rd a .

third or composite versio n wa s co n structed by a com b i na tio n of

the tw o previous rece n sio n s w herei n some p a ss ag es w ere b orro w ed
,

from the first an d some from the seco n d The n ceforwa rd n o further .

al ter a tio n s w ere m a de i n the b io gr a phi es of the seve n first ce n turies .

On e or other of the three rece n sio n s wa s copied by la ter w ri ters

with the a ddi tio n s n ecess a r y to c a rry o n the na rr a tive to d a te .

The questio n sti ll i n dispute is the ag e of the tw o epitomes .

The first or Fe lici an E pitome a s it is c all ed b re ak s off wi th the

, ,

p on tifi c a t e of Fe l ix I V 53 0 AD
,
C ert ai n scho la rs of g re a t l e a rn
.

ing an d disti n ctio n such a s Lip siu s L i g htfoot an d Duches n e ho l d

, , ,

th a t thi s epitome is a summ a ry of an e a r ly text of the L i b er P o n

t ifi c a li s w hich co n c l uded a t th a t poi n t an d wa s i n f a ct composed
’
soo n a fter Fe l ix de a th ; or i n other w ords th a t the ori gi nal text
, ,

wa s ab out a ce n tury o l der th an any fu ll text w hich w e possess a t

the prese n t d ay an d th a t our a uthor l ived an d wrote to wa rd the
e n d of Theodoric s rei gn i n ste a d of un der H er a c li us The seco n d
’
.

or C on oni an E pitome w hich c l ose ly resem bl es th e Fe lici an b ut

,

co n ti n ues o n to the time of P ope C o n o n 68 7 A D is al so in the , ,

opi nio n of these s ame scho la rs a ré sum é of the first text supp l e ,
xx INT RO D UCT I O N

m e n t e d by an ab rid gme n t of th e la tter p a rt of

o n e of the seve n th
ce n tur y rece n sio n s T 0 i ll ustr a te thi s theor y w e m ay me n tio n
.

o n e or t w o of the s imp l er a r gume n ts Duches n e co n te n ds th a t

.

these epitomes Sho w v a ri a tio n s from the langu ag e of the seve n th

ce n tury versio n s th a t i n di c a te their deriv a tio n from a di ffere n t
an d o l der prototyp e th a t the b io g r a phi es of the popes of the period
,

of Theodoric a re w ritte n in a vivid an d perso nal styl e a s if by a

co n tempor a ry an d th a t Gre g ory of Tours w ho died in 5 94 all udes
, ,

i n his histo ry to a versio n of the L i b er P on tifi c alis curre n t i n hi s

On the other h an d W a itz an d M ommse n scho la rs n o l ess

, ,

l e a r n ed an d di sti nguished m ai n tai n th a t the t w o epitomes in spite

, ,

of their occ a sio nal di ver g e n ces from the seve n th ce n tury phr a s e
o l o gy a re n everthe l ess fou n ded upo n the seve n th ce n tury text an d
,

th a t in co n seque n ce the L i b er P on tifi c alis itse l f is n o o l der th an

, ,

the e a r liest of the rece n sio n s th a t is th an the period of the di stur b

, ,

a u ces a fter the de a th of Gre g ory I The y in sist th a t the di ffer

.

e n c e s i n langu ag e b et w ee n the t w o epitomes a n d the fu ll seve n th

ce n tu ry versio n s a re n ot im port an t e n ou gh to require a di ffere n t

source for the epitomes th a t the i n cre a se in viv a city an d in mi
,

n u t e n e ss of descriptio n n oti ce abl e i n the b io g r a p hi es of the ag e of

T h e od oric m ay b e exp la in ed b y the use o n the p a rt of the seve n th

ce n tury a uthor of a sixth ce n tury chro ni cl e si n ce l ost an d th a t ,

p a ss ag es in these s a me b io gr a phies co nt ain mi st ak es an d mi su n d e r

st an di ng s impossi bl e to a co n temp or a ry They pro n ou n ce the.

quot a tio n from Gre g ory of Tours too v a gue an d in decisive to b e

a ccepted a s proof of his a cqu a in t an ce wi th the L ib er P on tific ali s .

O ther w riters of th e ag e me n lik e Isidore of S evi ll e an d P ope Gre g

,

ory hi m se l f more deep ly versed i n R om an a ffa irs th an the G al lic

,

Gre g ory cou l d h e w ou l d in evit ably h a ve referred to the L i b er

,

P on tifi c ali s if i t h a d b ee n in existe n ce i n their d ay B ut a s w e h a ve

.
,

s a id b efore the a r gume n ts o n either side of thi s Co n troversy a re

,

f a r too e lab or a te to rehe a rse a dequ a te ly here S omething more of.

them wi ll b e fou n d i n the n otes a ppe n ded to the text .

The fo ll o wi n g tr an s la tio n is ba sed upo n the text edi ted by

M ommse n in the M on u men ta Ger man i c Hi storie d H e gives the .

fu ll seve n th ce n tury versio n wi th th e v a ri a tio n s b etw ee n the three

rece n sio n s or b etw ee n them an d either or b oth of the epitomes
 I NT RO D UC T I O N x xi

pri n ted in p a r all e l co l um n s M ere differe n ces 111 in di vidu al m an u

.

scripts c a used by the errors or i n terpo la tio n s of cop y ists he e n u

, ,

m e r a te s in his foot n otes I h a ve preserved hi s method of setting

.

the v a rious re a di ng s of di ffere n t c la sses of texts i n p a r all e l co l um n s

so th a t the exte n t of the v a ri a tio n s mi g ht b e e a si ly see n b ut h a ve ,

for the most p a rt m a de n o a ttemp t to in di c a te a s he does by a , ,

s y stem of l etters an d n um b ers the text to w hich e a ch re a ding b e

l o ng s n or to co n vey an ide a of the idios yn cr a sies of Si ngl e m an u
scripts For a c l ose stud y of the sep a r a te texts the re a der must
.

co n su l t M ommse n himse l f .

’
The m agn itude of M ommse n s u n dert aki ng m ay b e b etter
a ppreci a ted by n otin g i n p a ssi ng the ag e n um b er an d l oc a tio n of
,

the m an uscripts whi ch he thou ght esse n ti al to co lla te in prep a rin g

his edi tio n H is text of the Fe lici an E pitome he derived from three
.

m anuscripts the o l dest of w hi ch d a tes from the ei g hth ce n tury an d

,

is n o w in Pa ris the other tw o b ei ng a t B er n e an d Rome The

,
.

C on oni an E pitome he fou n d i n t w o m an usc ripts b oth of the n i n th ,

ce n tury o n e in Pa ris an d o n e i n V ero na The first rece n sio n of

,
.

the fu ll seve n th ce n tury text he o b t a i n ed from ni n etee n m an u

scripts the o l dest of which b e l o ng s to the ei g hth ce n tury an d is
,

n o w i n the L i b r a ry a t L ucc a the others a re sc a ttered i n Pa ris

, ,

R ome F l ore n ce M i lan an d e l se w here The seco n d rece nsio n he

, ,
.

too k from t w e n ty m a n uscrip ts the o l dest n o w i n N a p l es d a ti ng

, ,

from the c l ose of the seve n th ce n tury the rem a i n der i n L e y de n

, ,

C o l o gn e Pa ris B russe l s Treves an d other p la ces The third or

, , ,
.

comp osite text he ba sed upo n e l eve n m an uscripts The e a r l iest .

,

n ow a t M ode na g oes ba c k to the e n d of the seve n th or the ope n

,

i ng of the ei ghth ce n tury b ut it co n sists o n ly of excerpts The

,
.

o l dest cop y of the e n tire text is i n the Va tic an an d d a tes from the
te n th ce n tur y .

For fu ll er discussio n s of the n umerous i n terestin g topics co n ,

n e c t e d wi th the L i b er P on t ifi c ali s its ori gi n ch a r a cter an d v al ue

, , , ,

the stude n t w ho w ishes to pursue his i n vesti ga tio n s further is

referred first of all to the vo l umi n ous an d exh a ustive in tr od u c
’
tio n s an d n otes a tt a ched to Duches n e s editio n of the text pu b ,

’ ’
lish e d a fe w y e a rs e a r lier th an M ommse n s ; al so to M ommse n s
’
b riefer P ro l e g ome na to hi s o wn e di tio n L i ghtfoot s vo l ume o n ,

S t Cl eme n t of R ome in the series e n tit l ed The Apostolic F ather s

.
,
the i n di spe n s abl e app a r a tus for any serious study of the L i b er
P on tifi c ali s to the La ti n an d Gree k sources in Engl ish tr an s
,

la tio n w hen ever such tr an s la tio n s exist other wise i n the ori gi nal
, , ,

an d fin ally to English b ook s a ccessi bl e to most re a ders an d l ik e ly

,

to prove he l pfu l for a g e n er al u n derst an ding of the su bj ects tre a ted

in the text .

L R L
. . .
T HE BO O K OF THE P O P ES

P ON TIFI C ALI S )

PO NT I FI C AT E OF G RE G ORY I
 LI B E R P ON T I FI C ALI S

I . PE TE R
1
B l essed P eter the A n tioche n e , ,
B l essed P eter the a post l e an d , ,

so n of J ohn of the provin ce ,

chief of the a post l es the An tio ,

of G ali l ee an d the to wn of Che n e so n of J oh n of the

, ,

B eths a id a b rother of An dre w ,

provin ce of G a li l ee an d the
an d chi ef of the a post l es ,
to wn of B eths a id a b rother of ,

An dre w ,

first occupied the se a t of the b ishop in An thi oc ia for 7 y e a rs 2

.

Thi s P eter e n tered the city of R ome w he n Nero wa s C aes a r an d

there occupied the se a t of the b ishop for 2 5 y e a rs ,

1 mo n th an d 8 d ay s . 2 mo n ths an d 3 d ay s .

H e wa s b ishop in the time of Ti b erius C aesa r and of G ai n s an d

3
of Ti b erius Cla udi us an d of Nero .

H e wr ote t w o epist l es w hi ch a re c all ed ca tho lic an d the g ospe l ,

of Ma r k for Ma rk wa s hi s discip l e an d son by ba ptism ; a fterwa rds

,

the w ho l e source of the four g ospe l s w hich w ere co nfi rmed by ,

’

i n quirin g of him th a t is P eter an d o b t a ini ng hi s tes timo ny ; , ,

al thou g h o n e g ospe l is couched in Gree k an other in H e b re w an , ,

4
other in L a tin y et by his tes timo ny w ere the y all c on fir m e d
,
.

1
exp lai n ed above in the I n tr od ucti on (p xi i ) w he n difi e ren t version s of the
As .
,

n a rr a tive a re foun d in the difi e re n t epitomes or recen sio n s of the Libe r P ontif icalis ,

the rea di n g s a re set down as here in p arall el col u mn s the ol der text b ein g given first
, , , .

M ost o f the fo ll o w i n g story of the life of the a postl e is t ak e n by the a uthor of the
Lib P on t from J erome s De Vi ri s I llu str ibus c 1 (ed R ich a rdso n pp 6 a n d 7 ; Texte
’
. . . .
.
, ,

an d Un ter s uc hu gen u r Gesc h d er a ltc h i stli c h cn Li ter at u r vol X IV )

n z An exce lle n t
. r ,
. .

l ittl e h an d b oo k to con su l t for i n form a tion on J erome an d the other chur ch f a thers
who wi ll be Cited in the course of our text an d n otes is B a rd e nh e we r s P atrology t ra n s ’
,

la ted by Stra h an .

An tioch the an cie n t An tiochi a

2
,
C orrupt or peculi a r forms of prope r n a mes .

in the La tin text w ill b e reproduced in the tran sla tio n .

Our a uthor gives tw o in comp a ti bl e tra di tion s the fi rst th a t P eter did n ot come
3
,

to R ome b efore the rei gn of Nero ( f the la te secon d cen tur y Acta P etri ct P a uli in c .

Tischen dorf Acta Apostolor u m Apoc ypha p

,
the secon d tha t af ter a pon tifica te
r , . 1

o f tw en ty fiv e y e a rs a t R ome he wa s put to dea th un der Nero The la tter is J erome s ’

-
.

version The rea der may fin d a discussion of the P etri n e probl em with man y furth er
.
,

referen ces in the vol ume of this series devoted to the history of the Pa pa cy
,
.

Duchesn e su gg ests th a t the idea th a t the four gospels all issued from a si n gl e
4

source wa s derived from the apsidal mosa ics of fif th an d six th cen tury ch u rches
whi ch represe n ted the four rivers of parad ise all flow i n g out f rom on e hea d Lib . .

P on t vol I p 1 1 9 n 7
.
, .
,
.
, . .
 PE T ER 5

H e ord a i n ed tw o b ishops L in us an d Cl etus w ho i n perso n fu l , ,

fi ll e d all the service of the priest in the city of R ome for the i n h ab it
a n ts an d for str ang ers the n the bl essed P eter ga ve hi mse l f to p ray er
1
an d pre a ching in struct ing the peop l e , .

H e di sputed m any times with S imo n Magus b oth b efore Nero ,

the emperor an d b efore the peop l e sin ce by m agic a rts an d trick er y

, ,

S imo n wa s dr awi ng away those w hom the bl essed P eter was ga ther
in g i n to the f ai th of C hrist An d w hi l e the y de ba ted o n ce a t g re a t
.

l e ng th S imo n wa s struck de a d by the w i ll of God .

H e co n secr a ted bl essed Cl eme n t a s b ishop an d committed to

2 “
him the g overn me n t of the see an d all the church s ay ing As ,

u n to me wa s de l ivered by my Lord J esus C hrist the po w er to gov

er n an d to b in d an d l oose so al so I commi t it u n to thee th a t thou
, ,

m ay est ord a in ste wa rds over divers m a tters w ho wi ll c a rry o nwa rd

the w ork of the church an d m ay est thy se l f n ot b ecome e n g rossed
w ith the c a res of the w or l d b ut m ay est strive to g ive th y se l f so l e ly
”
to pr ay er an d pre a ching to the peop l e .

A fter he h a d thus di sposed a ff a irs he received the cro wn of m a rty r

3 ’
dom w ith Pa u l i n the y e a r 3 8 a fter the L ord s p a ssio n .

H e wa s b uried al so o n the V i a A ure li a in the Shrin e of A po ll o , ,

n e a r the p la ce where he wa s crucifi ed n e a r the p ala ce of Nero i n , ,

the Va ti c an n e a r the triumph al di strict o n J u n e 29

4
,
5
,
.

1
P r efac e to the a pocryphal Cl eme n ti n e R ec ogn i ti on s ; cf i nfr a p 7 n 4
R u fin u s, .
,
.
, . .

2
This p a ssag e is tak en from the a pocryp h al Epi stle of Cleme n t to J ames c 2 an d 5 ; , .

prefixed to the Rec ogni ti ons Cf i fra p 8 11 2 . . n , 3 ,

. .

3
Ou r a uthor fo ll o w s here the Pa sch al tabl es of the fif th cen tury a ccordi ng to whi ch ,

C hrist wa s crucified in the y ea r 29 Duchesn e op ci t p 1 1 9 n 1 2 Euseb ius .

, . .
,
.
,
. .
’

Chron icle s ay s th a t P eter an d Pa ul died in the thirtee n th ye a r of Nero s rei gn the ’

,

2 r 1 th O lympi a d the y e a r 208 3 of the J ew i sh c al e n d a r w hich w oul d correspo n d to

, ,

our y e ar 6 7 AD The persecution of Nero how ever too k p lace in 64 AD The

.
, ,
.

ea rliest p a ss ag e th a t m ay b e con strued a s a referen ce to the m a rty rdom of th e tw o

a post les a t R ome occurs in the Fi r st Epi stle of Cleme t to the Cor in thi a n s w ritte n prob n ,

ably ab out 90— 00 AD It is tr an sla ted in the Loeb Classical Li brary Apostoli c F a thers
1 .
, ,

vo l I p 7 Cf al so Lig htfoot Apostolic F ather s Part I for text an d discuss ion

. . . 1 . .
, , ,
.

Va tic an us wa s the an cien t n a me of the hill formi n g the prol on ga tion of the J a
“

ni c u lu m to wa rd the n orth a n d the Ca mpus or Ag er V a tic a n us wa s the sp a ce b et w ee n

,

the foot of the hi ll a n d the Jan icul um an d the Ti b er H ere the w ord is used to den ote .

this l ow re gion stretchi n g ba ck from the river .

5
J erome says n ea r the Vi a T riu mp h al is The tomb of P eter n ow covered by
“
,
.
”
,

the crypt of the modern ba silica wa s situ a ted b etw een the Vi a Aurel i a an d the Vi a Tri
,

u mp h ali s on the outskirts of the circus o f Nero n ea r a temp l e of Cyb el e w hich throu g h
, , ,
6 LI B ER P ON T IFIC ALI S

H e he l d three ordi na tio n s 7 ,

H e he l d ordina tio n s i n the
d e a co n s I O priests 3 b i sh Op s
,
l
, ,
mo n th of D ecem b er 3 b ishops , ,

2
in the mo n th of D ecem b er . 1 0 priests 7 de a co n s ,
.

II . L I NU S

L i n us by na tio nal ity an It ali an from the provi n ce of Tusc any

, , ,

so n of H e r c u lan u s occupied the see 1 1 y e a rs 3 mo n ths an d 1 2 d ay s

, , .

H e wa s b ishop in the time of Nero from the co n su l ship of Sa turni

nu s an d S cipio (A D 56) un ti l the y e a r w he n Capito an d R ufus w ere
.

co n su l s (A D .

H e wa s cro wn ed wi th m a rty rdom .

H e by di rectio n of the bl essed P eter decreed th a t a w om an

, ,

3
must vei l her he a d to come i n to the church .

He he l d t w o ordin a tio n s 1 5 b ishops 1 8 pri ests , ,

.

H e al so wa s b uried n e a r the b ody of the bl essed P eter in the

4
B a tic an ab out S eptem b er 24 .

a popula r error was la ter c all ed a templ e of Apo ll o C f Grisa r Rome and the P opes i . .
,
n

the M iddle Ages I p p 2 77 tf ; C Er b es D i e Todestage der Apostel P a l s nd P tr u s

, ,
. . .
, u u u e

u n d i hr e K o mi sc hen Den kmailer i n Texte a nd Un ter suc h u n ge n Neue Fo lg e I V

, , ,
.

1 The three b ishops w ere eviden tly Li n us Cl etus an d Cl emen t The n umb er ,
.

seven wa s a tta ched to the de a co n s in order to a scri b e to P eter the i n stitution of the
seven R oman dea con s So ome n the Gree k histori a n w riti n g in the middl e of the
. z , ,

fifth cen tury men tion s the curious f a ct th a t the R oma n church n ever h a d more th a n
,

seven dea co n s a n umb er w hich the y con sidere d sa n ctio n ed by the a postl es Ecclesias
,
.

ti ca l Hi story V I I c 1 9 ; En g tr in N ic en e and P ost N ic en e Fa the rs ser 2 vol II

, , . . .
,
.
,
. .

On e m an uscript a dds the fo ll o w i n g H e first ord a i n ed the cel e b ra tio n of the

2 “
.

ma ss to commemora te the Lord s p a ssio w ith b rea d an d w i n e mixed w ith wa ter a n d

’
n,

the Lord s prayer repea ted alo n e an d the sa n ctifyi n g of the holy cross a rite which the
’
,

other holy a postl es i mi ta ted for this cel eb ra tio n The e a rl iest deta il ed a ccou t of a . n

C hristi a n service is in J usti n M a rty r s Fi rst Apology w ritten for prese n t a tion to ’
,

An to n i n us P ius It is tra n sla ted in C ress w e ll Li tu rgy of the Apostoli c Co stit ti ons
.
,
n u ,

Ea rly Ch u r ch Classics S er i es .

3
Li n us is represe n ted a s a ssoci a t e d Wi th an d a cti n g u n der the direction o f P eter .

T h e ordi a n ce ma y h a ve b ee n su gg ested by I Cor in thi an s xi 5

n ,
. .

4
A corruptio n o f cours e for Va tic a n
, In the seve tee n th ce n tu ry some w orkm en
, . n

di ggi n g n e a r the tomb of P eter in the crypt of the presen t ca thedral un ea rthed several
an cien t sa rcophagi on e b ea ri n g an i scription in w hich the na me Li us wa s thought
,
n n

to b e decipherabl e There w ere how ever n o schola rs a t h a n d competen t to verify

.
, ,

the re a di n g the sa rcoph agus wa s n ot preserved w here it coul d b e studi ed an d De R ossi

, , ,

the Itali an a uthority on Christi an epi g ra phy is i n cli n ed to dou b t the correctn ess of the ,

report Duchesn e Lib P ant vol I p 1 2 1 n 3 Grisa r I p 2 79

.
,
.
, .
, .
,
. .
, , . .
 LIN US , C L E T US , C L E M E NT 1 7

III . C L E TU S

Cl etus by na tio nali ty a R om an from the precin ct Vicus Pa tri

, ,

c iu s
l
so n of Emili an u s occupied the see
, ,

7 y e a rs ,
1 mo n th an d 20 d ay s .
I 1 2 y e a rs ,
1 mo n th an d 1 1 d ay s .

H e wa s b ishop in the ti me of V esp a si an an d Titus from

of D omiti an
the 7 th co n sul shi p of V esp a si an an d the 5 th of Domiti an (A D 7 7) .

u n ti l the y e a r w he n D omiti an wa s co n su l for the 9 th time an d

R ufus wa s co n su l with hi m (A D .

H e wa s cro wn ed w ith m a rty rdom .

H e by directio n of the bl essed P eter ord a in ed 2 5 priests i n

,
2
,

the city of R ome

in the mo n th of Decem b er .

H e al so wa s b uried n e a r the b ody of the b lessed P eter in the

B a tic an A pri l 2 6 ,
.

An d the b ishopric wa s empty 20 d ay s .

IV . C LEM EN T I

Cl eme n t by na tio nali ty a R om an from the di strict of the C e lian

, ,

3
H ill so n of F a ustin us occupied the see 9 y e a rs 2 mo n ths an d 1 0
, , ,

d ay s H e wa s b ishop in the time of G alba an d V esp a si an from the

.

co n su l ship of T r agalu s an d It ali e n s (A D 68 ) u n ti l the y e a r w he n .

V esp a si a n wa s co n su l for the 9 th time an d Titus wa s co n su l wi th

hi m (A D H e w rote m any b oo k s in hi s z e al for the f aith of
.

4
the C hristi an re li gio n an d wa s cro wn ed with m a rt yrdom .

Nea r the modern Vi a U rba n a a re gion exten di n g f rom the Vimi n al to the Esquili n e
1
,
.

The n um b er tw e ty five was app a re n tly chosen here in order to give a postol ic
2
n -

s a n ction to the tw e n t y five titula r or p a rish churches w hich existed in R ome a t the
-

c lose of the fifth cen tur y Cf i fra p 3 8 an d n 3 On the a ctual sl ow devel opmen t
. . n ,
. . .

of the eccl esi a stical organ iz a tio n see Ca mbr id ge M ed i eval H i stor y vol I ch vi ,
.
,
. .

The a uthor probably deduced the l oc a tion of Cl emen t s house from the situ a tion
3 ’

of the church of San Cl emen te w hich sta n ds b et w een th e C a e li an a n d the Esqui l i n e .

‘

The a uthor may h ave in mi n d the ten b oo k s of the a poc ryph al Rec ogn i tions
4

a ttri b uted to Cl emen t an d tra sla ted from Gree k i n to La ti n by R u fin u s The o rig in al
n .

Gree k tex t ha s sin ce b een lost Text by P de Laga rde supersedes tha t of M i gn e
. .
,

P at Gr vol I
. Tran s la tio n An te N ic ene Fath r s V I I I
.
, . .
,
e ,
.
8 LI B ER P ON T IFIC ALIS

H e cre a ted 7 di stricts an d a ssi gn ed them to f aithfu l n ot a ries of

the church th a t the y mi ght m ak e di li g e n t c a refu l an d se a rchi n g ,

1
i n quir y e a ch i n his o wn di strict re ga rdi ng the a cts of the m a rty rs
, ,
.

H e compose d t wo epist l es whi ch a re c all ed c a tho lic .

H e by di rectio n of the bl esse d P eter u n dertoo k the p on t ifi c al

, ,

o ffice of g over ni ng the church eve n a s P eter received the se a t of ,

a uthority from the L ord J esus C hrist ; moreover i n the epist l e

2
whi ch he wrote to James thou m ay est l e a r n i n w h a t m ann er the
church wa s e n truste d to him by the bl essed P eter Therefore .

L in us an d Cl etus a re recor d ed b efore hi m for the re a so n th a t the y

w ere ord a in ed b ishops al so by the chi ef of the a post l es to perform
the priest ly mi ni stry .

H e he l d tw o ordina tio n s in the mo n th of D ecem b er 1 0 priests , ,

3
2 de a co n s an d 1 5 b ishops i n di vers p la ces .

H e di ed a m a rty r
4
in the thi rd y e a r of Tr aj an . i n the thi rd Tr ajan .

H e al so wa s b uried in Greece Novem b er ,

5
24 .

An d the b ishopri c wa s empty 2 1 d ay s .

1 It seems f a r more li k ely th a t the seven eccl esi a stic al di stricts of R ome w ere
the crea tio of P ope F abi a us in the third cen tury Ou r a uthor is o b vi ously a n xious
n n .

to give an ea rly ori gi n a d a di gnified f u n ction to the church n ota ries a bod y to w hich
n ,

he possi bly b elon g ed Cf i fr pp 0 n 3 a n d 24

. . n a, . 1 ,
. .

2 Th is epistl e was tr a n sla ted by R u fin u s a d ea rly b eca me prefixed to the pseudo n

Cl eme ti n e Rec og i tion s j ust me tio ed In the Gree k it is prefixed to the p seudo
n n n n .

Cl eme n tin e H omilies There is o refere ce here to the on e a uthe n ti c letter of Clemen t
. n n

sti ll preserved w ritte n to the church of C ori th Li ghtfoo t St Cle me n t of Rome ; L b

,
n .
, . oe

Cla i cal Li br a ry The Apostolic F ather s vo l I

ss , ,
. .

3
1 e the priests an d dea co n s w ere t o serve in the cit y churches the b ishops in
. .
,

the di oceses ab out the city .

4
J erome al so gives this as the da te of Cl eme n t s dea th De Vi ris I llust ib ’
. r u s,

c xv ; ed Ri cha rdso p 7 A frag me t of an i n scriptio n of the e n d of the fo u rth

. . n, . 1 . n

ce n tury h a s b een di scovered in the Church of Sa Cl eme n te w hich wa s b ui l t over the n ,

site of Cl emen t s ow house In this in scriptio n the w ord M A R TY R app a re tly

’
n . n

follow s the na me of Cl emen t .

5
An all usio n to th e l eg en d of the St Cl eme n t w ho wa s sa id to h a ve b ee n dr own ed .
,

i the Bla c k Sea an d w ho b ec a me in tim e iden tified wi th P ope Cl emen t of R ome

n ,
.

Duches n e Lib P on t vol I p xci

, . .
,
.
, . .
 AN EN C LET US , E VA R I S T US 9

V AN EN C LETU S
.

An e c li tu s 1
by na tio nali ty a Gree k from A the n s so n of An thi o
, ,

cus occupied the see

,

1 2 y e a rs ,
1 0 mo n ths an d 7 d ay s .
9 y e a rs ,
2 mo n ths an d IO d ay s .

H e wa s b ishop in the time of Domiti an from the r o th co n su l ship

of D omiti an w he n Savin u s wa s his co ll e ag ue (A D 8 4 ) u n ti l the .

y e a r w he n D omiti an wa s co n su l for the 1 7 th time an d Cl eme n t wa s

co n su l with hi m (A D .

H e b ui l t an d a dorn ed the sepu l chr al mo n ume n t of the bl e sse d

2

P eter for a smuch a s he h a d b ee n m a d e priest by the bl essed P eter

, ,

an d other p la ces of sepu l chre for the b uri al of b ishops There he him .

se l f l i k e w ise wa s b uried n e a r the b ody of the bl essed P eter J u ly I 3 , .

H e he l d 2 or di na tio n s i n the mo n th of D ecem b er 5 priests 3 , ,

de a co n s 6 b ishops i n divers p la ces

,
.

An d the b ishopric wa s empty 1 3 d ay s .

VI . E V A RI S TU S

Eu var istu s, by na tio nal ity a Gree k

of An tioch ,

so n of a J e w named J ud a h from the city of B eth l ehem occupied , ,

the see
1 3 y e a rs , 7 mo n ths an d 2 d ay s .
9 y e a rs ,
1 0 mo n ths an d 2 d ay s .

The fifth b ishop of R ome wa s n ot An en cle tu s b ut Ev a ristus who here comes

1
,

sixth An en cle tu s an d Cl etus w ere tw o forms of the s a me n a me an d in the e a rli est

.
,

lists the b ishop ordai n ed by P eter wa s called by either on e form or the other The .

compil er of the Li beri an Catalogue ho w ever too k th e two forms for the na mes of tw o
'

, ,

differe t me n a n d i n serted them b oth i n to his li st

n The a uthor of the Li b P an t . . .

foll ow ed the Li ber i an Ca talogu e For full explan a tio n see Li ghtfoot Clemen t of Rome
.
,

(The Apostolic Fathers) vo l I p 20 cl seq ,

.
,
. 1 .

I e the tomb
2 . . The secon d ce n tury Acta P etri cl P au li (Tischen dorf Acta Apos
.
,

tolor u m Apoc rypha p 3 8 ) say s th a t the b odies of the a postl es w ere la id in a pla ce out
,
.

side the city for on e y ea r an d seve n mon ths un til their sepul chres w ere prepa red for
them These ea rliest tomb s w ere small an d i n con spicuous an d stood close a mon g
.

p agan tomb s in the sa me l oc alities In f a ct remai n s of p agan tomb s or col umba ri a

.
,

h a ve b ee n fou n d so n e a r to the resti g pla ces of b oth a postl es a s to b e di sturb ed whe

n n

fou n da tion s w ere b ei n g la id for the he a v y b ronz e bal da chi n os w hich cover the hig h
al ta rs in both of the modern ba silica s The shri n e of P eter wa s o n ly la rg e en ough to
.
1 0 LI B ER P ON T IFI C ALI S

H e wa s b ishop i n the time of Domiti an an d Nerv a an d Tr ajan ,

from the co n su l shi p of Val e n s an d V etus (A D 9 6) un til the y e a r .

w he n G all us an d B r a dna w ere co n su l s (A D .

H e wa s cro wn ed with m a rt yrdom .

H e di vided the p a rish churches in the ci ty of R ome a mo ng the

1
priests an d ord a in ed 7 de a co n s to k eep wa tch over the b ishop
,

2
w he n he spo k e for the s ak e of the w ord of truth ,
.

H e he l d 3 ordin a tio n s in the mo n th of Decem b er 1 7 priests , ,

2 de a co n s 1 5 b ishops i n dive rs p la ces

,
.

H e al so wa s b uried n e a r the b ody of the bl essed P eter in the

B a tic an O cto b er 2 7 ,
.

An d the b ishopric wa s empty 1 9 d ay s .

V II . A L E XA N D E R

Al ex a n der by na tio nality a R om an so n of Al ex an der from the

, , ,

3
re gio n of Ca put T a uri occupied the see 1 0 y e a rs 7 mo n ths an d , ,

2 d ay s .

H e wa s b ishop i n the time of Tr aj an un ti l the y e a r w he n H e li an u s

an d V etus w ere co n su l s (A D .

H e i n troduced the p a ssio n of the L ord i n to the w ords of the

4
p riest a t the ce l e b r a tio n of m a ss .

con tain ni ches or pla ces for his imm edi a te successors Du chesn e Lib P on t vol I .
,
. .
,
.
,

p 1 25 n 2 an d p civ
.
,
.
, . .

Cl etus is said to ha ve ordai n ed tw en ty five priests to serve in the city Eva ristus -

to h a ve a ssi gn ed them their Churches Cf s pra p 7 an d i nfra p 3 8 n 2 . . u ,

.
, ,
.
,
. .

2
A mo n g the ca n o n s of the a pocryph al coun cil of Syl vester (cf i fr a p 4 5 n 1 ) . n ,
.
,
.

is the foll ow in g w hi ch sheds some li ght on the p a ssag e here : There shall b e seven
,
“

dea con s to wa tch over the ofiicia tin g b ishop for the sak e of the w ord of truth a n d
ca tholic do g ma an d the w isdom of ag e l est in speak i n g w e say F a ther in pla ce of Son or ,

H oly Spirit in p la ce of F a ther M omm sen Li b P on t p 9 On the i n stitutio n of

”
. . . . .
, ,

the seve n R oma n dea co n s see s p a p 6 n 1 u r ,

.
,
. .

3
C f Lan c ia n i Ru i s a nd Excavati on s of An ci n t Rome p 404 The di str ict is
.
, n e ,
. .

men tion ed agai n in the Li b P on t a s the home of An a sta sius II a d is sa id to b e in the

. .
,
n

Fifth R egi o n w hich if the referen ce b e to the region s of Augustus comprised a la rg e

, , ,

p a rt of the Esquili n e H ill al o g the city wall Cf i fra p 1 1 4 The b ou n da ries of the
n . . n ,
. .

se ve n eccl esi a stic al divisio n s s aid to h a ve b een crea ted by F ab i a n us (I nfra p

,
a re ,
.

for the most p a rt unk o wn For an a ccou t of both civi l an d eccl esi a stical di visio s
n . n n

see D uches n e M él ges d Arché logi e cl d H i stoi e vol I p 1 26 G re gorovi u s His tory
,
on
’
o
’
r ,
.
, .
, ,

of Rome i th e M iddle Ages tra n s H a mil to n vol I pp 80 8 2

n The la tter gives
,
.
,
.
,
.
—
.

the con j ectural outli n es of F ab i a n us region s ’

.

4
I e Al ex an der i n troduced the p a ssag e b eginn in g
. . Qui p ridie i n to the liturgy , ,
1 2 LI B ER P O NTI FI C ALIS

u nl ess he b rou g ht w ith him the u nl ess he b rou g ht wi th hi m

‘
form a t a of g e n er al greeting the l etter of g e n er al gree tin g
1
from the a posto li c see . from the a po sto lic see whi ch ,
“ ”
is the form a t a .

H e ord a in ed th a t a t the b e
gi nni ng oi m a ss the priest shou l d
ch an t to the peop l e the h ymn ,

“
San ctus s an ctus ,
s an ctus , ,

2
domi n us deus Saba oth etc ,
.

He he l d 3 ordi na tio n s in the mo n th of D ecem b er 1 1 priests 4 , ,

de a co n s 4 b ishops i n di vers p la ces

,
.

H e al so wa s b uried n e a r the b od y of the bl essed P eter in th e

B a tic an A pri l 3 ,
.

An d the b ishopric wa s empty 2 mo n ths .

IX . T E L E S P H O RU S

T e le sp h oru s by na tio nality a Gree k previ ous ly an an chorite

, , ,

occupie d the see 1 1 y e a rs 3 mo n ths an d 2 1 d ay s H e wa s b ishop ,

.

i n the time of An to ni n us an d Ma rcus 3

.

H e ord a in ed th a t the f a st of seve n w eek s shou l d b e k ept b efore

4
Ea ster .

H e wa s cro wn ed wi th m a r
t yr d om .

H e a ppoin ted th a t a t the se a an d th a t a t th e se aso n of the

’
so n of the na tivity of our Lo rd L ord s na tivity
J esus C hrist
1
Thi s seems to b e a ga rbl ed form of an edi ct rec orded in the a cts of the spur ious
C oun cil of Syl vester (su pra p ix i fra p 45 n whi ch requi re d ea ch b ishop to tak e
,
.
,
n ,
.
,
.

home with him a w ritten report of the decisio n s of the coun cil so th a t the y mi ght ,

b e a ccura tely kn ow n to the p e opl e The ordi na n ce a s it sta n ds in our text is uni n tel
.

li gi bl e . Duches n e op ci t p 1 28 n 4
,
. .
,
.
,
. .

i The “ San ctus lik e the Sursum corda an d the o pe n ing w ords of the p refa ce
“ ”
, ,

V ere di gnum etc a re i n cl uded in every litur gy th a t ha s come down to us The y

,
”
.
, .

w ere perh aps in use even as ea rly as Xystus Duchesn e op ci t p 1 28 n 5 .

, . .
,
.
,
. .

3
The Liberi an Catalogu e gives the con sul shi ps omitted here ; viz from the .

c o n sul ship of T i tia n us an d G alli can us (A D 1 2 7 ) un til the y ea r w hen C aes a r an d Bal .

b in u s w ere co n sul s (AD .

4
Th e f ast b efore Ea ster was o b served b e f ore the p on tifi ca te of Tel esphorus It is .
 T E L E S PH ORU S , HY G IN U S

m a sses shou l d b e ce l e b r a ted during the ni ght ; for i n g e n er al n o 1

o n e presumed to ce l e b r a te m a ss b efore tierce the hour w he n our ,

L ord a sce n ded the cross ;

an d th a t a t the openi ng of th e an d th a t b efore th e s a crifice
s a crifi ce
the ang e lic h ymn shou l d b e repe a ted ,
n a me ly ,
G l ori a in exce l sis
”
deo
etc b ut o nly upo n th e ni ght
.
,

? ’
of the L ord s na tivit y H e wa s cro wn ed with m a rty r
dom .

H e al so wa s b uried n e a r the b o d y of the bl essed P eter i n the

B a tic an Jan u a ry 2 ,
.

H e he l d 4 or di na tio n s in the mo n th of D ecem b er 1 2 priests 8 , ,

de a co n s an d 1 3 b ishops i n di vers p la ces .

An d the b ishopric wa s empty 7 d ay s .

X . H Y G I NU S

Ygin u s by na ti o nality a Greek previous ly a p hi l osopher of

, ,

A the n s w hose an cestry I h a ve n ot b ee n abl e to a scert ain occupied

, ,

the see
1 0 y e a rs , 3 mo n ths an d 7 d ay s .
I 4 y e a rs , 3 mo n ths an d 4 d a vs .

descri b ed by Ir en mu s a few y ea rs la ter a s a custom of the an cestors d a ti n g ba ck ,

n ea rly t o a po sto lic times The l en g th how ever wa s a t first va ri abl e Se e the i n terest
.
, , .

in g di scussion in Euse b ius C hu rch H i stor y lib V c 4 tr an s M c G ie t N i cen e and P t

’
,
.
, . 2 , . r ,
os

N ic ene Father s ser II vol I p 24 3 ,

M ommsen cites the p a ss ag e here a s an i n di c a
.
,
.
,
. .

tion tha t the Lib P on t wa s n ot compil ed un til the seven th cen tury H e poin ts o t
. . . u

th a t un der Leo I Ge la sius an d Gre g ory I the L en ten fa st la sted o ly six w ee k s a n d th a t

,
n

therefore our a uthor must h a ve w ritten a fter the de a th of Gregory Lib P on t p xvii . . .
, . .

C f In troduction p xii
.
,
. .

1 The
n i ght m a ss a t C hristma s is sti ll a fea ture of the R oma n ritu al The a uthor .

of the Li b P on t is the ea rliest w riter to all ude to it

. . It can h a rdly h a ve b een i n stituted .

b efore the da te of the N a tivity wa s fixed duri n g the fourth cen tur y .

P ope Symma chus i n troduced the a n g elic h ymn i n to all m a sses cel eb ra ted on
Sun day s o r fea st days Cf i n fr a p 1 23 The i n stitution a ppl ied how ever only to
. .
,
. .
, ,

p apal ma sses The priests in R ome w ere forb idden to ch an t

. except a t
“ ”
Ea ster a s la te a s the e l even th ce n tury
, In the ea r ly G all ica n ritu al the B en edictus .

wa s sun g a t the Openi n g of ma ss in stea d of the Gl ori a Duchesn e Lib P ont .

”
, . .
,

V OL I p 1 3 0 n Atch l e y O d R m P r i m u s pp 7 1 72
5 s
-

, .
, r o o
. a n u .
, ,
. .
1 4 LI B E R P ON TI FIC ALI S

H e wa s b ishop i n the time of V eru s an d Ma rcus from the co n sul ,

s hi p of M agn us an d C am e rin u s (A D 1 3 8 ) u n ti l the y e a r w he n .

Orfi tu s an d

C am e r in u sw ere co n su l s P ri sc u s w ere co n s u l s (A D
. .

H e set i n order the c l er gy an d di stri b uted r ank s 1

.

H e he l d 3 ordi na tio n s in the mo n th of D ecem b er 1 5 priests , ,

5 de a co n s 6 b ishops in di vers p la ces

,
.

H e a lso wa s b uried n e a r the b ody of the bl essed P eter in the

B a ti c an Jan u a r y 1 1
,
-
.

An d the b ishopri c wa s empty 3 d ay s .

XI . PI U S I

P ius by na tio nali t y an It a li an so n of R u fin u s b rother of the

, , ,

3
Shepherd
2
from the city of A qui l e gi a occupied the see 1 9 y e a rs
, , ,

4 mo n ths

an d 21 d ay s I an d .
3 d ay s .

H e wa s b ishop in th e time of An to ni n us P ius from the co n s ul shi p ,

of Cla rus an d S everus (AD .

Whi l e he wa s b ishop ,

hi s b rother
H erm a s wrote a b oo k in w hich he set forth the comm an dme n t
whi ch the ang e l of the L ord de livered to hi m comin g to him in the ,

ga r b of a shepherd an d comm an di n g him th a t

1
A v ague
phra se The author may merely in ten d to co n ve y th a t Hygin us ca rried
.

fur ther the organ iza tion of the cl ergy in to defin ite r an k s an d the a ssi gn men t of speci al
tas ks an d fun ction s .

H erm a s surn a med Pastor or Shepherd from the title Pa stor p r H flfi of his
3
, ,
Ot
‘
- v

b oo k See in the text b el o w H e wa s a secon d cen tury w riter whose trea tise whi ch
. .
,

co n ta in e d an a ccoun t of a revela tion from an a n g el wa s on ce in such repute as to b e ,

rea d in the chur ches It wa s composed ori gi n ally in Gree k b ut was e a rly trans la ted
.

i n to La ti n J erome say s of it tha t in hi s d ay it wa s still rea d in the churches of Gre ece

.
,

al though it h ad al most b een forgotten a mon g the La ti n s De Vi ris I llustrib s c x ed . u ,

.
,
.

Richa rdso n p 1 4 An En glish tr an sla tio n of The Sh pher d f H ermas may b e fo u n d

,
. . e o

in vol u me II of T he Apostolic Fathe r s in the Loeb Classic al Li br ary .

I e Aquil eia
3
. . .

4 The seco n d p a ir of co n sul s is here omitted

; un til the y ea r w hen the two Au gusti
w ere con sul s (AD Liber ia n C talogue
. a .
 P IU S 1, A NI CE T U S I 5

the ho ly fe a st of Ea ster Ea ster

’ 1
b e o b served upo n the L ord s d ay .

H e ord ain ed th a t a hereti c comi ng out from the heres y of the

J e w s shou l d b e r e ceived an d ba ptised ; an d he m a de a re gu la tio n
2

for the church .

H e he l d 5 or di na tio n s i n the mon th of D ecem b er 1 9 priests , ,

2 1 de a co n s b ishops 1 2 i n n um b er i n d ivers p la ces

,
.

H e al so wa s b uried n e a r the b ody of the bl essed P eter i n the

B a tic a n J u ly 1 1 ,

An d the b ishopric wa s empt y 1 4 d ay s 3

.

X II . AN I CE TU S

An icetus by na tio nality a Sy ri an so n of J oh n from the to wn of

, , ,

4
H u mi sa occupied the see ,

9 y e a rs , 3 mo n ths an d 3 d ay s .
I 1 1 y e a rs , 4 mo n ths an d 3 d ay s .

5
H e wa s b ishop i n the time of S everus an d Ma rcus from the ,

co n su l shi p of G alli c an u s an d V etus (A D 1 50) un ti l the y e a r w he n .

P r mse n s an d R u fin u s w ere co n su l s (A D .

H e for ba de the c l er gy to g ro w l o ng h air fo ll o w ing thus the ,

6
precept of the a postl e .

He he ld 5 ordina tio n s i n the mo n th of D ecemb er 1 9 priests 4 , ,

de aco n s 9 b ishops in di vers p la ces

,
.

There is n o men tion of Ea ster in the b oo k of H erma s

1
.

Duchesn e C ites the fa ct th a t P rude tius in his Apotheosi s cla sses the Jew s with the
2 n

heretics Lib P on t vol I p 3 2 n 5

. . .
,
.
,
. 1 ,
. .

In ma n usc ripts o f the el eve n th ce tury the foll o w i n g sen te n ces h a ve b ee n a dded
3
n

to the li fe of P ius draw n u n dou b tedly from the story of SS P u d e n tian a an d P r axedis
,
.

(Cf Acta S anc tor u m M ay vo l I V p H e by request of the bl essed P r axedi s

“
. . .
, , ,

dedica ted a ch urch in the ba ths of N ovatu s in th e V icus P atric iu s to the hon or of her
sister the holy P u den tian a w here al so h e ofi ered ma n y gifts an d frequen tly b e mi ni s
, ,
~

t e e d ofi erin g s a crifice to the Lord

r , M oreover he erected a fo n t of ba ptism an d w ith .

his own h an d he bl essed an d dedic a ted it a n d man y who ga thered to the fai th he
baptised in the n a me of the Tri n ity The church of San ta P u d e nz iana is me n tion ed .
”

in an epita ph of AD 3 84 For the Vicus Pa trici a s cf su pr a p 7 n 1

. .
,
.
,
.
,
. .

I e Emesa an importa n t cit y of n orthern Sy ri a

4
. .
,
.

An error for V erus

5
The chro n o l o gy is mistak e n The pon tificate wa s prob
. .

ably from 1 54—5 to 1 66—7 Cf He fe le Hi t d C nci les I p 1 3 6 . .

,
s . . o , ,
. .

5
Jerome all udes to a prohi b ition of this sort I Ez ech XLIV 20 Quote d by . n .
, , .

Duchesn e Lib P on t vol I p 1 3 4 n 3 Cf I Cori n thi an s xi 1 4

, . .
,
.
, .
,
. . .
,
. .
1 6 LI B E R P ON TIFIC ALIS

H e al so di e d a m a rty r an d wa s b uried
n e a r the b od y of the bl essed in the cemetery C alistus, l

P eter i n the Va tic an ,

A pri l 20 .

An d the b ishopric wa s empty 1 7 d ay s .

X II I . S O TE R

S oter by na tio na lity a Ca mp a ni an so n of C on c or di u s from the

, , ,

city of Fu n di ? occupied the see 9 y e a rs 6 mo n ths an d 2 1 d ay s , .

3
H e wa s b ishop in the time of S everus from the co n su l shi p of R us ,

ti c u s an d Aqu ili n u s (A D 1 6 2 ) un ti l the y e a r w he n C e t e u s an d

.
g
Cla rus w ere co n su l s (A D .

H e ord ain ed th a t n o mo nk shou l d touch the co n secr a ted al t a r

4
c l oth or shou l d ofi e r i n ce n se i n the ho ly church
H e he l d 3 ordi n a tio n s i n the mo n th of Decem b er 1 8 priests 9 , ,

de a co n s 1 1 b ishops in di vers p la ces

,
.

H e al so wa s b uried
n e a r the b od y of th e bl essed in t h e cemetery of C ali stu s on
6
P eter ,
the V i a A ppi a ,

April 2 2 .

An d th e b ishop r ic wa s empty 21 d ay s .

X IV . E LE U T HE RI U S

by na tio nal ity a Greek so n of H ab u n di u s from the

Ele u th e r ,
’

, ,

6
to wn of Nic op oli s occupied the see 1 5 y e a rs 3 mo n ths an d 2 d ay s
, , .

This cemetery if in existen ce a t the time was certa in ly n ot kn ow n by the n a me

1
, ,

of C allistus w ho wa s the fifth pope a fter Anicetus

,
Cf i nfra p 2 1 The rea din g in . .
, . .

the first col umn is probably the corre ct on e .

The mod ern Fon di

3 .

This shoul d b e V erus

3 .

Several ma n uscripts rea d n o n un Instea d o f n o mo n k The y ar e perha ps

4 “
.

i nfluen ced by the p assag e in the lif e of P ope B on ifa ce I “

B o n ifa ce decr ee d tha t n o .

w oma n or n un shoul d touch the con secra ted al ta r cloth I nfr a p 9 1 The author .
,
. .

of the Lib P on t un doub te dly b el o n g ed to the secula r cl ergy

. . .

Cf su pr a 11 1
5
.
,
. .

The city of Nicopo l is in Epirus a t the en tra n ce to the Gulf of Arta

6 .
 S OTE R , E LE UT HE R I U S ,
V I C T OR 1 7

H e wa s b ishop i n the time of An to n i n us an d C ommodus u n ti l the

ye a r w he n P a te r n u s an d B r ad u a w ere co n su l s (A D .

H e received a l etter from L ucius k ing of B rit a i n a sk i n g him to , ,

a ppoi n t a way by whi ch Lucius mi g ht b ecome a C hristi an 1

.

H e al so decreed H e al so co n fi rmed aga in the

decree
tha t n o ki n d of food
i n commo n use
shou l d b e rej ected especi ally by the C hristi an f a ithfu l ina smuch ,

a s God cre a ted it ; provided ho w ever it w ere r a tio nal food an d fit , ,

?
for hum an ki n d
H e he l d 3 ordi na tio n s in the mo n th of D ecem b er 1 2 priests 8 , ,

de a co n s 1 5 b ishops in divers p la ces

,
.

H e al so wa s b uried n e a r the b ody of the bl essed P eter in the

B a tic an May 24,
.

An d the b ishopric wa s empty 1 5 d ay s .

XV . VIC T O R

V ictor by na tio na lity an A fric an so n of Fe l ix occupied the see

, , ,

I5 y e a rs , 3 mo n ths an d 1 0 d ay s I . 1 0 y e a rs ,
2 mo n ths an d 1 0 d ay s .

3
H e wa s b ishop in the time of C aes a r A u g ustus from the 2n d ,

co n su l shi p of C ommodus w he n G r avio wa s his co ll e ague (AD

4
.

1 86) u n ti l the y e a r w he n La t e r an u s an d R u fin u s w ere co n su l s

(AD .

1 The sour ce of or g roun d for this ext ra ordi n a ry sta temen t is quite un k n own It .

a ppe a rs first here in the Lib P on t B ede an d other mediev al En glish chr oni cl ers b uil t
. .

up con siderabl e l eg en d upon it B ed e Ecclesi astical Hi stor y I c 4 tr Gil es (Bohn s

.
, , ,
.
,
.
’

Li b ra ry ) p 1 0
,
. .

2 The a postl e Pa ul h a d al rea dy prohi b ited the cla ssifica tion of certa i n fo ods a s un
cl ea n Roman s xiv ; Colossi an s ii 1 6 1 7 ; I Ti mothy iv 3 etc O u r a uthor may
.
, , .
, , .
,
.

h a ve h a d in mi n d the M an ichean pra ctice o f con demn in g wi n e an d mea t o f w hich ,

much wa s hea rd in R ome in the fifth cen tu ry .

3
Severus .

4
A corruption for G lab rio .
1 8 LI B E R P ON T IFIC ALI S

H e appo in ted th a t the ho ly fe a st of Ea ster shou l d b e o b serv ed

’
upo n the L or d s d ay ,

as Eleu th e r h a d do n e I
1
. a s P ius h a d do n e .

?
H e a dded a co ly tes to the c l ergy
H e wa s cro wn ed wi th m a rty rdom .

H e al so ord a in ed th a t a t a time of n ecessit y any g e n ti l e w ho , ,

c a me to b e baptised w herever i t mi g ht b e w hether i n a river or i n , ,

the se a or i n a spring
or in a m a rsh ,

if o n ly he pro n oun ced the C hris if o nly he s a id c l e a r ly the

ti a n co n fession of f a ith ,
C hristi an co n fessio n of f a ith ,

?
shou l d b e there a fter a C hristi an i n fu ll st an di ng
H e he l d 2 ordin a tio n s i n the mo n th of D ecem b er , 4 priests , 7
de a co n s 1 2 b ishops i n di vers p la ces
, .

H e al so summo n ed a cou n ci l He in stituted an i n quiry

an d an i n qui ry wa s m a de of a mo ng the c l er gy co n cerni ng the
’
T heop hi l us b ishop of Al ex an ,
c y c l e of Ea ster an d the L ord s

The fea st of Ea ster was cel eb ra ted on Sun day l on g b efore the time of Victor
1
.

See su pr a p 5 There wa s how ever a fresh discussion about this time a s to the mode
,
. 1 .
, ,

of determi na tio n of the da te of which J erome preserves a remi isce n ce w he n he say s ,

n

tha t Victor w rote trea tises f on the questio n of Ea ster an d other ma tters D e Viri s ‘
.
”

Illu str ib s c 3 4 ed R ich a rds o n p 2 5

u ,
. Euse b ius h a s an i n teresti n g a ccoun t of the
,
.
,
. .

disag reeme n t b et w een those w ho follow ed the J ewish custom an d cel eb ra ted Ea ster
on the Passover d ay w hen ever in the w ee k it fell an d those w ho i n sisted upo n c e le b ra t
, ,

ing it on Sun day a s the d ay of resurrectio n Ch rch Hi story V cc 23— 5 tran s M c . u , ,

. 2 ,
.

G ifle rt pp 24 1 — 244
, J afi é (R egesta vol I p 1 ) gives a decree of the s y od hel d a t
. .
,
.
,
. 1 n

R ome b etw ee n 1 90 a n d 94 w hich provided th a t the L ord s resurrectio n shoul d b e

’
1 ,

cel eb ra ted alway s upo n Su n day It seems l ik ely th a t Victor a ctually excommun ica ted .

the Eastern chur ches whi ch persisted in a dheri n g to the Jewish cal e n da r On the .

importa n ce of V ictor s p on t i fica t e see La g e n Geschi c hte der K omisc he n K i r che a n d

’
n ,

the vol ume on the ea rly pa p a c y in this series .

There is some doub t a s to the tra n sla tion of this sen ten ce
1
H ic fecit seque n tes .

cl eros It may al so mea n : b e i n stituted cl ergy in a tten d an ce i e the n ota ries

.
” “
,
. .

an d su b dea co n s of the p a pal court a s disti n guish e d from the l ocal or p a rish c l er gy c o n

n e c t e d w ith the di f
f ere n t l ocal churches Cf Duches n e Lib P on t vol I p 3 7 4 . .
, . .
,
.
,
. 1 ,
n .
,

a n d D u ca n ge Glossari u m M ed i ce et I nfimce Lati n i tati s un der S eque s

,
H a r n ac k ,
n .
,

S ou rces of the Apostoli c Ca nons tr Whea tl e y p 88 n 3 ,

.
,
.
,
. .

P ope Gela sius in a l etter w ritten in 49 4 to the b ishops of Luca n i a mak es a simila r
3

provision for baptism in time of emerge n c y M a n si Conci lior u m Ampli ssi ma ColIec tio .
, ,

vol VIII p 3 7 J afié Regesto vol I p 8 5 63 6

.
,
. .
, ,
.
, .
, .
2o L I BE R P ON T IFI C ALI S

shou l d a ssist in all the ceremo ny except i n th a t whi ch b e lo ng s o nly ,

’
to the b ishop ; from the co n secr a tio n of the b ishop s h an d the priest
shou l d receive the co n secr a ted wa fer to di stri b ute to the peop l e .

H e he l d 4 ordina tio n s i n the mo n th of Decemb er 1 4 priests , ,

7 de a co n s 1 3 b ishops i n di vers p la ces

,
.

H e al so wa s b uried i n hi s o wn cemetery n e a r the cemetery of

C alistu s o n the V i a A ppi a A u gust 2 ,

An d the b ishopric wa s empty 6 d ay s .

XVII . C ALLI STU S I

by na tio nality a R om an so n of Domi tius from the

C ali stu s, , ,

district U r b s R ave n n an tiu m occupied the see

2
,

5 y e a rs , I 6 y e a rs ,

2 mo n ths an d 1 0 d ay s H e wa s b ishop i n the time of M ac rin u s .

an d T h e od oli ob u llu s from the co n su l shi p of An toni n us (A D 2 1 8 )

3
,
. .

an d of Al ex a n der (A D . .

H e wa s cro wn ed wi th m a rty rdom .

H e in stituted a f a st from corn win e an d oil upon the S abba th ,

d ay thrice in the y e a r a ccordi ng to the w ord of th e prophet of a, ,

4
fourth of a seve n th an d of a te n th
, ,
.

5
H e b ui l t a ba sili c a b ey o n d the Ti b er .

H e he l d 5 ordina tio n s i n the mo n th of D ecem b er 1 6 priests , ,

4 de a co n s 8 b ishops in divers p la ces

,
.

a ter tradi tion fixed Zeph yri n us tomb in a small basil ica over the ca tac omb o f
1
L
’

C allist u s B e ginn i n g with him the popes of the third ce n tury w ere b uried in the
.

cemeteries ab out the Vi a Appi a n o l on g er in the resti n g pla ce of the a postl e P eter
, ,

which may ha ve b ee n full .

A district b e yo n d the Ti b er peop l ed by se ttl ers from R a ve nn a the modern

2
,

Tr astevere .

3
A corrupt form for H elio gabal u s .

c h ar ia h V III 1 9
‘
Some ma n us cripts give the rea di n g
, ,
. in the four th the , ,

seve n th an d the te th mo n ths If on e a dds the f a st of Le n t w hich too k pla ce d u rin g

n .
”
,

the first mon th M a rch o e h a s the f a sts of the four sea son s w hi ch are men ti on ed in
, ,
n

ea rly R oma n liturgies an d in the homilies of St Leo Duchesn e Li b P ont vol I p 1 4 1 . .

, . .
,
.
,
.
‘

n .
4 .

or n ea r the site of San ta M a ri a in Trastevere w hich was call e d someti mes the
5
On ,

church of C alli stu s as la te a s the ei ghth cen tur y .

 C ALLIST US 1 , URBAN US 1 21

H e al so wa s b uried i n th e cemetery of C alip odi u s o n the V i a

1
A ure l i a a t the third mi l esto n e O cto b er 1 4 , .

H e co n structed an other cemeter y o n the V i a Appi a w here m any ,

p riests an d m a rt y rs rest w hich is c all ed eve n to

, this d a y the ceme
t e ry of C a li stu s .

An d the b ishopric wa s empty 1 6 d ay s .

XV III . U R B AN U
S I

U rban us by na tio nality a R om an so n of P o n ti an us occupied

, , ,

the see
2
9 y e a rs 1 mo,
n th an d 2 d ay s .
4 y e a rs 1 0 mo n ths an d 1 2 d ay s
, .

H e in sti tuted s a cred vesse l s H e h a d all s a cred vesse l s m a de

o f si l ver ,
of si l ver ,

and he ga ve a s an o fferi ng 25 p a ten s of si l ver .

3

He al so ob H e wa s him He wa s hi m H e wa s hi m
tain e d gl ory a s se l f a co n se l f a co n fessor se l f a co n fessor
a co n fessor i n fe ssor . i n the time of ; a t the time
'

t h e tim e of Dio Dioc l eti an . w he n Maximi n

4
c le t ian . an d A fric an us
w ere co n su l s .

He by his te a chi ng turn ed m any to baptism an d f a ith an d

a mo ng them Val eri an us a m an of hi gh n o b ili ty hus ban d of the
, ,

ho ly C eci li a .

1
The c a ta comb o f C alepodi us on the Vi a Aureli a of whi ch few tra ces n ow a re ,

v isi bl e
. The b od y of C allistu s may h ave b ee n hurriedly b uri ed there b ec a use it wa s
n e a rer to the sce n e of his m a rt y rdom th a n his own cemetery For the tra ditio n al .

a ccoun t of his de a th see Acta S anc tor u m Octob er vol VI p 4 3 0 , ,

.
,
. .

2 The Li beri an Catalogue says : “ H e wa s b ishop in the time of Al ex a n der from ,

the con sul ship of M aximus an d Elia n u s (A D 2 23 ) un til the y ea r w hen Ag ricola an d
. .

C le me n tin u s w ere con sul s (A D 2 . .

3 The
n umb er is i n ten ded pro bably to correspo n d to th a t of the p a rish churches ,

o n e p a ten for e a ch church Gla ss wa s also a fa vori te ma terial for the s a cred vessel s
.

a t this e a rly period Cf su pr a pp 7 n 1 ; 1 9 Low rie Chr istian Ar t and Archaeology

. .
,
.
, . .
, ,

PP 3 43 , 3 5 7 .

4
Aca rel ess a n a chron ism The hi story o f P ope Urban h a s b ee n a pp a re n tly c on
.

f used w ith th a t of a con fessor Urba n who may h a ve l ived un der Diocl eti an
,
.
 L I BER P ON T IFI C ALI S

1
These he guided eve n to the p al m of m a rty rdom ,

an d m any w ere cro wn e d wi th an d throu gh hi s exhort a tio n s

m a rty rdom throu g h hi s w ords . m any w ere cro wn ed with m a r
tyr d om .

H e he l d 5 ordin a tio n s in the mo n th of D ecem b er 1 9 priests , ,

7 de a co n s 8 b ishops i n divers p la ces ,

.

H e al so wa s b uried in the cemeter y of P r e tex ta tu s o n the Vi a

2
Appi a .

The bl essed T ib u r tiu s b uried hi m M ay 1 9 ,

.

An d the b ishopric wa s empty 3 0 d ay s .

X IX . P O N T IA N U S (23 0— 23 5)

P o n ti an us by na tio nalit y a R om an so n of C alp u rn iu s

, , ,
oc c u

pie d the see

5 y e a rs ,
2 mo n ths an d 22 d ay s .
9 y e a rs , 5 mo n ths an d 2 d ay s .

H e wa s cro wn ed wi th m a rty rdom . H e wa s b ishop i n the time

of Al ex a n der from the co n su l ship of ,
P omp e ian u s an d P e lin i an u s
(A D . .

A t th a t time P o n ti an us the b ishop an d Y p oli tu s the priest 3

, , , ,

The P assi o of S t Cecilia w ith some form of w hich the a uthor of the Li b P ant
1
n .
, . .

wa s a cqu ai ted wa s compil ed i the opi ion of M ommse duri g the fifth ce tury
n , ,
n n n, n n

a n d pro bably i A frica The fo ll ow i g is the e a rli est versio give i the Acta S
n . n n n n a nc

to
r n rn (M y v ol VI p a C ecili a a vi rgi f l ofty ra k ca rried lways the
,
.
,
.
,
n o n ,
a

gospel of C hrist hi dde i her b osom Sh e wa s espoused to a you g m

n V l eri
n . n an , a

a us
n . Val eri a us fou d the holy Urba us the b ishop w ho h a d al rea dy b ee
n n n , ,
n

tw ice a co fessor d wa s i hi di g a mo g the tomb s of the ma rt yrs

n an Dost thou
n n n .

call th yself th a t Urba us whom the C hristi an s e titl e their pope I hea r th a t he is w
n n no

co demn ed a seco d time a d agai he h a s b etak e himself i to hidi g for the sa me

n n n n n n n

ca use (Val eri a us a d T ib t i

.
’
his b rother ) w ere executed wi th the sw ord
n n ur u s, , .

The holy Urba us baptised i her (C ecil i a s ) house more th an four hu dred f
n n
’
n o

b oth sexes Alma hi comm a ded th a t C ecili a shoul d b e b rought b efore hi m

. c us n

a d he a s k ed her sayi g Of w h a t sta te a rt thou ? C ecil i a sa d A free ‘ ’ ‘

n ,
n . i

Woma a d a obl e of hi gh ran k The exa mi er b eh ea ded (C ecili a ) ’

n n n . n .

P ope Urba wa s b uried i the cemetery f C allist where his epita ph h a s been
2 n n o u s,

di scovered A other U rba perh a ps the co fessor wa s b u i ed in the cemetery f

. n n, n ,
r o

P e te ta t
ra d his a me preserved by the ei gh bori g church of San Ur ba o all a
x u s an n n n n

C afi ll
are Duches e Li b P ont vol I p 4 3 5
a . n ,
. .
,
.
,
. 1 ,
n . .

This is thought to b e the fa mous H ippo ly tus bishop of P orto me tio ed i the
3
, ,
n n n

I trod tio
n p iv w hose sta tue is w i the La tera museum A tra s la tio of his
uc n ,
.
,
no n n . n n

w ork O th R f t ti f H r i w hich trea ts of pagan scien ce an d phi losoph y

,
n e e u a on o e es e s , ,
 PO NTI AN US , ANT EROS 23

w ere tr an sported i n to exi l e by Al ex a n der to the i slan d of B uci na 1

in Sa rdi n i a d uri ng the co n su l ship of S ev e rus a n d Q u in ti an u s (A D . .

2 3 5) I n th a t is lan d he wa s m al tr e a ted a n d b e a te n w ith c l u b s

a n d he di e d O cto b er 3 0 In hi s p la ce An th e r os wa s ord a i n ed
,
.

Novem b er 2 1 .

H e he l d 2 ordi na tio n s i n the mo n th of D ecem b er 6 priests , ,

5 de a co n s 6 b ishops i n di vers p la ces

,
.

An d the bl essed An d the bl essed

F ab i an us b rou g ht F ab i an us b rou g ht
him ba c k in a b o a t him ba ck w ith c l er gy An d he wa s b uried
an d b uried him i n the i n a shi p an d b uried i n the cemetery of
cemeter y of C ali stu s him i n the c a t a com b s C ali st u s o n the V i a .

2
o n the V i a A ppi a . A ppi a The b ishop .

An d the b ishopric ric wa s empty from

wa s empt y 1 0 d ay s . the d ay of hi s b uri al
u n ti l Novem b er 2 1 .

XX . AN TER O S (23 5— 2 3 6)

An th e r os, by na tio nali t y a Greek so n of R omu l us , occupied the ,

S6 6

1 mo n th an d 1 2 d ay s .
I 1 2 y e a rs ,
1 mo n th an d 1 2 d ay s .

H e wa s cro wn ed w ith m a rty rdom a t the time w he n Maximi n

an d A fric an us w ere co n su l s (A D . .

H e co ll ected c a refu lly from the n ot a ries the a cts of the m a rt y rs

an d of the re a ders an d deposited them i n the church
b ec a use a t o n e time Ma ximus a ,
for the s ak e of o n e M aximi n u s
priest h a d b ee n a m a rty r
,
4
. a priest w ho h a d b ee n cro wn ed
,

wi th m a rt y rdom .

j ugglery p riestcr a ft a s w ell as of J e wish an d Christian heresies is in the An te

an d , ,

N icen e Father s vo l V , Cf Li ghtfoot Apostoli c F a ther s Pa rt I V ol II pp 3 6—4 7 7

. . .
, , ,
.
,
. 1 .

No islan d of this n a me is kn o wn n ea r Sa rdi n i a The w ord is probably garbl ed

1
. .

The epita ph of P on ti an us h a s di sa ppea red b ut on the doorway of the p a pal

2
,

c r ypt a mo n g other g r a ffi ti the foll o wi n g w ords h a ve b een rou ghly scrawl ed : M ay est
thou live P on ti a us
,
n in God w ith a
,
The y may h a ve b een w ritten by a w it
n ess of his i n termen t Duchesn e Li b P o t vol I p 1 4 6 n 8
.
,
. n .
,
.
,
.
,
. .

The Li beri an Catalogu e says of An teros simply th a t he died a fter a p on ti fica te of

3

fort y day s His n a me does n ot occur in the l ists of m a rtyrs

. .

4
No other cl ear referen ce to thi s ma rt yred priest M a ximus or M aximi n u s h a s , ,
 24 L I BER P ON T IFIC ALIS

H e cre a ted o n e b ishop i n the H e he l d o n e ordi na tio n 1 ,

city of Fu n di i n the Camp an i a , ,

b ishop in the mo n th of D ecem
,

duri ng the mo n th of D ecem b er . h er .

H e al so wa s b uried i n the cemetery of C ali stu s o n the Vi a Appi a ,

1

Jan u a ry 3 .

An d th e b ishop ric wa s empty 1 3 d ay s .

XX I . F A B IA N US (23 6— 2 50)

F ab i an us by na tio nal ity a R om an so n of F ab ius occupied

, , ,

the see 1 4 y e a rs ,

1 mo n th an d 1 0 d ay s . 1 1 mo n ths an d 1 1 d ay s .

H e wa s cro wn ed w ith m a rt yrdom H e wa s b ishop i n the time .

of Maximus an d A fric an us (A D 23 6) un ti l the ye a r w he n Decius . .

wa s co n su l the 2n d time an d Q u a dr a tus wa s his co ll e ague (A D 2 . .

an d he su fi e r e d Jan u a ry 2 9 .

2
H e divided the di stricts a mo ng the de a co n s an d cre a ted
7 su b de a co n s to b e a ssoci a ted wi th the 7 n ot a ries th a t the y ,

mi g ht f aithfu lly compi l e the a cts of the m a rty r s omi tti n g ,

3
n o thi ng .

An d he comm an ded m any b ui l di ng s to b e erected throu g hout

4
the cemeteries .

An d a fter hi s p a ssio n M oy se s an d Maximus priests an d Nico , ,

str a tus a de a co n w ere seiz ed an d committed to priso n

, ,
.

A t th a t time N ova tu s a rrived from A fric a an d dre w away from

come down to us On the other h an d there a re n umerous un iden tified ma rt yrs of the
.

n a me in the R oma n c al e n da rs a n d the da te of hi s dea th f all s d u ri ng the persecutio n of

M a ximi n The a uthor of the Lib P en t wa s in possessio n of a tra di tion or a history

. . .

which h a s sin ce b een lost Du chesn e Li b P on t vol I pp xcv—xcvi

.
,
. .
,
.
,
. .

His b rief epita p h is in the p a p al crypt

1 Duchesn e i bid p 1 4 7 n 4 .
,
.
,
.
,
. .

On the eccl esi a stical divisio n s of the city see su pr a p 1 0 n 3

2
, ,
.
, . .

The seven sub dea con s of R ome a re men tion ed in a l etter of C orn elius w ritten
3

ab out tw o yea rs a fter F ab i an us dea th to Fab ius of An tioch Euseb ius Chu rch Histor y
’
.
, ,

VI c 4 3 tr M c Giffe rt N i cen e a nd P ost N ic ene F th s Series 2 vol I p 288

,
.
, .
,
a er , , .
,
. .

I nfr a p 3 5 n 1
,
. H a rn a c k S ou rces of the Apostolic C nons tr Whe a t le y pp 9 3 —9 5
,
. .
,
a ,
.
,
. .

On the w or k o f the n ota ries in preservi n g records of the m a rtyrs see su pr a p 8 n 1 , .

,
. .

De R ossi thinks th a t Fab i a n us con ti n ued the con structi o n of the cemetery of
C allist us both ab ove an d b elow g roun d Duchesn e Lib P on t vol I p 1 49 n 5 .
,
. .
,
.
, .
,
. .
 F AB I AN US ,
CORNEL I US 25

the church N ova ti an an d cert a in co n fessors A fterwa r d s M oyse s .

1

died i n priso n w he n he h a d b ee n there 1 1 mo n ths ; an d therefore

,

m any C hristi a n s fle d to di vers p la ces .

H e he l d 5 or di n a tio n s in the mo n th of D ecem b er 2 2 priests , ,

7 de a co n s 1 1 b ishops i n di vers p la,

ces .

H e al so wa s b uried in the cemeter y of C ali stu s o n the V i a A ppi a 2 ,

Jan u a ry 20 .

An d the b ishopric wa s empty 7 d ay s .

XX II . C O RN E LIU S (2 5 1 —
2 53 )
C orn e lius by na tio nali ty a R om an so n of C astin u s occupied
, , ,

the see 2 y e a rs ,

3 mo n ths an d 1 0 d ay s . 2 mo n ths an d 3 d ay s .
3

H e wa s cro wn ed with m a rt yrdom .

Whi l e he wa s b ishop Nov a tus ord a i n ed N ova tian without the

4
church an d Nicostr a tus in A fric a A fter thi s the co n fessors w ho .

h a d l eft C orn e lius retur n ed in to the church to g ether with Maxi

mus the priest w ho h a d b ee n with M oyse s an d the y b ec ame f a ith
, , ,

fu l co n fes sors The n C or n eli us the b ishop wa s banished to

.
, ,

C e n tu m c e llae an d there he received a l etter w ritte n an d se n t for

5

his e n cour ag eme n t by Cypri an w hich Cypri an w rote i n priso n to ,

6
te ll of C e le rin u s the re a der ,
.

This pa ssag e an d the all usio n to the con secra tio n of Nov a ti an a s a n tipope in the
1

time of C orn elius refer to the b egi nn i n g s of the Nova tia n schi sm which la sted tw o
ce turies an d sprea d over the empire N ova tu s N ova ti an a d their a dhere n ts refused
n .
,
n

to rea dm it to commun ion those C hristi a n s w ho un der stress of persecutio n h a d sa cri

fic e d to idol s a fter b ei n g ba ptized Euseb ius ha s an a ni m a ted a ccoun t of the discussio n .

over this question a t the cl ose of the terri bl e persecution of Decius Ch r h H i t ry u c s o ,

VI cc 4 2—4 5 tr M c G iffer t pp 28 5 29 1
,
.
,
.
,
.
— .

The na me an d ti tl e of F ab i an us a re cut i n to the s to n e of the p ap al crypt in th e

1

ca ta comb o f C allistu s cl ose to those of An teros The l etters M T P th e abb revi a tio n
,
.
,

for ma rt yr ha ve b een a dded to the i n scription b ut the y a re n ot cut so deep an d a re

, ,

probably by a la ter han d Duchesn e ibid p 1 49 n 8 .

,
.
,
.
,
. .

The Liberi an Catalogue a dds from the 3 rd con sul ship of Decius an d the 2md of
3 “
,

Decius (A D 25 1 ) to the y ea r w hen Gall u s an d V olu sian u s w ere con suls (A D 25

. . . .

Cf n 1 on this pag e Al so f or l etters of C orn el ius d e scri b i n g some of these eve n ts

4
. . . ,

J afi é R egesto vol I p 1 7 1 06 ; p 1 8 1 1 1
, ,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.

The modern C ivita vecchi a

5
.

“The P assi o C or lii composed perh a ps in the fifth ce n tury thus exp a n ds this
ne , ,

pa ssag e “ At the sa me time the bl essed Cypri an the bishop wrote to the bl essed
.
, ,
 6 LI BER P ON T IFI C ALI S

H e duri ng his p on tifi c a te a t the request of a cert a i n m a tro n ,

L uci na too k up the b odies of the a post l es bl essed P eter an d Pa u l

, , ,

from the c a t a com b s by n i ght ; first the b od y of the bl essed Pa u l

wa s received by the bl essed L ucina an d la id i n her o wn ga rde n
o n the V i a O stien sis ,

n e a r the p la ce b eside the p la ce

w here he wa s b ehe a ded ; the b od y of the bl essed P eter wa s received

by the bl essed C or n e l ius the b ishop an d la id n e a r the p la ce W here , ,

he wa s crucified a mo n g the b odies of the ho ly b ishops i n the shri n e

, ,

of Apo ll o o n the M o n s Au r e u s i n the B a tic an by the p ala ce of

l
, , ,

Nero J u n e ,

A fter wa rds he he l d o n e ordi

na tio n 8 priests an d walk ed by
, ,

n i g ht from C e n tu m c e llee .

C orn el ius whil e he wa s in custody to tell of C ele rin u s the re a der w h a t stripes he ha d
, , , ,

e n dured for the f aith an d con fession of C hrist As a ma tter of fa ct Cypri a n himsel f .
”

wa s n ot in priso n w he n he w rote to C orn el ius in exi l e H is l etter h a s b een preserved .

,

alo n g with others in whi ch the s u fferi n g s of C ele rinu s a re descri b ed Epp lx xxi . .
, , ,

xxx ix Cor p s S cr iptor m Ec lesi ti or m La ti u m vol III pp 69 —69 5 5 29

,
u u c as c u n or ,
.
,
. 1 ,

5 5 ; En g tr in An te N i c en e Fa ther s vol V Epp l vi xx xxxiii ; pp

8 — 8
53 2 5 ,
1 . .
, .
,
.
, ,
.

0 — 2 2 8— 2 — The ten or of the l etter to C orn el ius may b e i nferred

3 5 35 9 99 3 2 , 3 4 ,
1 1 .

from an extra ct It c an n ot b e suffi cie n tly expressed ho w g rea t w ere the exul ta tion
.

a n d the j o y here w he n w e he a rd of y our success a n d courag e th a t y ou h a d stood forth ,

a s a l ea der of con fession to the b rethre n there an d th a t moreover the con fession of , , ,

the l ea der h a d b een mul tipl ied by the l oyal ty of the b rethren ; so th a t w hil e you
precede them to gl ory you h a ve ma de man y your comp a nio n s in gl ory a n d h a ve
persua ded the peopl e to co n fess by b ei ng first yoursel f prep a red to con fess on b eh al f
of all
”
.

A popula r n a me for the Ja n icul um perh a ps a corruptio n from M on s Aurel ius

1
, .

The n a me is perpetu a ted by the church of San P ietro in M on torio .

A very a n cien t tr a ditio n co n firmed by an i n scriptio n of D amasu s a scri b e s to the

2
, ,

b odies of the tw o a postl es a tempora ry soj ourn in a crypt k n o w n a s a d “

b en ea th the presen t church of San Seba sti a n o on the Vi a A ppi a Duchesn e supposes .

th a t this so j ourn too k pla ce duri n g the persecutio n of Diocl eti a n th a t the s a cred ,

b o dies w ere then removed from their tom b s in the Va tica n an d on the Vi a Ostien se
(Cf s pr a p 5 i nfr a p 5 7 ) an d la id to g ether in this more i n co n spicuous spot for the
. u ,
.
, ,
.

sak e of s a fety H e a rg ues th a t the a uthor here is co n fusi n g the da te when the y w ere
.

hidden away w ith the da te of their restora tio n th a t the persecutio n u n der C orn elius wa s ,

the occa sio n of their co n ce al me n t an d th a t the pea ce un der C on sta n ti n e wa s in all li k eli
hood the si gn al for their return to their ven era ted sepul chres Duchesn e op cit .
,
. .
,

p civ an d p 1 5 1 n 7 Al so i nfra un der D amasu s p 8 1

.
. .
,
. .
,
. .
28 L IB ER P ON T IFI C ALIS

a scour g e an d l ed to b e b e a te n upo n the scour g e an d l ed b e

1
the temp l e of Ma rs mouth w ith a scour g e fore the temp l e of
an d l ed to the temp l e Ma rs
of Ma rs
to w orship an d if he w ou l d n ot w orship b e b ehe a ded
, , . Thi s wa s
do n e .

An d he wa s b ehe a ded
by the temp l e of Ma rs i n the p la ce a fores a id
an d b ec a me a m a rt yr .

An d hi s b ody wa s t ak e n up a t ni g ht by the bl essed L ucina an d

the c l er gy an d wa s b uried in a cry pt in her o wn ga rde n n e a r the ,
2
cemeter y of C ali stu s o n the Vi a Ap pi a S eptem b er 1 4 , .

An d the b ishopric wa s empt y 66 d ay s .

XX III . L U C IU S (2 53 —
2 54 )
Lucius by na tio nali t y ,

a R om an so n of ,
P u rp hi riu s, a Tusc an from the c ity o f Luc a ,

so n of Lu cin u s ,

occupied the see 3 y e a rs ,

8 mo n ths an d 1 0 d ay s .
3 mo n ths an d 3 d ay s .

He wa s cro wn ed with m a rt y rdom H e wa s b ishop i n the time .

of G all us an d V olu sian u s (A D u n ti l the y e a r w he n Val eri a n . .

8
wa s co n su l for the third time an d G allic an u s wa s hi s co ll e ag ue
(A D . H
. e wa s i n exi l e A fter wa rds by t h e w i ll of God he .

retur n ed i n s a fety to the church .

H e ord a i n ed th a t i n every p la ce tw o priests an d three de a co n s

shou l d ab ide with the b ishop to b e witn esses for hi m to the church 4
.

There wa s a fa mous templ e to M a rs j ust outside the city wall on the l eft of the
1
,

Vi a Appi a From there it wa s a pla usi bly short distan ce to the cemetery of C alli stu s
. .

The b ody of C orn e lius wa s tran sla ted from C ivita vecchi a to a crypt close to the
2

cemetery of C allistu s The in scription h a s b een recovered Duchesn e Lib P ont

. .
,
. .
,

vol I p 1 5 2 n
.
,
.
,
.

The n a me should b e G all ien us

2
.

‘ The s y stem of priv a te a tte n d a n ce upo n the

p op e by memb ers of the cl er gy ,

regula r or secula r seems to h a ve b ee n first in stituted by the coun cil of 5 9 5 un der

,

Gregory I Un til th a t time the pope received perso n al service from laymen Duches e
. . n
 LUC I US S T EP H E N ,
1 29

He wa s al so b ehe a ded by Val eri an Ma rch , 5 .

H e w hi l e o n his way to his

,
H e ga ve a uthority over the
p a ssio n ga ve a uthori ty to S te,
w ho l e church to S tephe n his ,

phe n a rchde a co n of hi s church

,
1
. a rch d e a co n w hi l e he wa s o n h i s ,

way to his p a ssio n .

H e he l d 2 ordin a tio n s i n the mo n th of D ecem b er , 4 priests , 4

de a co n s 7 b ishops i n divers p la ces
,
.

He al so wa s b uried
i n the cemeter y of C ali stu s n e a r the cemeter y of C ali stu s
i n a s an dpit ,

2
o n the Vi a Appi a A u gust 2 5 ,
.

An d the b ishopric wa s emp ty 35 d ay s .

XX I V . S T EP H EN I (2 54— 2 5 7)

S tephe n by na ti onality a R om an so n of
, ,
I ob iu s , occupied the see
4 y e a rs ,
2 mo n ths an d 1 5 d ay s .
I 6 ye a rs , 5 mo n ths an d 2 d ay s .

H e wa s cro wn e d w ith m a rty rdom .

H e wa s b ishop i n the time of Val eri an an d G allic an u s an d Ma xi

mus u n ti l the y e a r w he n Val eri an wa s co n su l for the 3 r d time an d
G allic an u s for the 2n d time (A D 2 5 3
. .

In his time he wa s c a rried i n to exi l e ; an d a fterwa rds by the

4

sugg ests th a t in a scri b i n g this ordi n a n ce to Lucius our a uthor m ay h a ve b ee n an im a ted

by the memory o f the ch a rg e of a dul tery b rou ght agai st P ope Symma chus la ter an d the n

difficul ty w hich th a t pope experien ced in cl ea ri n g himsel f for la ck of witn esses Cf . .

i fr a p 1 1 7 n 2 ; Duches n e Li b P on t vo l I p 1 5 3 n 2
n ,
.
,
. There is n o other record of
,
. .
, .
,
.
,
. .

an edict of the sort so ea rly .

Thi s in ciden t is probably tak en from an a pocryph al ma rtyrol o gy or P assi on of

1
,

Luc i us n ow l ost ,
Lucius is n ot usu ally reck o n ed a mo n g the m a rty rs for al thou g h
.
,

ba ni shed for a whil e he wa s permi tted to retur n an d di ed a t R ome .

A piece of the tabl et w hich m a r k e d the tom b of Lucius an d b e a rs his n a me h a s

2

b een discovered in the course of exca v a tion in the c a ta comb of C allistu s Duchesn e .
,

i bid p 1 5 3 n 5
.
,
.
,
. .

2
G alli ca n u s shoul d b e G all ie n us The Li b ian Catalogu e gives the s yn chron ism. er

more ex a ctly “
H e wa s b ishop in the time of Val eri a n an d G allie n us from the 2md
.
,

con sul ship of V olu sian u s an d the first of M a ximus (25 3 ) u n til etc ,
.

The foll ow i n g p a rag raph is con ta i n ed in only on e m an uscript o f the composite

4

sev en th cen tur y text an d is eviden tly an i n terpola tion of tha t period The ea rly l ists .

men tion Stephe n simply a s b ishop n ot a s ma rty r Duchesn e Li b P on t vol I p 1 5 4 ,

.
,
. .
,
.
,
.
,

n . 1 .
3 0 LI B E R P ON T I FI C AL IS

w i ll of God he retur n ed i n s a fety to the church An d a fter 3 4 d ay s .

he wa s tried by M aximi an an d commi tted to priso n w ith 9 priests

1

an d 2 b ishops H o n orius an d Ca stus an d 3 de a co n s Xis tu s Dio n is

, , , ,

ius an d G aius There i n priso n n e a r the a rch of S te lla he he l d a

.
2
, ,

s yn od an d all the vesse l s of the church he e n truste d to the a uthority

of hi s a rchde a co n Xy stus an d the mo n e y coffer A fter 6 d ay s he
, ,
.

himse l f wa s b rou ght forth u n der g u a rd an d b ehe a ded .

H e for ba de priests an d d e a co n s to use their co n secr a ted ga rme n ts

for d a i ly w e a r s a ve i n church .

H e he l d t w o ordi na tio n s i n the mo n th of D ecem b er 6 priests , ,

5 de a co n s 3 b ishops i n divers
,
p la ces .

H e al so wa s b uried in the cemetery of C alistu s o n the Vi a A ppi a ,

A u gust
An d the b ishopri c wa s empty 2 2 d ay s .

XXV . X Y STU S II (2 5 7 —
2 58 )
Xy stus by na tio nality ,

a Gree k , I a R om an ,

4
p revious ly a phi l osopher occupied the see ,

2 y e a rs ,
1 1 mo n ths an d 6 d ay s .
I 1 year ,
1 0 mo n ths an d 23 d ay s .

H e wa s cro wn ed with m a rty rdom .

5
H e wa s b ishop in the time of Val eri an an d Decius ,
w he n there
wa s the g re a t persecutio n .

A t th a t time he wa s seized
by Val eri an
an d t ak e n to o ffer s a crifi ce to demo n s . B ut he despised the com
1
o b vious a n a chron ism
An .

I e
2 Arcu s Stillx
. . an a rch of the a queduct ( the dr ippin g a rch ar c us stilla ns ) ;
,
”
,

either the P orta Ca pe n a or the a rch of D rusus Cf Jord an Topographie Vol II p 3 8 0 . .

, , .
,
. .

The pla ce of Stephen s b uri al is men tio n ed in all the l iturgical cal en da rs a fter 3 3 6
3 ’

b ut his epita ph h a s n ot b een foun d Duches n e i bid 11 4 .

,
.
,
. .

There seems to h a ve a risen some co nfusion b et w ee n P ope Xystus and a P y

4

th agor e an phi l osopher Se xti u s w hose S en ten tice w ere tran sla ted from Greek in to La tin
, ,

by R u fi n u s in the fifth ce n tur y .

The Liberia n Cata logue omits the usual imperi al s yn chronisms The a u thor of
5
.

the Li b P an t suppli es them coupli n g Val eri an an d D eci u s as if the y w ere con tempo
. .
,

ra r es
i .
 XYS T US II 3 1

m an ds of Val eri an H e wa s b ehe a ded an d w ith hi m six others all .

,

de a co n s F e li cissim u s Agap i tu s Jan u a rius Magn us V i n ce n tius , , , ,

an d S tephe n ab out A u g ust ,

2
An d the priests k ept ch a r g e from th e co n su l ship of Ma ximus
an d G r avio (A D 2 5 5) u n ti l the y e a r w he n T u sc u s an d B a ssus w ere
. .

co n sul s (A D from the co n su l ship of T u scu s an d B a ssus u n ti l

. .

J u ly 2 0 w he n ,

there wa s the g re a t persecutio n the excee di ng crue l persecutio n

3
u n der Decius . wa s r agi n g u n der D ecius .

An d a fter the p a ssio n of the b le sse d Xystu s o n the third d ay

'

, ,

Law re n ce hi s a rchde a co n su ffered al so A u gust 1 0 lik e wise the

, , , ,

su b de a co n Cla udi us an d S everus the priest an d C r e sc e n tiu s the , , ,

4
re a der an d R om an us the doork eeper
, ,
.

H e he l d 2 ordi na tio n s i n the mo n th of D ec em b er 4 priests 7 , ,

de a co n s 2 b ishops in di vers p la ces

,
.

H e himse l f wa s b uried i n the cemeter y of C ali st u s o n the Vi a

Appi a an d the a fores aid 6 de a co n s w ere b uried i n the cemetery o f
P r ae te xt a tu s o n the V i a A ppi a A u g ust ,

l etter of Cypria n w ritten f rom Ca rth ag e a mon th or thereab out a fter these
1 A ,

even ts speak s of the n ew s of the persecutio n a t R ome

,
B ut kn o w th a t Xistu s wa s .

ma rtyred in the cemetery on Au gust sixth an d w ith him four dea co n s The church .
”

a t Ca rth ag e wa s expecti n g persecution al so an d Cypri an hopes th a t every on e of us

“

may thi nk l ess of dea th th an of immortal ity Ep lxxx i tr An te N ic e e Fa the rs . .

,
. n ,

vol V p 408 Accordi n g to tra ditio n Xy stus wa s sea ted in a m a rbl e ch air in the
.
, . .
,

midst of a church service when he wa s seized an d ca rried away to the sce n e of his ,

ma rtyrdom Duchesn e Li b P on t vol I p 1 5 6 n 8 Feli c issimu s an d Agap itu s the

.
,
. .
,
.
,
.
,
. .
,

first tw o of the six dea con s men tio n ed in the text w ere i n terred n ot wi th Xy stus b ut , , ,

in the cemetery of P r ze te xta tu s where their tom b s may n ow b e seen Duchesn e op ,

.
,
.

ci t
. p 1 55 n 4
,
.
,
. .

I e duri n g the v a ca n cy in the b ishopric fo ll o wi n g the executio n of Xy stus

2
. . .

Letters of Cypri an w ritten a t this j un cture a re a ddressed To th e priests an d dea con s ,

who a re a t R ome .
”

The foreg oin g u n i n tell i gi bl e ta n gl e of da tes is a ga rbl ed version of the p a ssag e

3

in the Liber i an Catalogu e Xystus wa s b ishop from the con sulship of M a xi mus an d
“
.

Glab rio (A D 25 6) u n til the y e a r whe n T u sc u s a n d Ba ssus w ere con sul s (A D 2

. . an d . .

he suffered Au gust 6 An d the priests k ept ch a rg e from the co n sul ship of T uscus an d
.

Ba ssus tmtil July 21 of the y ea r w hen {Emilia n u s an d Ba ssus w ere co n sul s (A D . .

The la ter l eg en ds of St Law ren ce kn ew n othi n g of Cla udius an d Severus thoug h .

,

the memory of C r esc en ti u s an d R oma n us wa s sometimes recall e d The Lib P ou t . . .

may preserve an ea rlier an d more a ccura te tr a di tion Cf Acta Sanctor u rn Au gust . .

, ,

vol II pp 4 8 5—53
.
,
. 2 .

Duches n e p ri n ts the verse with which P op e Da ma su s la ter commemora ted the

5
3 2 LIB ER P ON T IFIC ALI S

The a fores ai d bl essed Law re n ce

wa s b uried o n the wa s b uried in the wa s b uried o n the Vi a
Vi a Tib u r tin a in a cemetery of Cy ri a co Ti b urtina in the cem
cryp t in the Ag er V e in the Ag er V e r an u s e t e ry of C yr i ac e s i n

r an u s A u gust ,
in a c ryp t wi th m any the Ag er V e r an u s in
other m a rty rs . a cry pt with m any
other m a rty rs Au ,

gust 1 0 .

An d the b ishopric wa s empty 35 d ay s .

XXV I . D I O N Y SIU S (2 59— 2 68 )

Dio ny sius previous ly a mo nk w hose f ami ly w e h a ve n ot b ee n

, ,

abl e to a scert a in occupied the see ,

8 y e a rs , I 6 y e a rs ,

2 mo n ths an d 4 d ay s .

H e wa s b ishop i n the time of G ali e n u s from J uly 2 2 of the y e a r ,

w he n Em ili an u s an d B a ssus w ere co n su l s (A D to D ecem b er . .

2 6 in the co n su l ship of Cla u di us an d P a t e rn u s (A D . .

H e a ssi gn ed churches an d cemeteries to the priests an d a pp o in ted

2
p a rishes i n the diocese .

H e he l d 2 ordi na tio n s in the mo n th of D ecem b er 1 2 priests , ,

6 de a co n s 8 b ishops i n divers p la ces

,
.

H e al so wa s b uried in the cemetery of C alistu s o n the Via Appi a ,

D ecem b er 2 7 .

An d the b ishopri c wa s empt y 5 d ay s .

tomb of Xystus in the p a pal crypt 0p cit p 5 6 n 8 See i nfra p 8 2 an d n 1 . . .

, . 1 ,
. .
, . . .

Four out of t h e six dea con s w ere b uried w ith Xy stus in the cemetery of C allistu s S u pra .
,

p 31 n 1
.
,
. .

The site of the presen t fa mous basilica of San Lorenzo in Agro Veran o or fuori
1

le M ur a For the b uil di n g of the ba sil ica see i fra p 6 1

. n ,
. .

Duches n e tak es this sen ten ce to mea n th a t Dion y sius ca rried ou t the p a rish
2

orga n iza tion of the city assign i n g certa in sub ur ban cemeteries to certa in ur ban
,

churches so tha t ea ch ch urch shoul d ha ve its Spec i al cemetery He also a ssi gn ed

, .

the b oun da ries of the episcop al dioceses within the metropol itan di ocese of the pope .

The w ord pa rochi a pa rish wa s empl o y ed a t this period to si gn ify either a rural
“
,
”
,

pa rish in the modern se n se or the w hol e territory g overn ed by a b ishop Lib P on t . . .

,

v ol I p 1 5 7 n 3
.
, .
,
. .
 DI O NY S I US , F EL IX I, EU T YCH IA N US 33

XXV II . F E LI X I (2 69 —
2 74 )
Fe l ix by na tio nali ty a R om an so n of C o n st an tius occupied
, , ,

the see
2 y e a rs an d 1 0 mo n ths .
I 4 y e a rs , 3 mo n ths an d 25 d ay s .

1
H e wa s cro wn ed w ith m a rty rdom .

H e wa s b ishop i n the time of Cla u di us an d A ure l i an from the ,

co n su l ship of Cla udi us an d P a t e r n u s (A D to the y e a r w he n . .

A ure li a n an d C ap i tu lin u s w ere co n su l s (A D . .

H e in stituted the ce l e b r a tio n of m a sses

over the sepu l chres I over the memori al s
?
of the m a rty rs
H e he l d 2 ordi na tio n s i n the mo n th of D ecem b er , 9 priests ,

5 de a co n s 5 b ishops i n di vers p la ces

,
.

He al so wa s b uried in hi s o wn H e b ui l t a ba silic a o n the Vi a

cemetery o n the Vi a A ure li a a t A ure li a w here al so he wa s ,

the 2n d mi l esto n e May 3 0 ,

. b uried May 3 0 2 mi l es from
, ,

the city of R ome .

An d the b ishopric wa s empt y 5 d ay s .

XXV III . E UT YCH I AN U S (2 7 5 —

28 3 )
Eu ty cian u s, by na tio nal ity a Tusc an so n of Ma ri n us , ,
from the
3
city of L u na ,
occupied the see
8 y e a rs ,
1 0 mo n ths an d 4 d ay s .
I 1 year ,
1 mo n th an d 1 d ay .

H e wa s b ishop i n the time of A ure li an from the , 3r d co n su l ship

P ope Felix wa s n ot coun ted a ma rt yr in the e a rly lists an d he wa s b uried w ith his
1

predecessors in the cemetery of C allistu s H e is confou n d e d here wi th tw o ma rty rs of .

'

the sa me n a me wh o w ere a ssoci a ted w ith a ba sil ica on the Vi a Aurel i a Duchesn e .
,

Lib P on t vol I pp cxxv 1 5 8 n 3

. .
, .
,
.
, , . .

The poet P ruden tius is witn ess to the f a ct th a t a t the en d o f the fourth cen tury
2

the custom existed of cel eb ra ti n g m a sses in memory of the ma rty rs a d corpus either
“
,
”

in the cemeteri al ba si l ic a s over the tom b s or in the su b terran ea n v a ul ts themse l ves .

P er i stephan on l i b x1 v 1 7 1 etc
, Quoted by Duchesn e op ci t p 1 58 n 2
.
, .
, .
,
. .
,
.
, . .

2
The modern Luni .
34 LI BER P ON T IFI C ALIS

of A ure li an w he n Ma rce lli n us wa s hi s co ll e ague (A D u n ti l . .

Decem b er 1 3 of the y e a r w he n Ca rus wa s co n su l for the 2n d th e

an d C arin u s wa s co n su l w ith him (A D . .

H e ord a i n ed th a t fru it mi g ht b e bl essed upo n the al t a r b ut o nly ,

l
b e an s an d g r apes .

H e i n hi s time b uried 3 4 2 m a rty rs i n divers p la ces with his

?
o wn h an d H e al so ord a i n ed th a t w he n ever an y o n e of the f a ith
fu l b uried a m a rty r he shou l d b u r y him in a d alrn ati c or a purp l e
,

tu n ic an d the report of it shou l d b e b rou g ht to himse l f (B uty

c h i an u s) .

H e he l d 5 ordi na tio n s i n the mo n th of Decem b er 1 4 priests 5 , ,

de a co n s 9 b ishops i n di vers p la ces

An d he wa s cro wn ed w
.
,

?
ith m a rty rdom
H e al so wa s b uried i n the cemetery of C ali stu s o n the V i a Appi a ,

J u ly
An d the b ishopric wa s empt y 8 d ay s .

XX IX . GAr Us (28 3 —
2 96 )

G a ius by na tio nal ity a D al m a ti an of the f a mi ly of D iocli tian

, , ,

the emperor so n of G a ius occupied th e see 1 1 y e a rs 4 mo n ths

, , ,

an d 9 d ay s .
I an d 1 2 d ay s .

H e wa s b ishop i n the time of Ca r us an d C arin u s from D ecem ,

b er 1 7 i n the 2n d co n su l ship of C a rus w he n C ar in u s wa s his

co ll e ague (A D u n ti l Apri l 2 2 of the y e a r w he n Dioc l eti an
. .

wa s co n su l for the 4 th time an d C o n st an tius for the 2n d ti me

(A D . .

P rayers for th e bl essi n g of the first fruits a re fou n d in v a ri ous ea rly R oman litur
1

gies They h a d of course both J e wish an d p agan a rchetypes The b ean an d g rape
.
, ,
.

h ave b een from an cien t times the chief food crops of the It ali an peopl e Duches n e .
,

Li b P on t vo l I p 5 9 n I
. .
,
.
,
. 1 ,
. .

No persecutio n of importan ce is recorded un der Euty chi an us Whether this

2
.

sen ten ce an d the foll owi n g refer to the ori gi n al b uryi n g of ma rtyrs or to the tran sla tion
of their bodies is impossi bl e to s ay They ma y both b e en tirely a pocryph al . .

There is n o other record of Eutych i an us ma rtyrdom The w ords may be an

3 ’
.

i n terpo la tio n .

H is in scription is in the p a pal crypt Duchesn e , op ci t p 1 60 n 6 . . .

,
.
,
. .
 3 6 L I B ER P ON T I FI C AL I S

XXX . M AR C ELLI N U S (2 96 —
3 04 )

Ma rce llin us by na tio nality a Rom an so n of P r oje c tu s oc cu

, , ,

pied the see

8 y e a rs 2 mo n ths an d 2 5 d ay s I 9 y e a rs 4 mo n ths an d 1 6 d ay s
,
.
, .

H e wa s b ishop in the time of Dioc l eti an an d M axim i an from ,

J u ly 1 i n the 6th co n su l ship of Dioc l eti an an d the 2n d of C o n st an tius

(A D 2 96) u n ti l the y e a r w he n Dioc l eti an wa s co n su l for the 9 th
. .

time an d M axi mian for the 8 th (A D A t th a t time wa s a . .

g re a t persecutio n so th a t w ithi n 3 0 d ay s C hristi an s of b oth

,

sexes i n divers provi n ces w ere cro wn ed wi th m a rt y rdom 1

.

For this re a so n Ma rce ll i n us himse l f wa s h al ed to s a crifice th a t ,

he mi g ht o ffer i n ce n se an d he did i t ,
.

2
An d a fter a fe w d ay s i n spired by pe ni te n ce he wa s b ehe a ded , ,

by the s ame Dioc l eti an an d cro wn ed with m a rty rdom for the f aith
of C h rist i n comp an y w ith Cla u di us an d Gy ri n us an d An to ni n us ,

an d the bl essed Ma rce lli n us o n

his way to his p a ssio n a d j ured
Ma rce ll us the priest th a t he , ,

shou l d n ot fu lfi l the comm an ds

of Dioc l eti an .

This ex agg era ted estima te seems to b e f oun ded upon a mi scon ception of a sta te
1

men t in the a pocryph al P refa ce to J erome s M ar tyr ology M omms en Lib P on t ’

.
, . .
,

p 4 1 n ote on 1 5
.
,
. .

A si n gl e m an uscript co n t a i n s the foll ow i n g more deta il ed a ccoun t

2 An d a fter a .

few d ays a s yn od wa s hel d in the provi n ce of Ca mpan i a in the city of Sessana where ,

w ith his own l ips he professed his pen iten ce in the presen ce of 1 80 b ishops H e w ore .

a ga rmen t of h aircl oth an d a shes upon his hea d an d repen ted sayi n g th a t he h a d sin n ed , .

Then Diocl eti an wa s w roth a n d seized him a d ba de him sa crifice to imag es B ut he n .

cried out w ith tea rs sayi n g It repen teth me sorely for m y former i gn oran ce
, ,
‘
,
’

a n d he b e ga n to utter bla sphem y aga i n st Dioc l eti a n a n d the im ag es of demo n s m a de

w ith h an ds So i n spired by pen iten ce he wa s b ehe a ded etc Se ssa n a is a corrupt

.
, , ,
.

form of the n a me Si u e ssa The modern tow n is c all ed R occa di M an dragon e Se e

n . .

on the story of this cou n cil a n d the a posta s y of M a rcell i n us I n tr oduc ti on p ix P e t ili , , . .

a n us a Do n a tist b ishop with whom Aug ustin e h a d a con trovers y is the ea rliest au
, , ,

t h ori ty for M a rcell i n us defection Duchesn e Lib P on t vol I p lxxiv ; M omm

’
. . .
, ,
.
,
.

se n , Lib P on t pp l iv l v
. P e tilian u s s ay s th a t M a rce ll i n us n ot o nly ofi e r ed in ce n se
.
,
.
, .

b ut al so surren dered the s a cred b oo k s to b e b urn ed Au gusti n e in reply is n on com .

-

mittal At an y r a te he rema rk s it is n o a ffair o f ours For they h ave bo rn e their

.
“
, ,
.

own b urde n w hether it wa s g ood or w hether it wa s evi l

,
We oursel ves b elieve it wa s .

g ood ; b ut w h a tever it wa s it was theirs Au gusti n e Con tra Li tter as P etilia n i ; M i gn e .

”
, ,

P at Lat vol 4 3 col s 3 23 3 28

. .
,
.
,
.
, .
 MARCELL IN US MARCELLUS
‘

, 37

A n d a fterwa rds the ho ly b odies lay i n the street for an ex

a mpl e to the C hristi an s 2 6 d ay s by order of Diocl eti an .

The n the priest Ma rce ll us an d the other priests an d the de a

co n s too k up the b odies by ni ght with h ym n s an d b uried them o n
the Vi a Sala ri a in the cemeter y of P risci lla i n a ch am b er w hich is
w e ll kn o wn u n to thi s d ay a s Ma rce ll i n us himse l f h a d comm an ded
, ,

whe n in pe ni te n ce he wa s b ei ng
h al ed to executio n in the c r yp t ,

n e a r the b ody of the ho ly C ris

c e n tio ,

April 2
H e he l d 2 ordi na tio n s i n the mo n th of D ecem b er 4 priests , ,

2 de a co n s 5 b ishops in di vers p la ces

,
.

From th a t d ay the b ishopric wa s empty 7 y e a rs 6 mo n ths an d ,

2 5 d ay s w hi l e Dioc l eti an wa s persecuting the C hristi an s .

XXX I . M A R C E L LU S (3 08 —
3 09 )

2
Ma rce ll us by na tio nalit y a R om an so n of
, ,

Ma rce ll us , I B e n edi ctus ,

from the di strict of the Vi a L a t a occupied the see ,

4 y e a rs .
5 y e a rs , 7 mo n ths an d 21 d ay s .

H e wa s b ishop in the time of M axen tiu s from the , 4 th co n su l

The cryp t o f San C rescenzi o in the cemetery of P riscilla is ma rk ed on seven th

1

cen tury iti n era ries of the holy pla ces in the en viron s of R ome The g ra ve of M a rcel .

li n us how ever h a s n ot b een iden tified

, ,
.

Euse b ius J erome Au gusti n e a n d the a uthors of the R oma n I nd ex an d other ea rly
2
, ,

lists omit either M a rcell us or M a rcell in us from their chro n ol o gies There wa s eviden tly .

s ome ten den c y to co n fuse the simi la r n a mes The Li beri an Catalogu e how ever gives
.
, ,

b oth an d the Lib P on t copies it Duchesn e hol ds th a t M a rcelli n us wa s i g n ored

. . .

by the compil ers b eca use of the disg ra ce w hich he b rought upon his office Li b P on t . . .
,

vol I pp lxxiii lxxiv M ommsen a rgues an d supports his con ten tion by the
.
,
.
, .

chron ol ogy of the Li b P on t itsel f th a t M a rce ll us wa s n ot i n cl uded in the episcop al

. .
,

lists b eca use he wa s n ever regula rly orda in ed b ishop b ut merely performed some of
the duties of the hea d of the church durin g the seven y ea rs o f i n terregn um th a t fol
l o w ed the ex e cution of M a rce lli n us Li b P on t pp l iii—lv. . .
,
. .
38 LI BER P ON T IFI C ALI S

shi p of M ax e n tiu s w he n M ax imus wa s his co ll e ague u n ti l a fter the ,

1
co n su l ship .

He
m a de request of a cert a i n m a
2
tro n w hose name wa s P risci lla
, ,

an d
est abl ished a cemetery o n the V i a Sala ri a an d he a ppoi n ted 2 5 ,

? 4
p a rish churches a s di oceses i n the city of R ome to provide
baptism an d pe nan ce for the m an y w ho w ere co n verted a mo ng the
5
p agan s an d b uri al for the m a rty rs .

H e ord a i n ed 2 5 priests in the city of R ome an d 2 de a co n s i n ,

the mo n th of D ecem b er an d 2 1 b ishops i n di vers p la ces ,

.

H e wa s seiz ed by M axe ntiu s an d he l d i n co n fin eme n t b ec a use ,

he set the church in order a n d impriso n ed th a t he mi g ht de ny hi s ,

b ishopric an d de g r a de him s e l f by s a crifices to demo n s The n .

,

for a smuch a s he co n tin u ally despised an d scor n ed the w ords a n d

comm an ds of M axe n tiu s he wa s co n dem n ed to the st abl e 6
B ut
,
.
,

al thou g h he served m any d ay s in the st abl e he di d n ot ce a se his ,

1
The y ea rs 3 08—3 09 w hich the a uthor a ttempts to desi gn a te here w ere y ea rs of
, ,

some con fusion in the con sula te M a xen tiu s di d n ot reco gn ize the regula r offi ci al s
.

a n d the usual formul a e w ere n ot preserved .

2
The n a me of P riscilla i n troduced in a f ew ma n uscripts is an an a chronism su g
, , ,

g ested u n doub tedl y by the w ell kn o wn cemetery on the Vi a Sal a ri a Th a t cemetery

-
.

is mu ch ol der th a n M a rcell us A fe w other ma n uscripts give the n a me Novella a s

.

th a t of M a rcell us foun da tio n an d De R ossi h a s proved th e existe n ce of su ch a cemetery

a cross the Vi a Sala ri a f a ci g the cemetery of P riscill a Duches n e op ci t p 1 6 5 n 4
n .
, . .
, .
,
. .

3 M a rcell us may h a ve foun d it n ecessa ry to reor ga n ize the churches a fter the per

se c u tion an d the v a c a n c y in the episcop a te Se e s u pr a pp 7 n 2 ; 2 1 n 3 For a

.
,
.
,
.
,
. .

b rief a ccoun t of the tw en t y five p a rish churches of R ome in the fifth cen tury see
-

Frothi n gh a m M on u ments of Christi an Rome pp 3 9 —4 G r egor oviu s History of Rome

, ,
. 1 .
, ,

tr Ha mil ton vol I pp 26 7— 28 2

.
,
.
,
. .

4
This pa ssag e may b e comp a red w ith su pr a p 3 2 an d n 2 to sho w how va ri abl e ,
. .
,

was still the me a n i n g of terms l i k e p a rish a n d di ocese w hich h a ve si n ce b ecome

“ ” ”
,

so exa ct .

5
Ea ch p a rish church in the city wa s a t first a pp a re n tly co nn ected w ith a sub urba n
cemetery or ca t a comb where its dea d w hether ma rt yrs or n ot w ere b uried La ter
, , , .

the service o f the cemeteries b eca me so a rduous th a t mo n asteries w ere established

a dja cen t to tak e ch a rg e of them Cf i nfra p 1 63 n 1 . .
,
.
,
. .

5 The refere n ce here seems to b e to the pu bl ic stabl es mai n ta i n ed a s pa rt o f the

service of the imperial post The story of the sufferi n g s of M a rcell us ca n n ot b e cor
.

robo ra t e d from other so urces b ut is n ot i n itsel f i n co n sisten t w ith w h a t f a cts w e kn o w

of this tur b ul e t period

n .
 MARCEL L US , EUSE B I US 39

s ervice to the L ord with pr ay ers an d f a sti n g s M oreover i n the .

n i n th mo n th all his c l er gy c ame by ni g ht an d removed him by

ni g ht from the st abl e A cert a i n m a tro n a n d wido w w hose na me

. ,

was Lu c ina w ho h a d lived wi th her hus ban d Ma rcus 1 5 y e a rs

,

an d h a d b ee n 1 9 y e a rs a w ido w received the bl essed m an ; an d she

,

de di c a ted her house a s a church i n the na me of the bl essed Ma r

1
c e llu s a n d there d ay an d ni g ht the L ord J esus C hrist wa s co n fessed

with h ymn s an d pr ay ers B ut M axe n tiu s he a rd of it an d se n t an d

.

seized the bl essed Ma rcell us a seco n d time an d ga ve orders th a t i n

th a t very church
a seco n d time
b o a rds shou l d b e la id do wn an d the ani m al s of the st abl e shou l d b e
co ll ected an d k ept there a nd the bl essed M a rce ll us shou l d te n d
them An d he died in the service of the a ni m al s c la d o nly i n a
.
,

h a ir shirt .

An d the bl essed L uci n a too k his b od y

an d he wa s b uried I an d b uried it
in the cemetery of P riscilla o n the V i a Sala ri a Jan u a ry ,

An d the b ishopric wa s empt y 2 0 d ay

Lucina herse l f wa s co n demn ed by proscriptio n .

XXX II . E U SEB IU S (3 09 or 3 1 0)

E use b ius by na tio nali ty a Gree k previous ly a phy sici an

, , ,
oc c u

pied the see

2 y e a rs ,
1 mo n th an d 25 d ay s . 6 y e a rs ,
1 mo n th an d 3 d ay s .

H e wa s b ishop in the time

of C o n st an ti n e ?
of C o n st an s .

1 The modern church of San Lorenz o in Luci n a The a ssoci a tio n w ith St Law ren ce . .

wa s a chi e ved in the fifth cen tu ry .

2 The epita ph erecte d by P ope D a ma su s (see i nfra p 8 2 n 1 ) over the g rave of ,

.
,
.

M a rcell us is pri n ted by Duchesn e ; op c i t p 1 66 n 1 0 It all udes to a re bell ious

. .
,
.
,
. .

f a ction in the church an d to an a posta te w ho den oun ced the pope to the t yran t
M axen t ius a n d b rought about his ba n ishme n t It does n ot men tio n the ma nn er of his .

dea th .

3
Th e a uthor of the Lib P on t h a s i n serted th e n a me o f C o n sta n ti n e an d the
. .

succeedi n g sen te ce i n to the text a s all usio s to the l eg en d of the discovery o f the True
n n

C ross by the J ew C yr iacu s The La ti n version of the l eg en d is in the Acta Sanctor u m

. ,
40 LI B ER P ON T IFI C AL I S

Whi l e he wa s b ishop the cross of our L ord J esus C hrist wa s

fou n d May 3 an d J ud a s wa s bap tised w ho is al so Q u iri acu s
, , ,
.

He discovered heretics i n the city of R ome an d reco n cil ed them

?
by the lay ing o n of h an ds
H e he l d
3 or di na tio n s I I ordi na tio n
i n the mo n th of D ecem b er 1 3 priests 3 de a co n s , , ,
1 4 b ishops in
divers p la ces ?
H e al so wa s b uried in the cemetery of C ali stu s
i n a cr yp t
o n the V i a A ppi a O cto b er 2 ,
.

An d the b ishopric wa s empty 7 d ay s .

XXX III . M I LT I AD E S (3 1 1 —
3 1 4)

M i l ti a des by na tio nal ity an A fric an occupied the see

, , 4 y e a rs ,

7 mo n ths an d 8 d ay s from J u ly 7 i n the ,

9 th co n su l ship of Ma ximi n u n 9 t h co n su l ship of M axe n tiu s

ti l the 2n d co n su l ship of Maxe n u n ti l the 2n d co n su l ship of Ma xi
tius ,
mus ,

w hich wa s i n the mo n th of S eptem b er w he n V olu sian u s an d R u fin u s ,

w ere co n su l s (A D . .

H e decreed th a t n o o n e of the f a ithfu l shou l d in any wise k eep

’
fa st upo n the L ord s d ay or upo n the fifth d ay of the w ee k b ec a use ,

5
the p agan s ce l e b r a ted those d ay s a s a s a cred f a st .

M ay vol I p 44 5 The other l eg en d w hich a ttri b uted the discovery o f the C ross
,
.
, . .
,

to the empress H el en a b eca me even tu ally the more popula r in the West
, .

1 The rite emp l o y ed by the ea rly R oma n church i

n the reco n cil i a tio n of heretics

seems to h a ve b ee n very simi la r to th a t of co n firma tio n Duchesn e Lib P on t vol I .

,
. .
,
.
,

p 1 67 n 3
.
,
. .

2Euseb ius wa s pope for four mo n ths on ly f rom April to Au g ust , H e therefore .
, ,

coul d h a ve hel d n o ordi na tion s in Decemb er .

2
The tom b of Euse bius is in a special ch a mb er of the c a ta comb of C allistu s a t ,

some di sta n ce from the la rg e ch a mb er where the third ce n tury popes a re b uri ed .

4
The co sula r s yn chro n isms a re co n fused here an d in the Li ber i a n Catalogue p a rtly
n ,

b ec a use M a xen tiu s reco gn ized a differen t set of co n s ul s from the reg ula rly el ected ofii
c ials a n d bo th the Catalogu e a n d our a uthor a ttempt to n a me them all Ou r a uthor .

omits the la tter p a rt of his cla use un til Janua ry 1 1 in the y e a r w he n Volu sian u s an d
“
,

An n ian u s w ere co n sul s (A D . .

5
Su n d ay f a sti n g h a s b ee n for b idde n in the church si n ce the rise of the dualist sects
 M ILTI AD E S ,
SYLVES TE R 41

?
An d he di scovered Mani che an s in the cit y
H e a ppoin ted th a t co n secr a ted o fferi ng s shou l d b e se n t throu gh
’
out the churches from the b ishop s co n secr a tio n ; these a re c all ed
?
the l e ave n
H e he l d 1 ordi na tio n i n the mo n th of D ecem b er 7 priests 5 , ,

de a co n s 1 1 b ishops in divers p la ces

,
.

H e wa s b uried in the cemetery of C ali stu s o n the Vi a A ppi a

in a cryp t
D ecem b er 1 0 .

An d the b ishopric wa s empty 1 6 d ay s .

XXX I V S Y L E S ER V T ( 4 3 3 5)
—
.
3 1

Syl vester by na tio nality a R om an so n of R u fin u s occupied ,

the see 23 y e a rs 1 0 mo n ths an d 1 1 d ay s ,

.

H e wa s b ishop in the time of C o n st an tin e an d V olu sian u s from ,

Fe b ru a ry 1 u n ti l Jan u a ry 1 i n the co n su l shi p of C o n st an tius an d

?
V olu si an u s
4
H e wa s an exi l e o n M ou n t Syr ap tin ,

w ho testified by th a t o b servan ce their ab horren ce of the ma teri al w orl d Thursd ay .

al so is r arely a fa st day al thou gh the rea so n for the la tter rul e is n ot so cl ea r Duchesn e
,
.
,

Lib P on t vol I p 1 68 n 2
. .
,
.
, .
,
. .

This f a mous d u alist sect h a d a risen some thirty y ea rs b efore the pon tifica t e o f
1

M il ti a des For a co n ven ien t a ccoun t of its history an d doctri n es see M anichean ism ”
.
,

Ha rn a c k an d C on yb ea r e Enc yclope di a B ri t n i ca 1 1 th editio n

,
an ,
.

An o b scure p a ssag e w hi ch h a s give n rise to much deba te over the possi bl e use of
2

l ea ven in the Host See Fermen tum D u c an ge Glossari u m M ed cl I f Lat Duchesn e

“
.
,
”
,
. n . .

quotes a l etter of P ope I nn ocen t I to D e c en ti u s whi ch eviden tly refers to the sa me

'

custom .
“
An d the priests of these (p a rish ) churches b eca use the y a re preve n ted by ,

their ch a rg es from assembli n g w i th us on the Lo rd s d ay receive through a co ly tes the ’

,

l ea ven prep a red by us in order th a t they may n ot suppo se themsel ves divided from our
,

commu n ion on th a t g rea t day ; b ut I do n ot thi n k it ri ght to do thi s for the p a rishes
(rural ) b ec a use the sa cred el emen ts ou ght n ot to b e c a rried a l on g dista n ce n or do w e
, ,

sen d them to the priests situa ted a t the v a rious cemeteries for those priests h a ve the ,

ri ght an d privil eg e of prep a ri n g them Duchesn e op ci t p 1 69 n 4 M an si .

”
,
. .
,
.
,
. .
,

Ampli ssi rna C ollecti o vol III p 1 028 , As la te a s the ei ghth ce n tury the H ost wa s
.
,
. .

sen t about in R ome from the pope s al ta r a s here descri b ed on H oly Thursd ay s ’
, ,
.

Atchl e y Ordo R oma n u s P r i mu s pp 1 06 — 1 08

, , . .

The Liber i an Catalogu e s ay s : H e wa s b ishop in the time of C o n sta n ti n e from the

2
,

con sulship of V olu sia n u s an d An n ian u s (A D Jan u a ry 3 1 to Decemb er 3 1 in the . .

,

y e a r w hen C o n sta n tius a n d Al b i n us w ere con suls (A D 3 3 . .

This form of the n a me is foun d in the fifth ce n tury Armeni an text of the l eg en d
2
42 L I BE R P ON T I FI C ALI S

drive n by the persecutio n of

C o n st an ti n e ,

an d a fterwa rd he retur n ed an d baptised w ith gl or y C o n st an tin e

A u gustus w hom the L ord cured ,

throu g h ba ptism
of l epros y from w hose persecutio n he h a d fled w he n he wa s i n
,

exi l e H e b ui l t a church i n the city of R ome in the ga rde n of o n e

.
,

of his priests w ho wa s c all ed Equ i tiu s an d he a ppoi n ted it a s a ,

p a rish church of R ome n e a r the ba ths of D omiti an an d eve n u n to , ,

thi s d ay it is c all ed the church of Equ i tiu s ?

There al so he o ffered
2
the fo ll o w i ng gifts
a si l ver p a te n w ei ghi ng 20 pou n ds the gift of C o n st an ti n e
3 4
, ,

A u gustus .

H e ga ve l i k ewise
of the mi ra cul ous heali ng of C on sta n ti n e In the tw o epitomes of the Li b P on t an d . . .

i n the secon d recen sion it is w ritte n Se ac te n or Sor a c te n w ith the evide n t i n te n tio n o f r ,

ide n tif yi g the spot with the w ell kn ow n moun tai n n e a r R ome Duchesn e b elieves
n .

tha t the C o n sta n ti n i an l eg e d ori gi n a ted ea rly in th e fifth cen tury in the Syri a n or
n

A rmen i a n communi ties of the Ea ster n church Li b P on t vo l I pp cix—c xx . . .

,
.
,
. .

The most trustw orthy a ccou n t of the a ctu al baptism of the empe ror is furni shed by
Euse b ius in his Life of C onsta n ti n e tr R icha rdso n N i cene and P ost N i c ene Father s ,
.
,
-

ser 2 vol I pp 555—5 5 6 The ceremo n y too k pla ce shortly b efore the i ll ustrious
.
,
.
,
. .

co n vert s dea th n e a r Nicomedi a in Asi a M in or C f C o l ema n Consta ti n e the Great

’
,
. .
,
n

a n d Ch r i sti a i ty for l iter a ture on this a n d a ssoci a ted topics

n .

1 The church is n ow g e n er ally k n o w n a s Sa n M a rti n o a i M o n ti R ema i n s of Syl .

v est e r s edi fice sti ll exist b el o w the prese n t structure The ba ths here call ed by Domi
’
.

ti an s n a me a re more usually styl ed the ba ths of Traja n or the ba ths of Titus

’
.

On the v al ue of this a n d sub seque n t l ists of re al a n d mov abl e propert y b estow ed

2

upo n the ch u rches see I tr od uc ti on pp ix—x Duches n e h a s a l e ng th y discussion of the

n ,
. .

questio n s i n vol ved In the course of it he pri n ts an i n teresti n g docume n t of the y ea r

.

4 7 1 a deed of gift of la n ds precious vessel s an d other a rticl es from a m an an d his

, ,

wife to a church n e a r Tivoli The deed is stri ki n gly simila r in phra seol ogy an d a rra n g e
.

men t to the lists of the Li b P o t ; op ci t pp cx l —c liv Of course the chur ches . n . . .

, . .

w ere pl un dered ma n y times over in the Cen turies th a t foll ow ed .

The p a ten of this e a rly period a s represen ted in the mosa ic of San Vital e in R a
3
,

ven n a for ex a mpl e wa s a la rg e fl a t b owl an d wa s used to hol d the con secra ted H ost
, , ,

for the b ishop an d his a ssista n ts the b rea d for the laity b ei n g b rok e n an d distri b uted in
,

bag s An ordi n a ry church or an al ta r in a la rg e church ow n ed b ut on e p a ten though

.
,

a n umb er of ch alices The pa te how ever mi ght al so hol d the co n secra ted oi l or
. n, ,

chrism a s b elow Duchesn e op c i t p cx l iv ; Lo w rie Chri sti a n Ar t a nd Arc lue

, .
,
. .
,
.
,

ology pp 3 4 3 3 5 4 ,
.
-
.

The R oman poun d n ea rly equal to tw el ve oun ces a voirdupois

1
,
.
44 LI B ER P ON T I FI C ALI S

the m an or of D u m C asae i n the Sab i n e re g io n w hi ch yie l ds ,

4 0 so l .

the P e r c ilian m an or in the Sab i n e re gio n w hi ch yie l ds 20 so l , .

the C or b i an m an or i n the re gio n of C om ? w hi ch y ie l ds 60 so l .

a house i n the city w ith a ba th i n the Si c in in e district ? whi ch , ,

yie l ds 8 5 so l .

a ga rde n wi th i n the cit y of R ome i n the di strict of A d D uo

Am an tes ? yie l di ng 1 5 so l ; .

a house in the di strict of O rfe a wi thin the city w hi ch yie l ds

4
,

58 an d on e thi rd so l .

H e m a de a re gu la tio n for the w ho l e church L ik e wise i n hi s .

time wa s he l d a co u n ci l

wi th hi s a pprov al a t hi s b id din g

i n Ni c e a in B ith yni a an d there w ere ga thered to g ether ,

c a tho lic
b ishops ,

an d 2 08 others u nabl e to a tte n d

se n t their si gna tures .

An d the y set forth i n fu ll the

ho ly ,

c a tho lic an d u n spotted fa ith an d co n dem n ed A rrius an d Fotin us

?
an d Sab e lli u s an d their discip l es
An d a fter co n su l t a tio n wi th A u gustus he a ssem bl ed 2 7 7

b ishops

1The modern vi llag e of C ori in the Ca mp agn a .

2It is impossi bl e to iden tif y all of the city districts en umera ted in the lists The .

Sicin i e di strict how ever wa s in the n ei gh borhood of the church of Sa n ta M a ri a

n , ,

M aggiore w hich wa s k n ow n in th e fourth ce n tur y a s the ba silica Sici ni n i

,
Duches n e .
”
,

op. it p
c .
, 88 n 1 1
. 1 ,
. .

2
P robably in the vici n ity of the Esquili n e Hill n ot f a r f rom the chur ch of San ,

M a rti n o l i k e the houses me n tio n ed b efore a n d a fter

,
.

A lak e of O rfeus is i n cl ud e d in the regio n of the Esquil i n e by topog ra phers of

“
4 ”

the fourth ce n tury A church of San ta Luci a in Orp h ea stood la ter n e a r the church
.

of San M a rti n o .

5
This is of co u rse the g rea t C oun ci l of Nicea The idea tha t P h oti n u s an d Sab e l
, ,
.

l ius a s w ell a s Arius w ere co n demn ed by the cou n c il ori gi na ted with th e a uthors of
, ,

the popula r un historical lives of Syl vester w ho w ere con cern ed to m ak e their hero
, ,

crush as ma n y errors as possi bl e .

 SYLVES T E R 45

1
in the city of R ome an d he co n dem n ed a seco n d time C ali stu s an d
A rrius an d Fotin u s an d Sab e lli u s ; an d he decreed th a t an A ri an
priest w ho b ec a me co nvi n ced of his error shou l d n ot b e received
except by the b ishop of hi s p a rticu la r l oc ality ; an d th a t the chrism
shou l d b e co n secr a ted o nly by the b ishops ; an d he est abli shed the
privi l e g e of the b ishops th a t the y shou l d a n o in t those w ho h a d
,

2 ?
b een baptised to a vert the prop aga tio n of heresy
H e furthermore decreed th a t a priest mi g ht an oin t w ith the
chrism o n e w ho h a d b ee n baptised an d t ak e n from the wa ter in ,

c a se of the appro a ch of de a th .

H e decreed th a t n o laym an shou l d presume to b ri n g a ch a r g e

4
aga in st o n e of the c l er gy .

H e decreed th a t de a co n s shou l d w e a r d alm a tics i n church an d

5

?
napki n s of mixed w oo l an d l in e n over their l eft a rms
H e decreed th a t n o mem b er of the c l er gy shou l d e n ter a court
for any c a use w h a tever or p l e a d his c a se b efore a civi l j ud g e u nl ess ,

7
it w ere i n a church .

H e decreed th a t the s a crifice of the al t a r shou l d b e performed

n ot upo n a c l oth of h a ir n or o n e th a t wa s co l ored b ut o nly upo n ,

1
On this C ou n ci l of R ome see I n tr oducti on p ix The records of the coun cil an d
,
. .

of the ca n o n s promulga ted by it a n d by Syl vester a t this time a re f ab ric a tio n s of the

ag e of Sy mma chus i te n ded to provide san ction for episcop al claims an d to ex al t the
,
n

episcop al offi ce in g en eral The y a re the ol dest set of apocryph al c a n on s in existen ce

.

deali n g w ith ma tters of church discipl i n e Duchesn e op ci t p cxxxiv

.
,
. .
, . .

2
I e a d mi n ister the sa cr a me n t of co nfi rm a tio n
. . .

2
A free tr a n sla tio n of an en i gm a tic al cla use “
propter h e r e ticam su asion em
, .

4
On its f a ce an impossi bl e decree The coun cil s of this an d la ter periods issued
.

stipula tio n s a s to the methods to b e empl o y ed in b ri n gi n g suit agai n st memb ers of the
hi gher cl ergy .

5
The d al ma tic w orn by a R oman dea con a s w ell a s by a b ishop a t this time a l o n g , ,

flow i n g tun ic with w ide sl eeves is pictured in m an y church frescoes an d mosa ics It
, .

wa s a s the na me i n dic a tes ori gi n ally a n O rien tal ga rmen t i n troduced i n to R ome duri n g
, , ,

the seco n d ce n tury a n d w orn in public first a pp a ren tly by the emperor C ommodus .

It wa s di sti n g uished by a purp l e stripe w hich ran over e a ch shoul der an d dow n to the
,

bo ttom of th e s kirt on b oth sides an d sometimes a rou d the edg e of the sl eeve P ope n .

Sy mm a chus (4 9 8—5 1 9 ) g r a n ted to St C ae sariu s of Arl es the privil e g e of cl othi n g his

.

dea con s in dal ma tics l i k e those w orn by the dea con s a t R ome Lo w rie op ci t pp .
,
. .
,
.

—
3 94 3 96
5
The tow el or n ap ki n c a rri e d by the de a co n for use in his p a rt of the service b e
c a me in course o f time the ma nipl e Low rie op ci t pp 4 1 0—4 1 3
.
,
. .
,
. .

7
The w ord tran sla ted civi l is ci n c tu m i e cla d in offi ci al ro b es This spurious
“
,
”
. . .

decree represen ts a n e flort to o bli g e the cl ergy to b ri ng their suits to the episcop al
courts There is n o p a rall el to it in a uthen tic records Duchesn e op cit p 1 90 n 23
.
.
,
. .
,
.
,
. .
4c L I BE R P ON T IFI C ALI S

l i n e n spru ng from the e a rth eve n a s the b od y of our Lord J esus ,

1
C hrist wa s b uried in pure li n e n c l oth ;
thus m a ss sho ul d b e ce l e b r a ted .
I
H e decreed th a t any o n e w ho wished to a dv an ce or m ak e pro g
ress in the church must b e a re a der 3 0 y e a rs ? an exorcist 3 0 d ay s 3
,

an a co ly te 5 y e a rs a su b de a co n 5 y e a rs , ,

a custodi an of the m a rty rs 5

4
y e a rs ,

a de a co n 7 y e a rs a priest 3 y e a rs ; th a t he must b e a pproved o n ,

every h an d eve n by them w ho a re wi thout an d must h a ve g ood

, ,

wi t n ess b or n e to h im the hus ban d of o n e wife w ho h a d herse l f

5
, ,

received the bl essing of the p riest an d th a t thus he mi g ht a tt a i n ,

to the r ank of b ishop ; th a t he must n ot e n ter upo n a g re a ter or

supe r ior offi ce b ut a ccept modest ly the order of r ank by y e a rs
, ,

an d he must h a ve the g oodwill an d fa vor of all the c l er gy wi th n o

o n e anyw here in the c l er gy
or amo ng the f a ithfu l
1
M osai cs of the sixth seven th ce n t u ries in the chur ches of San Vital e an d San
an d

Apolli n a re in Cla sse in R a ve nn a show the ear ly tabl e al ta r set w ith ch alice an d b re a d
a n d covered w ith a w hite l i n e n cl oth .
0

Some m a n uscripts give first a doork e eper then a rea der etc There is much
2 “
.
, , ,

v a ri a tion in the fi gures throughout the p a ss ag e An a uthe n tic decree of P ope Zosimus .

i n 4 1 8 sta tes w ha t wa s un dou b tedly the a ccepted s y stem A man w ho ha d b ee n .

de dic a ted to the church from i n fa n cy must remai n a re a der un til his tw en tieth y ea r .

If a n a dul t desired to e n ter the cl ergy he must serve a s rea der an d exorcist for five ,

y ea rs Therea fter he must b e a coly te an d su bdea con four y ea rs an d dea con five y ea rs
. .

From the priesthood he mi ght b e el ev a ted to the b ishopric if hi s life we re holy a n d he ‘

h a d b een ma rr ied b ut on ce not to a wido w an d h a d n ever b ee n a pe niten t Duches n e

, ,
.
,

op c i t p 1 9
. n 2 5 ; M a n si Ampli ssi ma C ollec tio vo l I V p 3 4 7 ; J a flé R egesto vol I
.
,
. 1 ,
.
, ,
.
,
.
, , .
,

p 50 3 3 9 Cf su pra p 3 5 an d n 1
.
,
. .
,
. . .

Tw o ma n uscripts rea d afterwa rd an exorcist for the time required by the

2
,
“

po n ti ff ; tw o oth e is a fterwa rd an exorcist f or the time whi ch the bishop may

”
,

a ppoi n t M ommsen Li b P ont p 5 1 n otes

.
,
. .
,
.
,
.

It seems probabl e tha t the ca re of the tomb s of the mar t yrs in the vi c i nit y of
2

R ome was e n trusted to su bdea con s a t the O pe ni n g o f the six th cen tury Gregory .

of Tours often spe ak s of the mar tyrarii w ho performed a simi la r duty in the church
“

of G a ul Duch esn e i bid 11 25

.
,
.
,
.

Ea rly i n the fourth ce n t u ry b oth popes an d coun ci l s too k the position tha t n o man
5

coul d b e orda i n ed w ho h a d b ee n ma rried more tha n on ce or ha d espoused a w idow .

Duchesn e i bid 11 26 ,
.
,
. .
 SYLVES T ER 47

opposed to him . H e he ld 6

ordina tio n s

of priests an d de a co n s i n the mo n th of D ecem b er 4 2 priests 2 7 , ,

de a co n s a t di ffere n t th es i n the city of R ome 6 5 b ishops in divers ,

p la ces .

I n his time C o n st an ti n e A u g ustus b u il t the fo ll o w i ng ba si li c a s

an d a dor n ed them
the C o n st an ti ni an ba si lic a ? w here he o ffered the fo ll o wing gift s
a ci b orium of h a mmered si l ver w hich h a s upo n the fro n t ,

the S a vior se a ted upo n a ch a ir i n hei g ht 5 feet w ei g hin g , ,

1 2 0 lb s an d al so the 1 2 a post l es w ho w ei g h e a ch ni n et y
.
, ,

pou n ds an d a re 5 feet i n hei g ht an d w e a r cro wn s of purest

si l ver ; further o n the ba ck l oo k i ng to wa rd the a pse a re
, ,

the Sa vior se a ted upo n a thro n e i n hei g ht 5 feet of purest ,

si lver w ei ghi ng 1 4 0 lb s an d 4 ang e l s of si l ver ?

,
.
,

wh ich w ei g h e a ch 1 05 w hi ch a re e a ch 5 feet i n hei gh t

lb s an d a re 5 feet in
. upo n the sides an d c a rry
hei gh t an d h a ve j e w e l s crosses an d w ei g h e a ch 1 05
from Alab an d a in their
3
lb s an d h a ve j ew e l s from
.

ey es an d c a rry spe a rs ; Alavan d a i n their e yes ;

1 Giovann i in La teran o As ea rly a s 3 1 3 a coun ci l call ed to try the c a se o f

San .

the Don a tist heretics un der P o pe M il ti a des met in the house of F a usta in the La t
eran J aflé Regesta vol I p 28 3 1 3 F a usta wa s the w ife of C on sta n ti n e The
.
”
, ,
.
,
.
,
. .

basilica erected on the site wa s first call ed C on sta n ti ni a n in the record of the R oman
s yn od of 4 8 7 M ommsen op ci t p xxvii an d n 4 Needless to s ay n o vesti g es
.
,
. .
,
. . .

of thi s first ba silic a a re visibl e in the prese n t structure The former fell to the .

groun d in 8 7 7 an d wa s re b uil t o n ce in the te n th ce n tur y t wice i n the fourtee n th a n d ,

thoroughly restored in the seve n tee n th a n d n i n etee n th For a description of the

”
.

sever al ba si li ca s ascri b ed i n our text to C on sta n ti n e se e G regor oviu s H istor y of ,

Rome vol I pp 8 8—1 1 2

,
.
,
. .

2 The fig ure of C hrist se a ted i n the mi dst of his a po stl es wa s represe n ted of t
en in
the ca ta comb s an d on the sa rcoph agi of the fo u rth cen tur y The mosa ic of the a pse .

o f the church of San ta P u d enz iana da tes from the e n d of tha t ce n tury C hrist e n .

thron ed b etw ee n a n g el s wa s for some rea so n a subj ect l ess freque n tly chose n A
, ,
.

na ve mosa ic of Sa n Apo ll i n a re Nuovo a t R a ve n n a b ui l t for Theodori c ab out the y e a r ,

500 show s the la tter sce n e the a tte n da n t a n g el s ca rryi ng spe a rs a s here
, ,
This ,
.

ci bori u m of C o n sta n ti n e wa s destro yed by Ala ric s G a ul s an d repla ced by on e give n ’

b y the emperor Val en ti ni a n in the p on tifica te o f Xy stus III See i nfra p 9 5 n 1 .

, .
, . .

2
A city in Ca ri a n ow A r ab Hiss a r
,
-
.
48 LI BE R P ON T I FIC ALI S

the ci b orium itse l f the ci b orium itse l f the ci b orium itse l f ,

w ei ghs 202 5 lb s of w ei g hs 202 5 lb s ; . . w here st an d the ah

w rou g ht si l ver ; a g e l s an d the a post l es ,

v a u l ted cei li ng of w ei ghs 202 5 lb s of .

purest g o l d ; 1
w rou ght sil ver ;

an d a lamp of pur a la mp of purest g o l d a lamp of purest g o l d

est g o l d w hi ch h ang s ,
b e n e a th the ci b orium whi ch h ang s b e n e a th
b en e a th the ci b orium ,
wi th 50 do l phi n s an d the ci b orium with 50 ,

wi th 50 do lphin s of 2
a ch a in whi ch w ei ghs dolphins wh ich ,

purest g o l d w ei g hing ,
2 5 lb s . w e i ghs wi th its ch ain
e a ch 50 lb s an d .
,
2 5 lb s .

ch a i n s whi ch w ei g h
2 5 lb s ; .

4 cro wn s of purest g o l d wi th 20 do lphin s w ei ghi ng e a ch

2
,

fiftee n lb s .

a v a u l tin g for the ba sili c a of po lished g o l d in l e ng th an d i n ,

4
b re a dth 500 lb s .

7 al t a rs of purest si l ver w ei g hi ng e a ch 2 00 lb s
,
.

7 g o l de n p a te n s w ei ghi n g e a ch thirty lb s
,
.

1 6 si l ver p a te n s w ei g hing e a ch thi rt y lb s

,
.

7 g o bl ets of purest g o l d w ei g hi ng e a ch 1 0 lb s ,
.

A singl e g o bl et of cor al set all ab out wi th pr a ses an d ja cin ths

an d over la id with go l d w hi ch w ei ghs in all 20 lb s an d ,
.

3 ou n ces
2 0 s i l ver g o bl ets w ei g hi ng e a ch fi ftee n lb s
,
.

2 pi tchers of purest g o l d w ei g h i ng e a ch fifty lb s an d ho l d

,
.

in g e a ch 3 medi m ni 5

2 0 si l ver pitchers w ei ghi ng e a ch te n lb s an d ho l di ng e a ch

,
.

o n e medi mn us ;

1 I . the v a ul t o f the ci bori u m f rom w hi ch depe n ded the g rea t lamp n ext d escr i b e d
e . .

2
An orn a me n t of la mps or ch an deliers sh a ped li k e a dol phi n ; pro bably each dol
,

phi n hel d a l i ght .

2
I e circula r ch a n de liers w i th pe n da n t l i ghts
. . .

2
The rea di n gs of this cla use v a ry a littl e b ut no n e a re quite i n telli gi bl e The .

v a ul ti n g is tha t o f the h alf dome of the apse .

5
The medi mn us or “t e m s wa s the G reek b ushel comprisi ng about tw el ve
r
,

gall on s or on e an d on e h al f En gl ish b ushel s .

 SYLVE S T E R 49

sm all er ch alices of purest g o l d w ei g hi ng e a ch o n e lh ;

40 , .

50 sm all er ch alices for service w ei g hing e a ch 2 lb s , .

For orn a me n t in the ba si lic a :

a ch an de lier of purest g o l d b efore the al t a r w herei n b urn s ,

pure oi l of n a rd wi th 8 0 do l phi n s w ei ghi ng 30 lb s

, , .

a si l ver ch an de lier with 20 do lphi n s w hich w ei g hs 50 lb s , .

,

w herein b ur n s pure oi l of na rd ;
4 5 s il ver ch a n de liers i n the b od y of the ba si li c a w ei g hi ng
1
,

e a ch 3 0 lb s w herei n b urn s the a fores a id oi l ;

.
,

o n the ri ght side of the ba si lic a 4 0 si l ver la mps w ei g hing ,

e a ch 20 lb s .

2 5 si l ver ch a n de l iers o n the l eft side of the ba si lic a wei g h ,

in g e a ch 20 lb s .

5 0 si l ver c an de lab r a i n the b od y of the ba sil ic a w ei g hi ng ,

e a ch 20 lb s .

3 ja rs of purest si l ver w ei g hi ng e a ch 3 00 lb s ,
ho l di ng 1 0 .
,

b r a ss c an d l estick s b e fore the al t a rs 1 0 feet i n hei g ht

7 , ,

a dorn ed w ith fi gures of the prophets over la id w ith s il ver ,

w ei ghi ng e a ch 3 00 lb s ; .

an d for m a in te nan ce of the li g hts there he gr an ted

the G ar gi lian est a te in the re gio n of Su e ssa ? yie l ding
every y e a r

400 so l .

the B au r oni c an est a te in the re gio n of Su e ssa , yie l ding

3 60 so l .

the Au r ian est a te i n the regio n of Lau r e n tu m yi e l di ng 500 ,

3

so l .

the U r ban est a te in the re gio n of An tiu m yie l di ng 24 0 so l

4
, .

1
the cen tral n ave The ri ght side men tion ed n ext w oul d b e the ri ght aisl e
I . e . .
,

reserved a t thi s time for w ome n commun ica n ts the l eft side the l e f t aisl e re served for
,

me n .

2
The modern Sessa in L a ti u m . There is a vi llag e of G a ri gli an o in tha t region
2
The modern Torre Pa tern o in La tium From the Ope n i n g of the secon d cen tury
.

to the cl ose of the fourth the a n cien t vi llag e s of Lau r en tu m an d Lavini u m uni ted to
form on e mun icipality .

2
The modern P orto d Anz i o in La tium An ti um wa s a city in the fifth cen tury
’
.
 50 L I BE R P ON T I FI C ALI S

the Se n tili an est a te i n

the re g io n of Ar d e a 1 -

yie l di ng 24 0 so l .

the est a te of C astis i n the re gio n of Ca tin a ? y ie l di ng 1 000 so l .

the est a te of T r ap e ae i n the re gio n of Ca tina yi e l di ng ,

I 6 50 so l ; .

2 ce n sers of purest g o l d w ei g hi n g 3 0 lb s ,
.

a g ift of spices b efore the al t a r every y e a r 1 50 lb s ,

.

2
The ho ly fo n t w here C o n st an ti n e A u gustus wa s baptised
by the s a me b ishop S il vester I
of sto n e of porphy r y over la id o n every side w ithi n an d w ith
,

out an d ab ove an d a s f a r a s the wa ter wi th purest si l ver ,

3 009 lb s .

I n the ce n tre of the fo n t is a porphy ry co l um n whic h b e ar s a ,

g o l de n ba sin of purest g o l d w ei ghi ng 5 2 lb s w here is a ,

.
,

fl a me an d w here
in the Ea ster se a so n
b ur n s bal s a m 200 lb s ,
.
,
an d the wick is of a sb estos .

A t the ed g e of th e fo n t
in the bap ti ste r y
is a g o l de n la m b pouri ng wa ter w hich w ei g hs 3 0 lb s ,
.

to the ri g ht of the la m b the Sa vior of purest si l ver 5 feet i n ,

hei g ht w ei g hi ng 1 70 lb s an d to the l eft of the la m b

,
.
,

J o hn the B a ptist of si l ver 5 feet i n hei ght ho l di ng an

, , , ,
“
in scri b ed scro ll w hi ch b e a rs these w ords : B eho l d the
La m b of God B eho l d Who T ak eth Away the S in s of
, ,
”
the W or l d w ei g hi ng ,

1 25 lb s . 1 00 lb s .

an d its b i shop a tten ded the syn ods a t R ome It suffered seve r ely an d dwin dled in .

size duri n g the la ter disorders .

The col o n y of Ardea is men tio n ed a s la te a s 2 23 A D b ut it sen t n o b ishops to

1
. .
,

the R oman co u n cil s of the fifth cen tury It wa s eviden tly decl i ni g in popula tio n . n

i n the i n terv al .Duchesn e op cit p 1 9 2 n 3 9

,
. .
,
.
,
. .

The modern P oggio Ca ti n o so uthw est of R ieti

2
.

2
The most ve erabl e p a rt of the prese n t La tera n ba ptistery is h a rdly ol der tha n
n

the e n d of the fourth cen tur y an d most of it da tes o nly from Xystus III Se e i fra . n ,

p 9 6 The sto n e fo n t ho w ever is the ori gina l on e stripped of its primitive decora tio n s
. .
, , .
5 2 LI BER P ON T IFI C ALIS

the Stati an est a te i n the Sab i n e re gio n ? yi e l din g 3 50 so l .

the est a te of M urin ae in the A ppi an Alban re gio n ? y ie l d

in g 3 00 so l .

the est a te of Vir g o i n the re gio n of C or a yie l di ng 200 so l , .

b ey o n d the se a
i n the provi n ces of A fric a
the est a te of Iu n c is i n the M u c arian re gio n yi e l di ng
2
,

8 00 so l .

the est a te of C ap sis in the re gio n of Ca ps a y ie l ding

4
,

600 so l .

the est a te of Va ri a Sa rd ana i n the M im n i an re gio n 5

,

yie l di ng 500 so l ; .

5
the est a te of Ca m a r a i n the re gio n of C ryp t a L u p i ,

yie l di ng 4 05 so l .

t h e est a te of N u m m i n the re g io n of N u m i d ia
7
y ie l di ng ,

6 50 so l ; .

the est a te of Su lp h or a ta i n th e re gio n of N u m idi a yie l d ,

in g 7 2 0 so l .

the est a te of Walz ari an o li ve p la n t a tio n i n the re gio n ,

of Numi di a yie l di ng 8 1 0 so l ,
.

in Greece al so i n Greece ,
in th e re gio n
of C rete
the est a te of C ef alin a
in C rete ,

y ie l ding 500 so l .

Cf p 43 n 8 pr a ,
1 . su .
,
. .

2I e in the Alba n H ill s n ea r the V i a Appi a

. .
, A district still call ed M oren a li es .

b etw een the Vi a Appi a a n d the Vi a La ti n a .

2
P ossibly the re gio n of the M a cm a peopl e livi ng n ea r the North co a st There , .

w ere Africa n b ishops en titl ed I un c e n sis b ut the situa tion of their diocese is n ot
“
,
”

kn o wn Duchesn e op ci t p 1 93 n 5 5
.
,
. .
,
.
,
. .

2
A cit y in the southw estern p a rt of the modern coun try of Tun is The p la ce is .

now ca ll ed G a fsa .

5
A b ishop of M i n a in the provi n ce of M a ureta ni a a tte n ded the coun cil of Ca rth ag e
, ,

in 5 2 5 Duchesn e i bid 11 5 7
.
,
.
,
. .

2 A corruptio n perh a ps of
Syrtica Le p tis i e the cit y of Le p tis in the R e gio Syrti ca
, , ,
. .
,

the modern Tri p o li .

7
The provi n ce o f N u midi a w hich covered much the s ame territory as the modern ,

ers .
 SYLVE S TE R 53

in M e n gau lu s 1

the est a te of Am azo n yie l di ng 2 2 2 so l , .

A t the s a me ti me C o n st an tin e A u gustus b ui l t

by request of S i l vester ,
the
b ishop ,

the ba si lic a of bl essed P eter the a post l e i n the shri n e of A po ll o ? , ,

an d la id there the co ffin with the b ody of the ho ly P eter ; the 3

coffi n itse l f he e n c l osed o n all sides wi th b ro nze w hich is u n ch ang e ,

abl e : a t the he a d 5 feet a t the feet 5 feet a t the ri g ht si d e 5 feet , , ,

a t the l eft side 5 feet u n der n e a th 5 feet an d overhe a d 5 feet thus

,

he e n c l osed th e b ody of bl essed P eter the apostl e an d laid i t , ,

away .

4
An d ab ove he set porphy ry co l um n s for a dorn me n t an d o ther
spir al co lu mn s w hich he b rou g ht from Greece .

1
A corrupt form D u chesn e a ccepts the sugg estion of M Vi gn ol i th a t the isla n d of
. .

G au lu s is i n ten ded the modern Gozzo n ea r M al ta

, Op ci t p 1 9 3 n 60 . . .
,
.
,
. .

2 The g rea t C on sta n ti n i an ba sil ic a of St P eter stood w ith some al tera tio n s an d .

m an y a ddition s un til it wa s torn dow n by the popes of the R e n a issa n ce to m ak e way

for the presen t edifice The mosa ic of the triumph al a rch w hich represen ted C on
.
,

s ta n tin e o fferi n g a model o f the church to C hrist seems to h a ve k ept its pla ce to the ,

la st an d the sta mp of the emperor wa s on the b ric k s of whi ch the ba sil ica wa s b uil t .

For a g ood b rie f descriptio n of old St P eter s see Frothi n g h a m M on u men ts of Ch ri tia n
’
.
, s

R ome pp 2 5— 29 ; Lan c ian i Destr uc ti on of Anc ien t Rome pp 3 —3 2 ; Duches n e op ci t

,
.
, ,
. 1 ,
. .
,

pp 1 93— 1 94 11 6 1 The la st n a med quotes from some of the survivi n g con tempora ry
.
,
. .
-

descri ptio n s of the chur ch an d reproduces a groun d pla n publi shed by Alfaran o in 5 90 1 .

There is a ma ss of l itera ture on the subj ect to w hich it is impossi bl e to refer here .

O n the site see su pr a p 5 n 5 ,

.
,
. .

2
The fo ll o wi n g ra ther con fused descrip tion of the tomb of St P eter is the ol dest .

a n d al so th e f ull est in e xiste n ce The sa rcoph agus itsel f e n cl osed still to all pro bab ili ty
.
,

in C o n sta n ti n e s b ro nz e c a si n g l ies in a small su b terra n ea n ch a m b er co nn ected by a

’
,

deep vertic al sh a ft w ith the co n fession b e n ea th the presen t high al ta r In 1 5 94 w he n .

,

the foun da tion s of this al ta r w ere b ein g la id P ope Cl emen t VI II a n d three ca rdi nals ,

saw a t the b ottom of the sh aft w hich the a rchitect ha d la id open a cross of gol d lyi n g
, ,

upo n the tomb b ut the pope ordered the sh a ft immedi a tely fill ed up an d it ha s n ever
,

si n ce b een open ed Whether the cross wa s the on e pla ced there by C on sta n ti n e is not
.

certa i n The tomb was ea rly ma de i n a ccessi bl e un doub tedly to protect it from in
.
,

v a di n g ma ra uders .

2
The porph yr y col umn s a pp a ren tly supported the ci borium ab ove the al ta r the ,

S pir al col umn s n ext me n tio n ed formed a l i n e or co l o n n a de in fro n t of the co nfessio n ,

sepa ra tin g it from the n a ve Several of the la tter may still b e seen a dorn i ng niches in the
.
,

pilla rs th a t support the cupo la of the presen t c a thedral a n d on e is ven era t ed in a side ,

ch a pe l The y served a s model s eviden tly for the hug e b ronz e spiral col umn s of the
.
54 LI B ER P ON T IFI C AL I S

1
H e m a de al so a v a u l ted roof i n the ba si lic a gl e a ming wi th ,

po lished g o l d an d over the b ody of the bl essed P eter ab ove the

, ,

b ro nze whi ch e n cl osed it he set a cross of purest g o l d w ei ghi ng , ,

1 50 lb s i n p la ce of a me a sure ? an d upo n it w ere in scrib ed these

.

“
w ords C O N ST AN T IN E A U GU STU S AN D H ELEN A A U GU ST A THI S
H OU SE S H IN I N G WI TH LI KE R O YAL S P LEN D O R A C OURT SUR
” 3
R OU N D S ,

i n scri b ed i n

e na me ll ed l etters upo n the cross .

H e gave al so 4 b r a ss c a n dlestick s 1 0 feet i n hei g ht over la id

4
, ,

w ith si lver with fi gures in si l ver of the a cts of the a post l es

, ,

w ei g hi n g e a ch 3 00 lb s .

3 g o l de n ch alices set with 4 5 pr a ses ,

an d ja cin ths ,

w ei ghi ng e a ch 1 2 lb s ; .

2 Si l ver j a rs w ei ghi n g 2 00 lb s ;
,
.

20 Si l ver ch alices w ei ghi ng e a ch ,

10 lb s .

modern bal da chi n o They w ere preserved wi th pa rticula r reve ren ce b eca use of a
.

tra dition th a t a rose in the M iddl e Ag es to the e ffect th a t the y h a d ori gi n ally stood in
the Templ e a t Jerusal em They a re represen ted in Ra fa el s ca rtoo n of the heal in g
.
’

of the impoten t ma n a t the G a te B ea utiful .

I e the v a ul ti n g of the a pse

1
. . .

I n me n sure l ocus uni n telli gi bl e expressio n O ther ma n uscripts give

“ 2 ”
an ,
.

in me n sur a m l oci w hich mi ght mea n tha t the cross wa s a s la rg e a s the cha mb e r
,

all ow ed .

The i n scription is recorded n ow here el se an d a s it sta n ds here is o b viously in com

2
, ,

p le t e De R ossi sugg ests the i n sertion of three w ords an d the al tera tio n of on e e n di n g
.

w hich w oul d mak e it rea d C o n sta n ti n e Aug ustus a d H el e n a Au g usta b ea utify w ith
,
n

gol d this ro yal house w hich a court shi ni n g w ith l i k e Spl e n dor s u rrou ds M ommsen, ,
n .
”
,

op ci t p 5 7 n on l i n e 1 3 Duchesn e thi nk s th a t the ro yal house is the su b terran

“ ”
. . . . .
, ,

e a n tom b ch a mb er w hich duri n g the fourth ce n tury wa s pro bably a ccessi bl e to the
,

devout a n d n ot impen etrably seal ed un til the i n v asion s of the fifth cen tury ; in th a t
ca se the surroun din g court w o uld b e the ba sili ca itsel f Duches n e op cit p 1 9 5 .
, . .
, .
,

n . 67 .

rosius rela tes th a t duri n g Ala ric s sa c k of R ome in 4 1 0 the precious vesse l s of
2
O
’

St P eter s w ere deposited for sa fe k eepi n g in the house of an ag ed co n secr a ted virgi n
’
. .
,

They w ere discovered by the ba rba ri a s b ut b efore the y w ere ca rried off Ala ric l ea rn ed n

th a t they w ere the propert y of the a postl e a d restored them all in sta te to the ba sil ica n .

H i tori a ad ver su m P agan os l i b VI I c 3 9 ed Za n ge me iste r T e u b n e r pp 29 2— 293

s , .
,
.
, .
, ,
. .
 SYLVE S T ER 5

2 go l de n pitchers w ei g hin g e a ch 1 0 lb s ;
,
.

5 si l ver pitchers w ei g hi ng e a ch 2 0
,
lb s .

a g o l de n p a te n w ith a turret of purest g o l d an d a dove ?

a dorn ed wi th pr a ses ja ci n ths an d pe a r l s , ,

I w hi te sto n es ,

5 i n n um
21 b er w ei ghi ng 3 lb s ;
0 ,
.

5 si l ver p a te n s w ei g hi n g e a ch 1 5 lb s
,
.

a g o l de n cro wn b efore the b ody th a t is a ch an de lier wi th , ,

5 0 do l phi n s w h ich w ei g
,
hs 3 5 lb s ; .

3 2 si l ver la mps i n the b od y of the ba si l i c a w ith do l phi n s , ,

w ei g hi ng e a ch 1 0 lb s ; .

for th e ri g ht of the ba si lic a 3 0 si l ver lamps w ei g hi ng e a ch ,

8 lb s .

the al t a r itse l f of sil ver over la id with g o l d ,

a dor n ed on wi th 21 0 a dor n ed o n
every side with every si d e wi th
g ems 4 00 i n
,
21 0

n um b er ,

pr a ses ja cin ths an d pe a r l s w ei ghi ng 3 50 lb s ;

, ,
.

a ce n ser of purest g o l d a do rn ed o n eve r y Side wi th j e w e l s ,

60 i n n um b er ,

w ei ghing 1 5 lb s .

Lik e wise for reve n ue the gift whi ch C o n st an tin e A u gustus

,

o ffered to bl essed P eter the a post l e in the di ocese of the Ea st

, ,

i n the city of An thi ocia 2

the house of D atian u s yie l din g 240 so l ,

.

the li ttl e house i n C ae n e ? yie l di n g 20 an d o n e thi rd so l .

the ba r n s in A fro di si a yie l di ng 20 so l ; ,

.

the ba th i n C e r a th e ae yie l di ng 4 2 so l ,
.

the mi ll i n the s ame p la ce yie l di ng 23 so l ,

.

the coo k shop in the s ame p la ce yie l di ng 1 0 so l ,

.

1
V essel s sh aped l i k e sma ll turrets or tow ers an d li k e doves w ere used to en shr i n e
the H ost .

An tioch it wi ll b e remem b ered wa s tra di tio n ally the sea t o f P eter s fir st b ishopric
2 ’
.
, ,

See s u pr a p 4
, . .

2
C aan e Af rodi si a an d C e ra th eae a re all qua rters o f the cit y of An tioch
, .
56 LI BER P ON T IFICALIS

the ga rde n of Ma ro yie l ding 1 0 so l ; ,

.

the ga rde n i n the s ame p la ce yie l di ng 1 1 so l ,

.

n e a r the city of An thi oc i a

the property Syb i ll es a gift to A u gustus yie l di ng , , 3 22
so l
.
,

1
1 5 0 dec a des of p a py rus ,

2 00 lb s of spices .
,

2 00 oil of na rd I
lb s . of ,

3 5 lb s of bal s a m ;
.

n e a r the city of Al ex an d ri a

the property T imi ali c a give n to C o n s tan tin e A u gustus by

,

Am b rosius , I Am b r oni u s ,

yie l di n g 6 20 so l .
,

3 00 dec a des of p a p y rus ,

3 0 0 lb s of oi.l of na rd ,

60 lb s of bal s a m
.
,

1 50 lb s of spices
.
,

50 lb s of Is a uri an stor ax ;
.

the property of Eu tymu s w ho l eft n o heir yie l di ng

2
, ,

500 so l .
,

70 dec a des of p ap y ru s ;
2
ln Egypt :
n e a r th e city of A rme ni a the property of Agap u s
4
, ,

he gave to C o n st an ti n e A u gustus ;
the property of P assin op oli s yie l ding 8 00 sol ,
.
,

4 00 dec a des of p a p y rus ,

50 m e dirnn i of pepper ,

1 00 lb s of s a f. f ro n ,

1 5 0 lb s of stor ax
.
,

200 lb s of spices of ci nna mo n

.

3 00 lb s of oi l of na rd
.
,

1 00 lb s of bal s a m
.
,

1
The deca de wa s a pp a re tly a p a c ka g e con tain ing ten sheets
n .

2
The property h a d therefore reverted to the imperi al exch e quer
, , .

After 3 86 AD Egy pt did n o t form p a rt of the a dmi nistra tive di vi sio n of the O rien t
.
,

as here b ut c o n stitute d a sep a ra te di visio n al on e Duchesn e op cit p c l

, .
, . .
,
. .

2
I do n ot kn ow w h a t ci ty is mean t here .
 SYLVE S TE R 57

1 b ag s of fl ax
00 ,

1 50 lb s of c ar iop h ylu m ? .

1 00 lb s of Cypri an oi l .
,

1 000 fi n e st alk s of p a p y rus ;

the property whi ch H yb r omiu s ga ve to C o n st anti n e

A u gustus y ie l di n g 4 50 so l ,
.
,

2 00 dec a des of p a p y rus ,

50 lb s of spices of ci nna mo n
.
,

200 lb s of oi l of na rd I
.
,

lb s of bal s a m ;
5 0 .

in the provi n ce of the E uphr a tes n e a r the c i tv of Cy rus ,

the property of Arm an az on yie l di n g 3 8 0 so l , .

the propert y of Ob a ri ae ,

yie l di n g 2 60 so ] .

2
A t the s ame time C o n st an ti n e A u gustus b ui l t the ba si lic a
of bl essed Pa u l the a post l e a t the b idding of S i l vester the b ishop
, , , ,

a n d la id hi s b od y away there i n b ro nz e an d e n c l ose d it a s he did ,

4
the b ody of the bl essed P eter An d to thi s ba si lic a he o ffered the .

fo ll owi ng gifts
n e a r T a rsus i n C i lici a
5

the is lan d of C or di on on yie l di ng 8 00 so l ,

.

All the co n secr a ted vesse l s of g o l d an d si l ver an d b ro nz e he set

there a s in the ba sili c a of bl essed P eter the ap ost l e so al so he
, , ,

ord a i n ed them for the ba si lic a of bl essed Pa u l the a post l e M ore , .

1 P erh aps a corruption for c arp h e otu m a superior k i n d of fran ki n ce n se , .

2 P erh a ps C r r h u s a cit y in Sy ri a
y ,
.

On e m a uscript rea ds C o n sta n ti n e Au g ustus an d Lord C on sta n tius Au g ustus

2 “
n ,

b ui l t etc If C on sta n ti e rea lly b ui l t the fir st ba sil ica of St Pa ul it wa s a small an d

”
. n .
,

u n preten tious edifice In 3 8 6 the emperors Val en ti n i an II Theodosius a n d Arca di us

.
,

ordered the erection o f a g rea t church on the site w hi ch wa s compl eted e a rly in the ,

fifth cen tury It wa s destro yed by fir e in 1 8 23 an d the presen t ba silic a of San Pa ol o

.

fuori le M ura is al most en tirely a la tter day reco n struction -

.

2
The empty sa rcoph ag us of St Pa ul wa s u n ea rthed duri n g the w ork of re b ui l di g
. n

the presen t church It is of ma rbl e an d b ea rs an i n scriptio n in fourth cen tur y l etters

.
,

“
P AULO AP OST OLO ET M AR T Y R I The tom b lay fa rther outside the city.
”

walls th an th a t o f St P eter an d wa s rifled probably duri n g the Sa ra cen i n va sion if

.
,

n ot b efore .

5
It wa s eviden tly thou ght a ppropri a te to en do w the chur ch of Pa ul of T a rsus
w ith lan ds in the vici nity of his b irthpla ce .
5s L IB ER P ON T IFIC ALI S

over he p la ced a g o l de n cross over the tom b of bl essed Pa ul the ,

a post l e w ei g hi n g 1 50 lb s
,
.

n e a r the city of Ty re
the property of C omi tu m yie l di ng 5 50 so l ,
.

the property of T ymi a yi e l ding 2 50 so l ,

.

the property of Fr on imu sa yie l di ng 700 so l ,

.

70 lb s of oi l of na rd.
,

50 lb s of spices .
,

50 lb s of ci nna mo n ;.

n e a r the city of Egyp t

the property of C yr i os yie l di ng 7 1 0 so l ,
.
,

7 0 lb s of oi l of na.rd ,

3 0 lb s Of bal s a m .
,

70 lb s of spices .
,

3 0 lb s of stor ax .
,

1 50 lb s of oi l of m y rrh ; .

the property of B a sil e a yie l di ng 550 so l ,

.
,

50 lb s of spices .
,

60 lb s of oi l of na rd.
,

2 0 lb s of bal s a m .
,

60 lb s of s a ffro n ; .

the property of the is lan d M ac c ab es y ie ldi ng 5 1 0 ,

so l .
,

5 1 0 sta lk s of fin e p ap y rus ,

3 00 bag s of fl ax .

A t the s a me time C o n st an tin e A u gustus co n structed a ba sili ca

i n the Se ssori a n p ala ce ? w here al so he
p la ced an d
e n c l osed in go l d an d j e w e l s some of the w ood of the ho ly cross of
our L ord J esus C hrist an d he de di c a ted th e church u n der th e name
,

by whi ch it is c all ed eve n to this d ay H ie ru sale m ?

I n th a t ,

church
1
The Sessorian p ala ce is kn own to ha ve b ee n a residen ce of the empress H el ena .

Tw o i n scription s in her hon or h ave b een discovered there In Spite of al tera tion s .

a n d mutila tio n s the prese n t ba si l ica still show s tra ces o f its ori gin a s a pri v a te h all .

Du ches n e op ci t p 1 9 6 n 7 5
,
. .
, .
,
. .

2
The titl e is n ow San ta C roce in G erusal emme In the fifteen th cent ur y an ih .

scription was still l egi bl e b en ea th the a psidal mosaic which comm emora ted the p ay ,
 60 L I B ER P ON T IFI C ALI S

n e a r the city of F ali sc a ? the property of H e r cu lu s whi ch ,

he ga ve to A u gustus an d A u gustus ga ve to the church

of H ie ru sale m y ie l din g 1 4 0 so l ,
.

n e a r the city of Tuder the property of An gu lae yie l di ng

2
,

1 53 so l .

2
A t the s a me time he b uilt the ba si lic a of the ho ly m a rt yr A gn es
a t the request of
C o n st an ti a ,

his d a u g hter an d a ba pti stery i n the s a me p la ce w here b oth hi s

, ,
5

sister C o n st an ti a an d th e d a u ghter of A u g ustus w ere ba ptised

, ,

by S il vester the b ishop , ,

w here al so he prese n ted the fo llo win g gifts

a p a te n of purest g o l d w ei ghi ng 20 lb s ,
.

a g o l de n ch ali ce w ei g hing 1 0 lb s ,
.

a ch an de li er of purest g o l d wi th 3 0 do lphi n s w ei ghi n g ,

1 5 lb s .

2 si l ver p a te n s w ei g hin g e a ch 20 lb s ; ,
.

5 si l ver ch ali ces w ei g hing e a ch 1 0 lb s ; ,

.

3 0 silver ch an de liers w ei g hi ng e a ch 8 lb s ,
.

1
No w C ivita Castella n a .

2
No w Todi in Umb ri a , .

2
The church of San t Agn ese on the Vi a Nome n ta n a erected over the tra dition al
’
,

tomb of the virgi n ma rty r was reb ui l t by H o n orius I in the seven th cen tury so th a t it is
, ,

n ow un certa i n if a n y pa rt of the prese n t structure b el o n g s to the ag e of C o n stan ti n e .

2
The na me of C o n sta n ti n e s da u ghter wa s C o n sta n ti na O ri gi n ally an a c rostic
’
.

i n scription in the a pse of the ba silica comm emora ted the d e dica tio n of the church in
her n a me C o n sta n ti n e s sister was C o n stan tia Du ches n e op cit p 1 9 6 n 80
.
’
.
,
. .
,
.
,
. .

5
The sm all circula r b u il di n g n ow k own a s th e chur ch of Sa n ta C ostan z a was
, ,
n ,

used ori gi n ally a s a ma u sol eum b ut may h ave b ee n i n ten ded al so as a ba ptistery .

The hu g e porph y ry s a rcoph agus a t presen t in the Va tica n M useum stood in a n iche , ,

in the wall f a cin g the e n tra n ce a n d a ba p ti smal fo n t may ha v e occupied the cen tral
sp a ce un der the dome The a rra n geme n t w oul d the n h a ve b ee n si mila r to th a t in the
.

La tera n ba ptistery a n d the sh a pe of the two b uil di n g s w ith their doubl e ap se d vesti b ul es
, , ,

is n ot un l i k e At an y ra te there is n o vesti g e of a n other ba ptistery in the vici ity

. n .

There is n o un impea ch abl e a ccou n t of the ba ptism of the pri n cesses of C o n sta n ti n e s ’

house b ut it is n ot of co u rse impro babl e tha t such a ceremon y too k pla ce Am

, , ,
.

mia n us M a rcelli n us tells us th a t in the y ear 3 60 the b od y of H el en a on e of C o n sta n ti e s ,

n
’

da ughte rs wa s se t to R ome to be b uried on the Vi a N ome n ta n a outside the c it y

,
n , ,

where her sister C o ns ta n ti n a alrea dy lay R oma n His tory XX I 1 ; tr Y on ge Bohn s .

, ,
.
,
’

Li b ra ry p 24 4
,
. .
 SYL VES T E R 61

ch a n d e l i e r s o f lamps of b r a ss c h an d e l i e r s o f
b r a ss ; met al ; b r a ss met al ;
40 c an de lab r a of b r a ss over la id w ith s il ver an d a dorn ed
with re liefs ;
a go l de n lamp w ith 1 2 w ick s ,

which w ei g hs 20 1b s .
,

over the fo n t w ei g hing ,

1 5 lb s .

l ik e wise a gift
for reve n ue
all the lan d ab out the city of F id e li n ae? y ie l di ng 1 60 so l .

o n the Vi a Sala ri a a s f a r a s the ruin s all the lan d ,

of the ho ly Agn es ,

yie l di ng 1 05 so l ; .

the la n d of M ucus yie l di ng 8 0 so l

, .

the property of V icus P isoni s yie l ding ,

3 50 so l .
I 2 50 so l .

the lan d of C asu lm yie l di ng ,

1 00 so l .

A t the s a me tim e
C o n st a n tin e A u gustus I he

b ui l t the ba si lic a of bl essed L aw re n ce the m a rt y r ? o n the V i a ,

Ti b urtina i n the Ag er V e r an u s over the b uri al cr ypt an d he m a de ,

st a irs of a sce n t an d of desce n t to the b ody of the h oly m ar ty r

'

L awr e n ce In th a t p la ce he erected an a pse an d a dor n ed it with

.

1
P ro bably Fid en ae, the modern Ca stel G iub il eo , fi ve mil es f rom R ome ,
n ea r the
2
The prese n t church of San Lorenz o in Ag ro V era n o is formed by the uni on of tw o
a n cien t ba silic a s w hich w ere throw n in to on e by H on orius III in the thirtee n th ce n tury
,
.

The small er of these tw o w hich con ta i n s the presen t choir a d covers the resti n g pla ce
,
n -

of the sa i t may owe its fou da tio n to C o n sta n ti n e Littl e b eside the co l umn s of the
n ,
n .

low er floor ca n how ever with sa fet y b e a scri b ed to him for the b ui l di n g wa s restored
, , ,

a t the b e ginn in g of the fifth ce n tury an d aga i n reb ui l t w ith the a ddi tio n o f the gal ,

lerie s a t the c l ose of the sixth

, See i fr a p 8 9 n 3 ; p 1 68 n 2
. n ,
The descriptio n
.
,
. .
,
. .

given here is i n teresti n g a s one of the ea rl iest of a co n fessio n or tomb ch a mb er of a

m a rt yr in a ba sili ca erected a d corpus The ba sili c a wa s p la ced so th a t its al ta r
“
.
”

stoo d directly over the tomb which wa s rea ched by steps l e a di n g down b el o w the al ta r
,
.
62 L IB ER P ON T IFIC ALI S

porphy r y an d the spot over the tom b he e n c l osed with si lver an d

b e au tifi e d it with r a i l i ng s of purest si l ver whi ch w ei g hed 1 000 lb s ,
.

an d b efore the tom b itse l f w ithi n the cryp t he set :

a la mp of purest g o l d with 1 0 wi ck s w ei ghi ng 20 lb s ,
.

a cro wn of purest si lver wi th 50 do lphi n s w ei ghi ng 3 0 ,

lb s .

2 b ro nz e c an dlestick s 1 0 feet i n hei g ht w ei ghi ng e a ch 3 00

, ,

lb s .

b e fore the b ody of the bl essed L aw re n ce the m a rty r im ag es , ,

over la id with si lver to sho w his p a s sio n an d si l ver

lamps wi th 6 wi ck s w ei gh ing e a ch 1 5 lb s ,
.

1
I n the s a me l oc ality
the property of o n e Qu iri ac e s a re li gious w om an whi ch , ,

the fi sc h a d seiz ed i n the time of the persecutio n the ,

est a te of V e r an u s? yie l din g 1 60 so l .

the property of A qu a T u scia o n o n e side yie l di ng 1 5 3 ,

so l .

the property of A u gustus i n the Sab in e re gio n yie l di ng ,

3
to the na me of the C hristi an s 1 20 so l .

th e property of S u l
4
fu ra t m yi e l di ng 6 2
so l ;
.

the property of M i c in ae b e l o ngi ng to A u gustus y ie l ding ,

1 1 0 so l .

H ere ,
a s in the ca se of the lan ds b esto w ed on Sa n t Agn ese the esta tes so fa r a s
1 ’
, ,

their situ a tion can n ow b e determi n ed lay in the n ei gh borhood of the ba sili ca upo n
,

whi ch they w ere co n ferred .

This is the la n d upo n which the ba si lica stood Duchesn e thi n k s th a t a p a ssag e
2
.

l i k e this all udi n g to a w ell kn ow n persecution w ith n o me n tio n of emperor or da te is

,
-

certa i nly tak en from a sour ce a t l ea st a s ol d a s the first h al f of the fourth ce n tury Op . .

ci t
.
,
p cl . .

Duchesn e b el ieves th a t this pass ag e al so i n dica tes th e use of some primitive so u rce
2
,

th a t the expressio n n a me of the C hristi a s to si gni fy the C hristi an commun it y

“
,
n ,

a n teda tes the persecutio n of Diocl eti an The property here men tio n ed wa s perh aps
.

a p a rt of the possessio n s of the church restored to it by the Edi ct of M ilan Duches e .

2 n ,

ibid pp c l c l i
.
,
.
,
.

The n a me may b e derived from some sul phurous sprin g s on the Vi a Ti b urti a
4
n ,

sixteen mi l es from R ome Duchesn e op cit p 1 9 8 n 89

.
, . .
,
.
,
. .
 SYLVES T ER 63

the property of T e n n u lze y ie l di ng ,

65 so l .
; I 60 so l .

the property of Ar an ae y ie l di ng 70 so l ,
.

the property of S epti

mi tus y ie l di ng 1 3 0
,

so l.

The gift whi ch he o ffered

ag o l de n p a te n w ei g h ,

ing 20 lb s .

2 si l ver p a te n s w ei g h ,

ing e a ch 3 0 lb s ; .

a g o bl et of purest g o l d ,

w ei ghi ng 1 5 lb s ; .

2 si l ver g o bl ets w ei g h ,

in g e a ch 1 0 lb s .

1 0 si l ver ch alices for

service w ei ghi ng
,

e a ch 2 lb s ; .

2 si l ver pitchers w ei g h ,

i ng e a ch 1 0 lb s ; .

3 0 si l ver la mps w ei g h ,

i ng e a ch 20 lb s .

a ja r of si l ver w ei g h
i ng 1 50 lb s ho l di n g .
,

2 medi m ni .

A t the s ame tim e C o n st an ti n e A t the s a me time C o n st an ti n e

A u gustus b ui l t a ba si l ic a to the A u g ustus b ui l t a ba si lic a o n the
bl essed m a rty rs Ma rce lli n us the , V i a Lavi c an a a t I n ter du a s La u
priest an d P eter the exorcist
, , , ros to bl essed P eter an d M a r
a t I n ter dua s La uros ; al so a c e lli n u s the m a rty rs ; al so a
,

m a uso l eum w here hi s mother ,

m a uso l eum w here the most
H e l e na A u gust a wa s b uried o n
,
bl essed A u gust a his mother , ,

the V i a Lavic an a a t the 3 r d ,

wa s b uried i n a s a rcoph agus of
mi l esto n e ?
An d in thi s p la ce ,
porphy ry an d he o ffered there
,

1
The rema i n s of the ma uso l eum of the empress H el en a an d the ca ta comb of San ti
Pietro e M a rcell i n o m ay b e seen ab out tw o mi l es from the P orta M aggiore a t a pla ce
64 L IBER P ON T IFI C AL IS

b oth for l ove of hi s mother an d

for ve n er a tio n of the s a in ts he ,

o ffered votive gifts :

a p a te n of purest g o l d w ei ghi ng 3 5 lb s , .

4 si l ver c a n d l estic k s over la id w ith g o l d 1 2 feet i n hei g ht , ,

w ei ghin g e a ch 200 lb s ; .

a g o l de n crown th a t is a ch an de lier wi th 1 20 do lphi n s

, , ,

w ei ghi ng 3 0 lb s ; .

3 g o l d e n ch ali ces w ei g hing e a ch 1 0 lb s set wi th pr a ses an d

, .
,

ja cin ths ;
2 g o l de n pitchers w ei ghi n g e a ch 4 0 lb s
,
.

an al t a r of purest si l ver w ei ghi ng 200 lb s ,

b efore the tom b of the bl es se d

H e l en a A u gust a w hi ch is of por
,

p h yr y c a rved with im ag es ?
20 sil ver ch a n de liers w ei ghi ng e a ch ,
20 lb s .

L ik e wise for the a fores a id ho ly L ik ewise in the ba sili c a of the

m a rty rs he ga ve to the ba sili c a s a in ts P eter an d Ma rce lli n us he
a s a gift ga ve a s a gift
an al t a r of purest sil ver w ei ghi ng 200 lb s ,
.

2 p a te n s of purest g o l d w ei g hin g e a ch 1 5 lb s ,
.

2 silver p a te n s w ei g hi ng e a ch 1 5 lb s ;
, .

a la r g e g o bl et of
the purest
gold ,

n ow c all ed Tor Pi gna t ta ra on the V ia C asilina w hich was formerly the Vi a La b ican a , .

The ba sili ca ha s compl etely disa ppea red An imperi al pal a ce stood n ea r by a d .
,
“

Du a s La uros n e ar the tw o la ure ls in the time of Se otimus Severus a n d was the sce n e
,
”
,

of the a ssa ssi na tio n of V al e n ti n i a n III in 4 5 5 The ma uso l eum is octago n al in sha pe
.

a n d surmoun ted w ith a dome I n the sixtee n th ce n tury B osio saw the rui n s of a g rea t
.

courtya rd an d portico about it all of whi ch h ave n ow va nished Euse b ius says th a t
,
.

the b od y of the empres s was tr a n sported in sta te to R ome for b uri al Life of Constan .

ti ne R i ch ards o n N i c e e a nd P o t N ic en e F athe r s Se r 2 vo l I p 53 2
, ,
n s -
,
.
,
.
,
. .

1
The hug e porph yry sa rcoph agus w hich was foun d in the ma usol eum of H el e n a
wa s removed in the tw elfth cen tu ry to the La teran by P ope An a sta sius IV w ho des ,

ti n ed it for his own sepul chre Pius VI tra n sfer ed it to the Va tica n w here it n ow
. r ,

stan ds n ea r the sa rcoph agus from the ma usol eum o f C o nsta n ti na It is a dorn ed w ith .

figures in relief chiefl y ba ttl e scen es

, .
 SYL VES TER 65

w hereo n the na me of
Au gustus wa s engr aved ,

w ei g hin g 20 lb s .

a sm all er g o bl et of g o l d w ei g hi ng 1 0 lb s , .

5 si l ver g o bl ets w ei,

g hi n g e a ch 1 2 lb s .

20 si l ver ch ali ces for service w ei g hi n g e a ch 3 lb s , .

4 si l ver pitchers w ei ghi ng e a ch 1 5 lb s

,
.

every y e a r 900 lb s of pure oi l of n a rd

.
,

1 00 lb s of bal s a m
.
,

1 00 lb s of spices for i n ce n se for the a fores a id ho ly m a r

. $

ty rs bl essed Ma rce lli n us an d P eter ;

,

the est a te of L au r e n tu m n e a r the a queduct w ith a ba th an d , ,

all the lan d from th e P ort a Se ssor ian a

’
a s f a r a s the Vi a the tr a ve ll ers ro a d an d the tr a ve ll e rs ’

P e n e strin a an d
,
a s f a r a s the Vi a ro a d a s f a r a s the
from the Vi a I t in e La tina n e a r M ou n t Vi a La tin a n e a r
ris La tin ae a s f a r a s G ab us M ou n t G a ,
M o u n t A lb i u s ,

M ou n t G ab us ; 1
b us itse l f ; M ou n t Alb i n s i t
se l f ;
the property of H e l e na A u gu st a y ie l di ng 1 2 20 so l , .

the is lan d of Sa rdini a with all the property

2

b e l o ngi ng to th a t is lan d ,

yie l ding 1 024 so l .

the is lan d of
M e se n u m 5
with the prop erty
b e l o nging to th a t is lan d ,
b e l o ngi ng to it all of i t , .

yie l di ng 8 1 0 so l .

1
It is impossi bl e to form an ex a ct ide a of the a re a mea n t by thi s o b scure description ,

t hou g h the g e n eral l oc a tio n is cl ea r e n ou g h The a queduct may b e either the

“ ”
.

Al ex a n dri n e or the Cla u di a n b oth of whi ch p a ss n e a r the Vi a P ra n e sti n a a n d the V i a

,

L a ti n a
. M ou n t G ab us or M o n te Ca vo may b e an y on e of the holl ow hi ll oc k s or
c r a ters w hich dot the Ca mpag n a Duchesn e op ci t p 1 99 n 9 1
.
,
. .
,
.
,
. .

2
The w hol e islan d ca nn ot h a ve b een co n vey ed to the ba sil ic a Our a uthor h a s .

i n all l i k el ihood omitted a l ist of the p a rticula r properties on the isla n d .

2
Duchesn e su gg ests th a t the peni n sula r of M ise n u m is i n ten ded Th a t is so n ea rly .

a n isla n d th a t it mi g ht w e ll p a ss f or on e in commo n speech Op ci t p 1 99 n 9 3 . . .

, .
,
. .
66 L I BER P ON T I FI C ALIS

is lan d of M atidi a whi ch is M oun t A r g e n t a rius ? yie l di ng

th e ,

600 so l .

the property in the Sab in e re gio n w hich is c all ed D u m C ase , ,

a t the foo t of M oun t L ucretius ? yie l din g 200 so l .

A t the s a me time C o n st an ti n e A u gustus

by request of S i l vester ,
the
b ishop ,

2
b u i l t a ba si li c a in the city of H osti a n e a r P ortus the h a r b or city ,

of R ome to the bl essed a post l es P eter an d Pa u l an d to J ohn the

,

B a ptist w here he Offered the fo llo wi ng

,

a sil ver p a ten w ei ghin g 3 0 lb s ,

.

1 0 si l ver ch a lices w ei g hi n g e a ch ,

tw o lb s .
; I 5 lb s .
;

2 si l ver pitchers w ei g hing e a ch ,

1 0 lb s .

3 0 si l ver
ch a n deliers ,

w ei ghi ng e a ch 5 lb s ; .

2 si l ver g o bl ets w ei g hi n g e a ch 8 lb s ,
.

a si n gl e si l ver p a te n for the chrism w ei g hing 1 0 lb s ,

.

a b o wl of si l ver for baptism w ei ghi ng 20 lb s ,

.

4
the is la n d whi ch is c all ed A ssis w hich lies b etw ee n P ortus ,

an d H osti a ;
all the property al on g the se a a s f a r a s Di gitus S o lis ? yiel di ng
6 5 5 so l ; .
I 3 00 so l ; .

the property of the Greek s in the re gio n of A rde a yie l di ng 8 0 ,

so l .

1 M o n te Arg e n ta t o on the co a st of Tusca n y al so a pen i n sula r almost cut off from

,

the ma i nlan d .

2
M ou n t Lu c r e t ilis n ow kn ow n a s M o te Gena ro m a de f a mous by H ora ce
,
n , .

2
O stia M odern exca v a tio n s on the site of the a n cie n t cit y ha ve n ot so far re
.

veal ed a n y C hristi a n church or mo n um en t P ortus is of course the modern P orto .

, ,

on the ri g ht ba n k of the Ti b er .

2
Thi s is a pp a re n tly the islan d of the del ta formed by the t wo b ran ches of the Tib er ,

a t its mouth b ut the n a me occurs n ow here el se

, .

5 Un kn ow n .
68 L I BER P ON T I FIC ALIS

a si l ver p a te n w ei g hi ng 3 0 lb s
,
.

a g o bl et of si l ver gi l t w ei ghi ng ,
1 2 lb s .

1 0

si l ver
ch a lices for service w ei ghi ng e a ch 3 lb s ; ,
.

2 sil ver pitchers w ei g hi ng e a ch 20 lb s ,

.

1
the property of the L ak e of Tu rn u s with the a d ja ce n t fiel ds ,

yie l di ng
the est a te of M olae ?
yie l di ng
60 so l .

so l
50 .

the property
a t Alba with the
Lak e of Alba yie l di ng 2 50 so l ,
2
.

the est a te of M ucus yie l di ng ,

1 60 so l . 1 70 so l .

all the empty ba rr a ck s or houses b e l o ngi ng to the mun i ci

p a li 4
ty i n the to wn of Alba ,

eve r y thi ng i n the n ei gh b orhood w ere o ffered a s gifts to the ho ly

of the church of C o n st an tin e ch urch of C o n st an tin e ; ,

wa s offered by A u gustus ;
the property of H or tu s yie l di ng 20 so l ,
.

the property of Ti b erius C a s a r yie l ding ,

28 0 so l .

visi bl e De R ossi h a s proved tha t the C hristi an church of Alba n o ori gi na ted probably
.

i n the ca mp of the Secon d Pa rthi an Le gio n w hich wa s sta tio n ed there duri n g the third ,

cen tur y Duch es n e op ci t p 1 99 n 1 03

.
,
. .
,
.
,
. .

The Laghetto di Turn o w ith its reco ll ectio n s of the ZEn eid lies about tw o
1
, ,

mil es from Alban o Fun eral i n scription s h a ve b een foun d there testif yi g to the e xist
. n

e n ce of a rural C hristi an community in the sixth cen tury Duchesn e op cit p 200 .
,
. .
, .
,

n . 1 04 .

2
A pla ce
call ed I] M 010 is n ow about a mil e from Alba n o .

The f a mous Lago di Alba n o

2
.

These a re un doub tedly the b uil di n g s l eft empty by the dep a rture o f the Sec on d
2

Pa rthi an L egion an d the popula tio n of ca mp foll ow ers a n d depe n den ts See su pra -
.
,

p 6 7 n 6 The w ord tran sla ted ba rra c k s is sc h e n ica or sceni ca which her e
.
, . .
“ “
,
”

ha s its ori g in al Gree k sen se of ten ts or ca mps ra ther th an its ordin a ry La tin a ssocia ,

tion with thea tres an d a ctors .

 S YL VES T ER 69

the property of Ma ri n a ? yie l di ng 50 so l .

the est a te of Nemus ,

y ie l di ng 2 8 0 so l ; .

the property of Am ar tian ae i n the re gio n of C or a y ie l ding 1 50 ,

so l .

the Sta tilian property y ie l di ng 70 so l ; ,

.

the M edi an property yie l di ng 3 0 so l ,

.

A t the s a me time C o n st an ti n e A u gustus b ui l t a ba si l ic a of the

apost l es wi thi n the city of Ca pu a whi ch he c all ed the C o n st an ti n i an
2
,

ba si li c a an d there al so he o ffered the fo ll o w in g gifts

,

2 si l ver p a te n s w ei g hi n g e a ch 20 lb s,
.

3 Si l ver g o bl ets w ei g hi n g e a ch 9 lb s ,
.

1 5 ch alices for servi ce w ei g hi ng e a ch 2 lb s ,

.

2 si l ver pitchers w ei g hi n g e a ch 1 0 lb s ,
.

4 b ro nze c an d l estick s 1 0 feet i n hei g ht w ei g hi ng e a ch 1 8 0 , ,

lb s .

3 0 si l ver ch an de liers w ei g hi ng e a ch 5 lb s ,
.

3 0 b ro nze ch an de l iers ;
An d he o ffered cert ai n property
the Sta tili an est a te in the re gio n of M e n tu rn ae y ie l ding 3 1 5
4
,

so l .

a property i n the re gio n of G a et a ? y ie l di ng 8 5 so l .

the property of P ate rn u m i n the re gio n of Su e ssa y ie l di ng ,

1 50 so l .

6
the property of A d C e n tum i n the re gio n of C apu a yie l di ng ,

60 so l .

7
a property i n the re gio n of Su e ssa G au r oni c a yie l di ng 4 0 so l ,
.

the property of L eo yie l di ng 60 so l ,

.

1 At M a ri n o ,
ea r Al ban o n .

2 The pla ce m ay h a ve some co n n ectio n with the L ak e o f Nemi .

2
There a re n o visi bl e remai n s of Co n sta n tin e s church in the modern San ta M a ri a ’

di Ca pu a .

2
M in tu m ee a to wn in La tium the rui n s o f w hich ar e to b e seen n ea r the modern
, ,

T raje t ta .

5
The a n cien t C aie ta n ow G aeta in L a tium , .

2 This n a me does n ot si
gn if y a s mi ght b e supposed At the hun dredth mil esto n e
“
, , ,

for Ca pua is 1 3 2 m il es from R ome by way of the V i a Appi a 1 3 8 by the V i a La ti n a ,

.

Duches e op ci t p 200 n 1 1 4
n , . . , .
,
. .

7
U n question a bly a corruption for Su e ssa Au r un c a the full titl e in a n cie t times of ,
n

the modern Sess a .

70 LI BER P ON T IFI C ALI S

A t the s a me time C o n st an tin e A u gustus b ui l t a ba sili c a in th e

city of N a p l es ? to whi ch he o ffered the fo llo wi ng
2 si l ver p a te n s w ei g hi ng e a ch ,

1 5 lb s .
; I 25 lb s .
;

2 sil ver g o bl ets w ei ghi ng e a ch t e n lb s

,
.

1 5 ch al i ces for service w ei ghi ng e a ch 2 lb s ,

.

2 si l ver pitchers w ei ghi ng e a ch fiftee n lb s ,

.

20 si l ver la mps w ei g hi ng e a ch 8 lb s ,
.

20 b ro nz e la mps ,

w ei ghi n g e a ch 1 0 lb s .

H e b uil t l ik e wi se an a queduct , 8 mi l es in l e ng th ; he b uil t al so a

forum
2
i n the s a me city
he o ffered the fo ll o win g gift
an d

the propert y of M ac a ru s yi e l di ng 1 50 so l , .

the C im b ri an property yie l din g 1 05 so l ; , .

the property of Sc li n a yie l di ng 1 08 so l ; ,

.

the property of Afilae yi e l di ng 1 4 0 so l ; ,

.

the property of N ym fu lae yie l di n g 90 so l ; ,

.

3
the pro p er ty of the is lan d wi th the fortress yie l di ng 8 0 so l ,
.

A t the s a me time the bl essed S i l vester est ab lished hi s p a rish

church i n the city of R ome i n the Thi rd District n e a r the ba ths of
4
,

Domiti an w hi ch a re c all ed al so the ba ths of Tr ajan ; the p a rish

,

church of S i l vester to whi ch C o n st an ti n e A u gu s tus ga ve

,

1The ba silica may h ave stood on the site of the church of San ta R estituta the .
,

medi ev al ca thedr al of N apl es .

2
A Nea po lita n i n scriptio n in ho n or of C o n stan ti n e h a s b ee n di scovered an d tw o in
ho or of H el en a b ut the y con ta in n o all usion to public w ork s of this sort Duchesn e
n , .
,

op c i t
. .p 200 n 1 1 6
,
.
,
. .

2
P ossi bly the islan d of N isida b etw ee n N a pl es an d P ozzuoli call ed in cla ssic ,

times Nesis or ij i e the islan d w ithout other n a me

“
N ” “
a os, . .
, ,
”
.

2 The church alr e a d y descri b ed on p

42 The Third District may b e either the . .

civil or eccl esi a stical divi sio n for the Thi rd R e gio n of Au g ustus comprehe n ded this
,

n ei g h bo rhood The list of precious vessel s a d la mps is n ot dissimila r to the i n ve n tory

. n

alrea dy give n for this church al though the la tter is l on ger The tw o lists of la n ds of
, .

the church a re how ever quite di fle re n t a s may b e seen by comp a riso n The a uthor
, , , .

may ha ve ma de tw o sets of extra cts from the sa me documen t or may ha ve drawn from
tw o diflere n t documen ts of difi eren t da tes Duch e sn e op cit p 200 n 1 1 9 , . .
,
.
, . .
 SYLVES T ER 71

a Si l ver p a te n w ei ghi ng 20 lb s ,
.

a si l ver pitcher w ei g hin g 1 0 lb s ; ,

.

2 si l ver g o bl ets w ei g hi ng e a ch 8 lb s
,
.

1 0 si l ver ch a n de l iers w ei g hi ng e a ch 5 lb s ,
.

1 6 b ro nze c a n de lab r a w ei g hi ng e a ch 4 0 lb s ,
.

5 si l ver ch alices for service w ei g hi ng e a ch 2 lb s , .

'

the P e r cili an est a te i n the Sab i n e re g ou yie l di n g 50 so l , .

the B ar b a tian est a te i n the re gio n of Fe r e n s? yie l di ng 3 5 an d

o n e thi rd so l ; .

the Stati an est a te in the re gio n of T rib u la? yie ldi ng 66 an d

o n e thi rd so l .

the est a te of B e ru c lae i n the re gio n of C or a yie l ding 4 0 so l ,

.

the S u l pici a n est a te in the re gio n of C or a yie l di ng 70 ,

so l .

2
the est a te of T a urus i n the regio n of B e n y ie l di n g 4 2 so l , .

4
the Se n tian est a te i n the re gio n of Ti b ur yie l di ng 3 0 so l ,
.

the C e ian est a te i n the re gio n of Fe n estre ? yie l di ng 50

so l ; .

the est a te of T e rmu lae i n the re gio n of P en e str e yi e l di ng 3 5 ,

S01 .

the propert y of Cyl o n in the re gio n of P e n e str e yie l di ng 59 ,

so l .

H e o ffered al so all th a t wa s requisite to the p a rish church of

E qu i tiu s .

This S i lvester he l d 6 ordi na tio n s i n the mo n th of D ecem b er 4 2 ,

priests 2 6 de a co n s 6 5 b ishops i n divers p la ces

, ,
.

“
H e wa s b uried in the cemetery of P risci lla o n the Vi a Sala ri a ,

1
Feren ti n o a small tow n on the Vi a La ti n a
Fe re n tin u m, n ow ,
.

Treb ula wa s the n a me of three Itali an to w n s on e in Ca mp ani a n ow M a ddal on i

2
, , ,

t h e others in Sab in u m on e of w hich is n ow M o n te L eo n e the la st ha s di sa ppe a red

, ,
.

D uchesn e is of the opi ni on th a t the seco n d of the thre e is mea n t here Op ci t p 200 . . .
,
.
,

n . 1 22 .

2
Ve n .

The modern Tivol i

4
.

P r mn est e n ow Pal estri n a

5
, .

The l ittl e church w hich stood over the c a ta comb o f P riscilla wa s kn o wn a s the
2

c hurch of St Syl vester in the ea rly R oma n topo gr a phies draw n up for the g uida n ce o f
.

pi lg rims The Iti n era ry a scri b ed to Willi a m o f M almesb ury me n tio n s Syl vester s
.
’

ma rbl e tomb The site is v a ca n t an d grassgrown to day D uchesn e op ci t p 200

.
-
.
, . .
, .
,

n . 1 23 .
72 LI BER P ON T IFIC AL IS

three mi l es from the city of R ome D ecem b er , 3 1 . H e verily died

?
c a tho lic an d a co n fessor
A n d the b ishopric wa s empt y 1 5 d ay s .

XXXV . M AR C U S (33 6)

Ma rcus by na tio nali ty a R om an so n of P ri sc u s occupied the

, , ,

see 2 y e a rs 8 mo n ths an d 20 d ay s H e wa s b ishop i n the time of

,
.

C o n st an tin e duri ng the co n su l ship of N ep otian u s an d Facu n du s

,

(A D
. . from Fe b ru a ry 1 u n ti l O cto b er 1 .

H e ord a i n ed th a t the b ishop of H osti a w ho co n secr a tes the ,

b ishop shou l d w e a r the p alli um an d th a t by him the b ishop of the

,

?
city of R ome shou l d b e co n secr a ted An d he m a de re gu la tio n s
for the w ho l e church .

H e b ui l t t w o ba sili c a s o n e o n the V i a A rde a tina w here he is

, ,

4
b uried ? an d o n e in the city of R ome i n P allacini s ,
.

1 These w ords testi f y to the un usu al ven era tio n for the memory o f P ope Syl vester .

In 1 63 2 a sil ver coron a o f a n cien t w or km an shi p b ea ri n g a votive i n scriptio n to the

”
,

holy Sil vester wa s foun d in a ga rde n a dja ce n t to Syl vester s pa rish church Sa n
,
” ’
,

M a rti n o a i M o n ti Du chesn e thi n k s th a t the o fferin g may h a ve da ted f rom the la tter
.

h alf of the fifth cen tury The spurious lives o f the pope with their mi ra cl es an d ma r
.
,

vel s may h ave in creased popula r reveren ce b ut the feeli n g see ms to ha ve existed before
,

the l eg en ds Un fortun a tely in spite of the l en g th an d importan ce of Syl vester s

.
,
’

p on tific a te there a re n o a uthen tic docu me n ts l eft to furn ish us with an ide a of the p a rt
,

he a ctu ally played in the stirri n g eve n ts of his day or with more tha n the v aguest n o
tion of the situ a tion a t R ome u n der C on sta n ti n e Duches n e op ci t p 201 n 1 25 .
,
. .
,
.
,
. .

2 I n the time of Au gusti n e the b ishop of O sti a re g ula rly perf ormed the ceremo y n

of co n secr a ti n g the pope a n d he ret a i n s th a t ri g ht to this day Duches n e Lib P ont .

,
. .
,

vol 1 p 2 03 n 2
.
,
. The use of the p alli um or sca rf by the bishop seems to h a ve b ee n
,
. .

derived from the use of the p all ium a s ba dg e of offi ce by the civi l magistra t es of the
fourth an d fifth cen turies a s depicted on co n su la r di pty chs of th e period The ea r liest
,
.

w riter to refer to the eccl esi a stical p all i u m is St Isidore of P elu siu m about 440 He . .

spe ak s of th e s ym bo l ic al si gnifica n ce of the ga rmen t as of somethi n g w e ll k n ow n In .

the sixth ce n tury Symm a chus a n d succeedi n g popes se n t p all i a to other b ishops .

F re scoe s a n d mosa ics of th a t cen tury a t R ome an d R a venn a uniformly portray these
sca rves on the shoul ders of b ishops Their use wa s n ot co n fin ed to a rch b ishops un ti l
.

the n i n th cen tu ry Low rie Chri stian Ar t and Arche ology pp 4 07—4 1 0
.
, ,
. .

The small cemeteri al church of San ta Balb i n a n ea r the ca ta comb of C alli stu s It
2 .

h a s n ow di sa ppea red .

The modern church of San M a rco It is impossi bl e to a ttri b ute a n ythi n g in

2 .

the presen t edifice to the fourth cen tury The mosa ic in the apse da tes o nly from the
.

recon structio n of the church in the n i n th ce n tury H ow ever P ope H a dri an IV in .

,

79 4 cited the mosa ics an d p ai n ti n g s i n the ba sil ica of his day a s proofs of the use of
ima g es a t R ome in the time of the Coun cil of Nice a M an si Amplissi ma C ollec tio .
, ,
 MARC US , J UL I US 1 73

He al so wa s b uried in the cemetery of B alb i na o n the Vi a

A rde a ti na whi ch he himse l f h a d supervised an d b ui l t O cto b er 6
, , .

An d the b ishopric wa s empty 20 d ay s .

XXXV I . J U L IU S I (3 3 7 —
35 2 )
J u lius by na tio nali ty a R om an so n of R usticus occupied the
, ,

see 1 5 y e a rs 2 mo n ths an d 6 d ay s H e wa s b ishop in the time of

,
.

C o n st an ti n us so n of C o n st an ti n e the heretic from the co n su l shi p

, , ,

of Fe li c ian u s (A D 3 3 7) an d of M aximi n ?
H e e n dured m an y tri b u
. .

la tion s an d wa s in exil e 1 0 mo n ths an d a fter the de a th of thi s C o n st an

ti n us he return ed i n gl or y to the se a t of bl essed P eter the apost l e ?
,

H e b ui l t 2 ba si li c a s o n e ,

i n the city of R ome ,

4
n e a r the forum ,

5
an d an other a cross the Tib er an d an other o n the V i a F la
mi ni a ,

vol X III p 801 The n a me o f the regio n where the chur ch wa s b uil t is as ol d a s
.
,
. .

C icero w ho says tha t Sextus R oscius wa s k ill ed on hi s way from di nn er a d b aln eas Pal
,

la c inas n e a r the P alla cine ba ths Duchesn e op ci t p 203

”
,
P r o Rascia VI I 1 8 .
, ,
.
,
. .
,
.
,

uh .
5 an d 6 .

ca talo gue of gifts b estow ed by the emperor C o n sta n ti n e upo n the church of
1
A
San ta B alb i n a an d the l ist of the cl er gy orda i n ed by M a rcus h a ve b ee n omitted H ere .

a fter such lists unl ess possessi n g u n usual i n terest or v al ue will n ot b e i n cl uded in the
, ,

tran s la tio n Those al rea dy furni shed w ill serve a s types

. .

The Liberia n Catalogu e h a s this in the time of C o n sta n ti n e from the co n sul ship
2 “
, ,

of Fe li c ian u s a n d T i tia n u s (A D 3 f rom Feb rua ry 6 to April 1 2 in the y ea r w hen

. .

C o n sta n tius wa s con sul for the fifth time an d Co n sta n tius wa s Caesa r (A D 3 5 . .

The a uthor of the Li b P ont h a s i n serted here a se n ten ce which w oul d b e more
2
. .

a ppropri a te in the hi story of Li b erius the n ext pope w ho wa s in fa ct drive n i n to exil e , ,

through the i n fluen ce of an heretical emperor P op e J tiliu s on the co tra ry wa s sup .

,
n ,

ported throu ghout his pon ti fica te by the orthodox C o n sta n s an d a fter the la tter s ’

dea th by M agn en tiu s He played an a uthorita tive p a rt in the doctri n al con troversies
.

w hich in hi s day w ere distra cti n g the Ea stern b ra n ch of the church .

The church wa s reb ui l t by P ela gius I in ho n or of the a postl es P hilip an d Ja mes

4
, ,

a n d is n ow k n o wn a s Sa n ti Apostoli I nfra p 1 6 2 n 2 It sta n ds on the edg e of the.

,
.
,
. .

an cien t forum of Traja n .

The modern ba silica of Sa n ta M a ri a in Tra stevere reb ui l t by G regory IV in the

5
,

ni n th ce n tur y a n d by I nn ocen t II in the t w elfth It is c all ed in the Lib P on t the . . .

ba silica of J ulius un til the ei ghth cen tur y w hen it is styl ed the ba si lica of M a ry The ,
.

first chur ch on the site wa s pro bably erecte d by C allistu s b ut b ui l t in an era of perse ,
74 LI B ER P ON T IFI C ALIS

an d 3 cemeteries o n e o n the Vi a F lamini a an other o n the V i a

, ,

?
A ure li a an d an other o n the V i a P or tu en sis
H e m a de a re g u la tio n th a t n o mem b er of the c l ergy should p l e a d
a n y c a se i n pu bli c except i n a church ? an d th a t the i n fo r m a tio n

w hi ch co n cer n s all in the f ai th

of the church
shou l d b e co ll ected by n ot a ries an d th a t all docume n ts shou l d b e ,

du ly recorded i n church by the chi ef of the n ot a ries ; w hether b o n ds

or i n strume n ts or deeds of gift or of exch ang e or of de livery or wi ll s
or rescripts or m an umissio n s of a mem b er of the c l er gy the y shou l d ,

?
b e recorded in church withi n the s a cred a rchives

H e al so wa s b uried o n the Vi a A ure li a cemeter y

p od u s
5
a t the t hi rd mi l esto n e
from the city of R ome ,

Apri l 1 2 .

An d the b ishopric wa s empty 25 d ay s .

c u tion , it wa s pe rh aps o nly a small an d un ob trusive h all of meeti ng . See su pr a , p . 20,

n .
5 .

The first o f these three sub urban foun da tions wa s the g rea t ba sili ca of San Valen
1

ti n o tw o mil es b eyon d the city ga te of the sa me n a me It is men tion ed in the ea rly

,
.

pilgrim iti n era ries a s a church of exceptio n al size a n d b e a uty b ut by the fourteen th
cen tury it wa s al rea dy in rui n s an d n ow h a rdly a vesti g e is l eft above groun d R ecen t .

exc a v a tion s ha ve discl osed the pa vemen t of the n a ve an d a pse a n d ha ve reveal ed a mon g
other obj ects an epita ph set up in 3 59 only seven y ea rs a fter the dea th of J ulius The
, .

secon d of the extra mural churches wa s pro bably b ui l t above the cemetery of C alep odi o ,

w here J ulius wa s b uried the third may h ave b ee n the ba silica of Fel ix n ow al so dis
, ,

a ppea red .

A repetitio n of the a pocr yphal decree al re a d y a s c ri b ed to Syl vester S pr a p 4 5

2 . u ,
.
,

and n .
7 .

a ttempt to require all memb ers of the cl ergy to register deeds will s an d other
2
An ,

l egal docum e n ts in the episcop al court i n stea d of in the mu n icip al There is n o other .

a ccoun t of such a decree Our text may record a custom or a pol ic y w hich grew up
.

gr a du ally r a ther th an a formal e n a ctmen t It is li k ely th a t there wa s j eal ousy b e .

t w een the eccl esi a stical an d civi l tri b un al s an d some overla ppi n g of j urisdiction .

D uches e Lib P on t vol I p 206 n 1 0

n ,
. .
, .
,
.
,
. .

List of ordi na tio n s

2
.

5 P ope
C alli stu s ha d b ee n b uried there Su pra p 2 1 n 1 .
,
.
,
. .
 76 L I BER P ON T I FI C ALIS

B ut a fter a fe w d ay s U r saciu s an d Val e n s w ere impe ll ed by ze al

to b eseech C o n st an tius A u gustus to rec all L i b erius from exile th a t
he mi g ht m a in t ain o n e sin gl e commun io n
b ut wi thout baptising a seco from the seco n d ba ptism .

The n a uthority wa s se n t by C a tu lin u s the comm issio n er ? an d ,

U r saciu s an d Val e n s w e n t to g ether to Li b erius An d Li b erius .

a ccepted the comm an ds

of A u gustus
th a t he shou l d exte n d the on e

singl e
commu ni o n to the hereti cs provided o nl y th a t the y should n ot
,

a dmini ster the seco n d ba pti sm .

The n the y rec all ed L i b erius from exi l e .

An d o n hi s retur n
from exi l e
Li b erius d w e l t i n the cemetery of the ho ly Agn es in th e househo l d
of the sister
of C o n st an tius Iof C o n st an s
A u gustus ? a s if he thou ght th a t throu g h her in terve n ti o n or a t her
request he mi ght come aga in in to the city .

The n C o n st an ti a A u gust a w ho wa s f a ithfu l to the Lord J esus

,

C hrist w ou l d n ot m ak e request of C o n st an tius A u gustus her

, ,

b rother b ec a use she u n derstood hi s desi g n

,
.

A t th a t time C o n stan tiu s in comp any wi th U rsaci u s an d Val e n s

, ,

a ssem bl ed some me n w ho b e l o ng ed to the dre g s O f the A ri an s an d ,

prete n di ng th a t he h a d he l d a cou n ci l se n t an d rec all ed L i b erius

,

from the cemetery of the bl essed Agn es An d th a t s ame hour .

1 I i b erius wa s n ot expected to dema n d the secon d ba ptism of all Ca tho l ics

. e . L
w ho chose to j oi n the Ari a n sect a s the Ari a n s themse l ves di d
,
.

2 The titl e here tra n s la ted commissio er is “ a en te m in re b us i e o e o f the ag e n ts

n g ,
. . n

of the im peri al po lice i n stituted by Diocl eti a n The y w ere empl oy ed ofte n on b usi n ess
.

conn ected wi th the g e n eral a dmi nistra tio n .

2The fa ct tha t Li b erius decora ted the tomb o f St Agn es may ha ve given rise
.

to the idea of his so j ourn a t the basil ica an d the existen ce of the ma uso l e u m o f C o n stan
tin a in the n eigh borhood may ha ve sugg ested the a d ditio n of the prin cess As a .

ma tter of fa ct n o prin cess of the n a me of C on stan ti a or C on sta n tina was livin g in 3 5 8 .

C onstan ti n a da ughter of C o n sta n tin e di e d in 3 54 Duchesn e op ci t p 208 n r o

, ,
.
,
. .
, .
,
. t
 LI B ER I US 77

C o n st an tius A u gustus e n tered Rome an d he l d a cou n ci l w ith the

heretics an d lik ew ise w ith U r sac iu s an d Val e n s an d expe ll ed Fe li x
from the b ishopric for he wa s c a tho li c an d rei n st a ted L i b erius
, , .

From th a t d ay for wa rd there wa s a persecutio n of the c l er gy ,

so th a t priests an d c l er gy w ere s la i n in church an d w ere cro wn ed

w ith m a rty rdom ?
B ut Fe l ix a fter he wa s deposed from the b ishop
,

ric d w e l t o n hi s own est a te o n the V i a P or tu e n sis an d there he s l ept

,

in pe a ce J u ly L i b erius e n tered the city of R ome A u gust 2

, , ,

an d he wa s i n a ccor d w ith C o n st an tius the heretic ,

.

Neverthe l ess L i b erius wa s n ot ba ptised a seco n d time ,

b ut he ga ve his co n se n t .

An d he he l d the ba si l ic a s of the bl essed P eter an d of the bl essed

P a u l an d the ba si lic a of C o n st an ti n e for 6 y e a rs ? an d there wa s a
g re a t pe rsecutio n i n the city of R ome so th a t the c l er gy an d the ,

priests cou l d e n ter n ei ther a church n or a b a th .

Thi s L i b erius decor a ted w ith s lab s of m a r bl e the sepu l chre of

ho ly A gn es the m a rty r ,
.

No w all the y e a rs of Fe l ix a re i n c l uded w ithi n the term of

4
Li b erius He .

b ui l t the ba si l ic a of hi s o wn na me
5
n e a r the Ma ce ll um of Li b i a an d
he l d 2 ordi na tio n s .

1 The exten t of the disorder may b e i nf erre d f rom the fa ct th a t a t the C oun ci l of
R imi ni in 3 59 there wa s n o represe n ta tive from the church of R ome .

2
The an ti pope Fel ix II is here con fused w ith a popu la r sa i n t Felix o f w hom n othin g ,

is n ow kn ow n b ut the fa ct tha t he wa s revered in a ba sil ica on the Vi a P ortu e n sis per ,

h aps the very ba si lica erected j ust b e fore these eve n ts by P ope Julius I S u pra p 74 .
, .
,

n 1
. . Fe lix II di ed Novemb er 2 2 3 65 For a di fferen t b ut equ ally erron eous versio n
,
.

of his dea th an d b uri al see i nfra pp 78 79 Du chesn e op ci t p p cxxiii cxxiv

,
.
,
.
,
. .
, .
, ,

209 , n . 1 3 .

2
i b erius l ived for eight ye a rs a fter his restora tion 3 5 8—3 66
L , .

2
This sen ten ce w oul d seem to imply th a t a t the d a te w hen it wa s w ritten there wa s
n o sep a r a te a ccou n t of Fe lix II such a s n ow fo ll o w s the life of L i b erius a n d th a t the
, ,

sep a ra te a ccoun t wa s an i n terpola tio n of on e of the la ter edi tors of the Li b P on t The . .

un trustw orth y ch a ra cter of the a ccoun t mak es thi s supposition pla usi bl e .

“
Or n e a r the ma r k et o f Livi a The f a mous church of San ta M a ri a M aggi ore
5 ”
. .

The f ra mework o f the structure the col umn s an d the mosa ics of the n a ve m ay sti ll
,

go ba ck to Li b erius The church wa s the ba ttl eg roun d of the wa rri n g fa ctio n s un der
.

Da masu s an d un derw e n t a thoro u g h restor a tio n a t the h a n ds of Xy stus H I I nfr a .

,

p 94 n 1
.
, . .
7s LI BER P ON T IFI C ALI S

An d he wa s b uried o n the V i a Sala ri a i n the cemeter y of P ris

ci lla ?
S eptem b er I A pri l 25 9 . .

An d the b ishopric wa s empty 6 d ay s .

XXXV III . F EL I X II (3 55 —
3 58 )

Fe l ix by na tio nality a R om a n so n of Ana st a sius occupied the , ,

see 1 y e a r 3 mo n ths an d 2 d ay s ,
.

2
H e dec la red th a t C o n st an tius so n of C o n st an ti n e wa s a heretic , ,

an d h a d b ee n ba ptised a seco n d time by E use b ius ,

b ishop of Nicome d i a I of Nicomedi a n e a r Nicomedi a , ,

4
i n the vi lla w hich is c all ed A qui l o n e An d for this dec la r a tio n .
,

by order of the s ame C o n st an tius A u gustus so n of C o n st an ti n e ,

A u gustus he wa s cro wn ed w ith m a rty rdom an d b ehe a ded

, .

H e b ui l t a ba silic a o n the Vi a A ure li a 5

,

ist o f orda i n ed cl ergy

1 L .

The l oc a tio n of the tomb o f Li b erius w ithi n the cemetery is un k n own Duches n e
2
.

gives an epita ph in verse copied by a pi lg rim of the seve n th cen tury which from in , ,

ternal eviden ce he thi nk s may h a ve b ee n the i n scriptio n over the g ra ve o f Li b erius .

Op ci t p 209 n 1 9
. .
, .
,
. .

For the u n reli abi l it y of the succeedi n g n a rra tive see su pr a p 7 5 n 2 p 7 7

2
,
.
, .
,
.
,

nu . 2 an d 4 O n p 77 Fel ix is depicted a s d yi n g pea cefully a n d b ei n g b urie d on the V i a

. .

P or t u ensis H ere he defies the emperor suffers m a rt yrdom a n d is b uried i n his ba si l ica
.
,

on the V i a Aureli a As in the precedi ng a cco u n t he wa s co fused w ith a sa i n t of the

. n

s a me n a me who wa s ho n ored on the Vi a P or t en sis so here he is co n fused with tw o other u ,

s ai ts al so of the sa me n a me who sh a re d a ba silica on the Vi a Aureli a It is possi bl e

n , ,
.

th a t the story of his ma rtyrdom wa s draw n from a Pa ssio n of on e of the ol der sa i n ts .

P ope Fel ix I h a d al so b ee n ide tified w ith on e of them S upra p 3 3 n 1 Duches n e n .

,
.
,
. .
,

L ib P on t vol I pp cxxiii cxxiv

. .
,
.
,
.
,
.

The n a me is tak en from the Chro i cle of St J erome w ho s ay s th a t C o n sta n ti n e

2
n .
, ,

n ot C o n sta n tius wa s ba ptised n e a r N icomedi a a n d died soo n a fterwa rd a t a vi lla call ed

,

Ac y ron in the sa me n ei gh b orhood Jerome Chron icon ed H el m in E bi us Werke .

, ,
.
,
u se
’
,

vol V II pt
. p 23 4 (Di e Gr i ec hischen Chri stli chen S chriftsteller d er erste n drei
,
. 1 ,
. .

J a h h u nd er te ) Ou r a uthor is here tryi n g to defe n d the stor y of C o n sta n ti n e s ba ptism

’
r .

a t R ome (su pr a pp 4 2 50) by explai n i n g away J erome s sta teme n t th a t he wa s

,
.
,
’

ba ptised in the Ea st He say s n ot o ly tha t C o n sta n tius son of C o n sta n ti n e wa s

“
. n , ,
”

the on e ba pti sed a t Nicomedi a b ut al so th a t it wa s an heretical seco d ba ptism ,

n .

5 The ba si lica of the tw o sa i ts Fe l ix o n the V i a Aurel i a m ay h a ve b ee n b ui l t by n

Felix II Its site h a s n ot b een discovered

. .
80 LI BE R P ON T IFI C ALIS

an d a coun cil of priests wa s he l d an d the y a pp oin ted D am asu s ,

i na smuch a s the mu l titude wa s po w erfu l an d very n umerous an d ,

thus D am asu s wa s a ppoin ted An d the y se n t U rsin us from the .

cit y an d a ppoin ted hi m b ishop of N ap l es ; an d D am asu s ab ode in

the city of R ome a s b ishop over the a po sto li c see .

?
He wa s b ishop i n the time of J u li an
He He A t the He He
b ui l t tw o b ui l t t w o s a me time b uil t tw o b ui l t a
ba si li c a s ,
ba si lic a s ,
he b ui l t ba sili c a s ,

o n e to the one tw o ba si one n ear ,

n e a r the
bl essed li c as o n e the the a
, ,
the a tre to
Law re n ce n e a r the tre to th e ,
the ho ly
n e a r the th e a t r e t o ho ly ,
Lawre n ce ,

the a tre ? the ho ly Law re n ce ,

an d the n e a r the Lawre n ce an d the ,

other o n Vi a A r other o n
the Vi a de a tin a , the Vi a
Ar d e a ti Ar d e a ti

of the Lib . Duches n e rega rds them a s i n terpola tion s in sert e d to ma k e the history
P ont
.
,

of Da masu s c orrespo n d a s cl ose ly as possi bl e to tha t of P ope Symma chus (Cf the . .

e l ecti o n un der Symma chus of the a n ti pope La ure n ti us i nfra p Some of the , ,
.

phr a ses in the tw o n a rra tives are striki n gly similar D amasus ele ction wa s of course .
’
, ,

con tested by U rsi n us an d his adh ere n ts (For the g en er al situa tio n see su pra p 7 5 n ,
.
,
.

b ut the decidi n g f a ctor wa s n ot a church coun cil b ut the civi l govern m e t w hich a fter n ,

some hesita tion pro n oun ced in f a vor of D a ma su s an d se n ten ced U rsi n us to exil e .

U rsi n us wa s n ot g ra n ted a b ishopric or a y other compe n sa tio n a s was La ure n ti us th e n , ,

ri v al o f Symm a chus Duchesn e Lib P o nt vol I p 2 1 3 uh 3—5

.
,
. .
,
.
,
.
,
. .

1
Our a uthor is here a ttempti n g to co n ti n ue the imperi al s yn chr o n isms o f th e
Li ber ia n Catalogu e Hi s a ttempt is n ot successful s in ce the rei gn of Juli an fell al to
.
,

g ether withi n the pon ti fi ca te of Li b erius .

2
The ba sil ica of San Loren zo in D a m a so whi ch sta n ds n ot f a r from the thea tre o f ,

P ompe y A dedica tory in scription still preserved seems to imp ly tha t the b u il di n g
.
, ,

wa s erect ed on the site of D amasu s f a ther s house D a masu s hi mself h ad b ee n el ected

’ ’
.

pope in the church con secra ted to St Lawre ce in Luc in a an d for tha t rea so n . n ,
”
,

perh aps chose the grea t R om an ma rtyr for the p a tro n of on e of hi s own churches
, .

O n either side of th e ori gin al structure w ere porticos in w hich w ere stored the a rchives
a n d li b r a ry of the R om a n see Exca v a tio n s in the p ala ce o f the Can ce ll eri a h a ve
.

rece n tly reve al ed fragme n ts of the g roun d plan of on e of these po rticos D ama su s .

a n d his f a ther b efore hi m h a d b ee n co n n ected with the cus t odi a n ship of the a rchives

an d D am asu s m ay therefore h a ve be e n in terested in provi ding a n adequ a te home for

, ,

them The y a ppe a r to h a ve rem a in ed there u n til the ir remov al a cen tury or more
.
,

la ter to the La tera n Duches n e op ci t p 2 1 3 n 7 Frothingha m M on u men ts of

, .
, . .
, .
, . .
,

Chri sti an R ome p 4 6 , . .

 D AM ASUS 81

na ?
where he w here he
is b uried is b uried
,
.

1
M ommsen c alls the p a ssag e on the Vi a Ardea tin a
,
an d on e a n a n cie n t,

i n terpo la tio n t ak en f rom the a ccoun t la ter on of D a masu s b uri al p la ce an d in troduced

’

here where it o nly confuses the sen se Li b P ont p 8 3 n ote on 1 7 The l oc a tion of
. . .
, .
,
. .

the cemetery of D amasu s n ea r th a t o f Domitilla is kn o wn b ut all si gn of his ba silic a

, ,

h a s dis appe a red .

2
The ba sili c a of San Seba sti an o on the Vi a Appi a b u il t to co mmemor a te the tom b
,

o f the m a rt y r Se ba sti an a n d the the crypt where the bodi es of P eter an d

“ ”
,
P la t on ia ,

Pa ul a re s a id to h a ve la in duri n g the persecution b e gu n by Val eri an Se e su pr a p 26 .

, .
,

n 2 ; La n c ia ni P agan and Chri sti an R ome pp 3 4 5—3 4 7

.
, , . The ba sil ic a ha s s in ce b een
.

compl ete ly reb uil t .

2
The i n scription of D amasu s a t this spot wa s o f te n copied by pil grims It is .
82 L I BER P ON TI FI C ALI S

H e se a rched out m any b odies of the s a i n ts an d fou n d them

an d m a rk ed them with verses ?
H e m a de a re gu la tio n for the church .

H e wa s a ccu sed
spitefu lly
an d ch a r g ed with a d u l ter y an d a s yn od wa s c all ed an d he wa s j us ~

tifi e d by 44 b ishops w ho al so co n dem n ed C on c or di u s an d Calli s ,

tus the de a co n s hi s a ccusers an d

, , ,

expe ll ed e j ected
?
them from the church
H e appoi n ted the ba si li ca whi ch he h a d b ui l t a s a p a rish church
?
i n the city of R ome

H e a ppoi n ted th a t the ps alms shou l d b e ch an ted d ay an d ni ght

i n all the churches an d he ga ve this comm an d to priests an d b ishop s

pri n ted by Duchesn e op ci t p c i v n I The foll owi n g is a rou gh ren derin g in

, . .
, .
, . .

En gl ish .

“
Th is pla ce y ou shoul d kn o w wa s o n ce the d w ellin g of sa in ts ;
, ,

The ir n ames y ou may l ea rn w ere P eter an d lik e wise Pa u l

, , .

The Ea st se n t hither these discipl es a s free ly w e co n fess , .

For C hrist s sak e an d the merit of His bl ood th ey follo w ed H im a mon g the sta rs
’

An d sou ght the rea lms of hea ve n a n d the ki n gdo ms of the ri g hteous .

R ome wa s deemed w orth y to preserve them a s her citize n s

.

M ay D a ma su s oe r them these verses n e w sta rs in their pra ise , ,

At the time w he n the Lib P o tifi cali s was wr itte n the b ea utif u l in sc riptio s of
1 er n n

D a ma su s still m a r k ed a lmost all of the n u merous shrin es an d tom b s of sa in ts a n d

m a rty rs th a t fill ed the e n viro n s of the citya n d w ere the resorts of p ilg rims a d sight n

seers Al rea d y the ide n tity of some sepulchres h a d b een con fused others h a d b ee n
.
, O

b uried deep an d al tog ether forg otte n a n d his work of restora tio n an d ide tific a tio n n

c a me in the ni c k of time Frothi n gh a m op c it pp 4 5 4 6 De R ossi h as m a de a

.
, . .
,
.
, .

colle ctio n of the D ama sian i scriptio n s a s f a r a s the y c an b e recovered I n sori ptiones
n .

Chr istiane Ur bi s R me vol II o , . .

P ope D amasu s wa s a ccused in his o l d ag e of some g ra ve offe n ce b ut the ch a rg e wa s

2
,

b rou ght by a co n verted J e w n ot by his dea co n s an d the c a se was tried before the, ,

prefect of R ome ot b efore a church cou c il The emperor Gra tia n in terven e d an d
,
n n .

D a ma su s wa s a cquitt e d The n a ture of the in di ctme n t is n ot kn o wn b ut it seems uh

.
,

li k ely to h a ve b een a dul tery D amasu s wa s about seve n t y five y ea rs old a t the time
.
-
.

Duches n e op c it p 2 4 n 1 5
,
. .
,
. 1 , . .

I e San Lore zo in D a m a so
2
. . It is me n tio n ed as a titul us or pa rish church
n .
, ,

i t h d ocume ts o f the R om a n s yn od of 4 99
n e n .

Lists of g ifts to the ba sil ic a a n d of ordi n a tio n s

2
.
84 LI BER P ON T I FI C ALI S

H e fou n d Maniche an s
in the ci t y 1

an d di sp a tched them in to an d ord a i n ed th a t

the y shou l d n ot p a rt ak e of com
mu nio n with the f aithful b e ,

c a use the ho ly b od y of the L ord

ou ght n ot to b e muti la ted in a
po lluted mouth H e ord a in ed .

th a t

if any Mani che an w ere co n verted an d retur n ed to the church he

shou l d i n n o wise b e a dmitted to comm un io n excep t he w ere k ep t ,

i n the restrictio n of a mo na ster y a s on e gui l t y ever y d ay of hi s

life th a t so he mi ght a fflict hi mse l f with f a sti n g s an d pr ay ers an d
,

prove hi mse lf u n der every tri al u n ti l the d ay of hi s de a th an d t hus

throu g h the c l eme n c y of the church mi ght o b ta i n hi s vi a tic u m .

H e ord ai n ed th a t a hereti c
shou l d b e reco n ci l ed I shou l d b e received
throu g h the impositio n of h an ds in the prese n ce of the w ho l e
?
church

1 The se con d n otice of M a ni che a n s in R ome (Cf s pra p 4 1 an d n I ) Th a t . . u ,

. . .

the y w ere a ctive in the time of Siricius w e kn o w from the w riti n g s of Au g ustin e b ut ,

th a t Siricius u n dertoo k a n y such c a mp a i gn aga i n st them a s is in di ca ted here is ex

t e m ely dou b tfu l
r At l e a st Au gustin e say s n othi n g of it
. Le o I a h alf ce n tury la ter .
, ,

e n tered the lists aga in st them procured the exi l e of some an d the r econ cilia tio n of
,

others to the church b ut his labors in this direction a re n ot men tio n ed in the Liber
,

P ontifi ca li s . Duches n e Lib P ont vol I p 2 6 n 3

,
. .
,
.
, . 1 , . .

2
Thi s is perh a ps the first of the n umerous episcop al decrees cited in the Liber
P on tific ali s kn o wn to b e derived from a specific an d a uth orita tive documen tar y source .

It is eviden tly ba sed upo n the l etter of Siricius t o Hime riu s of T a rrago n a “
At the .

ope n i n g of your l etter you sta ted th a t m a n y wh o ha d b ee n ba ptised by the impious

Aria n s w ere h a ste ni n g to a dopt the Ca tho lic f a ith a n d th a t some of our b rethre n w ou l d
h a ve them ba ptised a secon d ti me ; b ut th a t is n ot permissi bl e for w e a dmi t
Nova ti an s a n d other heretics t o the commun it y of Ca thol ics by mere ly the in voc a
tion of the seve n fol d Spiri t an d the layi n g on o f the episcop al h a n d M a n si Amplis .
”
,

si ma C ollec ti o vo l III
,
p 65 5 Cf I trod cti p viii an d su pra p 8 3 n 3 The
.
,
. . . n u on , .
, ,
.
, . .

method of rein st a tin g a heretic was first prescri b ed a ccordin g to our a uthor by B use , ,

b iu s
. S pr a p 4 0 a n d n 1
u , . . .

2
List of ordi n a tio n s .
 S I RI C I US , A NAS TAS I US I 85

H e al so wa s b uried in the cemetery of P risci lla o n the Vi a

S ala ri a ? Fe b ru a ry 2 2 .

An d the b ishopric wa s empty 2 0 d ay s .

XLI AN A STA SIUS I (3 99

.
—
4 01 )

Ana sta sius by na tio nali t y a R om an so n of Ma ximus occupied

, , ,

the see 3 y e a rs an d 1 0 d ay s .

H e ord ai n ed th a t w he n ever the ho ly g o spe l s w ere re a d the '

?
p riests shou l d n ot sit b ut st an d w ith b o w ed he a ds H e m a de a
re gu la ti o n for the church .

H e b ui l t al so the ba si lic a w hi ch is c all ed the C r e sc e n tian i n the

S eco n d District o n the V i a M amu r tini i n the cit y of R ome ?

An d he ord ai n ed

th a t n o c l eric from b e y o n d the th a t n o o n e from b e yo n d the

se a se a
shou l d b e received
i n to the r ank s of the c l er gy
4
u nl ess he sho w ed th e si gna ture of 5 b ishops ,

1
the ba sili c a of Syl vester Duchesn e gives hi s epita ph Op ci t p 2 1 7 n 5
In . . . .
, .
, . .

The Apostolic Co sti tu ti on s whi ch represe n t the e a rly Sy ri an us ag e di rect th a t

2
n , ,

priests an d de a co n s sh all sta n d durin g the rea din g of the G ospel Soz ome n the fifth .
,

ce n tury histori an say s th a t in his d ay the Al ex an dr i an custom was pecu li a r in all o win g
,

the b ishop to k eep his sea t Ecclesiasti c l History VI I 1 9 tr Nice n e an d P ost Nicen e
. a , , , .
-

F a thers ser 2 vol II p 3 90 Duchesn e thi n k s it possi bl e th a t the Al ex an dri a n

, .
, .
,
. .

custom wa s in this respect a s in o thers a reflectio n of the custom a t R ome Li b , , . .

P on t vol I p 2 1 8 n 1
.
,
.
, .
, . .

The site of this ba sil ica is n ow u nkn own It is n ot me n tio n ed a t l e a st un der this
2
.
,

n a me a fter the fifth cen tury The Vi a M amu r tin i is usu ally iden tifi ed with the
, .

modern Vi a M arforio b ut the la tter s treet lies outside the Seco n d D istricts b oth civi l
, ,

a n d ecc l esi a stic al .

Gregory I in a l etter to on e o f his b ishops gives the foll o win g in j u n ction

2
,
Do ,
.

n ot on an y co n sider a tio n a ccept Afric a n s or un kn o wn tr a ve ll ers wh o c la im a dmi ssio n

to eccl esi a stic al orders for some o f the Afric an s a re M an iche a n s an d others re ba ptised ;
,

moreover m an y stran g ers who w ere a ctu ally memb ers of the l o w er orders a re kn o wn
,

t o h a ve la id c la i m ofte n to hi g her ho n ors Epi stole II 3 7 ; M i g e P a tr ologi a La ti na

”
.
, ,
n , ,

vol 7 7 c ol 5 7 5
.
, The Li ber P on tificali s dem an ds an especially hi gh gu a ran tee of
. .

hon esty In ordin a ry circum sta n ces an Afric an priest or b ishop on a visit to R ome
.

too k with him creden ti al s sign ed simply by the prim a te of his provin ce or the b ishop
o f Ca rth ag e in order to ga i n a ccess to the comm u n io n of the R om a n church b ut more ,

may h ave b een requ ired of on e who wished to b e orda in ed a t R ome Duchesn e op .
, .

c it
. p 21 8 n 4
, .
, . .
86 LI BER P ON T I FI C ALI S

b ec a use a t th a t time Ma ni che an s o n a ccou n t of the Mani che an s .

w ere fou n d i n the cit y of R ome .

>l
<

H e al so wa s b uried i n hi s o wn cemeter y n e a r the U rsus

P ile a tu s? A pri l 2 7 An d the b ishopric wa s emp ty 2 1 d ay s. .

XL II . I N N O CEN T I (4 01 —
4 1 7)

I nn oce n t by na tio nali ty an Alba n so n of I nn oce n t occupied

, , ,

the see 1 5 y e a rs 2 mo n ths an d 2 1 d ay s ,

.

H e m a de a re gu la tio n for the w ho l e church an d st a tutes c on

cerni ng mo n a stic ru l e s an d co n cerni ng J e w s an d p agan s an d he
2

4
fou n d m any C atafri gi an s
i n the city
w hom he co n str a i n ed to exi l e in a mo na ster y .

5
H e fou n d P e lagius an d C e le stiu s the heretics , ,
an d co n

ist of ordi n a tion s

1
L .

2 The
S l b r g I ti ne r a ry on e of the ea rly guides for p ilg rims me n tio n s the tom b
a z u , ,

of P ope An a st a sius on the V i a P or t u e n sis n ot f a r from the cit y ga te Duchesn e op ci t , .

, . .
,

p 2 9 n 5 The n a me of the di strict U rsus P ilea tu s is exp lain ed by the tal e th a t

. 1 , . .
, ,

there stood there o n ce the imag e of a b ea r with a c a p upon its hea d G r egor oviu s .
,

Hi stor y f the Ci ty of R ome tr H a mi l to n vo l I bk II p 2 56

o ,
.
,
.
, .
, . .

A n umb er of the l etters an d decre tal s of I nn oce n t I ha ve survived b ut n o n e

2

deali n g p a rticu la rly wi th mo n a stic orga n iza tio n J ew s or p aga n s Ja ffe Regesta vol I , .
, , .
,

pp 44—49 28 5— 3 2 7 M i gn e P at Lat vol XX

.
, .
, . .
,
. .

I e P hr yg i a n s
2
. The Theodosi a n C ode (l i b XVI 5 40) co n t a in s a law of Ho n o
. . .
, ,

rius d a ted Fe b ru a ry 4 07 aga i n st M a n ichea n s P h rygia n s an d P riscilli anis ts The

, , , .

term P h rygia n is used a s a s yn o n ym for M o n ta ni st .

The f a mous heretic an d expo n e n t of the doctrin es o f the ori gin al so un dn es s of

5

huma n n a ture an d the freedom of the will a s aga in st Au gusti n e s theories of ori gin al ’

sin a n d ab so l ute depe n de n ce upo n divi n e gr a ce H e a n d his frie n d C e les tiu s w ere in .

R ome for sever al y e a rs b efore the s a c k of Ala ric 4 1 0 The tw o the n crossed to Africa , .
,

where C e lestiu s was tried for heresy a n d excommu n ica ted by a s yn od call ed by the
b ishop of Ca rth ag e P elag ius mea n whil e h a d go n e on to Pal esti n e where in tim e he
.
,

too wa s summ o n ed on a ch a rg e of heres y b efore a s yn od a t Diospo l is (Ly dd a ) b ut was

a cquitted The Af ri ca n church fel t th a t a reflectio n wa s there by ca st upo n its a ctio n
.

in the c a se of C e lest iu s a n d in 4 6 se n t a n a ppeal on the w ho l e m a tter to I n n oce n t a t

1

R ome I nn oce n t uphel d the Afric a n positio n a n d den ou n ced the p ecu l i a r te n ets of
.

P elagius H is l etters in reply to the a ppea l may b e fou n d summ a rized in Jaffe op c it
.
, . .
,

p 4 8 3 2 1 —3 23 M a n si gives the e n tire text Amplissi ma C ollectio vo l III pp 1 07 1

.
, . .
, .
, .

e t seq .
88 LI BER P ON T IFI C ALIS

1
cretio n The co n tro l of the a fores aid p a rish church of V esti na wa s
.

e n trusted to the priests .

He al so wa s b uried i n the cemeter y n e a r U rsus P ilea tu s ?

June 27 . J u ly 28 .

An d the b ishopric wa s empty 22 d ay s .

XLIII . Z O S IM U S (4 1 7 —
4 1 8)

Z osimus , by na tio nalit y a Gree k so n of Ab r ami u s occupied the , ,

7 y e a rs , 9 mo n ths an d 24 d ay s .

I 1 ye a r , 3 mo n ths an d 1 1 d ay s .

H e m a de m any decrees for the church an d ord a i n ed th a t de a

co n s shou l d w e a r nap ki n s of w oo l an d li n e n to cover their l eft
shou l ders
4
i n all the p a rishes an d th a t the an d th a t in all the p a rishes per
5
wa x shou l d b e bl essed . missio n shou l d b e g r an ted to
bl ess the wax .

He l i k e wise ga ve order th a t n o mem b er of the c l er gy shou l d

The ba silic a o f St Agn es b e in g outside the wall s of the city ma y h a ve su fi er ed

1 .
, ,

especi ally a t the h a n ds o f the horde who a ccomp a n ied Ala ric For a description of the .

destructio n th a t m a rk ed the sa c k of 4 1 0 see Lan cian i Destru cti on of An cient Rome , ,

ch V p p 56 —70 ; Gr egor oviu s Hi stor y of Rome tr H a mil to n vol I chs III an d

.
, .
, , .
, .
, .

IV .

List of ordin a tio n s

2
.

Se e su pr a p 8 6 a n d n 2
2
, . . .

An exte n sio n to the de a co n s o f the p a rish or su b ur ban churches of the ri g ht

2 “

to w e a r the m an ipl e b esto w ed by Syl vester upo n the R om a n dea co n s S u pra p 4 5 .

,
.

an d n 6. Neither this n or the foll o w in g decrees a re fou n d a mo n g the records of

.

Zosimus e l sewhere preserved .

The La ti n word in the first col umn tran sla ted wax is cera In the secon d
5 “
,

cereus Duchesn e su gg ests tha t the cera wa s the wa x used in Rom an churches
.
” “ ”

for modellin g l ittl e forms of the Agn us Dei to distri b ute to the peopl e a t Ea ster time .

The custom o f bl essin g this wa x an d mou l di n g the la mb s is descri b ed in an Ordo R oma u n s

of the n i n th ce n tury O n the other h a n d the cereus is u n dou b ted ly wa x for l i g hti n g
“ ”
.
,

an d Duches n e co n j ectures th a t the a uthor of the seco n d text h a d in mi n d the bl essi n g of

the Pa sch al ca n dl e formu lae for which w ere dr awn up ea rly in the sixth cen tury
,
.

Duchesn e Lib P ont vol I p 2 25 n 2

, . .
, .
,
.
, . .
 Z OS I MUS , B O NIF ACE 1 89

dri nk i n pu blic except in a ch a m b er b e l o ngi ng to the f ai thfu l

, ,

prefer ably to th e c l er gy ?

H e al so wa s b uried o n the Vi a Ti b urti n a n e a r the b od y of ‘

bl essed Law re n ce the m a rty r ? D ecemb er 2 6

, .

An d the b ishopric wa s empt y 1 1 d ay s .

XLIV . B O N IF A C E I (4 1 8 -

4 2 2)

B o ni f a ce by na tio nali t y a R om a n so n of I oc u n d u s the priest

, , , ,

occupie d the see 3 y e a rs 8 mo n ths an d 6 d ay s , .

H e wa s ord ai n ed by o n e f a ctio n o n the s a me d ay a s Eu lali u s an d

there wa s di sse n sio n a mo ng the c l er gy for 7 mo n ths an d 1 5 d ay s .

1
A s imi la r
ordi n an ce wa s p a ssed by the C oun cil of La odice a an d the C ou n cil of
Ca rth ag e in the fourth ce n tury .

L ist of ordi n a tio n s

2
.

2
An in scriptio n w hich wa s visi bl e in the n i n th ce n tury n ea r the choir of the ba sil ic a
of San Lore n zo recorded the rep a ir an d reb u il di n g of the church by the priest Le op ar du s
a t his own expen se in the ti me of Zosimus Cf su pr a p 8 7 a d n 3 Duches n e . .
, . n . .

thin k s th a t Le op ardu s reco structio n m ay h a ve in cl uded the sinkin g of the old ba silic a
’
n

to the l eve l of the sa in t s tom b an d the C o n sta tini an co n fessio n so th a t on e did n ot

’
n

h a ve to b e rea ched by a sta irway from the other a s in C o n sta n tin e s d ay b ut the whol e
-
’
,

structure wa s p a rti ally su b terra n ea n a s it is a t prese n t Cf su pra p 6 If th a t , . .

, . 1 .

wa s the c a se the church itself wa s then provided with a n e w e n tra n ce a fli ght of

, ,

sta irs l ea din g from the g rou n d outside do wn i n to a vesti b u l e an a rran g emen t simila r ,

to th a t ow to b e seen a t San t Agn ese A fter the small ba silic a wa s u n ited with the
n
’
.

la rg er by H o n orius III the i n depen de t e n tran ce wa s c l osed up an d the small church wa s

n

re ached o nly throu g h the la rg er on e a s it is to d ay The three n iches in the vesti b u l e

,
-
.
,

the middl e on e of whi ch is n ow occupied by the tomb of P ius IX w ere a pp a re n tly used ,

for b uri al pla ces soo n a fter Le op ar du s fini shed them At l ea st De R os si b elieves th a t .

Zosimus wa s i terred in on e Xy stus III an d H ila ry in the o ther t wo Infra pp 9 7

n , .
, .
,

1 04 . Duchesn e op ci t p 9 7 n 8 4
, . .
, . 1 , . .

En ou g h of the history of thi s b rief schism h a s b ee n recovered to m ak e c l e a r the

2

n a rr a tive of the Li b P on t P ope Zosimus wa s b uried Frid ay Decemb er 2 7 4 8 On

. .
, ,
1 .

their return from his o b sequies the R oma n dea con s he a ded by Eulaliu s the a rchde a co n , ,

sei ed the ba sili c a of the La teran shut ou t the priests a n d el ected Eu lali u s a s Zosimus
z ,

successor The priests on the n ext d ay el ected B o ni f a ce on e of thei r n um b er in spite , ,

of hi s own protests B oth p a rties hel d ordin a ti o n ceremo n ies on Su n day Eulaliu s an d
.
,

his a dheren ts in the La teran h a vi n g dragg ed the b ishop of O sti a from a sic k b ed to
,

ofii c iate B o n iface in an other church in the presen ce of ni n e other b ishops B oth
, .

c laimed therea fter the a uthority of pope The dis pute wa s referred to Ho n orius a t .
93 LI B ER P ON T I FI C ALI S

Eu lali u s wa s ord a in ed i n the ba si li c a of C o n st an ti n e an d B onifa ce

?
i n the ba si li c a of J u lius
A t the s a me time Pla cidi a A u gust a he a rd of it w he n she wa s ,

so j ourn i ng a t Ra ve nna wi th her son Val e n ti ni an A u gustus an d , ,

she reported i t to H o n orius A u gustus w ho wa s a t M ila n The n .

b oth the A u gusti se n t a uthorit y a n d comm an ded th a t the t w o

?
b ishops shou l d dep a rt from the ci ty An d a fter the y w ere drive n
out B o nif a ce d w e l t i n the cemeter y of the ho ly F e li ci ta s the m a rt yr , ,

o n the V i a Sala ri a an d Eu laliu s i n the to wn of An ti u m n e a r ,

2

the ho ly H ermes .

B ut w he n the n ext Ea ster c a me E u lali a s wa s presumptuous ,

b ec a use he h a d b ee n ord a i n e d in the ba silic a of C o n st an ti n e an d ,

he e n tered i n to the cit y an d baptised an d ce l e b r a ted Ea ster i n the

ba si lic a of C o n st an ti n e ; b ut B o ni f a ce ce l e b r a ted the bap tism of
Ea ster a s wa s hi s custom i n the ba si lic a of the ho ly m a rtyr Agn es
,
4
, .

R a ve nn a w ho ordered both riv al s to a ppe a r be fore a cou n cil of Ital i an b ishops an d

,
:

j ustif y their preten sio n s The cou n cil met in Fe b ru a ry or e a rly M a rch b ut seemed
.

u n abl e to a rrive a t a sa tisfa ctory co n clusio n It wa s a ccordi ngly decided to con vo k e .

a n other in M ay to w hich the b ishops of G aul an d Afric a should al so be in vit ed M ea n

, .

w hil e ih order th a t Ea ster whi ch fell th a t y e a r on M a rch 3 0 mi ght be cel e b ra ted

, , ,

pe a ce ably in R ome the cou n c il an d emperor to g eth er determin ed tha t B oni fa ce an d

,

Eu laliu s shou l d rem a i n outside the cit y in p la ces a ppoi n ted for them an d th a t Achilleu s ,

b ishop of Spo l eto shou l d preside over the Pa sch al ceremoni es within the city B o ni
, .

f a ce o b ey ed the i n j u n ctio n b ut Eu lali u s m a de his way ba c k to R ome summo n ed his ,

p arty ab out him a n d on Good Frid ay too k possession again of the La teran The
, .

prefect of the city wa s o bl ig ed to disl odg e h im by force an d to sta tion gu a rds a rou n d
the b ishop of Spo l eto w hile he performed the episcop al ofi ce AS a resul t of Eu laliu s .
’

refra ctori n ess H o n orius se n t a l etter shortly to R ome decla rin g hi m a prete n der an d
B o n if a ce the true pope On April 0 B o nif a ce m a de his e n try in to the city an d wa s
. 1

received with g en er al rej oicin g The schism h a d la sted a l ittl e over thr ee mo n ths .
.

Duchesn e Lib P on t vo l I p 2 2 8 n n 1 an d 2 J aflé Regesto vol I pp 5 1 —5 3

, . .
, .
, .
, . .
, , .
, . .

B o n if a ce I wa s n either e l ected n or ord a i n ed in the ba sili c a Juli a An e y e witn ess

1
.
-

to his ordin a tion say s th a t it too k p la ce in the church of M a rcell us i e San Lore nzo in , . .

Lucin a O u r a uthor h a s su b stituted the n a me of the ba sil ic a w here B onifa ce II wa s

.

ordai n ed w he n a riv al exc l uded him al so from the La tera n I nfra p 1 40 .

, . .

There is n o other me n tion of the p a rticip a tion of the Empress Pla cidi a in this
2

a ffa ir H e r son Val e n tin i a n if b orn a t this d a te wa s an in f an t of a f e w mon ths on ly

.
, , .

The modern P orto d An io Cf su pr a p 50 n 2

2 ’
z . .
, .
,
. .

It seems curious th a t B o n ifa ce should h a ve b een allo wed to rem ain in such cl ose
2

proximity to the city w hil e Eu laliu s wa s ba n ished to An ti u m It is possi bl e tha t B oni .

fa ce s st ay in the cemetery of Felicita s is purely l e g en d ar y su ggested by the f a ct th a t

’
,

he restored la ter the ora tory of Fel icita s an d set up an in scri p tio n o f g ra titude for her
aid Cf i fra p 9 1
. . n , . .
9 4 LI BER P ON T IFI C ALIS

H e al so wa s b uried
i n the cemeter y of ho ly Fe licit a s ,
o n the V i a Sala ri a n e a r the ,

the m a rty r o n the V i a Sala ri a

, ,
b od y of the ho ly F e lici tas the ,

m a rt y r ,

O cto b er 2 5 .

An d the b ishopric wa s empty 9 d ay s .

XLV . C E LE ST IN E I (4 2 2 —
4 3 2)

C e l esti n e by na tio nali t y

,

a Ca mp ani an ,
a R om an ,

so n of P r iscu s occupied the see 8 y e a rs 1 0 mo n ths an d 1 7 d ay s

, , .

H e m a de m any re gu la tio n s an d appoi n ted th a t the 1 50 ps al ms

of D a vid shou l d b e ch an ted an tipho n ally b efore the sa crifice by
2
ever y o n e ; thi s wa s n ot do n e pre vious ly b ut o nly the epistl e of
bl essed Pa u l the apost l e wa s re a d an d the ho ly g ospe l
, , ,

an d thus m a sses w ere performed .

H e m a de a regu la tio n for the w ho l e church i n p a r ticu la r w i th ,

re ga rd to the re li gious life an d to thi s d ay i t is k ep t preserved i n

,

?
the a rchives of the church
H e dedic a ted the ba si lic a of J u lius an d o ffered there a fter the
4
Gothic fire
a si l ver p a te n w ei g hi n g 2 5 lb s ;
,
.

1
Short l ist of gifts to the ora tory an d li st of ordin a tion s .

2
The a n tipho n al ch a n ti n g of the P s alms wa s a t first a fe a ture of the l iturgy o f the
Ea ster n church an d the n ce wa s a dopted i n to the service in It aly It is kn o wn to h a ve .

b ee n the pra ctice in M i lan in 3 8 7 This of course is the p sahn ody b efore pu blic
.
, ,

m a ss a s disti n ct from the p sahn ody of the c a n o n ical hours of pray er With the recita .

tio n o f the P s al ms fo ll o w ed by the Epistl e and Gospe l the ofli c e of the m a ss wa s a ssum
i n g sh a pe Duchesn e Lib P on t vo l I p 23 n 1
.
, . .
, .
,
. 1 , . .

2
Sever al l etters of C e l esti n e a re sti ll i n existe n ce The y re la te to eccl esi a stic al .

a ffa irs in G a u l Af ric a I lly ri a an d B rit a i n a n d to Nestorius an d the C oun cil of Ephesus
, , .

No on e of them correspo n ds to the description here J affé Regesta vol I pp 5 5— 5 7 .

, ,
.
, .
,

66— 88
3 3 .

2
an t a M a ri a in T rasteve re See su pra p 7 3 an d n 5 This is on e of the ra re
S .
, . . .
,

survivi n g allusion s to the d a mag e do n e by Ala ric s ra id of 4 0 O rosius say s tha t ’

1 .

Ala ric ch a rg ed his so l diers to respect the sa n ctu a ries of P eter an d Pa u l b ut churches in ,
 CE L ES TIN E I ,
XYS T US III 93

H e al so wa s b uried in the cemeter y of P risci lla o n the V i a

Sala ri a A pri l 6
,
.

An d the b ishopri c wa s empt y 2 1 d ay s .

XL V I . X Y ST U S III (43 2— 44 0)

Xy stus by na tio nali ty a R om an so n of Xy stus occupie d the

, , ,

see 8 y e a rs an d 1 9 d ay s .

A fter o n e y e a r an d 8 mo n ths he wa s a ccused by a m an c all ed

B a ssus ?

an d by order of Val e n ti ni an The n Val e n ti ni an A u gustus

A u gustus a s yn od wa s hel d an d he a rd it an d ordered a ho ly
a g re a t tri al s yn od to b e c alled to g ether a s a
cou n ci l ; an d w he n i t wa s co n
ve n ed there wa s a gre a t tri al
an d the s yn odi cal j ud g me n t
wa s give n
an d he wa s a cquitted by 56 b ishops
an d the y expe ll ed B a ssus from an d B a ssus wa s co n dem n ed by
the communi o n . the s yn od b ut wi th the provi
sio n th a t a t hi s de a th the vi
a ticum shoul d n ot b e de nied
hi m
for the s ak e of merc y
an d the comp a ssio n of the
church .

other pa rts of the city a pp a re n tly w ere not sp a red O rosius H istor iar u m Adversu m
.
,

P aganos Li br i VII VII 39 ed Zan ge meister (T eu b n e r ) pp 29 2—293 See al so

, , , .
, . .

i fra p 9 5 n 1
n , .
, . .

1
L ist of g ifts o ff ered t o the churches of J u l ius P eter a n d Pa u l L ist of ordi n a tio n s
, . .

2
The who l e of the e n suin g a ccou n t of the a ccusa tio n an d tri al o f Xy stus is apoc ry
phal tak en with modific a tio n s f rom a n a rra tive e n titl ed Gesta de Xysti P u r gati one
, ,

which wa s composed ab out the ye a r 501 the period w he n the Gesta Liberi i the le g en d
, ,

of Li b erius wa s al so f ab ric a ted

,
Se e su pr a p 7 5 n 2
. Xy stus III wa s n ever tried
, .
, . .

for an y crime The chief co n cern s of hi s p on tific a te w ere pro bl ems of do g ma an d the
.

P elagi an an d Nestori a n heresies The story here g iven is o b viously the wor k of some
.

on e w ho a imed t o crea te a precede n t for the tri al of P ope Sy mm a chus by a church coun c il
94 L I BE R P ON T I FI C ALIS

Whe n Val e n tini an A u gustus he a rd this an d his mother Pla cidi a ,

A u gusta the y w ere fi ll ed with ho ly w r a th an d proscri b ed B a ssus

,

by an edict an d b esto w ed all the lan d s of his est a tes upo n the
c a tho lic church An d B a ssus by the wi ll of Go d di ed wi thi n
.
, ,

3 mo n ths An d Xy stus the b ishop wi th hi s o wn h an d s w r appe d

.
, ,

hi s b od y i n li n e n c l oths an d spices an d laid it n e a r bl essed P eter ,

the a postl e in hi s f ami ly b uri al ch a m b er

,
.

H e b uil t the ba si lic a of the ho ly Ma ry w hi ch wa s call ed by ,

the an cie n ts the ba si lic a of Li b erius ? n e a r the Ma ce ll um of Lyb ia ,

a n d he o ffered there

the te n eme n ts a d j oini ng the s teps of the ba si lic a an d all co n

ta in e d therei n .

H e a dor n ed wi th sil ver the co n fessio n of bl essed P eter the ,

a p ostl e , to the w ei ght of four hu n dre d pou n ds A t hi s so licit a tio n .

Val e n ti ni a n A u gustus o ffered a g o l de n re lief with 1 2 doors an d th e

1 2 a postl es an d the Sa vior a dorn ed wi th j e w e l s of g re a t price ?
,

the whi ch a s a vo tive gift he set

up

over the co n fessio n of bl essed P eter the a post l e ,

.

a t th e d ir ec tion of Theodoric Se e i f a p p 1 1 7— 1 1 8 The hi story of P ope D amasu s was

. n r , . .

al so ta mpered wi th for a s i mila r purpose S u pr pp 79 n 3 ; 8 2 n In the n a rra

. a, .
,
.
,
. 2 .

tive here Val en ti ni an p lay s the p a rt of Theodoric la ter An iciu s Ba ssus wa s a co sul . n

in 4 3 1 a n d his n a me wa s pro bably fou n d i n the F a sti The t wo speci al fea tures of thi s .

story the co nfi sc a tio n of Ba ssus g oods for the b e efit of the R om an church an d his
,
’
n

b uri al n ea r the tom b of P eter w ere o dou b t su gg ested the o e by the ba silica of
,
n ,
n

Ju ni us Ba ssus con su l in 3 1 7 which h a d b ee n co n vert ed in to a church before the y ea r

, ,

5 00 an d the other by the sa rcoph agus of a n other J u n ius Ba ssus w ho died in 3 59 , ,

which is still on e of the orn a men ts of the Va tican crypt Duches e Lib P o t vol . n , . n .
, .

I pp cxxvi cxxvi i
, .
,
.

1
The ba sili c a of Sa n ta M a ri a M aggiore See su pr a p 7 7 n 5 ; G e gor oviu s .
,
.
,
. r ,

H istor y of R ome tr H a mil to n vo l I pp 1 8 4— 1 89

,
.
, Xy stus did n ot b ui l d the ba sil ic a
.
, . .

b ut restored it H e a dded the mosa ics of the triumph al a rch wh ich proc la im the divin e
.

motherhoo d of M a ry the dog m a e u n ci a ted by the C oun c il of Ephesus duri g Xystus

,
n n
’

po n tifi c ate . Above them hi s in scrip t io n m ay still b e re a d XY STU S EP I SC OP U S ,

P LEB I D EI B ishop Xystus to the P eopl e of God

,
.

2
List of gi f ts to the ba silica o f M a ry .

2 This is on e of the n otabl e w ork s of a rt me n tio n ed by P ope H a d ri a n i his l etter n

to C h a rl ema gn e on the sa cred im ag es a t R ome M a n si Amplissi ma C oll tio vol .

,
ec ,
.

X III p 801 It wa s pro bably destro yed durin g the sa c k of the Sa rac e n s in 8 46 A
, . . .

design sho wi n g C hrist an d the a postl es sea ted be n ea th the a rca des of a portico is
fou n d on ma n y s a rcoph ag i of the fourth a d fifth ce turies n n .
96 L I BER P ON T I FIC ALI S

H e b ui l t al so a mo na ster y a t
1
the Ca t a com b s .

H e b ui l t al so a baptism al
fo n t for the ho ly Ma r y an d b e a u
2
t ifi e d i t wi th porph y r y co l umn s .

H e b ui l t in the ba sili c a of
H e erected i n the baptister y
of the ba si li c a of C o n st a n ti n e
C o n st an ti n e a decor a tio n
the co l umn s w hi ch h a d b een co l
a rou n d the fo n t w hich pre ,

vi ou sly h a d
le c te d i n the time of C o n st an n ot b ee n there ;
ti n e A u g ustus ei ght in n umb er
th a t is he set up the m a r bl e
, , ,

m a de of porph yr y ; an d he set a rchi tr a ves an d the porphy r y

them i n p la ce an d d ecor a ted co l um n s w hi ch C o n st an ti n e
3
them with l etters an d verses ; A u gustus co ll ected and lai d to
g ether an d ordered to b e set up
an d he a d orn ed them wi th
al so a t abl et in the cemetery of verses H e p la ced a tabl et i n .

C allistu s w here he recorded the the cemeter y of C a lli stu s o n the

,

‘
na mes of the b ishops Vi a A ppi a w here he i n scri b ed
.
,

the na mes of the b ishops an d

m a rt yrs for a memori al .

1 The mo n a stery o f San Se ba stia n o on e of the fi rst if n ot ac tu ally the fir st to b e

, , ,

b u il t a dj o ini n g a su b ur ba n church in order to provide for the re lig ious services w hich
,

cou l d n o l o n g er be a dequ a tely m a i n ta in ed by the cl ergy o f the ur ba n ba sil ica with

whi ch the cemeterial church wa s co nn ected For the site see su pra p 8 1 an d n 2 .
, . . .

2
N o tra ce of this ba ptistery n ow rema in s .

3
The eig ht porph y ry co l umn s an d the in scriptio n upo n the a rchi tr a ve may still
b e seen in the L a ter a n ba ptistery Cf s pr a p 5 0 . . u ,
. .

4
The m a r bl e t abl et was set up in the p a p al c r ypt of the c a ta comb of C allistu s an d
bore the n a mes of the m a rty re d popes an d other sain ts w ho w ere b uried there D u .

chesn e g ives a co n j ectural rea di n g of the i scriptio n a s m a de ou t by De R o ssin ,

“
The N a mes of the B ishops M art yrs an d C on fessors w ho a re b ur ied in the C eme
,

t e ry of C a llistu s
Xy stus Dion ysius Stephe n
C orn elius Lucius
P o n ti an us Eut y chi an us An teros
F ab i an us G a ius Lau di c e u s
Euse b ius M il ti a d e s P oly ca rp Op ta t u s
O f These the First the H o ly Xy stus Suffered with Agap itu s Feli c issimu s an d
, , ,

X1 O thers
”
.

The tabl et itse lf ha s l on g disa ppea red b ut De R ossi derives his rea din g from tw o
ea rly lists of in scriptio n s whi ch seem to h a ve bee n copied from the ori g i n al ston es .

Duches n e op ci t p 23 6 n 1 6 It m ay b e n oticed th a t fourt ee n ou t of these tw e n ty

,
. .
, .
, . .

n a mes a re those of popes .

 XYS T US 1 1 1 , LEO I 97

An d i n his time P eter the ,

b ishop b ui l t the ba si lic a of the

,

ho ly Sa vi na i n the city of R ome

2
an d erected there a fo n t .

H e al so wa s b uried o n the V i a Ti b urti na i n a cr ypt

'

3
n e a r the ho ly Law re n ce n e a r the b od y of the bl essed
.

L aw rence .

An d the b ishopric wa s empt y 2 2 d ay s .

From the de a th of S i l vester

to L eo I is 9 9 y e a rs 5 mo n ths ,

an d 2 6 d ay s .

XLV II . LE O I (44 0 —
461 )

Leo by na ti o nality a Tusc an so n of Qu i n ti an u s occupied the

, , ,

see 2 1 y e a rs 1 mo n th an d 1 3 d ay s
,
.

H e m a de a re gu la tio n for
church .

I n hi s time D emetri a the h an dm aid of God b ui l t a ba si lic a to

, ,

the ho ly S tephe n i n her o wn ga rde n o n the V i a La ti na a t the third

4
mi l esto n e .

H e fou n d tw o heresies ,

Eu tyc h e s an d Nestorius 5
,
the E ut y chi an throu g h the
an d the Nes a id of some
tori an b ishops . .

1
M inor gi f ts to the churches o f P eter Pa u l a n d L aw ren ce L ist of ordin a tio n s
, . .

2
The ba sil ic a of San t a Sabin a on the Aven tin e Its g ra ceful col umn s a re sup .

posed to h a ve b een t ak e n from a n eig hb ori n g templ e to Ju n o R egin a despo il ed by ,

Ala ric . Its f a mous c a rved doors of c ypress w ood a re a mon g the fin est ex a mp l es of
fifth cen tury a rt Accordi n g to the dedic a tory i n scriptio n over the en tran ce the b uil d
.

i n g wa s b e gu n wh il e C e l esti n e wa s pope It m ay h a ve b een fin ished u n der Xy stus

. .

3
On this p la ce see su pr a p 8 9 n 3
, .
, . .

4
This is Ani c ia Demetri a s of the house of the An i on P ro b i on e of the g roup o f
, ,

d evout w ome n a t R ome the frie n d an d pupil of Au gusti n e an d J erome

, Sh e l eft her .

property for the b uil di n g of a church to St Stephe n which wa s erected to wa rd the .

,

c l ose of Leo s p on tific ate A fe w rui n s n ow sho w where it stood an d testif y by their
’
.

rude work man ship to the dec l in e of R om an s k ill durin g the ye a rs th a t s aw the in v a sion s
o f A ttila an d Ge n seric . Frothi n gh a m M on u men ts p 63 , , . .

5
N estoriu s wa s ch a rg ed w i th hol din g th a t there w ere t w o perso n s a s w ell a s t wo
98 L I BER P ON T I FIC ALI S

an d by request of Ma rci an Au H e by hi s o wn a uthority , ,

gu stus the orthodox an d a t hi s issued precepts an d he se n t to

, ,

b iddi ng Ma rci an A u gustus the ortho ,

d ox c a tho lic pri n ce an d an , ,

a ssem blag e wa s c all ed an d the

b ishops w ere ga thered to g ether
with the pri n ce an d
the ho ly cou n ci l of the b ishops wa s he l d a t C h al cedo n
i n the Ea st i n the ba si lic a of the i n the co n fessio n ch a pe l of the
1
ho ly m a rty r E uphemi a ; a n d ho ly E uphemi a ; an d 2 5 6 priests

he ga thered to g ether 2 66 p riests w ere m e t to g ether ,

b eside
4 06 b ishops 4 08 b ishops
w ho se n t their a uto g r a phs ,

an d the y co n dem n ed Eu tych e s an d the y w ere a ssem bl ed to

an d Nestorius An d a fter 4 2 . gether wi th the Tome th a t ,

d ay s b ei ng ga thered to g ether
,
co n t ai n ed the dec la r a ti o n of
w ith the a uto g r a phs those w ho ,
f a ith of the a posto lic R om an ,

w ere prese n t 1 200 b ishops set , ,

church an d the a uto g r a ph of
forth the f a ith i n the prese n ce of the ho ly b ishop Leo The n i n .

Ma rci an the most pious A u gus

,
the prese n ce of the c a tho lic
tus ,
pri n ce Ma rci an A u gustus the
a ssem bl ed cou n ci l of b ishops ,

i n n um b er 1 2 00 in comp any ,

w ith Ma rci an A u gustus set forth

the c a tho lic f a ith tw o na tures ,

i n o n e C hrist God an d m an ,
.

n a tures in C hrist the God man Eu tych e s th a t there wa s b ut on e perso n an d on e

,
-

n a ture For a good g en er al a ccou t of the Nestori a n an d Eutychi a n co n troversies

.
,
n

see Cambridge M edi eval H istory vo l I pp 4 94— 5 5 Cf Lu k e R ivi gto n R oma n

, .
, . 1 . . n ,

P r i macy 43 0—45 1 (Ca tho lic ) ; P uller P ri mi tive S ai n ts a d the S ee of Rome (P rotest
, , , n ,

a n t) ; H e fe le op ci t vol II pp 4 9 9—88 1 Ayer Sou rce B ook of Ancien t C ku r ch ‘

. . .
, , , .
.

Hi story pp 4 76—48 5 04 5 2 2
, . 1 ,
—
.

The foll o wi n g t wo a ccou n ts in ou r text o f the C ou n cil of C h al cedo n a re b oth

some wh a t co n fused the on e in the first col umn g ivi n g on the whol e a sl ig htly more
, , ,

a ccura te otion of its wor k th an the other a s m ay b e see n by a comp a riso n w ith the
n ,

fa cts The coun c il met in 4 5 a t the summo n s of the emperor M a rci a n an d co n tra ry
. 1

to the express desire of the pope It hel d its session s in the ba sili c a o f St Euphemi a
. .
1 00 LI BER P ON T IFI C ALI S

R om an church
o n a ccou n t of
the E uty chi an
an d Nestori an
here sies whi ch
w ere co n demn ed
i n hi s time ,

li k ewise a decret al w hi ch he se n t ,

ab out an d circu la ted throu g hout

1
the w ho l e w or l d .

H e co n firmed the s yn od of C h al cedo n i n m any l etters 1 2

l etters to Ma rci an 1 3 l etters to L eo A u gustus 9 l etters to Fla , ,

vi anu s the b ishop 1 8 l etters to the b ishops of the Ea st all of w hi ch

, , ,

?
co nfirmed the faith of the s yn od
H e rep la ced all the c on se H e rep la ced th e vesse l s of
cr a ted si l ver vesse l s i n all the the R om an church a fter the
p a rish churches a fter the Van d al Van d al wa r .

3
dev a st a ti o n .

>l
< * 4

H e rep a ired the ba si lic a of He m a de th e v a u l ti ng an d dec

5
bl essed P eter the a post l e an d or a ted the ba si li c a of bl essed
, ,

restored the v a u l ti ng of bl essed P eter an d rep aired the ba silic a

6
P a u l a fter th e fire from God of Pa u l the a post l e .
,
.

1
It is impossi bl e to iden tify this decretal Le o w rote sever al of importa n ce ad .
,

dressed to b ishops in differe n t cou n tries b ut n o sin gl e on e so f a r a s w e a re awa re with , , ,

such w ide a pplic a tio n a s to b e descri b e d by the phra se here used u nl ess it be the Tome ,

al re a dy me n tion ed I n 4 53 th a t wa s bei n g rea d in Gree k by the mon k s of Pal estin e

. .

J afi é R egesto p 70 500
, , .
, .

2
The R egesta of J afi é e n umera tes in all 1 50 l etters of Leo of w hich 1 7 a re a ddres sed
'

to M a rci a n 8 to the emperor L e o an d 7 to Fla vi an u s b ishop of C o n st an tin opl e the

, , ,

la st ho w ever a n terior to the C ou n c il of C h al cedo n There a re 1 3 more l etters to the

, ,
.

b ishops o f C on stan ti n op l e a fter Flavian u s an d 3 8 to other Ea stern b ishops a t Al ex an

dri a An tioch J erusal em Thessal o ni c a etc Ou r a uthor eviden tly kn e w somethi n g
, , , , .

o f the exte n t of the correspo n de n ce Duchesn e op ci t vo l I p cxxxii .

,
. .
,
.
, . .

3
The s ac k of R ome by G en seric in 4 5 5 Se e G egoroviu s Hi stor y of Rome tr . r , , .

H a mil to n vo l I ch V I
,
.
, . .

4
Short list of vesse l s rep la ced in the ba sil ic a s o f P eter Pa u l an d J ohn ,
.

The mos a ic on the f a ca de of ol d St P eter s b ore a dedi ca tory in scriptio n com

5
.
’

me mor a t in g a restora tio n by the pr ae tori a n prefect M a rin ian u s an d his Wi f e An a sta s ia
a t the request of Leo Duchesn e op cit p cxx vii n 4 .
, . .
, .
, . .

The roof of the ba silic a of St Pa ul h a d f all en in destroy ed perh aps by l ightn in g

5
.
, .
 LE O I 1 01

H e m a de li k e wise the va u l ti ng i n the ba si lic a of C o n st an ti n e .

l

H e b ui l t al so a ba si li c a to the bl essed C or n e li us b ishop an d ,

m a rtyr n e a r the cemetery of C alli stu s o n the Vi a Appi a

,
?

H e for the s ak e of the R om an na me u n dertoo k an emba ss y

, ,

an d w e n t to meet the ki n g of the H u n s At th e la by na me an d , ,

3
de livered all I taly from the peri l of the e n em y .

H e fou n ded a mo na stery a t the church of bl essed P eter the ,

a post l e ,

whi ch is c all ed the mo na ster y

of the ho ly J ohn an d Pa u l 4
.

H e ord ai n ed th a t duri ng the perform an ce of m a ss s an ctum

”
sac r i fi ci u m
5
etc shou l d b e repe a ted ,
. .

H e ord a i n ed th a t a n u n shou l d n ot receive the bl essi ng of the

vei l ed he a d u n til she h a d b ee n tried i n virgi nit y

|
6
40 y e a rs . 60 y e a rs .

The in scriptio n record in g the fa ct of its ruin an d of its rep ar a tion by t wo priests ,

Fel ix an d Adeoda tus duri n g the pon tific ate of Leo is p reserved in the mu seum o f the
,

b a sil ic a The mos a ic of the triumph al a rch wa s al so a p a rt of L eo s reco n structio n

.
’
.

Thou gh badly restored the design m ay still b e m a de ou t an d the in scription whi ch

,

t estifies to a ssist a n ce from the empress G alla Pla cidi a Duches n e op cit p 240 n 7 .
, . .
, .
, . .

Pa rts of the a psid al mosai c of the La teran ba silic a the b ust of C hrist in the c louds
1
,

a n d the Ea rthly Pa r a dise a t the foot a re perh a ps w or k of the e a rly fifth ce n tury , .

D uchesn e op ci t p 24 1 n 8 Frothin gh a m M on u ments pp 3 3 6—3 3 8

, . .
, .
, . .
, , . .

No tr ace of this ba silic a n ow rem a i n s It is men tion ed in tw o itin er a ries of the

2
.

seve n th ce n tury b ut n ot la ter Duchesn e op ci t p 24 1 n 9 .

, . .
, . . .

The we ll kn o wn story of the meetin g with Attila in 4 5 2 J afi é Regesta vol I

3 -
.
, , .
,

p 6 8 ; Gr egoroviu s H istor y of Rome vol I pp 2 28—23 0 ; H odgkin I taly and her

.
, , .
, .
,

I n vad ers vol II , . .

The fir st mon a stery to b e a tta ched to the Va tic an ba silic a By 73 2 there w ere
4
.

t wo others The y h a ve all of course disa ppea red n ow al on g with every other e a rly
.
, , ,

an d medieval structure on tha t site Duchesn e op cit p 24 1 n 1 1 .

, . .
, .
, . .

I e i n the eucha ristic formul a e n din g quod ti b i ob tuli t summ us sa cerdos tu u s

5 “
. .
,

M el chisedech sa n ctum sa c r ific iu m imma c ula tam h ostiam Le o seems to ha ve a dded ,

.

the w ords san ctum sacri fic iu m imma c la ta m h ostiam to the referen ce to M e l

, , u ,

c hi se d e c h s o fferin g o f b re a d a n d w in e in sti ga ted thereto possi bly by the a versio n of

’
,

t h e M a n ichea n s to wi n e a n d in p a rticula r t o its use in a s a cred li turgy Duchesn e .

,

op ci t p 24 1 n 1 2
. .
, .
, . .

We h a ve n o ea rly a uthen tic documen t th a t specifies the ag e required a t R ome of a

5
,

w om a n w ho wished to a ssume the ve il of a co n se cr a ted vir g in In Afric a a t the b e g i n .

,

n i n g of the fifth ce n tury she wa s ordi n a rily expected to b e a t l e a st t w e n t y five y e a rs o l d

,
-
.

The C oun cil of Sa rag ossa 3 80 A D fixed forty a s the min imum ag e in Sp a in An
‘

, . .
, .

e di ct o f the emp eror M arjori a n in the t i me o f L e o co n fi rmed the a ct of the Sp a n ish

1 02 LI BER P ON T IFI C ALI S

He a ppoi n ted gu a rds from the R om an c l er gy over the tomb s

“ ” 1
of the a post l es ; the y a re c alled the cu bicu lar ii .

H e al so wa s b uried
i n the ba silic a of the bl e ssed i n the church of bl essed P eter
3
P eter ,
the a post l e ,

A pri l 1 1 .

An d the b ishopric wa s empty 7 d ay s .

H I LAR Y (4 6 1 4 68) XL V III .

—

Hi la ry by na tio nali t y a Sa rdi ni an so n of

, ,

C ri sp ini an u s, C ri sp in u s,
occupied the see 6 y e a rs 3 mo n ths ,
an d 1 0 d ay s .

H e m a de a decre tal an d
se n t i t dissemi n a ted it
4
throu g hout all the Ea st an d l etters co n cerni n g th e c a tho lic
an d aposto lic
f a ith an d he co n firmed the three s yn ods of Nice a E phesus an d ,

5
C h al cedo n an d the Tome of the ho ly
b ishop a rch b ishop
church No n e of the survivi n g decret al s of Leo or his successors thr ou gh the fif th
.

a n d s ixth ce n turies all udes to the su bj ect of ag e Duchesn e op ci t p 24 1 n 1 3 .

, . .
, .
,
. .

M an si Amplis i m C ollecti o vol I V p 5 08

,
s a , .
,
.

An i n scriptio n d a ted 53 3 or 5 44 n a mes on e Decius

1
c u b ic u la ri u s of the basi l ic a ,

of St Pa ul ; a n other of the sa me period me n tio n s a c u b icula riu s of bl essed P eter

” “ ”
. .

The co nfessio n s b efore the tomb s of the a postl es w ere b ei g fill ed with g ifts of such n

price a s to dem an d special wa rders or custodi a n s Duchesn e op ci t p 24 n 1 4 .

,
. .
, . 1 , . .

List of ordi n a tio n s

2
.

L e o wa s the first o f the popes to b e b uried in the po rtico of St P eter s

’
3
H is . .

rem a i s w ere b rou ght with in the s a n ctu a ry by Serg ius I in 688 an d n ow l ie wi th those
n

of Le o II Leo III a d Leo I V in the l eft tra n sept of the modern c a thedral Lan cian i
,
n .
,

P agan a nd Chri stia n R ome pp 2 2 2 23 ,

. 1
—
.

No docume n ts survive to prove H ila ry s correspo nde n ce w ith the Ea stern b ra n ch

4 ’

of the church b ut it is n ot u n l ik ely th a t the y o ce existed Duches n e Li b P o t

,
n .
, . n .
,

vol I p cxxxii
.
, . .

Duchesn e quotes thi s p a ssag e in support of his con ten tio n th a t the Liber P on
5

tific li s wa s first compi l ed in the e a rly sixth ce n tury

a Se e su pr a I n tr oduc tio p p xi xii .
,
n, .
—
.

U n til the time of P ope V i gilius 5 3 7 5 5 5 the R o ma n church reco gn i ze d o n ly the three
,
—
,

ecume n ic al cou n c il s here e n umera ted ; a fterwa rd it a c kn owl ed g ed al so the C oun cil
of C o n st an ti n op l e of the y ea r 3 8 1 D u chesn e op cit p xxxviii .
, . .
, . .
1 04 LI BER P ON T IFI C ALIS

w ei ghi ng 8 lb s .

si l ver
b e ak ers for the p a rish priests w ei ghi ng e a ch 1 0 lb s ,
.

2 5 si l ver pitchers w ei ghi n g e a ch 1 0 lb s

,

50 si l ver ch alices for service w ei ghi ng e a ch 2 lb s ,

.

All these he appoi n ted to b e w hich he a ppoi n ted to b e k ept

k ept in the ba sili c a of C o n st a n i n the church of ho ly Ma ry .

ti n e or i n th a t of ho ly Ma r y .

1
H e b ui l t a mo na ster y n e a r the church of the ho ly L aw re n ce
an d a ba th
an d an other in the ope n a ir ,

an d a vi lla
to the ho ly S tephe n H e b uil t .

al so an or a tory of the ho ly S te
phe n i n the La ter an baptistery .

He erected al so t w o li b r a ries i n t h e s a me p la ce l ik e wise a ,

mo na ster y wi thi n the ci ty of R ome a d L u na .

H e al so wa s b uried n e a r the ho ly Law re n ce i n a cr yp t n e a r the

3
b od y of the bl essed b ishop Xy stus .

An d the b ishopric wa s empty 1 0 d ay s .

1 This an d the foll o win g b ui l din g s h ave n ow all disa ppe a red Hi la ry s mo n astery .
’

of St Lawren ce may h a ve stoo d upo n the site of the prese n t co n ve n t On e of his t w o

. .

ba ths wa s evide n tly e n cl ose d an d he a ted l i k e the usu al R oma n ba th th e o ther wa s ,

an u n covered ba si n of co l d wa ter The vi lla or pretorium may h a ve b een an hospice

.

for p ilg rims or a p ap al reside n ce If the succeedi n g se n te n ce in the text is an i n terpo la

.

tion a s seems pro babl e the t w o l i b ra ries w ere a tta ched to the villa H ila ry s successor
, , .
’
,

Simpli cius b u il t a church to St Stephe n in the n ei gh borhood (i nfr a p 1 0

,
. a n d for , .

th a t re a so n a la ter editor m ay h a ve a scri b ed to Hila ry a shrin e to the sa me sain t The .

l oc a tio n o f the mo n a stery within the city is un kn o wn Duch es n e op cit p 24 7 .

, . .
, .
,

2
List o f ordina tion s .

3
O n his b urial p la ce see su pra p , . 89 , n .
3 .
 S I M P LI C IUS 1 05

XLIX . S IM P LI C IU S (4 68 -

48 3 )

1
S imp licius by na tio nality a Ti b urti n e so n of
, ,

C astinu s, C astori u s,

occupied the see 1 5 y e a rs ,

1 mo n th an d 7 d ay s . an d 7 d ay s .

H e d edic a ted the ba si lic a of the ho ly S tephe n o n the C e lian

2
Hi ll i n the city of R ome an d the ba si lic a of the bl essed a post l e
3
An dre w n e a r the ba si li c a of the ho ly Ma ry an d an other ba si l ic a
of the ho ly S tephe n n e a r the ba si lic a of the ho ly Law re n ce an d4

a n other ba si lic a of the bl essed m a rt y r B i b i ana wi thi n the city of

R ome b eside the L ici n i an p ala ce w here her b od y rests 5
.

H e a ppoi n ted w ee k s for ho ly P eter the a post l e an d for ho ly , ,

Pa u l the a post l e an d for ho ly L aw re n ce th e m a rty r w he n priests

, , , ,

shou l d b e i n a tte n d an ce

to a dmi ni ster baptism an d pe n for a dmi n isteri ng pe nan ce an d

an ce to those w ho sou ght them ,

ba ptism ,

1
f rom Tivo li
I . e . .

2
The e n ig ma tic al roun d chu rch n ow call ed San Stefa n o R oton do It is still a
, .

pro bl em whether it wa s b u il t orig in ally for p agan or for C hristi a n uses .

3 L a ter k n o wn a s
Sa n t An dre a in C a t ab a rb a ra Simpli cius too k a secu la r h all
’
.
,

erected by the co n sul Ju n ius Ba ssus duri n g the rei gn of C o n sta n tin e an d a dorn ed
richly with sce n es from R oma n m y tho l o gy a n d history an d tran sformed it i n to a ,

basili c a by thro wi n g ou t an ap se on the en d opposite the e n tran ce an d decora tin g it

with a mosa ic of C hr ist an d six a postl es The structure fe ll in to rui n an d wa s destro yed
.

in the seve n tee n th ce n tur y It stood n ea r San t a M a ri a M aggiore on lan d n ow o wn ed

.

by the co n ve n t of Sa n t An to n io Duchesn e Lib P on t vo l I p 2 50 n 2 This is the

’
.
,
. .
,
.
, .
,
. .

first men tion of a pu blic b uildin g a ppropri a ted by the church In the turmoil of the .

period of An th emi u s R icim e r an d Odo acer an y on e wa s free to t ak e possessio n o f the

,

dec ayi n g civi l mon ume n ts

, .

This ba sil ic a al so h a s b ee n torn do wn b ut there a re remn a n ts of an an cie n t ora tory

4
,

with three a pses a littl e to the southe a st of Sa n Lorenz o n ea r the st a irs by which ,

on e c l im b s to the upper p a rt of the modern cemetery Duchesn e op ci t p .

, . .
, .

2 50, n .
3 .

The ori gi nal church of San ta B ib ia n a wa s con structed perha ps ou t o f on e of the

5

pl ea sure houses which dec k ed the ga rde n s of the emperor G allie n us The emperor s .
’

f ull n a me wa s P u blius Lici nius G all ien us ; he n ce the titl e a pplied to his p ala ce No .

vestig e of Simplicius church is visibl e in the prese n t ba silic a Duchesn e op cit

’
.
, . .
,

p 2 50 n 4
.
, . .
 06 L I BER P ON T IFI C AL IS
'

throu ghout the 3 r d di strict for the ho ly Lawre n ce the first di strict ,

1
for the ho ly Pa ul the 6th an d 7 th di stric t s for the ho ly P eter
,
.

Duri ng hi s episcop a te a rep ort wa s se n t from Greece from ,

Ac a ciu s b ishop of C o n stan ti n op l e to the e ffect th a t P eter of the

, ,

cit y of Al ex an dri a wa s a E ut y chi an hereti c ; an d a peti tio n ca me

from Ac ac iu s the b ishop dr a wn up by his o wn h an d
, ,
.

The n the church a cted . A t th a t time the church ,

th a t is the first a posto li c see , ,

too k a cti o n .

The n S imp licius ,

the b ishop an d
the he a d l e a rn ed of it an d co n dem n ed P eter of Al ex an dri a again st
, ,

w hom Ac a ciu s ch a r g ed i nn umer abl e crimes b ut reserved for him ,

an opportu ni t y for pe nan ce .

Forth wi th Timotheus a c a tho lic an d Ac aciu s wrote aga i n , , ,

s ayi ng th a t P eter wa s lik e wise imp li c a ted i n the de a th of P r ote riu s ,

a c a tho li c The n .

the a rch b ishop the pope

S imp licius too k n o heed an d di d n ot rep ly to Aca ciu s b ut co n
d e mn e d P eter u n ti l such time a s he shou l d do pe nan ce ?

1 The priests of the three grea t ba sili c a s h a d e vide n tly re a ched a po in t where the y
foun d themse l ves un abl e to a ccomplish all the va rious duties co n n ect ed with their
offi ces e g the performa n ce o f sa cra me n ts a n d services in the ba silica s the con duct
,
. .
,

of f un eral s a n d other services in the su b urba n cemeteries a tt ached to t h e ba sil ica s the ,

a dmin istra tio n of the cemeteries an d the properties b el on gin g to the ba s ilic a s the ca re ,

of the ir p a rishio n ers especi ally d u rin g the trou bl ous y ea rs of po litic al a n a rch y an d soci al
,

uphea v al Simplicius devised a plan by w hich priests from the small er churches in
.

the n eigh borhood shoul d a tten d the g rea ter ba s ili c a s to hel p pro vide spiritu al mi n istra
tio n s In the tw el fth ce n tury a s imi la r sy stem wa s st ill in vo gue the basilica of San ta
.
,

M a ri a M aggiore al so receivi n g a id from a d ja ce n t priests At th a t t h e the priests of .

Sa n ta M a ri a in Tr a stevere Sa n ta C ec il i a a n d San C r isogon o in the seve n th ec cle si

,

a stica l district a n d of Sa n Lo re n zo i n D a m a so an d San M a rco in the s ixth o ffici a ted a t

sta ted i te r v al s in the Va tic a n an d priests of Sa n ta Sab in a Sa n ta P risc a Sa n ta Balb in a

n , ,

a n d Sa ti Nereo ed Achi ll eo i n the first district in Sa n Pa o l o

n Th e La tera n ba sil ic a .

wa s assisted by b ishops from the vi c in ity of R ome Du chesn e op ci t p 2 50 n 5 .

,
. .
, .
, . .

2
This b rief an d o b scure n a rra tive is a n a ccou n t of the p a rt p lay ed by the po p e in
the eve n ts of the M o n ophy site in surrecti o n w hich fo ll o w ed the C ou n cil of C h al cedon .

See su pr a pp 9 7—9 9 ,
The discipl es of Eu tych es an d Cy ril of Al ex an dria saw in the
. .
1 08 L I BE R P ON T IFI C ALI S

l
H e wa s b ishop i n the t ime of O d ob ac e r ,
the ki ng un ti l ,

time of Theodoric ,

the ki ng .

H e b uil t the ba silic a of the ho ly Agap i tu s n e a r the ba sili c a of

?
ho ly Lawre n ce the m a rty r ,

Duri ng hi s episcop a te there c a me an other report

from the re gio n of Greece from Greece
th a t P eter of Al ex an dri a h a d b ee n rei n sta ted
i n the communi o n
by Ac ac iu s b ishop of C o n stan ti n op l e ,
.
3
The n the ve n er abl e

pope Fe lix Fe lix a rchb ishop of the a pos

,

to li c see of the cit y of R ome ,

se n t an a dvoc a te
by reso l utio n of the s yn od by a dvi ce
of his see an d he l d a cou n cil an d co n demn ed Ac a c iu s to g ether wi th
P eter .

1
do a cer Theodoric di d n ot tak e R a ve n n a un til 493 b ut by 4 9 1 he was abl e to
O .

se n d F a ustus pri n ce of the Se n a te a s his a mba ssa dor t o Empe ror Ze n o a f act w hi ch
, , ,

i n dic a tes th a t by this t ime he wa s prett y w ell m aster of R ome Duches n e po in ts out .

th a t our a uthor here resumes the imperial s yn chr onisms which h a d b ee n disco n tin ued
s in ce the period covered by the L i b eri an Ca tal o gue H e a rgues th a t the a uthor is .

n ow compete n t to supp ly them from memory Duchesn e op ci t pp xl v 2 53 n 4 .

, . .
, .
, , . .

2
The situ a tio n of this church is n ow un kn o wn al thou gh it is me n tio n ed in several ,

e a rly itin era ries Duches n e op cit p 2 5 3 n 5 .

, . .
, .
, . .

The con trovers y of Simplicius with Acac iu s o f C on sta n tin opl e over P eter the
3
,

M o n oph y site b ishop of Al ex a n dria (su pr a p 06 a n d n was p romptly tak e n up , . 1 .

by Feli x The a rriv al in R ome of the orthodox c la im an t of the Al ex an dri an see John
.
,

T ala i a e n trea tin g the pope s a ssist an ce was the sign al for hi m to put forth every
,
’
,

e fi or t to in duce Ac ac iu s to aba n do n P eter The su b seque n t even ts a re tol d in the .

m ai n correctly in our text b ut the ir order h a s b ee n in verted The first step in Feli x .
’

proc eedin g s wa s th e se n din g in 4 8 3 of the e n vo y s M ise n us b ishop of C u mm an d , , ,

V italis b ishop of T ru e n tu m to summon Ac ac iu s to a ppea r before the p op e a n d his

, ,
|

cou n c il to a n sw er for his co n tum ac y On their return in the foll o win g y ea r Fel ix hel d a
.

s yn od which co n demn ed an d a n a thema tis ed Acac iu s an d se n t a n a dvoc a te d e fe n

“
,

sorem with n otifi ca ti o n of the se n te n ce to Aca ciu s to the emperor Ze n o an d to the

,
”
,

c l ergy an d peopl e of C o n sta n ti n opl e The docume n ts m ay be fou n d in J afi é Re .

,

g esta vo l
,
I pp 80 8 1 . 1 —
5 9 59 5 5 9 9 603
, Cf P u ller P r i mitive S ai nts and the See
.
-
, ,
-
. .
,

of Rome pp 3 7 6 fi ,
. .
 F EL I X III

A fter 3 y e a rs a n other report c ame from the emperor Z e n o th a t

l
Acac iu s h a d retur n ed an d wa s p e ni te n t The n P ope Fe lix .

he ld a cou n ci l by ag reeme n t an d I
se n t tw o b ishops M e se n u s an d V it alis so th a t if the y fou n d A c a
, ,

cius to b e a co n feder a te of P eter

the y mi ght co n dem n them agai n the y mi ght co n dem n them .

bu t if n ot the y mi g ht o ffer hi m
?
the code of pe nan ce
B ut the y w he n the y h a d a rrived a t
,

the city of C o n st an C o n st an ti n op l e , the cit y of H er a cl e a ,

ti n op le ,

w ere corrupted wi th b ri b es give n them by the a fores aid b ishop

3
an d the y di d n ot c a rr y out the i nj u n ctio n s of the a posto li c see .

An d w he n the y retur n ed to R ome to the aposto li c see ,

P ope Fe lix c all ed a cou n ci l an d a t th a t time the ve n er abl e pope

he l d an i n quir y an d Fe lix c all ed a s yn od an d he l d a
di scussio n an d

he fou n d b oth b ishops th a t is M e se n u s an d V i t al is gui l t y b efore

, ,

the court an d corrupted wi th b ri b es ; an d b e expe ll ed M e se n u s

an d V it a lis the b ishops from the communi o n The n M e se n u s
, , .

co n fessed th a t he h a d b ee n cor ru pted by a b ri b e

an d the cou n ci l g r a n ted hi m an
4
opportuni t y for pe nan ce .

1
Thi s sta temen t is quite fictitious It wa s perha ps in troduced by our author to
.

give g roun d for the se n din g o f M ise n us an d V italis .

2
M isen us a n d V ital is w ere g iven n o such discretio n in the a ffa ir a s this a ccou n t
i mpli es The y w ere comm issio n ed simply to cite Ac ac iu s to a tri al b efore the pope
. .

A code of pe n a ce n ,
“
lib ellu s p aeni t e n t iae wa s ho w ever in existe n ce l o n g b efore thi s
, , ,

time The Afric a n s yn ods of 25 1 an d 2 5 5 referred to a lib ellu s where the divers
.
“
,
”

p e n al ties for sin s w ere w ritte n do wn Sc h mitz Die B ussbuc he r u nd die B u ssdiscipli n
.
,
'

der K i rc he vol I pp 1 7 4 5 1 07
,
.
, .
, ,
.

3
In the docume n ts pu bl ished by J afi é (su pr a p 08 n the p op e a ccuses his , . 1 , .

e n vo y s of di so b edie n ce to in struction s in comm u n ic a tin g with the heretic al p a rty in ,

ac kn o wl e dgi n g the authority of P eter an d in a cceptin g b ri b es .

4
M ise n us an d V it alis w ere b oth deposed an d excommu ni c a ted M ise n us wa s .

p a rdo n ed in a fter y ea rs by P ope Ge la sius b ut V italis di ed b efore th a t time Duchesn e .

,

op ci t
. p 254 nn 1 2 an d 1 3
.
, .
, . .
 I10 L I BER P O N T I FI C ALI S

Thi s too k p la ce in the time of Od ob ac e r , the ki ng .

3:

H e wa s b uried
i n the church of the bl essed i n the ba sili c a of bl essed Paul ,

2
Pa u l . the a postl e .

An d the b ishopric wa s empt y 5 d ay s .

An d a fter hi s de a th a re g u la tio n wa s m a de by the priests an d

de a co n s for the w ho l e church
th a t n o on e shou l d ever pre
sume to sho w himse lf h a st y i n
a m a tter w hi ch must sometim e
3
come up for ex a min a tio n .

LI . G ELA SIU S (4 9 2 —
4 9 6)

Ge la sius by na ti o nali ty an A fric an so n of Val erius occupied

, , ,

the see 4 y e a rs 8 mo n ths an d 1 8 d ay s H e wa s b ishop i n the time

,
.

4
of Theodo ri c the ki ng an d Z en o A u g ustus
, ,
.

I n hi s time wa s fou n d the church

of the ho ly Ang e l o n M ou n t
5
G argan u s .

1 ist of ord in a tio n s

L .

2
Fe lix III is the o nly pope b uried a t San Pa ol o He may h a ve chose n the spot .

in order to lie with his f a mi ly S pr a p 07 n 2 . u , . 1 , . .

3
There is n o other record of a n y a ctio n by the c l ergy durin g the in terv al betw ee n
Fel ix de a th a n d the co n secra tio n of Gela sius b ut in the d ays betw ee n the de a th of
’
,

Simpl icius a d the a ccessio n of Fe li x there h a d b ee n an a ssembly of the Se n a te an d c l ergy

'
n

of R ome i n the m a usol eum of Sa n ta P etro n illa a d j oin in g the Va tic a n ba sili ca There it , .

h a d b een decided th a t n o pope in the future shoul d h a ve po w er to alie n a te propert y

b el o n g i n g to the church a s a whol e The dec ision wa s decla red n ull by the R om an
.

syn od of 5 02 on a ccoun t of the ir re gu la rit y of the proceedin g b ut P ope Symm a chus

issued a decree to the s a me e ff ect duri n g the sessio n s of the sa me s yn od an d with its
a pproval The o b scure clause of ou r text m ay b e a refere n ce to the decisio n whi ch
.

wa s a n n ull ed Duches n e op c it p 2 54 n 6
.
, . .
,
.
, . 1 .

4
The s yn chron ism is in ex a ct Ze n o died in 4 9 an d An astasius was em peror during
. 1

the p on t ific a te of Gela sius .

5 This se n te n ce is fou n d in o n ly on e m an uscript an d is un dou b te dly a la te in ter

pola tion The e a rl iest exist in g descriptio n of the mir aculous discovery of the sa n ctu a ry
.

of St M ich a e l o M o n te G a rga n o da tes from the ni n th ce n tury al thou gh it purports

. n ,
I I 2 L I BER P ON T I FI C ALI S

H e m a de a re gu la tio n for the w ho l e church I n hi s time an ?

other report c a me from Greece to th e e ff ect th a t m any crimes an d

murders w ere b ei ng committed throu gh P eter an d Ac a ci u s
?
in C o n st an ti n op l e
A t th a t time J ohn of Al ex an dri a ,

the c a tho li c b ishop ,

fled an d c a me to R ome to the a posto li c see

an d the bl essed Ge la sius r e The n the bl essed Ge la sius re

c e i v e d hi m wi th ho n or an d b e c e iv e d J oh n

sto w ed upo n hi m al so a seco n d

3
b ishopri c The n he he l d a
.

s yn od an d se n t throu g hout the

cou n tries of the Ea st
an d he se n t agai n an d co n dem n ed eter nally Ac aciu s an d P eter ,
4

if the y shou l d n ot do pe na n ce i n if the y did n ot repe n t ; n otwi th

a ccord an ce with the code an d st a n di n g he all o w ed them op
see k for ab so l utio n p or tu ni ty for s a tisf yi ng the
.

a posto lic see an d disp lay ed the

c l eme n c y of the first see of the
church .

H e dedic a ted the ba si lic a of the ho ly E uphemi a the m a rt yr , ,

5
in the to wn of Ti b ur ,

There exists a comprehe n sive decretal by Gela sius in t w e n t y eight ch a pters on a

1 -

v a riety of question s of church a dmin istra tio n a n d discipl in e a ddr essed to all the b ish
op s in Luc a n i a B ru tt iu m a n d Sici ly J aflé R egesta p 8 5 63 6
”
,
. . .
, , ,

2
B oth Ac aciu s a n d P eter died b efore the a ccessio n of Gela sius The referen ce .

here must b e to p a rties of their a dhere n ts u nless the a uthor is simp ly co n fusin g his ,

chro ol ogy a s he does b e l o w On this whol e co n troversy see su pra pp 1 06—1 09 an d

n , .
, .

n otes Duchesn e op ci t p 2 5 6 n 8
.
, . .
, .
, . .

Joh n T ala i a o r thodox b ishop of Al ex an dri a h a d tak en refu g e in R ome t en y ea rs

3
, ,

ea rlier in 4 8 2 j ust a s Fel ix III b ec a me pope Su pra p 1 08 n 3 Gela sius co n tin ued
, , .
, .
, . .

to support John s c a use ’

.

4
Gela sius hel d three s yn ods a t R ome n o on e of w hich so fa r a s w e kn o w con cern ed , , ,

itself p a rticula rly with Ac ac iu s an d P eter whose c a se wa s rega rded a s settl ed Gela sius ,
.

i n ste a d w rote l etters to v ar ious Ea stern prela tes co n demn i n g all who did n ot co n cur ,

i n the se n te n ce p a ssed by his predecessor Jaff e Regesta pp 8 3— 88 6 20 6 2 2 63 8 .

, , .
, , , ,

63 9 6 64 6 6 5 669
, ,
The clauses in our text g ran ti n g opportu n ity for pen an ce a re
, .
, ,

o b viously i n terpola tio s Ac ac iu s an d P eter b ei n g b oth de a d

n ,
.

The ba sil ic a of St Euphemi a a t Tivol i disa ppea red ea rly Duchesn e op cit
5
. .
, .

p 256 n 1
.
, . 1 .
 G ELAS I US

t w e n t y mi l es from the city ,

and other ba silic a s IH e de di c a ted al s othe ba si lic a

of th e ho ly Nic an d e r El eutherius ,

an d An dre w
on the Vi a Lavi c an a i n the vi llag e P ertus a ?
H e b ui l t al so the an d an other
ba si lic a of H o ly Ma r y o n the V i a La ure n ti n a i n the est a te
C ri sp in i s,
?
t w e n ty mi l es from the cit y
H e w rote 5 b oo k s aga i n st H e w rote tre a tises an d
Nestorius an d Eu tyc h e s ; he h ym n s a s did bl essed A m b rose
, ,

w rote al so h ym n s a fter the m an the b ishop an d b oo k s aga i n st ,

n er of the bl essed A mb rose ; Eu tyc h e s an d N e stor iu s w hi ch ,

l i k e wise t w o b oo k s agai n st A rius to d ay a re k ept preserved i n the

-

he w rote al so pref a ces to the li b r a r y of the a rchives of the

s a cr a me n ts an d pr ay ers i n c a re church .

ful lan gu ag e an d m a n y e l oque n t

3
epist l es re ga rdi ng the f a ith .

D uri ng hi s b ishopric the c l er gy waxed g re a ter .

1
Sergius I a t the e n d o f the seven th cen tury is s a id to h a ve re b uil t an or a tory to
, ,

S t An dre w on the V i a Lab ican a

. It wa s perh aps the ba sil ic a or g roup of ba sil ic a s
.

men tion ed here The site is n ow l ost Duchesn e op c it p 2 5 6 n 1 2

. .
, . .
, .
, . .

2
This church al so is n ow u nkn o wn .

3
The h y mn s of Gela sius h a ve all b ee n l ost a s al so his refuta tion s of Ari an ism , .

J aflé l ists a mon g his w ritin g s on e trea tise on the du al n a ture of C hrist aga in st Eu ty ch e s
“

a n d Nestorius R egesto p 8 9 6 70 The pref a ces an d pray ers w ere e viden tly p a rts
”
.
, ,
. .

o f a l itur gy In the n in th ce n tury the Libe r S ac r a me n tor u m or ofli c e of Ge la sius wa s

.

disti n guished from tha t of St G re gory Duchesn e op ci t p 2 5 7 n 1 4 Jaffe

. .
, . .
, .
,
. .

e n umera tes over on e hu n dred l etters of Ge la sius de al i n g with m a tters o f doctri n e ,

eccl esi a stic al g overn men t moral it y an d the temporal n eeds of his floc k Op ci t pp
, . . .
, .

8 3—9 5 6 9—7 4 3
,
1 O n e of the most strik i n g wa s w ritte n in 4 9 4 to the emperor An a st a sius
.
,

setti n g forth the superiorit y of the priestly to the civil po w er There a re t w o po w ers .

w hich for the most p a rt co n trol this w orl d the sa cred authority of priests an d the ,

mi ght of k i n g s Of these t wo the offi ce of the priests is the g re a ter i n a smuch a s the y
.
,

must give a ccou n t to the Lord even for the k i g s b efore the divi n e j ud g men t n .

Y ou kn o w therefore th a t y ou a re depe n den t upo n their decisio n an d th a t the y wi ll

, ,

n ot su b mit to y our w i ll J aflé op ci t p 8 5 63 2 Ay er S ou rce B ook p 5 3 1

”
.
.
, . .
, .
, .
, ,
.

4
List o f ordi n a tio n s .
1 1 4 L I BE R P ON T I FI C ALI S

H e al so wa s b uried
i n the church of bl essed P eter ,
i n the ba si lic a of bl essed P eter ,

the a postl e ,

Novem b er 2I .

An d
a fter his de a th
the b ishopric wa s empty 7 d ay s .

L II A N A STA SIU S II (49 6— 4 98)

.

1
Ana st a sius by na ti o nali ty a R om an , ,
son of P eter ,
from the
5 th di strict ,

T a um a ,

2
of the Caput T a uri occupied the see 1 y e a r 1 1 mo n ths an d 24
, ,

d ay s H e wa s b ishop i n the time of Theodoric the k i n g

.
,
.

H e set up the co n fessio n of bl essed Law re n ce the m a rty r of , ,

si l ver ,

w ei ghi n g 80 lb s . w hich w ei g hed 1 00 lb s .

A t th a t time m a n y of the c l er gy an d of the priests withdre w

themse l ves from commu n io n w ith him b ec a use wi thout co n su l ti ng ,

the priests or the b ishops or them

c l er gy of all the c a tho lic chu
he h a d commu n ic a ted w ith a de a co n of T h e ssaloni c a P h otin u s by ,

na me w ho wa s of the p a rt y of Ac a c iu s an d b ec a use he d esired

, ,

secret ly to rei n st a te Ac a ciu s an d cou l d n ot An d he wa s struc k .

3
de a d by divi n e wi ll .

1
The epita ph of An a sta sius sta tes tha t hi s fa ther wa s a priest Duchesn e Lib .
,
.

P on t vo l I p 2 59 n 5
.
, .
, .
, . .

2
For this district see su pra p 1 0 n 3 , .
,
. .

3
This n otice of An a sta sius is b itter with the feel i n g e n g en dered by the co n trovers y
w ith the Ea stern church which h a d b e g u n u n der P op e Simpl icius a n d which u n der Fe lix
,

III an d Gela sius h a d resu l ted in a n ope n schism b etw ee n the Western b ra n ch l ed by ,

R ome an d the Ea stern p a tri a rch a tes a n d the emperor See su pr a pp 06 1 08

,
09 1 2 .
,
. 1 , ,
1 ,
1 .

A n a st a sius II upo n his a ccessio n se n t t w o b ishops to the emperor to b e g th a t the se a m

, ,

l ess tu n ic of the Sa vior b e n o l o n g er re n t for the sak e of a si n gl e dea d man H e did .

n ot propose to retr a ct the ce n sure of Fe l ix III upo n Ac a c iu s a n d his te n ets b ut su gg ested

1 1 6 LI BE R P ON T IFI C ALIS

H e l oved the c l er gy an d the

poor ; he wa s a g ood m an an d
s aga cious ki n d ly an d courteous
, ,

an d a t the time of hi s or di na tio n H e wa s ord a i n ed o n the s a me

La ure n tius al so wa s ord ai n ed b e d ay with La ure n tius b ec a use
c a use of a di sse n sio n i n the there wa s a disse n sio n ,

1
b ishopric ,
—

Symm a chus i n the ba si lic a of C o n st an ti n e an d La ure n tius i n the

ba si lic a of the bl essed Ma r y .

W herefore
on e p a rty of the c l er gy an d al so the c l er gy wa s sep a r a ted i n to
of the se na tors wa s di vided from p a rties an d the sen a te al so wa s
the rest divided
an d some supported Symm a chus an d others L a uren tius . An d
a fter the disse n sio n h a d a rise n
the y all ali k e Ithe p a rties
decided th a t b oth f a ctio n s shou l d b et ak e themse l ves to Ra ve nna
?
for the j ud gme n t of Theodoric An d
w he n the y h a d come w he n the y h a d b oth a rrived a t
Ra ve nna
the y received this ri g hteous j ud g me n t th a t he w ho h a d b ee n first
,

ord a i n ed or w ho
wa s supported by Iwas kn o wn to h a ve
the la r g est p a rt y shou l d occup y the a posto lic see Thus throu g h .

j ustice an d perceptio n of the truth Symm a chus wa s se l ected an d

m a de b ishop A t th a t time P ope Symm a chus a ssem bl ed a s yn od
.

a n d a ppoi n ted La u re n tius b ishop of the to wn of N u c e ri a out of

?
comp a ssio n
1
There is n o men tio n here of the theol o g ic al an d pol i tic al re a so n s u n derlyin g the
sp l it in the R om a n church b ut the situ a tio n m ay b e b etter a ppreci a ted if the rea der
rec all s the b eg i n n i n g of discord u n der An a sta sius II S u pr a p 1 4 a n d n 3 La uren
.
, . 1 . .

tius seems to h a ve b een the c a n dida te of the p a rty th a t desired more compromise with
the Ea stern church .

2
O ther versio s of the story s ay th a t the co n te n di n g p a rties w ere forced to a ccept
n

the a rb itra tio n of Theodoric Duchesn e op ci t p 263 n 4

.
, . .
,
.
, . .

3
The a cts of the s yn od of Ital i an b ishops hel d u n der th e preside n c y of Symm a chus
,

i n 4 9 9 h a ve b ee n preserved
, . The y con sist chiefly of me a sures to preven t co n fusio n in
 SYMMACHUS 1 1 7

1
a fter 4 y e a rs some of the c l er g y an d some of the se na te
B ut ,

i n p a rticu la r Festus an d P r obin u s fu ll of z e al ,

and cr a ft ,

b rou g ht ch a r g es aga i n st Symm a chus an d su b or n ed f al se w it n esses

w hom the y se n t to Ki n g Theodori c ,

the heretic ,

a t Ra ve nn a to a ccuse the bl essed Symm a chus ; an d the y rec all ed

L a ure n tius ste al thi ly
to R ome ,

after the a ccus a tio n h a d b ee n dr a wn up a t R ome an d the y cre a te d

a schi sm a n d

a p a rt y withdre w itse l f from the c l er gy wa s divided aga i n an d

2
c ommu n io n with Symm a chus some commu n ic a ted wi th Sym .

m a c h u s an d some with La ure n

ti us .

The n the se na tors Festus an d P r ob in u s se n t a report to th e ki ng

a nd a sk ed K i n g Theodoric to a n d b e gan to n e g oti a te with the
se n d P eter of Altin u m a s an ki ng to se n d an i n spector to the
3

i n spector to the aposto lic see a posto li c see The n the ki ng . .

se n t P eter b ishop of the to wn ,

of Altin u m al thou g h the c an o n s ,

for ba de it .

future p a p al el ectio n s Durin g the s yn od La uren tius wa s a ppoin ted b ishop o f Nocera
. .

J a flé R egesta vo l I p 9 6 He fele op ci t vo l II p 9 5 8
'

.
, , .
, . .
,
. .
,
.
,
.

1
I n f a ct e a rly i n 5 01 .

2
The first a ccus a tio n b rou ght by the m al co n ten ts aga in st Symm a chus con cern ed
the d a te of Ea ster Sy mm a chus h a d ce l e b ra ted th a t festival in 5 01 on M a rch 2 5
.
,

foll o wi n g the old R oma n c al e n d a r J affé R egesta p 9 7 7 54 H is a dvers a ries c om

.
, , .
, .

p la i n ed th a t he shoul d h a ve a dopted the Gree k rec k o n in g w hich b rou ght the d a te to ,

April 2 2 Sy mm a chus w e n t to R imi n i t o lay hi s c a se b efore T h e od ori c an d wh il e there

.

le a rn ed of other an d g ra ver ch a r g es which w ere b ei n g preferred aga i n st him : vi a ,

viola tion of ch a stit y a n d misuse of church propert y Thereupon without wa itin g to .

,

fa ce Theodoric he fled ba c k to R ome by n i g ht a d e n tre n ched h imsel f in the b uil di n g s o f

, n

the Va tic an The hostil e p a rt y too k a dva n t ag e of his flight to prev a il upo n Th e od or ic
.

t o se n d a visitor or i n spector to R ome in order to cel e b ra te Ea ster a t the proper

“

se a so n a s the emperor H o n orius h a d don e a t the time of the dissen sio n b etw een B oni
,

fa ce I a n d Eu laliu s S u p a p 8 9 n 4 ; p 9 0 The a ct ho w ever wa s ta n ta moun t to a

. r , .
, . . .
, ,

dec la ra tio n th a t the see of R ome wa s v a c a n t or con tested Symm a chus wa s bou n d to .

r ese n t it a s a n e ga tio n of all his ri g hts Duchesn e op ci t p 2 64 n 8 J aflé ibid p 9 7 . . .

, .
, . .
, .
, ,
. .

3
The modern Al tin o n e a r V e n ice .
1 I 8 L I BE R P ON T IFI C ALI S

The n the bl essed Symm a chus a ssemb led 1 1 5 b ishops an d in the

s yn od wa s a cquitte d of the f al se a ccus a tio n a n d P eter of Altin u m ,

the in truder upo n the a posto li c see an d La ure n tius of N u c e ri a w ere ,

co n dem n ed b ec a use d uri ng the li fetime of the b ishop Symm a chus

,

?
the y h a d i n v a ded hi s see The n the bl esse d Symm a chus wa s
rei n sta ted wi th gl or y i n the aposto lic see by all the bi shbp s priests ,

an d d e a co n s an d all the c l er gy an d the peop l e to si t a s b ishop i n ,

the church of the bl esse d P eter .

The n Festus the p a trici a n , ,

A t th a t time Festus th e ex ,

b e gan to s la u g hter i n the cit y co n su l an d l e a d er of the se na te ,

the c l er gy w ho w ere commu ni an d P r ob in u s the e xc on su l b e , ,

c a ti ng wi th the bl essed Sym m a gan to fi g ht i n the ci t y of R om e

3
chus an d he expe ll ed couse with other se n a tors i n p ar ti c u ,

cr a ted w ome n from their d w e ll la r wi th F an stus the e xc on su l , ,

1
The R oma n syn od of 5 01 wa s co n ve n ed to p a ss on the who l e situ a tion by order
of Theodoric an d with the co n se n t of Sy mm a chus It he l d thr ee sessio n s the first .
,

duri n g the sprin g or e a rly summ er a t the church of San ta M a ri a in Tr astevere At thi s .

sessio n Symma chus ag reed to a ppe a r wa ivin g the c la im of his see n ot to be j udg ed
,

by inferiors an d overl oo ki g the f a ct tha t Theodoric h a d seized the la n ds an d b uil din gs

n

of the church l ea vi n g h im o nly St P eter s The seco n d sessio n met in Septem ber a t
’
. .
,

the ba sili c a of San t a C roce in Gerusal emme on the f a rt her side of the city Symm a .

chus set out to cross from the Va tica n b ut was a tta c k ed by a ban d of e n emies on the
way a n d m a n y of the priests a ccomp an yin g hi m w ere kill ed Therea fter Symma chus .

rem a i n ed shut up in the Va tic an an d refused to a tte n d a n other session of the s yn od .

Neverthel ess in O cto b er the a ssembl ed b ishops dec la red th a t the y coul d fin d n o rea so n
w hy he shoul d n ot con tin ue in full e n j o ym e n t of hi s o ffi ce an d l eft the a ccusa tio n s
again st hi m to the j udg me t of G od The y so l emn ly co n demn e d both La ure n tius an d
n .

P eter of Al tin o Theodoric s visitor I n Novemb er 502 Symm a chus on his own
,
“ ’
.
, ,

in iti a tive c all ed a n other syn od of b ishops w hich proceeded to a nn ul a n irre gu la r decree
,

forb iddi n g the pope to alie na te chur ch propert y th a t seems to h a ve bee n emp l o y ed by ,

Sy mm a chus oppo n e n ts a s a basis for their ch a rg es aga in st hi m S pr a p

’
10 n 3 . u , . 1 , . .

The s yn od in deed p a ssed other ordin a n ces prohi b it in g the pope to dispose of rur al
propert y b ut all o win g hi m to se ll city houses which cost t oo much to ma in t a in In 5 05 .

Symm a chus petitio n ed Theo doric to compe l the p a trici a n Festus the in sti ga tor of th e ,

viol e n ce wh ich co n tin ued to ha ra ss the city to ab sta in from fur ther oppo sitio n an d to ,

order La ure n tius to l ea ve R ome D iosc oru s a you n g dea co n from Al ex an dr i a

.
, ,

wa s abl e to persu a de Theodoric to tak e this step a n d Symm a chus resumed possession
of all the churches an d ecc l es ia stic al esta tes Duches n e op ci t p 264 n 1 0 J a flé '

.
, ,
. . . .
, .
,

Regesta pp 9 7—9 8 D iosc oru s po w ers o f el oque n ce served the

’
, . H e fe le loc ci t
.
,
. .

R om a n church eve n more co n spicuous ly la ter I nfr a pp 2 7

—1 0
3 .
, . 1 .

2 Festus wa s co n su l in 4 7 2 P rob in u s in 4 89 an d F a ustus in 4 90 They a re all

, .

three me n tio ed a s perso n s of hi g h reputa tio n in a co n tempora ry work by Enn od iu s

n .

Opu sc VI . .Quoted by Duches n e op cit p 26 5 n 1 2 ,

. .
, .
, . .

3 This p ass ag e is n ot pro bably descriptive of a n y on e occ a sio n b ut of the g e n eral

 1 20 LI B ER P ON T I FI CAL I S

the doors of the ba sili c a of C o n stan ti n e an d co n demn ed them to

?
exi l e
H e wa s b ishop from the co n su l s hi p of Pa u li n us (A D 4 98) to . .

the co n su l shi p of S e na tor (A D . .

H e b ui l t the ba silic a of Sai n t An dre w the a post l e n e a r the , ,

ba sil ic a of the bl essed P eter ?

Al so he a dor n ed with m a r bl es the ba si li c a of bl essed P eter .

The fou n t a i n of bl essed P eter with the squ a re portico a rou n d it

he b e au ti fie d wi th m a r bl e w ork an d with la m b s an d crosses an d
p alm s of mos a ic L i k e wise b e e n c l osed the who l e a trium ; an d .

he wide n ed the steps b efore th e doors of the ba si lic a of Sai n t P eter ,

the a post l e an d he m a de other steps of w ood o n the ri g ht an d on

,

the l eft Al so he b ui l t p ala ces i n the s a me p la ce o n the ri ght an d

.

o n the l eft Al so b e l o w the steps i n to the a trium outside i n the

.
, ,

Th is even t must h a ve tak e n p la ce a fter the emperor An as tasius accused Sym

1

ma ch u s himse l f of b e in g a M a n ichea n pro bably duri n g the la tter h alf of his p o n tifica te , .

Symm a chus w rote a Apolog tic u s in his own defe n ce Duchesn e op cit p 65 n 4
n e .
, . .
, . 2 , . 1 .

J afi é R egesta p 9 9 76
'

, , .
,
1 .

Thi s is the first co n sula r s yn chr on ism sin ce the c l ose of the Liberi a n Cat alog
2
ue .

Sy n chro n isms a re g ive n for the three foll o win g popes as w e ll Duchesn e regards their .

a ppe a r a n ce here a s a n other proof th a t the Lib P on t wa s first compil ed b etw ee n 5 1 4 . .

an d 53 0 Op ci t p xl v . . .
, . .

Sy mm a chus wa s pecu li a rly co n cern ed to e nla rg e a n d b ea utify the ba silic a of St

3
.

P eter perh aps ou t of gra titude for the shel ter it afforded him durin g his y ea rs of
,

stru ggl e 5 01 —506 The ba sili c a of St An dr e w wa s a roto n d a which stood b eside the
,
. .

church of St P eter u n til it wa s demolished by P ius V I to m ak e room for th e prese n t

.

sa cristy It seems to h a ve b ee n b u il t ori gin ally durin g the fifth ce n tury tog ether with
.
,

a seco n d circu la r structure wh ich stoo d b ehin d it a n d wa s co n n ected wi th it a d with n

St P eter s by a gall ery The tw o w ere a pp a re n tly in te n ded a s m auso l eums for the
’
. .

f a mily of Theodosius an d the rea r b u ildi n g a ctu a lly co n ta in ed some imperi al tomb s It .

wa s c all ed in the M iddl e Ag es the ch a pe l of Sa n t a P etro n illa The roto n d a whi ch .

Symm a chus n ow co n verted i n to a church a n d dedica ted to St An dre w h a d presum ably .

n ever b ee n used a s a m a uso l e u m a n d wa s empt y u n til he furni shed it Duc hesn e .

,

op c it
. p 265 n 1 6
.
, .
, . .

L ist of g ifts to the shri n e of St An d re w a n d of four or a tories co n stru c ted with in

4
.

the roto n d a ; als o of three ora tories b uil t about the baptistery of St P eter which stood .
,

a t the e n d of the n orth tra n sept of the ba sil ic a These la st three ora tories w ere dedi .

c a t e d to the H o ly C ross St J ohn the Ba ptist a n d St J oh n the Ev an g e l ist resp ec , . .

ti ve ly a s w ere the or a tories a tt a ched to the ba ptistery of the La tera n

, S u pr a p 1 03 .
, . .

Symm a chus may h a ve eq uipped the Va tic a n ba pti stery to serve in s t ea d of the La t eran
durin g his exc l usio n from the la tter .
 SYMMACHUS I 21

squ a re he set an other foun t a i n an d an a ccommod a ti o n for hum an

,

n ecessity ?
An d he b ui l t other steps for a sce n t i n to the church of bl essed
An dre w an d set up a fou n t a i n .

H e b ui l t the ba si lic a of the ho ly m a rtyr Aga th a o n the Via

A ure li a o n the est a te L ar d a riu m from the fou n d a tio n he b ui l t i t
2

?
an d o ffered there 2 si l ver co ffers
4
A t th a t time he b ui l t the ba si lic a of Sa i n t Pan cr a tius w here ,

al so he set a si l ver co ffer w ei ghi ng 1 5 lb s he b ui l t lik e wise i n the

,
.

s a me p la ce a ba th .

Al so i n the church of bl essed Pa u l the a post l e he re b ui l t the , ,

apse of the ba si lic a w hi ch wa s f alli ng in to rui n an d he em b e llished

, ,

it with a picture b ehi n d the co n fessio n an d he m a de a v a u l ti ng an d

a tr a n sept ; an d over the co n fessio n he erected a si l ver im ag e of the
Sa vior an d the 1 2 apost l es w hich w ei g hed 1 20 lb s an d b efore the
,
.

doors of the ba sili c a he b ui l t steps i n to the a trium an d a fou n ta i n ;

an d b ehi n d the a pse he b rou g ht do wn wa ter an d b ui l t there a ba th
?
from the fou n d a tio n
1 This a ccou n t of the compl etio n an d a dorn me n t o f the a trium b e fore St P eter s .
’

is n ot al tog ether c l ea r O n e ga thers th a t Sy mm a chus fi nished a n d decor a ted the fa

.

mous fou n t a in of the b ro n ze pi n e co n e an d the wall s of the a trium wide n ed the sta irway ,

l ea din g up to the a trium an d b uil t a p ala ce or p a p al reside n ce on either side It is .

n ot p la in w h a t wa s the purpose of the steps th a t w e n t to ri g ht an d l eft u n l ess the y ,

w ere a ppro a ches to the p ala ces The seco n d fou n ta in wa s sh a ped l ik e a shell a n d
.

stood a pp a re n tly b efore the e n tr an ce to the a trium Of course there is n ow n o tra ce .

of these a rran g eme n ts Only the b ronz e p in e co n e is preserved in a cou rtya rd of the
.

Va tic a n p ala ce .

2 It is u n certa in w here thi s ba sil ic a stood .

3
B oxes or c ofle r s of h a mmered sil ver w ere used a s rel iqu a ries Some fe w ex a m .

pl es from this period a re still preserved Se e for i ll ustra tion Lo w rie Chr isti an Art and
.
,

Ar che ology pp 3 60—3 6

, . D al ton Byz an tine Ar t a nd Arche ology p p 5 63— 5 64
1 , , . .

San Pan cr a zio on the V i a Aure l i a over the m a rt y r s tom b The modern church ’
4
.

h a s b ee n much restored After the Gothic wa rs the city ga te which l ed to this ba sil ic a
.

wa s c all ed P ort a San Pan cra zio i n stea d of P orta Aure li a The la st y e a rs of Sym ma chus .

w ere p a ssed in the comp a ra tive pe a ce an d order of Th eod or ic s rei g n The civi l ’
.

g overn me n t too k up vi g orously the work of rep a iri n g pu bl ic b ui l di n g s p ala ces thea tres , , ,

a queducts etc a n d furn ished b ric k s an d other m a teri al s to the church for its r e stor a
,
.
,

tio n s an d n e w e n terprises Frothi n gh a m M on u men ts pp 69—7 1 G r egor oviu s

.
, , . .
,

Hi stor y of R ome tr H a mi l to n vo l I pp 29 0—3 08

, .
, .
, . .

5
San Pa ol o h a s p a ssed throu gh so m a n y vicissitudes th a t it is impossi bl e n ow to
ide n tif y an y h an di work of Symm a chus B ehin d the apse of the ba sil ica is the pu blic
.

street an d b eyo n d th a t on the hill the cemetery of Lucin a An in scriptio n of the sixth .

or seven th ce n tury ho w ever spe ak s of a ba th b u il t in a cemetery an d of wa ter b rou g ht

, ,
 1 22 L I BER P O N T I FI C ALI S

Withi n the cit y of R ome he b ui l t the ba si lic a of Sa i n ts S i l vester

an d Ma rti n from its fou n d a tio n n e a r ,

the ba ths
1
of Tr ajan an d there al so he set a si l ver ci b orium ab ove the al t a r ,

which w ei g hed 1 20 lb s ; 1 2 si l ver coffers w hi ch w ei ghed e a ch 1 0 .

,

lb s a si l ver co n fessio n w hi ch w ei ghed 1 5 lb s

.
,
.

?
For the bl essed J oh n an d Pa u l he b ui l t steps b ehi n d the apse
Al so he e n la r g ed the ba si li c a of the a rch ang e l M ich a e l an d
?
b ui l t steps an d b rou ght i n wa ter
Al so he erected from its fou n d a tio n an or a tor y of Sai n ts C osm a
4
an d D a mi an b eside Sai n t Ma r y .

Al so o n th e V i a T rivan a 2 7 mi l es from the city of R ome o n the , ,

est a te P a cini an u m he de dic a ted a ba si lic a to bl esse d P eter a t th e

,

request of Alb i n us an d Glap h yr a the i ll ustrious pr aetori an p r e ,

?
fe c ts w ho b ui l t i t from the fou n d a tio n a t their o wn expe n se
,

Al so n e a r bl essed P eter an d bl essed Pa u l ,

the a postl es ,

an d n e a r Sa i n t L awr e n ce ,

the m a rty r ,

6
he erected l od gi ng houses for the poor .

in by me a n s of wheel s an d pu ll ey s The re feren ce m ay b e to the ba th of Symm a chus . .

Duchesn e op c it p 2 6 7 n 3 4
, . .
, .
, . .

1
A church h a d b ee n b u il t on this site t w o hu n dred y e a rs b efore by P ope Syl vester .

S u pr a p 4 n I
, . 2, It seems l i k ely th a t Symm a chus restored or e n riched the e a rlier
. .

structure an d a dded an other c l ose b eside it dedic a ted to St M a rtin of Tours The tw o , . .

ba sil ic a s w ere la ter spo k en of a s o e u n der the titl e Sts Syl vester a n d M a rtin In n . .

course of time the n a me of St M a rti n predomin a ted an d the modern church is kn own
.

a s San M a rti n o a i M o n ti Duchesn e op cit p 26 7 n 3 5 .

,
. .
, . . . .

2
The fli ght of steps do wn the hi ll b ehi n d the a pse is a fea ture of San ti Giov an n i e
Pa ol o to d ay .

3
The tomb of H a dri an wa s n ot co n secra ted to the a rcha n g el u n til the seven th
ce n tur y It is n ot k n o wn wh a t ba si lic a to St M ich a el existed a s ea rly a s the ag e of
. .

Sy mm a chus al thou g h three a re s a id to h a ve stood withi n the cit y a t the b e g in n in g

,

o f the n i n th ce n tur y Duchesn e op c it p 268 n 3 6

.
, . .
, .
, . .

4
N ow dis a ppe a red .

5
The site is u n kn o wn Vi a T ivan a m ay b e a corruptio n for V i a Ti b erin a the
. r ,

ro a d which b ra n ches off from the V i a F la mi n i a a t Sa x a R u b ra Duches n e op ci t .

, . .
,

p 268 n 3 7
.
, . .

3
Whether these l odg i n g s w ere for impoverished citizen s o f R ome or for impecu n ious
p ilg rims from a distan ce the y testify to the in crea sin g scope of church a ctivit y
,
.
 1 24 LI BER P O NTIFI CALI S

L IV . H O R M I S D A S (5 1 4 5 23)

H ormi sd a s by na tio nali ty a Ca mp ani an so n of J ustus from

, , ,

the to wn of F ri sin o occupied the see 9 y e a rs an d 1 7 d ay s H e

1
,
.

wa s b ishop i n the time of Theodoric the ki ng an d Ana st a sius Au , ,

g ustus from the co n sul shi p of S e na tor (A D 5 1 4 ) to the co n sul shi p

2
,
. .

of Symm a chus an d B oethius (A D H e set the c l er gy i n order 3

. .

an d t a u ght them from the P s al ms H e b uil t a ba si lic a i n th e .

Alban di strict o n the est a te M e fon tis ?

By
a uthority of hi s b ishop A t th a t time by a decree of a
ri c an d by decree of a s yn od s yn od he se n t to Greece an d dis
an d in a ccord an ce with th e clem p lay ed the cleme n cy of the
e n cy of the aposto li c see he se n t aposto li c see ,

to Greece an d reco n ci led the for th e Gree k s h a d b ee n b ou n d

Gree k s w ho h a d b een i n b o n d by the ch ai n of th e ana them a ,

ag e oi the ana them a b ec a use of ,

b ec a use of P eter of Al ex an dri a
P eter of Alex an dri a an d A ca an d Ac aciu s b ishop of C on ,

?
cius of C o n st an ti n op l e stan tin op le u n der J ohn b ishop
, ,

?
of C o n stan tin op l e
Thi s pope se n t to Kin g B y a dvi ce of Ki ng T heo
1
A to wn in cien t La tium the modern Frosin o n e The n a me Ca mp an ia is here
an , .

applied in the mediev al se nse to the re gio n a rou n d R ome .

2
To b e quite exa ct the a uthor shoul d h ave a dded the n ame of Ju stin who wa s ,

emp eror f rom 5 1 8 to 5 23 .

3 This m ay mea n th a t H ormisd a s did his utmost to flace the vestig es o f the schi sm
e

which h ad re n t the church u n der his predecesso r H is epita ph say s tha t he res tored .

“
the memb ers torn f rom their wo n ted p la ces Duch esn e Li b P on t vo l I p 2 7 2 n 4 .
”
, . .
, .
, .
, . .

4
The spot is n ow u n kn o wn .

5
The foll o win g a ccou n t of the n e gotia tio n s of H ormisd a s wi th th eEa stern emperor
an d the fin al reco n ci lia tio n of the Ea stern church is su b sta n ti ally correct the versio n ,

in the fi rst co l umn from the Feli c ia n Epitome b e in g in the m ain more a ccura te th an
th a t in the seco n d The in surrection o f V itali an in 5 1 4 forced the emperor to propitia te
.

orthodox opin io n an d to propose the se ttl eme n t of d ifi e ren c es a t a g en eral cou n cil to
b e hel d a t Hera c l ea u n der the preside n c y of the pope Hormisda s ag reed to p a rtici .

p a te in the coun c il provided tha t the Eutychi a n heresy shou l d b e expressly an a thema
,

ti se d durin g the proce e di n g s an d the a cts of the C ou n c il of C h al cedo n should be ra ti fi e d .

Su pr a p 1 06 n 2
, . In the summer of 5 1 5 he se n t the l ega tes me n tio n ed in the
, . .

text to di scuss with the emperor the con di tion s of church reu n io n J aflé R eges ta .
, ,

vol I p 1 01 7 7 1 7 73 777
.
, .
, , ,

3
John wa s n ot b ishop a t C on stan tin opl e u n til 5 1 8 to wa rd the c l ose of the eve n ts ,

about to b e na rra ted Timotheus was his predecessor Duchesn e op cit p 2 7 2 n 6

. .
,
. .
, .
, . .
 HORM I S D AS 1 2
5

Theodoric a t Ra ve nna an d by doric he disp a tched En n odiu s ,

a dvice of the ki ng he di sp a tched b ishop of Tici n um an d P ortu ,

1
Enn odi u s b ishop of Tici n um
, ,
na tus b ishop of Ca tina an d
, ,

an d F or tu n atu s b ishop of C a ,
V e n an tiu s a priest of the city of
,

t h e n a an d Evan tiu s a priest of

2
, ,
R ome an d V it alis a de a co n of
, ,

the city an d Vit alis a de a co n of

, ,
the aposto li c see an d Hi la ry a , ,

th e cit y . n ot a ry of the a fores aid see .

The y w e n t to Ana st a sius Au T he y w en t to Ana st a sius

gustus an d proposed th a t the A u gustus
Greek s shou l d d o pe nan ce ac
cordi ng to th e code an d b e rei n
st a ted b u t the y e ffected n othi ng ?
b ut effected n othi ng .

4
L ik ewi se a seco n d ti me Li k ewise a seco n d time he
H ormisd a s se n t Enn odi u s an d sen t the s a me Enn od iu s an d
P ere gri n us th e b ishops an d
, ,
P ere g ri n us b ishop of M ese na
,
5
,

P o llio a su b de a co n of the city

, ,
c a rryi ng secret l etters an d a r gu
an d the y c a rried with them me n ts i n support of the f a ith 1 9 ,

secret l etters an d a r gume n ts for i n n umb er an d the text of the

,

th e f ai th 1 9 i n n um b er an d th e
, ,
code of pe nan ce .

code of pe nan ce by me an s of ,

whi ch the Greek s mi ght b e

1
The modern Pa via .

2
A corruptio n for Ca tin a the modern Ca ta n i a in Sicily , .

5 1 6 An a sta sius wa s n o l o n g er a fr a id of V ital i a n an d a ccor dingly se n t the pope s

3 By ’

emba ss y home w ith a l etter dec lini n g his proposal .

4
An a sta sius n ot wishin g to a ppe a r to discour ag e al to g ether the a git a tio n for
,

eccl esi a stical reun ion n ext sen t an emba ssy of hi s own to the pope an d the R om a n
,

sen a te with coun ter p re p osition s In Fe b ru a ry 5 1 7 Hormisd a s wa s w riti n g in an irri

.
, ,

ta ted an d despo n de n t to n e ab out the holl o wn ess of the Gree k pro f essio n s In April o f .

tha t sa me y ea r ho w ever he h a d b ee n himse l f persu a ded to sen d a seco n d deputa tio n

, ,

to C on sta n tin opl e It c a rried with it l etters to the emperor to Timotheus b ishop of
.
, ,

C on sta n tin opl e to P ossessor an Afric an b ishop so j ourn in g a t the c apit al to the
, , ,

orthodox cl ergy mo n k s an d popu la ce of the cit y to the orthodox b ishops of the O rie n t
, ,

an d fin ally to all Ea st e rn b ishops w i thout disti n ctio n o f p a rt y The orthodox w ere .

a pproved an d urg ed to rem a in con sta n t ; the rest remi n ded th a t the y must return to
the roc k on which the church wa s b uil t J aflé Regesta pp 1 02—1 03 78 4 7 89—79 4 .
, , .
, ,
.

The Lib P an t al so spe ak s of an a rgumen t in n i n etee n he a din g s an d a code of pe n a n ce

. . .

N o cop y o f the a r gume n t is kn o wn to exist The copies distri b uted in the Ea st w ere .

destro y ed a s ou r text re la tes Fel ix III h a d al re a dy ofler e d the pen ite n ti al code to
, .

the errin g Gree k s S u pr a p 08 an d n 3 ; p 1 09

.
,
. 1 . . .

5
M essi n a .
 26
restored ; an d if th e Greek s r e
fused to receive th e a r gume n ts
of the l etters the b ishops w ere
,
to di strib ute them a mo ng the
ci ties .
An d Ana st a sius A u gustus r e
fused to a ccep t their o ffer b e
c a use he b e lieved in the heresy
of Eu thi ce s ?
Therefore he tried
to corrupt the b ishops with a
b ri b e b ut the y despised the
pri n ce an d w ou l d n ot t ak e the
mo n e y . sp i se d Ana st a sius A u gustus an d
The emperor hot wi th ang er
se n t them for th by a d ang erous
p la ce an d em ba rk ed them o n a
ship in peril of de a th wi th a c ap
t ai n an d a prefect H e li od oru s
an d D emetrius An d the em . D emetrius
p e r or ga ve comm an d th a t the y
shou l d n ot e n ter an y cit y
Neverthe l ess th e b ishops se
c r e tly disp a tched the ab ove me n
t ion e d 1 9 l etters o n the f a ith
throu g h all the cities by the
h an ds of c a tho li c mo nk s
B ut these l etters w ere r e
c e ive d by b ishops of the ci ties
w ho agreed with Ana st a sius
A u gustus the heretic an d i n
, ,
fe a r the y fo r wa rded them all to
1
The deta il s of the fa il ure of the seco n d mission
in the Lib P on t
. .
LI BE R P ON T IFI C ALIS
An d Ana st a sius A u gustus r e
,
fused to a ccep t the code of pe n
an ce b ec ause he hi mse lf sh a red
,
in the Eu th yc ian heres y .
Therefore he tried to corrupt the
l e ga tes with a b rib e b ut th e
l e ga tes of the aposto li c see de
w ou l d n ot t ak e the mo n e y unl ess ,
he w ou l d re n der s a tisf a cti o n to
the aposto lic see The n the em
.
, , p e r or fu ll of w r a th se n t them
, ,
forth by a ba ck way an d em
ba rk ed them ou a d ang erous
shi p with so ldi ers an d ca p ta in s
,
an d prefects H e li od oru s an d
,
.
An d th e emperor Ana st a sius
. ga ve comm an d th a t the y shou l d
n ot e n ter an y cit y .
Neverthe l ess th e l e ga tes of the
a posto li c see secretly di sp a tched
the ab ove me n tio n ed 1 9 l etters
o n th e f a ith throu g h all the cities
. by the h an ds of orthodox mo nk s .
B ut these l etters w ere r e
c e iv e d by b ishops of th e ci ties
w ho w ere of th e p a rty of Anas
tasiu s A u gustus an d in fe a r for
wa rded all the l etters o n the
to An a sta sius a re recorded o nly
 1 28 L I BE R P ON T I FI C ALI S

poi n t of faith an d ga ve them the o n ever y poin t of fa ith an d ga ve

code of pe nan ce by me an s of ,
them the text of the code of
whi ch the Greek s mi g ht retur n penan ce .

to commu ni o n with the a pos

?
to li c see
An d w he n the y dre w n e a r to An d w he n the y drew n e a r to
C o n st an ti n op l e C o n st an ti n op l e the y w ere so
r a di an t with the g r a ce of f aith
there c ame out to meet them a th a t a mu l titude of orthodox
mu l titude of mo nks an d a host mo nk s an d a v a st host of dis
of disti nguished m e n a mo ng ,
tin gu ish e d me n amo ng w hom ,

w hom w ere the emperor J usti n w ere the emp eror J ustin an d the
an d V i talian u s m a ster of the ,
co n su l Vi tali an u s c a me to meet ,

so ldi ery an d they escorted

,
them an d escorted them from
them from the so—c all ed R ou n d the so c alled R ou n d Ca st l e i n to
-

Ca st l e i n to the city of C o n the city of C o n st an tin op l e .

?
st an tin op le

With gl ory an d pr aise the y With gl ory an d pr aise the y

e n tered the cit y to g ether with e n tered the city to g e ther wi th
the i ll ustrious Gr a tus . the illustrious Gr a tus .

S o a fter their e n tr an ce i n to An d the y w ere gl orious ly r e

the city they w ere gl orious ly r e c e iv e d by J usti n A u g ustus the ,

c e iv e d by J usti n A u gustus the ,

orthodox .

orthodox .

t The n all the c l er gy of C o n The n all the c l er gy an d J oh n ,

stan tin op le a n d J oh n the b ishop , ,

the b ishop of C o n st an ti n op l e ,

kn o wi ng th a t these me n h a d kn o w i ng th a t these me n h a d
b ee n j o y fu lly received ,
b ee n j o y ous ly recei ved al so they ,

1
The i n structio n s given by H ormisd a s to the l ega tes h a ve b ee n preserved a n d m ay
b e fou n d in M a n si Amplissima Collecti o vol V III p 44 1 an d in M ign e P at Lat vol
, ,
.
, .
, , . .
,
.

63 p 4 3 3
, . .
J aflé R egesta p 1 04 8 05
, ,
.
, .

2
An offi ci al report from the e n vo y s to the pope descri b in g their e n thusi astic recep ,

tion a t C o n st an ti n opl e an d a speci al report from the de a con D iosc oru s on the sa me
,

topic a re pri n ted in Thiel op ci t vol I pp 8 5 7 —8 59 The y me n tion a mo n g the g ran

, . .
, .
, . .

dees w ho met them an d escorted them to the ga tes the cou t Justin i an then an influ n ,

e n t ia l mi n ister of the emperor J usti n The author of the Li b P on t h a s t ak en the n a me

. . .

for th a t of the emperor an d h a s therefore mistak enly represen ted Justin himsel f a s
b ein g a mo n g the escorts A sen ten ce or t wo la ter he exp licitly say s th a t J ustin re
.

c e ive d the R om a s a fter their a rriv al in the cit y

n .
 H ORM I S D AS 1 29

w ho h a d b ee n a sso ci a ted wi th
Ana sta sius ,
Ac a ciu s,

shut themse l ves up in the gre a t shut themse l ves up in the g re a t

church w hi ch is c all ed San t a church whi c h is c a ll ed San t a
S op hi a an d he l d a cou n ci l an d S op hi a an d he l d a cou n ci l an d
sen t w ord u n to the emperor s ay ,
se n t w ord u n to th e emperor ,
“ “
ing ,
Unl ess the re a so n b e ex s ayi ng,
Un l ess the re a so n b e
pou n ded to us w h y Ac a ci u s the ,
exp ou n ded to us w h y our b ishop
b ishop of our cit y wa s co n ,
Ac a c iu s wa s co n d em n ed ,
we
d emn ed w e m ak e n o ag reeme n t
,
m ak e n o agreeme n t with the
” ”
with the aposto li c see . a posto lic see .

An d a cou n ci l wa s he l d b e
fore J ustin A u gustus in th e ,

prese n ce of all the n o b i li ty an d ,

the l e ga tes of the aposto lic see

chose D iosc oru s the de a co n
, ,

from a mo ng themse l ves to ex

pou n d the re a so n An d he set
.

forth to them the gui l t of A c a

cius so c l e a r ly th a t the y all eve n ,

J us tin A u gustus cried out to

,
“
g ether s ayin g
, ,
D am na tio n to
”
Ac a ci u s here an d in eter ni t y $
A t th a t time J usti n A u gustus
a ccepted the tru th an d ga ve
comm an d th a t every b ishop
wi thi n the re alm of J ustin shou l d
s a tisfy the code of pe nan ce wi th
out de lay an d return to com
mu nio n with the a posto li c see .

An d thi s c a me to p a ss an d there
wa s h a rmo ny from the Ea st
u n to the West an d the pe a ce of
the church preva i l ed An d the .

text of the code of p e nan ce is

k ep t la i d u p i n the a rchives of
the church u n to this d ay ?
1
An extract from D iosc oru s
’
a ccoun t o f the hea rin g given to the en vo ys b e fore
 30 LI BER P ON T I FI C ALIS

This pop e H ormisd a s se n t to

K i ng Theo d oric a t Ra ven na 1

an d by his a dvice de livered

a uthority to J ustin an d restore d
him to u nity wi th the aposto li c
see throu g h the se al of his a uto
g r aph an d the code of pe nan ce
an d co n dem n ed P eter an d
Ac a c iu s an d all heresies .

H e foun d Maniche an s an d sh a ttered them

with a m ul titu d e of I an d tried them by
bl o w s an d se n t them i n to exi l e ; an d
he destro y ed I he b ur n ed
?
their b oo k s with fire b efore the do ors of the ba si lic a of C o n st an ti n e
I n his d ay s the b ishopri c
of A fric a w hi ch h a d b ee n ab o l
,
i n A fric a whi ch h a d b ee n ab o l
,

ish e d by the heretics in the time i sh e d by the heretics wa s r e ,

of persecutio n wa s reest ablished ,

stored a fter 74 y e a rs .

?
a fter 74 y e a rs
A t th a t time there c a me
a g o l de n cro wn , I a di a dem ,

the emperor the Byz a n ti n e sen a te an d the l e a ders of the church is quoted by Duches n e
, ,

op ci t p 2 7 3— 74 n D iosc oru s s ay s th a t the re a din g of the pope s l etters a n d the

’
. .
, .
9 2 , . 1 .

code of pe n an ce produced con victio n a t o n ce a n d modestly m ak es n othi n g of his own

p a rt in b ri n gi g ab out the h app y termin a tio
n A l etter from H ormisd a s ho w ever
n .
, ,

w ritten to D iosc oru s i Decemb er of the s a me ye a r expresses hi s th a n k fu ln ess for

n ,

wh a t God h a d do n e throu gh h im an d hi s own in te n tion of a s kin g the emperor to b esto w

on D iosc oru s the b ishopric of Al ex a n dri a a s a re wa rd for his labors J aflé Regest .
,
a,

p 1 07 84
.
,
A lib e llu s p aen i t e n t iaa or pe n ite n ti al code of the y e a r 5 7 is pri n ted i n
2 .
“ ”
1

Thiel Ep i tolce vol I p 7 5 5

,
s ,
.
, . .

The a uthor of this seco d text p la ces the expeditio n of H ormisd a s to R a ve a

1
n nn

durin g the rei gn of J usti a d co n ects it with the successfu l n e goti a tio n s of 5 9 The
n n n 1 .

an t h er of the first text p la ces it u n der An a st a sius a s a p a rt of the fruitl ess ve n tures of
—
51 5 51 7
This episode is me n tio n ed on ly in the Lib P l
2
. au .

The r e é stab lish me t of the orthodox church in the Va d al k in g dom of Afric a

3
'

n n

took p la ce immedi a tely o the de a th of T r asamo d M ay 5 3 N e w s of the eve t

n n , ,
2 . n

must h a ve rea ched R ome shortly b efore the de a th of H ormi sd a s in Au gust of the s a me
y e a r The fi gure 74 g ive n here for the dura tio n of the term of Ca thol ic persecutio n
.
, ,
 1 32 L I BER PO NTIFI CAL I S

an d 1 5 d ay s from the co n su l ,
an d 1 6 d ay s H e wa s b ishop .

ship of Maximus (A D 5 2 3 ) to . . from the co n su l s hi p of M axirn u s

the co n su l ship of Olyb r iu s the .

, (A D 5 23 ) to the co n su l shi p of
. .

y oun g er (A D . . Olyb r i u s (A D i n the d ay s

. .

of Theodoric an d of J usti n
He wa s summo n ed by Ki ng A u gustus the C hristi an H e wa s
,
.

Theodoric to Ra ve nn a an d the summo n ed by Ki ng Theodoric

k ing commissio n ed him an d se n t to Ra ve nna an d the s a me ki ng
him o n an em ba ss y to C o n st an commi ssio n ed hi m an d se n t hi m
t in op le to J usti n the emperor ,
. o n an em ba ss y to C o n st an ti
For J usti n wa s a devout m an an d n op le to J usti n the orthodox ,

i n his g re a t l ove for the C hristi an emperor For a t th a t time J us

.

re li gio n he tried to root out ti n the emperor a devout m an

, , ,

heretics . i n hi s a rde n t l ove for the C hris

ti a n re li gio n wa s tr yi ng to roo t
out the hereti cs .

With g re a t fervor he dedi Wi th g re a t fervor for C hris

c a te d the churches of the A ri an s tian i ty he a dopted a p lan to
?
to the c a tho li c f a ith co n secr a te the churches of the
Therefore Theodoric the ,
A ri an s a s c a tho li c H e n ce the .

A ri an wa s ang ered an d thre a t

,
heretic ki ng Theodori c wa s , ,

e n ed to put all It aly to the i n ce n sed w he n he he a rd of i t

, ,

s w ord . an d thre a te n ed to destro y all

It aly wi th t h e s w ord .

The n J oh n the ve n er abl e ,

The n J o h n the pope i ll with
, ,

pope set forth an d j ourn ey ed

,
i nfir mi ty j our n e y ed w eepi ng
, ,

w ith w eeping an d la me n t a tio n an d cert a i n se na tors an d ex

an d cert a in devout me n ex ,
co n su l s wi th him na me ly The
1The An on ymous C h ron ic l e of Val ois compil ed a p pa re n tly a fter the de ath of
,

Theodoric te ll s pra ctic ally the s a me story ; viz th a t Theodoric b elieved th a t Justin
, .
“

wa s a fr a id of him an d therefore he ch a rg ed Joh n to tell him a mon g other thin g s n ot

”

to re a dmit to the c a tho l ic reli gio n the heretics w ho h a d b een reco n cil ed “
An d whe n .
”

he c a me (to C o n sta n ti n opl e ) the emperor Justi n met him a s if he h a d b ee n the bl essed
P eter ; an d whe n he h a d de l ivered his messag e the emperor promise d to do every thi n g ,

except th a t he cou l d n ever restore to the Ari a n s those who h a d b een recon cil ed an d h a d
a dopted the c a thol ic f a ith C h 8 8—9 3 Quoted by Duchesn e Lib P ont vo l I
.
”
. .
, . .
, .
,

p 2 7 7 n 2 The proscriptio n of the Ari a n s by Justin too k pla ce in 5 23 Theodoric

.
,
. . .

m ay h a ve fel t th a t this a ctio n wa s a me n a ce to the sa fety of the Goth ic tri b es in Italy

an d j eop a rdised the pol ic y of g e n er al pe a ce a n d to l er a tio n w hich he hi mse l f h a d lab ored

to e nforce On the Anon Valesi an u s see M ommse n Chr on ica M i or a I

. .
, ,
n ,
.
 JO HN I 1 33

co n su l s an d p a trici an s w e n t with ,
od oru s, Imp or tu n u s, Agap i tu s,
him ,
Theodorus Imp or tu n u s , , the e xc on su ls,
1
an d an other
Agap i tu s an d an other Agap i tu s . Agap i tu s, a p a trici an .

An d the y too k thi s for the An d the y too k thi s for their
mess ag e of their emba ss y th a t , mess ag e a s a mba ss a dors th a t ,

the churches of the heretics in the the churches shou l d b e retur n ed

domi ni o n s of Greece shou l d b e to the heretics i n the domi nio n s
return ed to them an d th a t if it of the Ea st an d th a t otherwise
w ere n ot don e T heodoric w ou l d put all It aly
J ustin A u gus Th e od ori c to the s w ord .

tus
w ou l d put all It aly to the sw ord .

Whe n all the a fores a id e u Whe n the y h a d j our n e y ed

voys h a d a rrived a t C o n st an ti with J oh n the pope the w ho l e
, ,

n op le w i th J oh n the pope the , ,

ci t y wi th c an d l es an d crosses
peop l e c ame to meet them a t the c a me to meet them a t the 1 5 t h

1 2 th mi l esto n e in ho n or of the mi l esto n e i n ho n or of the bl essed

apost l es for from the d ay s of the
,
a postl es P eter an d Pa u l an d
, ,

bl essed S i l vester the pope i n the , ,

the an cie n ts a mo ng the Gree k s
time of C o n st an tin e the y h a d ,
b ore wi tn ess s ayi ng th a t i n the
,

desired to b e a ccou n ted w orth y time of C o n st an ti n e Greece h a d

to receive i n Greece the vic a r of b ee n a ccoun ted w or th y to r e
S ain t P eter ,
c e i ve the bl essed S i l vester ,

b ishop of the a posto li c see an d ,

agai n i n the time of J usti n

A u gustus it h a d received the
vic a r of bl essed P eter t h e apos ,

?
t l e wi th gl or y
,
The n J usti n
an d Justi n A u gustus a dor ed the A u gustus ga ve ho n or to God
bl esse d J oh n ,
an d b o w ed hi mse l f to the g rou n d

1
Fla vius Theodorus wa s con sul in 505 I mportu nu s in 509 Agap itu s in 5 1 7 , ,
.

Duches n e op c it p 2 77 n 3
,
. .
, .
, . .

2
As a m a tter of fa ct Joh n I wa s the first pope to visit C o n sta n tin opl e The refer .

e n ce to Syl vester in the first co l umn of our text tak e n from the Fe l ici a n Epitome , ,

probably mea n s th a t sin ce the ti me of Syl vester i e sin ce the ofli c ial recogn itio n of ,
. .

C hristi a n ity an d the est ablishmen t of the sta te church a t C o n sta n ti n opl e n o such hon or ,

h a d b een p a id to the Ea stern c a pital The a uthor of the la t er version in the seco n d
.

col umn h a s misu n derstood the p a ssag e an d in te rpreted it a s a sta temen t th a t Syl vester
hi mself h a d on ce b een in Greece The con tempora ry chr o n icl e of M a rcelli n us say s
.
,
 1 34 LI BER P ON T IFIC ALI S

an d a dored J oh n the most ,

bl essed pope A t th a t time .

bl essed J ohn the pope an d the, ,

a fores aid se na tors w ith m any

te a rs b esou g ht of J usti n A u g us
tus th a t their em ba ss y mi g ht b e
f a vored i n hi s si g ht An d P ope .

J oh n an d the se na tors devou t ,

me n o b t a i n ed all their requests

,

a n d It aly wa s de livered fro m

Ki ng Theodoric the heretic ?

,

M oreover J usti n the emperor , ,

wa s filled wi th j o y b ec a use he
h a d b ee n a ccou n ted w orth y to
b eho l d the vic a r of bl essed P eter ,

the a postl e duri ng hi s li feti m e

,

w ithi n his re al m an d J usti n Au

an d he wa s cro wn ed by hi s gustus wa s cro wn ed gl orious ly
’
h an ds . by the pope s h an ds .

Lik e w ise The n the A t th a t time w he n the a fore ,

the emperor emperor s a id e n vo y s th a t is P ope J oh n

,

g r an ted all the g r an ted the an d the se na tors ,

request of the requests

pope an d the
n o bl e se na tors ,

e x c on su ls an d
p a trici a n s of
the ci t y of
R ome F la vius of the i ll us
,
Theodorus the ,
e xc o n su l,

Theodorus , trio n s T h e od o
w ho exce ll e d m s an d of the
the other di gui o the r n o bl es

H e (J oh n )wa s received w ith extra ordi n a ry ho n or ; he s a t upo n a thron e on the right

side of the church an d he cel e b ra ted the d ay of our Lord s resurrectio n with R oma n
’

pray ers in a l oud voice M ig n e P at Lat vo l 5 1 p 9 4 1

.
, . .
, .
,
. .

The Lib P on t does n ot me n tio n the deman d of T h e odo ic al rea dy cited th a t

1
. . r ,

Justin shou l d compel the co n verted A i a n s to return to their old f a ith S pra p 1 3
r . u , . 2,

n 1
. .Justin did app a re n tly co n se n t to restore the co n fisc a ted Ari an churches .
1 36 LI BER P ON TIFI C ALI S

C o n st an ti n op l e C o n stan ti n op l e
he s l e w t w o he s l e w tw o he put to de a th t w o i ll ustri ous
se na tors ex se na tors B oe se na tors an d e xc on su ls Sym
, , ,

co n su l s an d p a thi u s an d Sy m mac h u s an d B oethius s layi ng ,

t r i c i an s B oe ma c h u s the
,
them w ith the s w ord
,
.

thi n s an d Sym p a trici an wi th ,

mach u s with the s w ord an d

,

the s w ord an d comm an ded

comm an ded th a t their
th a t their b o di es shou l d
b odies shou l d b e co n ce al ed .

b e co n ce al ed ?
The n w he n The n P ope A t th a t time the ve n er abl e
ever y thi ng h a d J oh n an d the pope J oh n an d the se na tors r e
b ee n a c c om a fores a id i ll us tur n ed w ith gl or y h a vi n g ob ,

li s h e d i n due t i me n o n t ai n e d all their requests of J usti n

p r ou s

order an d Aga their retur n A u g ustus ,

p i t u s the p a tri
,

e i an ,
was d ea d
i n Greece the ,

a fores aid i ll us
trio n s me n with
J oh n the b ish,

op ,
retur n ed
an d
w ere received by Ki ng Theodoric b ut Ki ng Theodoric the heretic , ,

cr a fti ly ; i n g re a t h a tred he r e received them th a t is P ope ,

c e ive d J oh n the b ishop an d the ,

J oh n an d the se na tors with
, ,

i ll ustrious an d devout se na tors cr a ft an d h a tre d an d w ou l d

an d i n the he a vi n ess of hi s w r a th eve n h a ve s la i n them wi th the
he w ou l d h a ve pu ni shed them s w ord b ut he fe a red the in dig
w ith the s w ord b ut he fe a red the na tio n of J usti n A u gustus .

1
The An on ymous C hro n icl e of Val ois say s th a t B oe thius wa s stra n gl ed by T h eod
oric b efore the pope wa s se n t to C o n st a n t in op l e b ut th a t Sy mm a chus wa s put to dea th

i n Joh n s ab se n ce “
For the ki n g f ea red th a t his g rief for his fa ther in law (B oethius )
’
- -
.

mi ght c a use him to pl ot aga i n st the govern me n t an d he a ccused him o f crime a d n

ordered him to b e executed C h 9 2 A third chroni c l e of the time Chr on ic on C u s

.
”
. .
,

pi n ia ne u m a rra ng es these even ts sti ll differe n tly In tha t y e a r Theodoric sl e w

“
, .

Sy mma chus a n d B oethius a n d died hi msel f e ig htee n d ay s la ter Quoted by Duchesn e ”

.

op ci t
. p 2 77 n 7
.
, .
, . .
 JO HN 1 1 37

i n di gna ti o n of J usti n A u g ustus ,

the orthodox an d di d i t n ot ,
.

H o w ever he co n fi n ed them ,
H o w ever he co n fin ed them
,

all crue lly i n priso n so th a t the ,

all mi se r ably i n priso n so th a t ,

bl essed pope J ohn w or n by i ll , the bl essed J oh n b ishop an d ,

n ess ga ve up the g host an d died

,
pope of the c hi ef of sees sic k ,

?
i n priso n H e di ed a t Ra ve nna e n ed i n priso n an d ga ve up the
gl orious ly May 1 8 i n the priso n
, , g host an d died H e died a .

of Ki ng Theodoric On the 98 th . m a rt y r a t Ra ve n na in priso n ,

d ay a fter B ishop J oh n h a d May The n it c a me to p a ss ,

died i n priso n by the wi ll of , by the w i ll of om ni pote n t G od ,

o mni pote n t God Ki ng T h e od o , th a t o n the 9 8 th d ay a fter bl essed

ric sudde nly J oh n died i n priso n Ki ng T h e
wa s struck wa s struck by a odoric the hereti c sudde nly
, ,

do wn by di vi n e thu n der b o l t perished .

po w er an d an d perished .

?
perished
This pope J oh n re b ui l t the cemetery of the bl essed m a rty rs ,

Nereus an d Ac hi lle u s o n the V i a A rde a ti na ; he li k e wise restored

4
,

the cemetery of Sa i n ts Fe lix an d Ad au c tu s ; he lik e wise restored

5

?
the cemetery of P risci lla
The eve n ts here rela ted all follo w ed ea ch other in ra pid successio n At the e n d
1
.

of 5 2 5 or the ope n in g of 5 26 P ope John wa s in R ome co n ferrin g w i th D io n y sius the ,

Less over the ce l e b r a tio n of the a ppro a chi n g Ea ster

,
M ig n e P at La t vo l 6 7 p 5 1 7 .
, . .
, .
, . .

Whe n tha t Ea ster ca me April 1 9 he was in C o n sta n tin op l e S u pr a p 3 3 n 2 O n

, , .
, . 1 , . .

M ay 1 8 he died in co n fin emen t u n der Theodoric s disp l e a sure The k in g wa s in a ’

.

fra me of mi n d tha t b roo k ed n o delay s .

The author of the text in the seco n d co l umn c all s John a m a rtyr The An on y mous
2
.

C hron icl e of Val ois tell s h ow a ma n possessed by a devil wa s he al ed a s the pope s ’

b ier p a ssed hi m in the street an d ho w the sen a tors an d the popu la ce thereupo n tore
ofi fr ag me n ts of the de a d m an s vestmen ts to preserve as re l ics C h 93 Duch esn e
’
. . .
,

op ci t p 2 77 n 9
. .
, .
, . .

Theodoric died on Au gust 3 0 on e hu n dred a n d four d ays a fter the pope

3
,
.

John restored the ba sili c a of Sa n ti Nereo ed Achi ll eo in the cemetery of Domitilla

4
.

It is possibl e still to distin guish b etw ee n the rema in s of the ori gin al ba sil ic a b u il t about ,

390 u n der P ope Siricius a n d the re n ov a tio n s of J oh n

, .

5
Thi s cemetery wa s al so kn o wn a s the cemetery of C ommodilla It stood a l ittl e .

to the ea st of the ba s il ic a of St Pa u l n ea r the V i a O sti e n sis Frothi n gh a m thi nk s th a t

.
,
.

John decora ted with frescos the su b terra n ea n ch apel recen tly u n ea rthed there M on u .

men ts pp 73 74 2 79—28
, .
, , 1

3 He
pro bably restored the ba sil ic a of St Syl vester whi ch stood over the c a t a comb .
,

of P risc illa Duchesn e op ci t p 2 7 7 n 1 3

.
, . .
, .
, . .
1 38 LI BER P ON T IFIC ALI S

His b od y wa s b rou ght from Ra ve nna an d b uried i n the ba sili ca

of the bl essed P eter May 2 7 in the co n su l shi p of Olyb riu s (A D , , . .

An d the b ishopric wa s emp t y 58 d ay s .

L VI . F E L IX IV ( —
5 2 6 53 0 )
Fe lix by na tio n alit y a Sa mni te so n of C a storiu s occupied the
, , ,

see 4 y e a rs 2 mo n ths an d 1 3 d ay s H e wa s b ishop i n the time of

,
.

Ki ng Theodori c an d J usti n A u gustus from the co n su l shi p of Ma ,

b u r ti u s (A D 5 2 7) to the co n sulshi p of L amp adi u s an d H or e ste s

. .

(A D
. .from J uly 1 2 to O cto b er
H e b ui l t the ba sili c a of Sa i n ts C osm a an d D ami an i n the city
of R ome i n the re gio n w hich is c all ed the V i a Sa cr a n e a r the
, ,

?
temp l e of the cit y of R ome

hort li st of gif ts to R oma n basili c as con tri b uted prin cipally by Emperor J ustin
1
S , .

List of ordi n a tio n s .

An epita ph copied from the a n cie n t a trium of St P eter which perh a ps m ar k ed

2
.
,

the tomb of John I is give n by Du c hes n e Op cit p 2 78 n 1 5 The seven th lin e

, . . .
, .
, . .

ru n s ,

P riest of the Lord thou art f all e n a victim for C hrist , .

The d a tes recorded here for the p on tific a te of Fe lix IV a re n ot quite ex act The
3
.

odoric di ed seve n w eek s a fter his in stalla tio n an d Justin a y ea r la ter Accordingly the .

grea ter p a rt of his term of ofli c e wa s p a ssed un der Ath ala ric an d Justin ia n B onifa ce .

II wa s ord ain ed Septemb er 2 2 5 3 0 so th a t Fe li x must ha ve di ed durin g the sa me mo n th

, , .

A c al cula tio n ba sed upo n the l e n g th of the p o n tifi ca t e as give n in the fir st se te n ce of n

o u r b io g r a ph y b rin g s on e to Septemb er 2 1 a s the d a te of Fe lix dea th The La ti n text ’

.

for thi s p a ssag e is a die IV id Jul usque in IV id Oc tu b It is possi bl e tha t a cop yist
“
. . . .

ma y h a ve repea ted the I V id by mista k e in the seco n d phr a se an d tha t it origin ally
“ ”
.

rea d in X kal Oc tu b
“
Duchesn e Li b P on t vol I p 2 79 11 11 1 2 M ommse n
. .
, . .
, .
, .
, .
, .

su gg ests tha t the in a ccur ac y in d a te whi ch is n oticeabl e from tim e to time thr ou gh this ,

p a rt of the n a rra tive an d is expla in ed by Duches n e a s cop yist s error or la ter in ter ’

p ola t ion is due to the f a ct th a t the a uthor is n ot a con tempora ry of the even ts he is
,

descri b in g b ut is in troducin g d a tes a t hi s own discretion in to a n a rra tive of an ea rlier

ag e M ommsen Li b P on t p xvii
.
,
. .
, . .

Thi s is of course the church n ow kn own as San ti C osma e D a mian o It was

4
, , .

ori gin ally a pagan h all dedic a ted by V esp a sia n restored by Severus an d Ca ra c alla
, ,

an d empl o y ed a s a storehouse for ce n sus repo rts a n d surve y records On its ea stern .

wall wa s set up the ma rbl e plan of R ome of w hich fragme n ts a re n ow preserved in ,

the Ca pitolin e M useum Felix co n structed a n ap se on this ea stern e n d an d a dorn ed

.

it with a mosa ic of C hrist a mo n g the c l ouds a tten ded by sa in ts an d a postl es an d in , ,

scri b ed the dedica tory verses whi ch may be still rea d be n ea th it The hall itse lf stood .
1 40 L I BER P ON T IFI C ALI S

LV II . B O N IF A CE II 53 0—53 2)
1
B o ni f a ce by na tio nali ty a R om an so n of Sigib u ld oc cupied
, , ,

the see 2 y e a rs an d 2 6 d ay s H e wa s b ishop in the time of Ki ng .

Ath alari c the here tic an d of J usti n A u gustus

2
, , ,

t he c a tho li c .

H e wa s ord a i n ed by o n e f a ctio n a t the s ame time a s Diosc oru s .

3

D i osc oru s wa s ord ai n ed in th e ba sili c a of C o n st an ti n e an d B o nif a ce

in the ba si lic a of J u lius ; a
1
n d there wa s strife a mo ng the c l er gy
‘

an d i n the se na te for 2 8 d ay s ?
A t th a t time D i osc or u s di ed O cto ,

The fir st Germanic n a me to a ppea r in the lists of the popes or their forb ea rs A

1 .

co n sul of the y ea r 4 3 7 wa s c alled Sigisb ld Duchesn e Li b P on t vol I p 28 2 n 2 u .

, . .
, .
, .
, . .

Thi s n a me should of course b e Justin ia n

2
, , .

For the previous c a reer of D iosc oru s see s u pr a p 1 1 8 n 1 an d p 1 2 7 cl seq The

3
, .
, . . .

history of this b rief schism in the church h a s b een rece n tly ill umin a ted by the discovery
in the ch a pter l i b r a ry a t Nov a r a of three docume n ts n ow pu bl ished by Duches n e Op . .

ci t p 2 8 2 n u 4 an d 8
.
, . The fir st is a ma n d a te a ddressed by Feli x IV on hi s dea thb ed
, . .

to the b ishops an d c l ergy the se n a te an d peop l e of R ome a nn oun cin g the se l ectio n
, ,

an d ordi n a tio n by him se l f of B o n if a ce the a rchde a co n to succeed him in the g overn , ,

me n t of the church an d b iddi n g them all a ccept B o ni face a n d a void disse n sio n on p ain
of suspe n sio n from the comm u n io n of the Lord s b od y Felix w e m ay recollect h a d ’
.
, ,

b ee n a n a ppoin tee of Theodoric a n d a pp a re n tly wished to e n sure the successio n of a

pope w ho woul d con ti n ue to f a vor the Go ths D iosc or u s on the other ha n d ha d more .
, ,

co nn ectio n wi th the Gree k p a rt y in church an d sta te The seco n d docume n t is a g en eral .

order from the R om an se n a te to the cl ergy to refra in durin g the lif eti me of a pope from
pla nn in g for the ordin a tio n of h is successor The edict is imp a rtial in its phr a seo l o gy .

a n d a pp l ies equ ally to the p a rtisa n s of B o n if a ce an d those of D iosc oru s The thi r d .

documen t is e n titl ed The Pa per Whi ch the 60 P riests P resen ted to P ope B o n if ace
“
,

a fter the D ea th of D iosc oru s It is a formula of repudi a tion a d a a thema tiz a tio n
.
”
n n

of D iosc oru s w ho in opposition to the decree of y our (B oniface s) predecessor P ope

,
’
,

Feli x of bl essed me mory a spired to the b ishopric of the R om an c h ii rc h

, ,
It co tai n s .
”
n

a co n fession of error in h a vin g espous ed the c ause of D iosc oru s an d a promi se n ever
aga i n to b e guil ty of such wic k edn ess It c l oses with a decla ra tion tha t it is sign ed by .

the oflen d e r s own h an d The copies of this in strumen t deposited by B on if ace in the
’
.

R om a n church w ere b urn ed five o r six y ea r s la ter by P ope Agap i tu s I nfr a p 44 .

, . 1 .

It is in terestin g to o b serve th a t the emperor J ustin i an in 5 5 1 used the con demn a tio n
of D iosc oru s a s a precede n t to prove th a t it wa s lawful to a n a them a tiz e the de a d .

The ba sili c a of C on st an tin e is of course San Giov an n i in La teran o Duches n e

4
, , .

think s tha t the ba sil ic a of Julius is n ot San ta M a ri a in Tra stevere ofte n kn o wn u n der ,

this titl e b ut a h all in the L a teran p ala ce which al so bore the desi gn a tion Op c it
, . . .
,

p 28 2 n 5
.
,
. .

The n um b er of the priests who adh ered to D iosc oru s wa s a t l ea st sixty as may b e
5
,

in f erre d from the titl e of the formu la of repudi a tio n descri bed above S pr . u a,
 B ONIFACE II 1 41

b er 1 4 The n B o nif a ce fu ll of a m b itio n an d g ui l e comm an ded

.
, ,

with much b itter n ess the cl er gy to retur n to him u n der b o n d of an

ana them a i n their o wn h an d w ri ti ng an d the ana them a i n their
o wn h an d he deposited i n the a rchi ve s of the church a s if for co n ,

d e mn a ti on of D iosc or u s ; an d he ga thered the c l er gy to g ether .

1
Neverthe l ess n o o n e su b scri b ed to hi s episcop a te for the gre a t ,

m aj ority h a d b ee n wi th D i osc or u s ?

H e ga ve the priests de a co n s su b de a co n s an d n ot a ries p la tes of

, ,

met al w hi ch w ere b eque a thed to hi m an d succored the c l er gy with

3

la vi sh al ms w he n i n d ang er of f ami n e H e he l d a s yn od i n the .

4
ba si li c a of bl essed P eter the apost l e an d m a de a decree th a t he
, ,

shou l d ord ai n hi s o wn successor Thi s decree b e r a tified by the .

si gna tures of the priests an d an o a th b efore the co n fessio n of the

apostl e P eter an d he a ppoi n ted the de a co n Vi gi li us The n a seco n d .

s yn od of all the priests wa s he l d out of revere n ce for the ho ly see ,

b ec a use the decree h a d b ee n co n tr a r y to the c an o n s an d b ec a use

B o ni f a ce repe n ted of hi s si n i n th a t he wished to a ppoi n t hi s suc
cessor ; an d P ope B o ni f a ce co nfessed th a t he h a d b ee n g ui l ty of
s a cri l e g e an d

h ad co n firmed
the decree w ith his o wn si gna ture i n b eh al f of the de a co n Vi gi lius
an d b efore the co n fessio n of bl essed P eter the a post l e i n the , ,

prese n ce of all the priests a n d c l er gy an d se na tors he b ur n ed the

decree wi th fire .

A t th a t time a communi c a tio n c a me from th e b ishops Of A fric a

11 .
3 .the syn od of 4 99 which all the R oman priests wou l d n a turally h ave a tte n ded
At , ,

there w ere only sixty seve n presen t It therefore seems cl ea r th a t D iosc oru s wa s the
-
.

f a vorite c a n did a te w ith the g re a t m aj ority of the cl ergy w ho disli k ed the domi n a tio n ,

of the Goths Duches n e op c it p 28 2 n 6

.
, . .
, .
, . .

This pro bably me a n s th a t B on if a ce did n ot require the foll o w ers of D iosc oru s to
1

sig n the decree a ttestin g his el ectio n b ut s a tisfied himsel f with the form of r e can ta
,

tio n al rea d y describ ed .

In 5 5 3 on e of the memb ers of the fifth ecume n ic al cou n cil a t C o n sta n ti n op l e all ude d
2

t o D iosc oru s a s pope an d dec la red th a t the ofl i c ia ls in C o n sta n ti n opl e h a d b ee n in c om

muni o n with him up to the time of his de a th Duchesn e op ci t p 2 83 n 0 .
, . .
, .
, . 1 .

3 A
l etter of G re gory the Gre a t me n tio n s a sil ver p la te or p la tter (scute lla ) which ,

h a d b ee n b eque a thed to a mo n a stery Gre gory I Epistola II 3 2 ; M i gn e P a t La t.

, , , . .
,

vol 7 7 col 569

.
, . .

4
The Li b P an t is the o nly source for the foll o wi n g eve n ts
. . .
1 42 LI BE R P ON T IFI C ALI S

re ga r di ng their g over n me n t s ayi ng al so th a t the b ishop of Ca rth ag e ,

?
w ou l d i n ever y a ct t ak e cou n se l of the a posto li c see
H e (B o ni f a ce) al so wa s b uried i n the ba si l i c a of bl essed P eter ,

the a postl e ?
O cto b er 1 8 i n the ,
O cto b er 1 7 i n the o n the 1 7 th d ay of,

co n su l s hi p of La mp a co n su l shi p of L a mp a the mo n th of O cto b er ,

3
di u s an d O restes . di n s . in the co n s u lshi p of
L amp a di u s .

4
An d the b ishopri c wa s empty 2 mo n ths an d 1 5 d ay s
in the e l eve n th i n di ctio n .

L V III . J OHN II (533 -

53 5)
J oh n ,

the y ou ng er ,

w ho wa s al so c all ed
M ercurius ,
M ar tyr iu s ,

by na tio nali t y a R om an so n of ,
P r oje c tu s, from the Ca e li an Hill ,
3

The orthodox church o f Af ric a h a d be en given its free dom by the Van dal kin g Hil
1

cl eric in 5 23 S u pra p 1 3 0 an d n 3 For some y ea rs therea f ter it wa s divided over

.
, . . .

certa i n pro bl ems of reorga n isa tio t wo in pa rticula r viz : the ch a ra cter an d exten t
n, ,
.

o f the pri m a c y of the see of Ca rth ag e an d the re la tio n of tha t see to the b ishopric o f

R ome Duchesn e op cit pp xli 28 3 n 1 3

.
, . .
, .
, , . .

2
Hi s epita ph is g ive n by Duches n e Its to n e is d ifle r e n t from tha t of ou r text
. .

The g e n tl e shepherd reu n ited his di vid ed floc k ,

Fol di n g again his distressed sh e ep as the e n emy fell ;

With mee k hea rt he aba ted his a n g er again st the supp li a n ts
An d overca me all wi l es by the s i mp licity of his spiri t .
”

It al so records his a id to the city in a yea r of f a min e Duches n e op c it p 283 n 1 4 .

,
. .
, .
, . .

La mp a d iu s an d O restes w ere co n suls in 5 3 0 the y ea r of the dea th of Felix I V

3
,
.

S u pr a p 1 3 8,
. Thr ou gh an error their n a mes ha ve b ee n in sert ed in the text aga in here
. .

The u n usu al l e n g th of this in terregn um wa s app a re n tly due to a series of sc an d al

4

ou s p a rt y i n tri gues an d efforts to purch a se the see by sim o n y A l etter of Ki n g .

Ath alaric to J ohn II speak s of these dep l orabl e m a chi n a tio n s an d say s th a t durin g the i r
cour se some of the sa cred vessel s w ere o ffered for pu blic s al e The R oma n se n a te .

about this time issued a decree to the e fle c t th a t an y on e who a ttempted to b u y th e '

p ap a c y by an y kin d of b ri b ery shou l d b e co n sidered gu il ty of sa cril eg e Ca ssiodorus .

,

Va r i e IX 1 5 ; tr H odgk i n Le tter s of Cassi od or u s pp 3 9 8—400 Duches n e op cit

c , , .
, , . .
, . .
,

pp 28 3—284 11 1 6
.
,
. .

5 J oh
n was a priest of Sa n Cl eme n te on the C ze li an Hill before his e l ev a tio n to the

pon tifica t e A votive in scriptio n st ill exi stin g i n the church of San P ietro in Vin co li
.
1 44 L I BER P ON T I FI C ALI S

1 1 mo n ths an d 1 8 d ay s .
I 8 mo n ths an d 1 0 d ay s .

He a t the ope ni ng of his episcop a te a ssembl ed ever yo n e i n to

, ,

a church an d b ur n ed wi th fire the b oo k of the ana them a w hich

B o nif a ce i n ang er an d gui l e h a d extorted from the priests an d
b ishops co n tr a r y to the c an o n s an d in co n dem na tio n of D iosc oru s ,

an d he ab so l ved the w ho l e church from the g ui l t of p e rfi dy ?

H e wa s se n t by T h e oda tu s king of the Goths o n an em ba ss y , ,

to the l ord emperor J usti ni an ? b ec a use a t th a t time the l ord em

p e r or J usti ni an wa s w roth aga i n st Ki ng T h e od a tu s for ki lli n g
Quee n Am alasu e n ta d a u g hter of Ki ng Theodoric w ho h a d b ee n , ,

put u n der the protectio n of J usti ni an an d w ho h a d m a d e T h e od atu s

ki n g ?
Therefore Agap i tu s j ourn e y ed to C o n st a n ti n op l e ; o n A pri l
22
4
Agap i tu s the b ishop e n tered C o n st a n ti n op l e an d wa s received
, ,

?
w ith gl or y An d first he b e gan a discussio n with the most pious

ofthe church f a th ers The in scription wa s copied in a fter y e a rs an d m ay be fou n d in

.

Duchesn e Lib P on t vol I p 2 88 n 1 Gre gory I co n verted the house i n to a mo n a s

,
. .
, .
, .
, . .

t ery .

3
S u pr a ,
p 1 40 n 3 ; p 1 4 1 This episode is recorded o nly in the Lib P ant
.
, . . . .

2
P rocopius does n ot men tio n the emba ssy of the pope to C o n sta n tin opl e b ut other
chro ni cl ers of the period re f er to it In the Va rice of Ca ssiodorus w e he a r th a t the pope .
,

whose reve n ues w ere sc an t y a t this h a rd time wa s forced to p aw n s acred vessel s in ,

order to r a ise the mo n e y for the expedi tion Le tter s of Cassi od or u s tr H od gki n pp .
,
.
, .

51 0—5 1 1 .

3
Am ala su n th a
wa s the mother of Ath alaric an d T h eodah ad wa s her con sort H e .

resen ted hi s wi f e s a ctivity an d e n ergy a n d shut her up on an islan d in the lak e o f

’

B ol sen a Whe n she appe al ed to Justi ni a n he h a d her stra n gl ed

. .

An other in st a n ce of the tr a n sfere n ce of d a tes whi ch occurs so freque n tly in thi s

4
,

p a rt of the Lib P an t This d a te is give n aga i n b e l o w a s the d a te of the de a th of Agapi

. .

tus The la tter p a ssag e is w here it rightfully b el o n g s

. .

5 “
At th is time T h e oda tu s k i n g of the Goths wrote to the pope an d to the se n a te
a t R ome an d thre a ten ed to p ut n ot o nly the sen a tors b ut al so their w
, ,

ives an d so n s an d
d a u ghters to the s w ord u n l ess the y shou l d prev ail with the emperor to rec all from
,

It aly the a rm y whi ch he wa s sen di n g aga in st h im ; an d the mm for this rea so n u n der
too k the em ba ss y an d j ourn ey ed to C o n sta n ti n opl e First of all he received ho n orably .

the men w hom the emperor sen t to hi m b ut refused to see An th e mi u s an d woul d n ot

a ccept his s al uta tio n ; then he a ppea red b e fore the prin ce an d p l ed the c a use of the
emba ss y which he h a d u n dertak e n B ut on a ccou n t of the g rea t expe n se to the trea s .

ury (fisc) the emperor w ou l d n ot withdraw from Italy the a rm y whi ch he wa s sen din g
a n d he refused to heed the supp l ic a tio n s of the pope Lib e r a t us B r evia ri u m 2 ;
”
.
, ,
1

M i g n e P a t La t vol 6 8 co l 1 03 9 J aflé R egesto vo l I p 1 1 4 Duches n e op ci t

, . .
,
.
, . .
, , .
, . .
,
. .
,

p 28 8 n 6 Lib e ratu s de scri b es the depositio n of An th e mi u s by Agap itu s on the

.
, . .

grou n d n ot o nly of u n orthodox y b ut al so of irre gu la r tr a n sfere n ce from a n other see

O u r own a uthor p a sses over Agap i tu s f a il ure to deter the emperor f rom se n
’
 A G A P IT US 1 45

pri n ce an d emperor Lord J usti n i an A u gustus co n cer ni ng the f a i th

, , .

An d the bl essed b ishop Agap i tu s set forth most ste a df a stly the
a posto li c doctri n e of the L ord J esus C hrist Go d an d m an th a t is , ,

of t w o na tures i n on e C hrist The n a co n te n tio n a rose b ut the L ord

.

a ided Agap i tu s an d he fou n d the b ishop of C o n st an ti n op l e An the ,

mius by na me to b e a heretic ,
.

An d w he n the co n te n tio n a rose b etw ee n A u gustus an d Agapi tu s ,

the pope ,

the emperor J usti ni an s a id to hi m : E ither y ou ag ree with us or I

”
di sp a tch you i n to exil e The n the most bl essed pope Agap i t u s
.

a n s w ered j o yf t an d s aid to the emperor : I i n deed a m a si n n er ,

y et I h a ve desired to come u n to the most C hristi an emperor J us ,

ti ni an ; n o w ho w ever I h a ve fou n d Dioc l eti an ; n everthe l ess I

, , ,
”
fe a r n ot y our thre a ts An d Agap i tu s the ve n er abl e pope s a id
.
, ,
“
to him a seco n d time Not wi thst an di n g th a t y ou m ay kn o w ,

you a re u nw orth y of the ”

C hristi an f a ith b id y our b ishop co n fess the ,

tw o na tures in C hrist The n by order of A u g ustus the b ishop of

.
, ,

C o n st a n ti n op l e An th e miu s by na me wa s summo n ed an d the a r g u

, ,

me n t wa s b egu n b ut i n respo n se to the questio n s of the bl essed pope

Agap i tu s he refused to co n fess the c a tho li c do gm a of t w o na tures
i n o n e L ord J esus C hrist An d the ho ly pope Agap i tu s co n victed
.

hi m of error an d wa s gl orified by all the C h risti an s The n the .

most pious emperor J ustini an re j oiced an d prostr a ted hi mse l f

b efore the aposto lic see an d a dored the most bl essed pope Agap i tu s .

An d str ai ghtway he expe ll ed An th emi u s from the communi o n an d

se n t him i n to exi l e The n the most pious emperor J usti ni an a sk ed
.

of the most bl essed pope Agap i tu s th a t he w ou l d co n secr a te i n p la ce

of An th e miu s a c a tho li c b ishop by na me M e na s ?
,

Furthermore P ope Agap i tu s o b t a i n ed all th a t he h a d b ee n se n t

?
to request B ut a fter some d ay s he fe ll i ll an d di ed a t C o n st an ti

B el isa rius to Italy b ut mak es much of his achievemen t in uphol di n g orthodoxy a n d

ecc l esi a stic al discip lin e in the Ea stern c a pital .

The Va tic an m an uscript 49 61 co n ta i n s a cop y of a B oo k of M e n a s priest an d

1
,

hea d of the hospice who wa s cre a ted b ishop of C o n st a n tin op l e M a rch 1 3 a fter the
, , ,

seco n d con su l ship of the disti n guished Pa ul in us the you n g er (5 Duchesn e op

, ,
.

ci t
. p 28 9 n 8
, .
, . .

As w e h a ve al rea d y rema r k ed Agap i tu s f a il ed e n tirely to secure w h a t Th eod ah ad

2
,

an d the R om a n s expected of him .

 1 46 LI BER P ON T IFI C ALI S

n op le , A pri l An d hi s b od y wa s c a rried i n a l e a de n co ffi n
to R ome ,

to the ba si li c a of bl essed P eter the apostl e w here i t wa s b uried , , ,

?
S eptem b er 20

An d the b ishopri c wa s empty 1 mo n th an d 28 d ay s .

LX S I LVE RI U S 53 6 53 7)
—
.

S i l verius by na tio na lit y a Camp a ni an so n of H ormi sd a s b ishop

, , ,

4
of R ome occupied t h e see 1 y e a r 5 mo n ths an d 1 1 d ay s H e wa s
, ,
.

a ppoi n ted b ishop by the t yr an t T h e od a tu s without di scussio n of

the a ppoi n tme n t For T h e od a tu s h a d b ee n corrupted by b ri b es
.

an d he terri fied the cl er gy so th a t the y b e lieve d th a t w hoever did

n ot support the ordi na tio n of S i l verius w ou l d suffer by the s w ord .

A ccordi n gly the priests did n ot a ccept hi m i n the an cie n t way an d

co n firm his a ppoi n tme n t b efore hi s ordi na tio n ; b ut a fter he h a d
b ee n ord a i n ed by force of fe a r the n for the s ak e of the u ni ty of the ,

church an d of the f a ith w he n the or di na tio n wa s e n ded the priests

, ,

?
a ccepted S i l verius
B ut a fter 2 mo n ths the t yr an t T h e od a tu s perished by the wi ll
of God an d K i ng Wi tige s rei gn e d ?
Then Wi tige s j our n e y ed to
B efore Agap itu s de a th he a ppoi n ted P elagius hi s dea con a s l ega te to represe n t
1 ’
, ,

the R oma n church a t the im peri al court Duches n e op cit p 2 89 n 1 0 Th is .

, . .
, .
, . .

P elag ius fi gures again la ter I fra p 59 et seq . n , . 1 .

Hi s epit a ph h a s b ee n l ost
2
.

List of or d in a tio n s
3
.

S u pr a p 1 3
4
,
n 5. 1 ,
. .

These detail s a s to the m ann er of Sil verius el ev a tio n a re fou n d o nly in the Lib
5 ’
.

P an t . Lib e r a tu s in his B r eoar i u m (ch 2 2) te ll s us merely th a t the city of R ome chose

.

Sil verius a su b dea co n an d son of the former pope H ormisd a s to b e ord ain ed in Aga pi
, ,

tus ste a d It is curious ho w ever th a t the c hoice shou l d h a ve f all e n upo n o e so

’
.
, ,
n

l o w in ra nk as a su b dea co n if there w ere n o pressure from outside in f a vor of Sil verius ,

a n d it is n ot u n l i k ely tha t T h e od ah ad w ho determin ed the f a te of P o p e Agap it u s

, ,

i n sisted n ow on pla cin g his own c a n dida te in the p a p al ch ai r a s Theodoric h a d do n e in ,

the c a se of Fe lix I V a fter the de a th of Joh n I S u p a p 1 3 9 The to n e of our n a rra tive . r , . .

,

tog ether with the imputa tio n of simo n y i n dic a tes some rese n tmen t on the p ar t of the
,

R om a n c l er gy aga i n st the Gothic i n terfere n ce Duches n e Lib P on t vol I p 293 2 .

,
. .
,
.
, .
,
n . .

3
Sil verius wa s ord a in ed J u n e 8 5 3 6 The revo l t of the Gothic a rmies w hich set
, .
,

Vi tige s upo n the thr o n e too k p la ce pro bably ear ly in Au gust

, .
1 48 LI BE R P ON T IFI C ALIS

an d m a rched ba ck agai n st R ome Fe b ru a ry 2 1 an d pitched his , ,

c a mp by the M olb i an b rid g e an d b e gan to b esie g e the city of

1

R ome An d the p a trici an Vilisari u s w ho defe n ded the R om an

.
,

na me shut hi mse l f up wi thi n the city

,

an d k ept the cit y .

I n those d ay s the city wa s b esie g ed so th a t n o m an mi ght g o

out or come i n An d all the b ui l di n g s priva te an d imperi al an d
.
,

ecc l esi a stic w ere co n sumed by fire an d me n di ed by the s w ord ;

,

some perished by the s w ord some by f a mi n e an d some by pesti ,

l e n ce ?
L ik e wise the churches an d the b odi es of the ho ly m a rt yrs
?
w ere destro y ed by the Goths Withi n the city there wa s a gre a t
'

f a mi n e so th a t wa ter w ou l d h a ve b ee n sold for a price if the spri ng s

,

?
h a d n ot furni shed de li ver an ce An d the ba ttl es w ere fierce ab out
the cit y I n those d ay s the p a tri ci an V ili sariu s fou g ht agai n st Ki ng
.

Wi tige s an d the host of the Goths an d defe n ded the R om an s an d

with hi s a rm y s a ved the cit y an d the R om an name The n the cit y .

?
an d the h a r b or of R ome w ere b esie g ed o n e y e a r by the Goths
B ut the p a trici an Vili sar iu s fou g ht an d co n quered the Go ths an d
a t la st a fter o n e y e a r the Goths fled to Ra ve nna
, ,
.

s a me d ay th a t the G oth s m a rched ou t by the F la min ia n G a te . De B ella Gothico, I ,

1 4; P 77
The M ulvian b ridg e
1
.

2R
ome h a d suffered in the fifth ce n tury f rom ba rba ria n in va sion s b ut without l osin g
much of the outer sem blan ce of her g ran deur With this terri bl e sieg e b e gi n s the real .

destructio n of her orderlin ess a n d b ea ut y the tra n sform a tion of the spl en did ca pita l ,

of the a n cie n t w or l d in to the sc a rred crum bli ng povert y strick e n medi ev al cit y of the , ,
-
,

popes Lan c iani Destruction of Anc i ent Rome pp 70—7 1 79 —8 7 Fro thi n gh am
.
, , .
,
.
,

M on u me n ts pp 7 6—8 5 G r e goroviu s H istor y of R ome tr H a mi l to n vol II passi m

, . .
, , .
, .
, .

Duches n e prin ts se l ection s from in scription s tak en from mhrtyr s tom bs an d

3 ’

cemeteries al o n g the V i a Sala ri a w here the Gothi c a ssa ul ts w ere hea viest recordin g , ,

the restora tion o f sa cred mon umen ts wrec k ed or d a mag ed by the e n emy In on e or .

t wo c a ses rema i n s h a ve b ee n fou n d b oth of the ori gin al epita phs sh a ttered by the Gothic
sol diers an d of the sixth cen tury reproductio n s of the origin al s erecte d to fill the empty
pla ces Op cit pp 29 3— 29 4 11 1
. . .
, .
, . 1 .

P rocopius tell s us th a t the a queducts w hich ordin a rily ga ve the city its ab un dan t
4
,

supply of wa ter w ere cut by the in v a ders b ut th a t the spri n gs within the wall s tog ether
,

with the stre a m of the Ti b er f urn ished e n ou g h for the reduced popula tio n De B ella .

Gothi co I 1 9 ed H aury vo l II pp 9 6—1 00

, , , . Lanc ian i Destr uc ti on of Anc ien t Rome
, .
, . .
, ,

pp 79—8 2
. .

Accord in g to P rocopius the sie g e la sted on e y ea r an d n in e d ays an d e n ded j ust

5

b efore the vern al equin ox of 5 3 8 De Bella Gothi co II 1 0 ed Ha ury vo l II p 1 9 2 .

, , , .
, .
, . .
 S I LVER I US 49

A t th a t time there wa s a he a vy f a min e t h rou g hout the w ho l e

w or l d a s D a tiu s b ishop of the city of M i lan h a s re la te d fu lly i n
, , ,

hi s report so th a t i n L i guri a w ome n a te their o wn chi l d re n for

,

h u ng er an d wa n t ; some of them he h a s s aid w ere of the f a mi ly , ,

?
of hi s o wn church
A t th a t time the p a trici an V ilisariu s w e n t to N ap l es an d set it i n
?
order an d a fterwa rds c a me to R ome An d he wa s received g r a
3
c i ou sly by L ord S i l verius ; a n d the p a trici an V i li sar i u s removed

to the P i n ci an p ala ce May i n the 1 5 th in di ctio n A t th a t ,

.

time Vi gi lius the de a co n wa s de l e ga te to C o n st an tin op l e An d

, ,
.

P rocopius spe ak s of th e deso la tin g fa mi n e th a t fe ll upo n Italy in 53 8 an d of

1

i n sta n ces of ca n n i bali sm due to st a rv a tio n De B ella Gothico II 20 ed H aury vo l II .

, , ,
.
, .
,

pp 23 6—23 9 H e al so say s th a t D atiu s b ishop of M ilan a n d some of the l e adi n g citi

. .
, ,

ze n s of the city c a me to R ome durin g th a t y e a r to a sk of B elisa rius a small force of

sol diers with w hose a id they proposed to re es t ablish the imperi al g overnm en t in the
,

provin ce of Li guri a an d to drive out the Goths Duri n g hi s stay a t R ome D atiu s may .

h a ve reported on the f a mi n e in hi s diocese B elis a rius furn ished the desired support .
,

b ut in spite of it the Goths too k an d sa c k ed M ilan the foll o win g y e a r D atiu s e s .

c a ped an d fled to C on st a n ti n op l e w here he died in 5 5 2 The Vari ce of Ca ssiodorus ,

.

co n ta in a l etter w ritten by himsel f a s pretori an prefect to D a tiu s b etw een 53 4 an d 53 9

, ,

rega rdi n g the O peni n g of g ra n a ries for the relief of f a mi n e sufferers P rocopius i bid .
,
.
,

II 7 ; pp 1 80 8 5
,
— . Le tte r s of C assi od1or u s tr H od g
. kin pp 5 2 — 22
5 , .
, . 1 .

With this sen ten ce in the j ud g me n t of Duchesn e b eg in s a la ter a ccou n t by a n e w

2
, ,

w riter of the depositio n of P ope Sil verius w hich too k pla ce in 5 3 7 b efore the G othi c , ,

sieg e wa s over Up to this poi n t in hi s O pin ion the n a rr a tive h a s b ee n th a t of a c on

.
, ,

tempor a ry a s w ere the lives of the popes immedi a tely preced in g It is vivid an d on
,
.
,

the whol e a ccura te men tio ni n g ofte n deta il s w hich a re g ive n by n o other history
, ,

an d sho w i n g in te n se p a rt y spirit in the refere n ces to the co nflicts b et w ee n the Gothic

an d imperi al p a rties It is hostil e to Sil verius a s the cre a ture of T h e odah a d an d is

.

in teres ted l ess in strictl y ecc l esi a stic al questio n s th a n i n the milit a ry an d po li tic al
situ a tion This n a rr a tive n ow ce a ses ab ruptly an d the hi story of the pope is co n ti n ued
.

by a n other an d more s ymp a thetic b io g ra pher to w hom the recital of his cruel mis
f ortu n es seems more importa n t th an th a t of the f all of cities The first sen te n ce in thi s .

sec o n d n arra tive merely recou n ts aga in the eve n ts alre a dy more fully descri b ed the ,

c apture of N apl es an d the comin g of B el isa rius to R ome Duchesn e op ci t pp .

,
. .
, .

xxxix—xl 29 4 n 5 M omm se n of course is con vi n ced th a t our seve n th cen tury

, , . 1 .
, ,

a uthor h a s simply b een m ak i n g use of tw o differen t sources an d pieces the two to

g ether here Li b P on t p xvi i . . .
, . .

P rocopius tells us th a t Sil verius persu a ded the R oma n s to ope n their ga tes to
3

B elis a rius De B ella Gothi co I 4 ; pp 7 5— 76

.
, ,
1 . .

An other i n sta n ce of a n in terpo la ted d a te

4
B el isa rius fixed his he a dqu a rters a t .

the P in ci a n p ala ce immedi a tely on his e n try i n to R ome to wa rd the c l ose of 5 3 6 P ossi .

bly the n a me of the mo n th here h a s b een ch an g ed by a c l eric al error from M a rch to

M ay a n d the d a te is really th a t of Sil verius depositio n Vi gili us wa s orda ined M a rch ’
.

29 53 7
,
Duchesn e op cit p 29 4 n 1 7
.
, . .
, .
, . .
I 50 LI BE R P ON T IFI C AL I S

the empress wa s vexed for the p a tri a rch An th e miu s b ec a use he h a d ,

b ee n d eposed by the most ho ly pope Agap i tu s w ho h a d fou n d him ,

to b e a heretic an d h a d appoi n ted M e n a s the servan t of Go d in , ,

?
his ste a d S o A u g ustus too k cou n se l with Vi gi lius the de a co n , ,

an d se n t a l etter to R ome to P ope S i l verius wi th the request

“
B e n ot s l o w to come to us or e l se f a i l n ot to restore An th e miu s
” 2
to hi s p la ce An d w he n the bl essed S i l verius re a d the l etter he
.

“
g ro a n ed an d s a id : No w I kn o w th a t this a ff a ir h a s put an e n d to
”
m y life B ut the most bl essed S i l verius h a d trust i n God an d in
.

“
bl essed P eter the a post l e an d he w rote to the empress : La d y
, ,

A u gust a I wi ll n ever do thi s thi ng to rec all a heretic co n dem n ed

, ,

i n hi s i niquit y .

The n A u g ust a wa s w roth an d she se n t in structio n s to Vilisariu s

the p a trici an by V i gi lius the de a co n
, , ,

a s fo ll o w s
Fi n d some occ a sio n to a ccuse P ope S i l verius an d depose him
from the b ishopric or e l se se n d hi m sure ly an d speedi ly to us .

S ee y ou h a ve wi th y ou Vi gi lius the a rchde a co n an d l e ga te our

, , ,

w e ll b e l oved w ho h a s promised us to restore the p a tri a rch An the

,

mius .An d V ili sari u s the p a trici an receive d the i n structio n s

, ,

“
an d s a id : I forsooth wi ll perform these i n structio n s ; b ut a s for
him w ho b ri ng s ab out the overthro w of P ope S i l verius he sh all
1
The i n tri g ue of Theodora by me a n s of w hich Sil verius wa s deposed is descri b ed
, ,

by Lib e ra tu s even more mi n utely th a n it is here Libe ra tu s says Au gusta summ o n ed .

V i g i l ius de a co n of Aga p itu s an d a sk ed him secretly to promise her th a t if he w ere

, ,

m ade pope he w ou l d a n n u l the syn od of C h al cedo n where the du al n a ture of C hrist ,

h a d b ee n m a i n ta i n ed a n d woul d write to Theodosius An th e miu s a n d Severus an d in

, ,

his l etters a pprove their f a ith an d she o ff ered to g ive hi m an order to B el isa rius to m ak e
,

him pope an d to b esto w on hi m seve n hu n dred thousa n d sesterces So Vi gi l ius gla dly .

ga ve his promise desiri n g the b ishopric an d the g ol d a n d a fter m ak i n g his pl edg e he

, ,

w en t to R ome ; b ut whe n he a rrived there he fou n d th a t Sil verius h a d b een ord a i n ed

pope Al so he fou n d B el is a rius a t R a ve n n a (this shou l d b e N apl es) b esieg i n g an d
.
,

c a pturi g the cit y a n d he del ivered to him the comm a n d of A u gusta an d promised
n ,

to g ive hi m t wo hu n dred thousa n d sesterces of gol d if he w ou l d remove Sil verius an d

ord a i n him (V ig il ius) i n ste a d B revi a r i m 2 2 ; M i g e P at Lat vol 68 col 1 03 9
.
”
u ,
n , . .
, .
, . .

Quoted by Duchesn e op ci t p 294 n 8 , . .

,
.
, . 1 .

2
Lib e a t u s s ay s n othi n g of a n y correspo n de n ce b et w ee n Byz a n tium an d Sil verius
r .

He r a ther g ives the impressio n th a t Theodor a i g n ored Sil verius a n d his ordi a tio n n

al tog ether b ut a dds th a t B e l is a rius an d his wife tried to persu a de Sil verius to do w h a t
the empress dema n ded im plyi n g th a t she c a red l ittl e who wa s pope so lo ng as An the
,

mius wasrei n st a ted B revi a ri u m 2 2 ; M i gne ibid co l 040

.
, ,
.
, . 1 .
 52 LI B E R P ON T IFIC ALI S

S i l verius a s if in his o wn ch a r g e an d se n t hi m i n to exi l e to P on tiae ,

an d fed him with the b re a d of tri b u la tio n an d the wa ter of b itter

?
n ess An d he fe ll i ll an d di ed a co n fessor
. An d he wa s b uried
i n th a t p la ce J u n e 20 an d a mu l titude of those w ho w ere di se a se d
, ,

?
c a me to hi s sepu l chre an d w ere he al ed

?
An d the b ishopric wa s empt y

The Li b P an t omi ts here some i n teresti n g deta il s of Sil verius la tter d ays H e
1
. .
’
.

wa s sen t first i n to exil e n ot to P o n z a w here he wa s in the po w er of V i gil ius b ut to , ,

Pa ta ra a city of Lyci a The b ishop of Pa ta ra too k up hi s c a use an d w e n t himse l f to

, .

the emperor decla ri n g th a t it wa s wr o n g to expel the b ishop of the mi ght y R o man see
, ,

tha t there w ere ma y kin g s in the worl d b ut n ot on e who wa s u ni que li k e the pope
n ,

wh o ru l ed the church of all the w orl d an d h a d b ee n drive n from his see The emperor ”
.

wa s moved by this a rg ume n t an d ordered a fresh tri al a d a re ex a mi a tio n of the forg ed n n

l etters Sil verius wa s b rou ght ba c k to Italy b ut b efore the tri al cou l d b e hel d Vi gil ius
.
, ,

i n dre a d of l osi g his positio n se n t w ord to B e l is a rius De l iver Sil verius to me ;

“
n ,

otherw ise I c a n n ot perform wh a t you expect of me So Sil verius wa s turn e d over t o .

”

the gu a rds of Vi gil ius who tran sported h im to the islan d of Pal ma ri a w here he
,
“
,
”

died of sta rva tion Thus Lib e ratu s B revi ar i u m 2 2 ; M i gn e i bid P rocopius in hi s
'

.
.
, , .

S cr et H i stor y s ay s th a t An to n i n a w ife of B e lisa rius the p l i a n t too l of Theodor a wa s

e , , ,

i n strumen tal in b ri n g in g ab out Sil verius dea th b efore he cou l d b e tried a seco n d time ’
.

C h I ; ed Di n dori pp 1 3— 1 6 The guil t seems to rest p a rtly upo n her an d p a rtly

. .
,
. .

upo n Vi gili us The isla n ds of P o n ti ac n ow c all ed P o n za a re in the Tusc a n Sea On e

.
, , .

of the g roup is n a med Pal m a ri a Duchesn e op ci t p 29 5 n n 2 1 2 2 .

, . .
, .
, .
, .

The rema i n s of Sil verius w ere n ever moved from Pal ma ri a N0 other n otice of
2
.

ven era tio n p aid to him a t R ome is kn o wn to exist e a rl ier th a n the ma rty rol o gy of
P eter de N a talib u s which wa s drawn up in 1 3 7 1 For the referen ce cf Duchesn e
, . .
,

op ci t
. p 29 5 n 23.
, .
, . .

List of ordi n a tio n s

3
.

There wa s perh a ps some dou b t in the mi n d of ou r author a s to the time w he n

4

Si l verius p on ti fic ate e n ded whether w ith his depositio n or with his dea th Therefore
’
, .

he does n ot g ive a s is usu ally the c a se the ex a ct dura tio n of the v a c an c y in the p ap al
, ,

see .

It may b e urg ed by some histori an s tha t i f th e tran sla tion of the Li ber P ontifi ,

cali s is to b e b ro k en a t all the b re ak shoul d occur here See first n ote on the , .

f oll o w in g pag e Sin ce ho wever the question of the sources for the foll o win g
.
, ,

p on t ific ate s is a t b est o b scure it seems b etter for pr a ctical purposes to ca rr y the text,

throu g h to the pon tifica te o f G re gory 1 a s tha t i mportan t da te in pa pal history is so ,

cl ose a t h an d [ED ] . .
 V IGI L I US 1 53

LX I . V I G I LIU S (53
1
Vi gi lius by na tio nali t y a R om an so n of J ohn the co n su l ?
, , ,

occupied the see 1 7 y e a rs 6 mo n ths an d 2 6 d ay s A t th a t time , .

Vilisari u s the p a trici an m a de wa r o n Wi ti ge s ki ng of the Goths

, , , .

An d the ki ng fled by ni ght an d J oh n the m a ster of the so l dier y , ,

w ho wa s sur na med the Bl ood y pursued a fter hi m an d he sei z ed ,

him an d b rou ght him to Vili sari u s an d to Vi gi lius a t R ome ?

The n
the y p l ed g ed hi m their o a ths i n the ba si lic a of J u lius th a t the y
w ou l d co n duct hi m s a fe ly to the emperor J usti ni an ?
An d w he n
the y h a d b rou g ht him to C o n st an ti n op l e the emperor re j oiced an d
cre a ted hi m p a trici an an d coun t an d se n t hi m i n to the b orders of

1
Duches n e b el ieves th a t wi th the b io g ra ph y o f Sil verius w e come to the en d of the
first rece n sion of the Li b P ont an d th a t w ith Vi gi lius w e b e g in the first co n ti n u a tion
. .
, .

At a c a su al gla n ce the a ccou n t of Vi g il ius seems a s li k e ly to b e co n tempor a ry w or k a s

tha t of Sil verius O n ex a mi n a tio n ho w ever it is fou n d to b e full of i n a ccur a cies an d
.
, ,

mi st ak es For ex a mp l e the t wo occup a tio n s of R ome by Totila in 546 an d 5 49 a re

.
,

tre a ted a s on e The defea t of the Van d al s by B e lis a rius in 5 3 3 53 4 is co n fused with
.
-

the suppressio n of the revo l t of Gu n tarith in 54 7 O ther errors a re poin ted ou t in the .

n otes .The l ives of P elag ius I an d Joh n III con t a i n further sl ips In the la tter the t w o .

Fra nk ish expedition s of 5 5 2 an d 5 6 2 a re comb i n ed in to on e Duchesn e a rgues th a t the .

a uthor of the four b iog raphies a fter Sil verius did n ot w rite e a rl ier th a n the time of
P elag ius II Li b P on t vol I pp ccxxxi ccxxxii M ommse n rej oi n s th a t the styl e
. . .
, .
, .
-
.
'

of all the s ixth ce n tury l ives is too ba rba rous to h a ve b ee n emp l o y ed by a church

o ffi ci al of the ag e of Theodoric an d th a t the i n a ccura cies in the first portion whil e n ot ,

so n umerous a s those in the seco n d a re freque n t e n ou g h to m ak e it impro babl e th a t ,

the y w ere the work o f a co n tempora ry Li b P on t p xvii . . .

,
. .

2
The f a ther of V igil ius m ay h a ve b ee n an ho n ora ry or co dic illa ry co n su l There .

a re n o con sul s for the West listed in the F a sti by the n a me of J oh n duri n g thi s period .

Vig il ius b rother R ep aratu s wa s a mon g the R om an hostag es sen t to R a venn a by

’
, ,

V i tiges in 5 3 6 an d ba re ly esc a ped de a th whe n in the foll o win g y e a r V i tiges disp a tched
orders to R a venn a to h a ve the hostag es ma ssa cred P rocopius Lib eratu s an d M ar .
,

c e lli n u s all sta te th a t V i gi l ius wa s ord a i n ed pope throu g h the i n flue n ce of B e l is a rius .

Duches n e op ci t p 29 9 n 1 J aflé Regesto p 1 1 7

, . .
, .
, . .
, ,
. .

3
The text is f a u l ty in the p a rt it a ssi gn s to John m ag ister militu m H e h a d ,
.

b een fig htin g in the North an d wa s pushin g do wn a t thi s time to wa rd R a ve nn a .

H is a dv a n ce forced V itiges to withdr aw hi s a rm y from the a tt a c k on R ome an d

f all ba c k to protect R a ve nn a H e surren dered there in 53 9 to B e lis a rius n ot to .
,

J ohn .

4
There is no other record of this i n tervie w It is possi bl e th a t B el isa rius b rou ght .

Vitiges to R ome an d too k ship a t P orto for the Ea st The ba sil ic a of Ju l i a is u h .

dou b tedl y the g rea t hall o f the La teran p ala ce used for st a te receptio n s an d other ,

ceremoni es Su pr a p 1 40 and n 4 Duches n e op ci t p 3 00 n 3

.
, . . .
, . .
, .
,
. .
1 54 L I BER P ON T I FI C AL IS

?
P ersi a w here he di ed ,The emperor al so a sk ed V ili sariu s ho w he
himse l f f a red wi th the R om an s an d ho w he h a d set V i gili us i n the
p la ce of S i l verius The n t h e emp eror an d A u gust a th ank e d
.

V ili sa ri u s an d co n ferred a uthorit y upo n hi m an d se n t hi m ba ck

i n to A fri c a
agai n st G u n d ari t ki n g of the ,

Va n d al s th a t he mi g ht do in ,

A fric a w h a t he h a d do n e in .

?
I t aly
An d V ili sariu s w e n t i n to A fric a u n der pretext of pea ce an d
s l e w G ui n t ari t ki ng of the Va n d al s an d b rou g ht Afric a i n to su b
, ,

missio n to the empire The n V ili sari u s the p a trici an c a me to .

, ,

R ome an d o ffered to bl essed P eter the a post l e by the h an d of , ,

P ope V i gi lius out of the spoi l s of the Van d al s a g o l de n cross set ,

w ith j e w e l s w ei ghi ng 1 00 lb s ,
.
,

i n scri b ed with I o n w hi ch he i n scri b ed

his victories ? an d 2 la r g e gi l ded
, ,

si l ver
c an de lab r a w hich st an d to this d ay b efore the b od y of bl essed P eter
, ,

the apostl e H e ga ve li k e wise m any other gifts an d al ms to the

.

poor For V ili sariu s the p a trici an b ui l t a hospi ce o n the Vi a

.
, ,

4
La t a an d o n the V i a F la mi ni a n e a r the to wn of H or tae he estab , ,

li sh e d a mo na ster y of Sa i n t J uve nal w hi ch he e n do w ed wi th lan ds ,

?
an d m any gifts
P rocopius does n ot s ay th a t V itiges wa s sen t to P ersia b ut th a t B elisa rius was
1

commissio n ed to c a rry on the P ersi an wa r De B ella Gothi c o III 1 ed H aury vo l .

, , .
, .

II p 29 7
, . .

Ou r a uthor here con fuses B e l is a rius expedi tion aga i n st the Va n d al s in 5 3 3 w ith
‘

2 ’

the suppressio n of the revol t of G u n tari th by Ar tab an e s in 54 7 B elisa rius a t this time .

wa s in It aly de f en di n g R ome aga i n st the a ssa ul t of Totila Gu n tari th wa s assa ssi

,
.

n a t e d by order of Ar tab a n e s .

B elis a rius cross is me n tion ed aga i n in the l ife of Stephen V It wa s sa ved from
3 ’
.

the s a c k of the p ap al reside n ce in 88 5 Duchesn e op ci t p 3 00 n 6 .

, . .
, .
,
. .

The church of San t a M a ri a di Trevi n ea r the fou n t a in of Trevi wa s kn o wn in the

4
, ,

M iddl e Ag es a s Sa n t a M a ri a in X e odochio b ec a use it a d j oi n ed the hospice of B e lisa

n ,

rius A t abl et b ea ri n g a n e a rly i scriptio n referrin g to the hospice m ay still b e see n

.
,
n ,

emb edded in the outer wall of the church Duchesn e op ci t p 3 00 n 7 .

,
. .
,
.
,
. .

,
St J uve al wa s the first b ishop of N a m i a to wn ei g ht mi l es from H ortac or O rt a
5
. n ,
.

There wa s a church of St Juve n al in O rt a a s la te a s the sixtee n th cen tury Duches n e

. .
,

op ci t
. p 3 00 n 8
.
, .
, . .
 1 5 6 L I BE R P ON T I FI C AL IS

” 1
seiz ed by ni ght an d b e a te n u n ti l he died An d w he n A u gust a .

he a rd t hi s she se n t An th e mi u s the scri b e with orders an d g re a t , ,

“
a uthori t y to R ome s ayi ng : If y ou fin d hi m in the ba si lic a of
,

Sai n t P eter l et hi m g o B ut if y ou fin d Vi gi lius i n the La ter an or

,
.

i n the p ala ce or i n an y other church set hi m imme di a te ly upo n a ,

ship an d b ri n g him to us El se by Him w ho liveth forever I w ill .

, ,
” 2
h a ve y ou fl ay ed An d An th e mi u s the scri b e c ame to R ome an d
.
, ,

fo u n d Vi gi li us i n the church of Sai n t C eci li a Novem b er 2 2 ; for ,

i t wa s her b irthd ay ; an d An th emi u s too k hi m whi l e he wa s dis

3

tri b u tin g gifts to the peop l e an d b rou g ht him do wn to th e Ti b er

an d set hi m o n a shi p The peop l e an d the mu l ti tude fo llo w ed hi m
.
,

c alli n g out th a t the y w oul d h a ve a pr ay er from hi m An d w he n .

he h a d spo k e n a pr ay er all the peop l e ,

s a id I an sw ered
Ame n an d the ship b e gan to move T he R om an s s aw th a t .

the ship i n whi ch Vi gi lius wa s se a ted h a d b e gu n to move an d

the n the peop l e co mme n ced to thro w sto n es a fter hi m an d sti ck s
“
an d di rt y vesse l s an d to cry out Y our hun g er go wi th y ou '
4
Y our pestil e n ce g o wi th y ou 1 Y ou h a ve do n e evi l to the R om an s ;
”
m ay y ou fin d evi l w here y ou g o $ Y et some w ho l oved hi m fo l
l o w ed hi m from the church .

An d w he n he re a ched S ici ly an d the cit y of Ca tani a he wa s ,

all o w ed to ho l d an ordi na tio n of priests an d de a co n s i n the mo n th

Of D ecem b er O f these he se n t ba ck to R ome Am p li a tu s the
.
,

priest an d hi s vi c a r an d Val e n tin us b ishop of Sa in ts R u fin a an d

, ,

?
S ecun d a to gu a rd the L a ter an an d preside over the c l er gy
,
The n
There is n o other a ccou n t o f the a ccusa tio n aga in st Vi g i lius an d w e kn o w n othi n g
1

of the in cide n ts herein me n tio n ed .

The circu ms ta n ces of V i gilius dep a rture from R ome a re descri bed n o where e lse
2 ’
.

O ther his tori an s say simp ly th a t he was summo n ed by the emperor a n d forci bly com
p e lled to go O ly on e a dds th a t all R ome dr ove hi m out by pu blic a cc la ma tio n
. n .

Facun du s Defensio Tr i u m C a pit m I V 3 ; M i gn e P at La t vo l 6 7 co l 6 24

,
u , , ,
. .
, .
, . .

Novem ber 2 2 is the d ay of the festival of San ta C ecili a in Trastevere The

3
.

gif ts mun era here n oted Duchesn e un derstan ds to b e the eucha ristic wafers Op
, ,
”
. .

c it . p 3 00 nn 1 2 an d 1 3
,
.
, . .

V i gilius l e f t R ome in 544 or 54 5 At tha t tim e Totila h a d al rea d y b e gu n to

4
.

reduce the cit y by cutting ofl supplies In 54 3 a severe pestil en ce h a d s w ept over the
'

di sordered cou n try Duches n e op cit p 3 00 n 1 4 J aflé Reg sto p 1 1 9

.
, . .
, .
, . .
,
e , . .

The word here tran sla ted vica r is vic ed omin u s or vi d a me la ter a feud al titl e
5
,
”
.

D u can ge Glossari u m Vic ed omin u s

,
The ba silica o f San te R u fina e Seco n d a stood
, .
 V I G ILIU S 57

he ba de them all f a rew e ll an d a rrived a t C o n st an ti n op l e o n the

vi gi l s of our L ord J esus C hrist The emperor c a me to meet him .

an d the y k issed e a ch other an d b e gan to w eep An d the peop l e .

“
s ang ps a lms b efore him to the church of Sa i n t S op hi a : L o he
”
cometh the L ord the L ord etc The n for tw o y e a rs there w ere
, , ,
.

di sse n sio n s over An th e mi u s the p a tri a rch ho w V i gi l ius h a d , ,

promi sed an d h a d p l ed g ed wi th hi s h an d to restore hi m to hi s p la ce ?

B ut Vi gi li us w ou l d n ot yie l d to them b ut preferre d to d ie virtu

“
ou sly th a n to live An d P ope Vi gi lius s a id : I perceive th a t i t
.

wa s n ot the devout pri n ces J usti ni an an d Theodor a w ho sum , ,

m o n e d me to them ; r a ther I kn o w to —d ay th a t I h a ve met Dio

?
c le ti an an d El eutheri a D o w ith me a s you w i ll ; I a m receivi ng
formerly on the V i a C orn el i a n ot f a r f rom the Va tic an The f oun d a tion wa s la id by
, .

P ope Jul ius I a n d the b uil di n g wa s comp l eted i f tr a ditio n b e correct by P ope D amasu s , , .

P rocopius gives us further in form a tio n rega rdi n g the j ourn e y of V ig il ius e vo y s ba c k ’
n

to R ome The y emba rk ed w ith a co n vo y of vessel s fill ed w ith food for the relie f of the
.

sn fle rin g popul a tio n o f the cit y b ut a t the e n tr a n ce to the Ti b er the fleet wa s c a ptured

by the Go ths an d the b ishop Val en tin us wa s b rou g ht b efore Totila for ex a min a tio n .

The kin g for some re a son suspected th a t the b ishop wa s an s w erin g his question s fal sely
a n d cut ofl b oth his h a n ds De B ella Gothico III 5 ; ed H a ury vol II pp 3 60—3 6 1
.
, ,
1 .
, .
, . .

In 55 4 w he n V i g il ius l eft C o n sta n ti n op l e the a rchde a co n P e lag ius seems to h a ve b ee n

, ,

performin g the fu n ctio n s of the he a d of the church I nfra p 1 5 9 .

,
. .

1
As h a s b ee n s a id b efore (su pr a p 55 n the stru ggl e wa s n ot to in duce
, . 1 , .

Vi gilius to restore An th e miu s b ut to eff ect a compromi se w ith the M o n oph y site p a rt y
in g e n er al Justin i a n h a d al re a dy yiel ded to them a n d to the empress so f a r a s to issue
.

a n edict de n ou n c in g three N estoria n w riters Theodore of M O p sue st ia T h e od or e t a n d , ,

Iba s w ho the M o n oph y sites c la im ed h a d received the t a cit a pprov al o f the C ou n c il o f

,

C hal cedon Justin i a n too k the step in the hope of there by prev a ili n g upon the p a rty
.

to a ccept the decrees of the cou n cil an d of restori n g h a rmon y to the church The edict .

wa s a ccepted thou g h rel uct an tly by most of the orthodox Ea stern b ishops b ut met
, ,

with determin ed resista n ce in the West w here a y co n cession to Eutychi an ism wa s

,
n

rega rded a s direct heresy Vi gil ius was comm an ded in C o sta n ti n op l e to give the edict
. n

his approval H e resisted stu bb orn ly for a whi l e k n o wi n g th a t such an a ct w ou l d

.
,

ruin his positio n a t R ome B ut a t l en g th In 54 8 he issued a docume n t commonly

.
, , ,

c all ed the J u dic a tu m a a them a tizin g the three Nestori a n s b ut stoutly ma in t a in in g his
,
n

a dheren ce to the C ou cil of C h al cedo n Ja ffe Regesta p 2 1 9 2 2 H e wa s n ot

n .
, ,
. 1 ,
.

all o w ed to return home b ut wa s deta in ed in the Ea st u n til the meeti n g of the cou n c il
con ven ed a t his su gg estion by Justin i a n in 53 3 J aflé Regesto p 1 2 1 The cou n c il .
, , . .

supported the emperor a n d fou n d V i g i lius positio n u n sa tisfa ctory H is ba n ishme n t

’
.

a pp aren tly wa s the result of his appe a ran ce b efore it J aflé i bid p 23 93 5 The .
,
.
, . 1 , .

con troversy over the co n demn a tion of the three Nestori an w riters is kn o wn a s th a t
of the Three C h a pters It b rou g ht ab out a n ew schism b etw een Ea st an d West which
.
,

la sted seve n ty y e a rs .

2
The words a re copied from the b io g raphy of P op e Agap itu s Su pr a p 1 4 5 It i s .
, . .

n ot kn o w n th a t Dioc l eti a n h a d a wi fe El eutheri a .

1 58 LI BE R P ON TIFI C ALIS

the re wa rd of m y deeds Thereupo n o n e struck him i n the f a ce .

,
“
s ayi ng : M urderer do y ou n ot kn o w to w hom y ou spe ak ? do y ou ,

n ot kn o w th a t y ou s l e w P ope S il verius an d ki ll ed the so n of a wido w

w om an wi th kick s an d bl o w s ? ”
Then h e fled to the ba silica of -

Sai n t E uphemi a an d la id ho l d of
a co l um n a horn
?
of the al t a r B ut he wa s dr agg ed away from i t an d c a st outside
the church an d a rope wa s put ab out hi s n eck an d the y h al ed hi m
throu gh all the city u n ti l eve ni ng an d the n thrust hi m i n to priso n
an d ga ve him a li tt l e b re a d an d wa ter An d the R om an c l er gy .

w ho w ere wi th him w ere se n t i n to exile to w ork i n di ffere n t

mi n es .

A t th a t time the Goths chose for their ki ng B a du a w ho wa s ,

?
c all ed Toti la H e desce n ded upo n R ome an d b esie g ed it ; an d
there wa s a f a mi n e i n the city of R ome so th a t the peop l e a te their
o wn chi l dre n An d o n e d ay he m a de an e n tr an ce i n to R ome by
.

?
the ga te of S t Pa u l i n the 1 3 th in di ctio n . All ni ght l o ng he h a d
,

the trumpet bl o wn un til ever y i n h ab it an t fled or co n ce al ed hi mse lf

i n the churches for fe a r th a t the R om an s w oul d perish by the
,

s w ord B ut the ki ng d w e l t wi th th e R om an s a s a f a ther wi th hi s

.

so n s The n some of th e se na tors C i th eu s Alb i n us an d B a si li us

.
, , ,

p a trici an s an d e xc on su ls w e n t to C o n stan ti n op l e an d appe a red ,

b efore the emperor i n their di stress an d deso la tio n ?

An d th e
1This a ccou n t of the m al trea tmen t o f Vi gilius is pa rtly l eg e n da ry The a ctu al .

f a cts a re give n in some deta il in a n e n c yc lical l etter w ritte n by hi mse l f in 5 5 2 rela ting
his su ff erin g s M a n si Ampli ssi ma C ollecti o vol IX p 50 M i gn e P at La t vol 69
.
, , .
,
. .
, . .
, .
,

col 5 3 It is true th a t V igil ius wa s dragg ed from an al t ar b ut the in cide n t occur red in
. .

the church of St P eter in H ormi sd a in C o n sta n tin opl e La ter he fled for refu g e to the
. .

church of St Euphemi a in C h al cedon

. .

2
Totila h a d b ecome k i n g be fore the depa rture o f V i gil ius He is c all ed Ba du a .

a n d B ad u ila in other chro n ic l es Duches n e op cit p 3 01 n 24 .

, . .
, .
, . .

3
Ou r a uthor here co n fou n ds the t w o sieg es of R ome by Totila in 5 4 6 an d in 5 49 .

The d a te give n the 1 3 th in diction (549

,
an d the e n terin g by the ga te of San Pa o l o

b el o n g to the seco n d sie g e b ut the severe f a min e an d the fli g ht of the p a trician s w ere
f ea tures of the fir st On these eve n ts see G re gorovi u s Hi story of Rome tr H amil to n
.
, , .
,

vol I pp 4 5 —4 76
.
, . 1 .

4
P rocopius say s th a t On the n ight tha t Totila e n tered R ome in 54 6 the p a trici an s
D ecius Ba s ilius an d others esc a ped from the city in the tra in of B essa s the comm an der
, ,

of the Byz a n tin e ga rriso n C ethegus the l e a der of the se n a te ha d retired to C e n tum
.
, ,

cell a e a rlier u n der suspicio of fa vori n g the Go thic p arty De B ella Gothico III 1 3
n .
, ,

an d 20 ; ed H a u ry pp 3 49 3 8 4
.
, .
, .
 1 60 LI BER P ON T IFI C ALIS

The y c a me with Vi gi lius to S ici ly to the cit y of Sy r a cuse An d , .

he su ffered from the m ala d y of the sto n e an d di ed ?

An d hi s b od y
wa s c a rried to R ome an d b uried in the church of Sai n t Ma rce ll us
o n the Vi a Sala ri a .

?
An d the b ishopric wa s empt y 3 mo n ths an d 5 d ay s

L X II . P ELA GIU S I (55 6— 56 1 )

4
P e lagius by na tio nali ty a R om an so n of J ohn the vic a r
, , , ,
5

o ccupied the see 4 y e a rs 1 0 mo n ths an d 1 8 d ay s An d there wa s

, .

n o b ishop to ord ai n hi m b ut t w o b ishops w ere fou n d J oh n of ,

P e ru si a an d B o n us of F e r e n tin u m an d An dre w priest of O sti a , , ,

an d the y ord a i n ed hi m po n ti ff ?
A t th a t time there wa s n o o n e
1
A co n tempor a ry record say s of V i g ilius dea th : H e died in Syr a cuse the secon d
“ ’
,

d ay of the w ee k a t n i ght the seve n th d ay b efore the Ides of Ju n e in the third in diction
, ,

(J u n e 7 , Duchesn e op ci t p 3 02 n 3 3 , . .
, .
, . .

2 L ist of ordi na tio n s .

3 The v a c a n c y wa s l o n g er f or P e lag ius wa s

n ot orda in ed u n til Ap ri l 1 6 5 56
, , .

4
We kn o w more of P elagius c a reer previous to his a ccession th an w e do o f th a t o f
’

most p opes a t thi s e a rly period Un der Sil verius he h ad b e en sen t with V igi lius to.

C on st an tin opl e a s apoc ri sa ri u s an d whi l e there h ad in tri gued in f a vor of the a ppoin t
me n t o f Vi g il ius an d the deposition of Sil verius Su pr a p 1 46 n 1 pp 1 49— 1 5 0 On .
, .
,
. . .

Vi g il ius ordin a tion he h a d b een se n t by Justin i an to An tioch on ecc l esi a stical b usin ess
’

a n d h a d b ee n a ctive in other church a ffa i rs R eturn in g to R ome he h a d distri b uted .

his w e al th a mo n g the poor of the city an d a fter the dep a rture of V i gilius h a d p lay ed
the p a rt of the l ea din g citize n n e gotia tin g with Totila in 546 an d o b ta in i n g from him a
,

promise to refra in from murder an d outrag e w he n he c a ptured R ome P rocopius say s .

th a t he wa s a t this time the most i ll ustrious m an in Italy La ter he return ed to .

C on stan tin opl e an d wa s pu n ished al o n g with V i gili us for i efu sin g to a n a thema tize the ‘

Three C h apters in o b edien ce to the decision of the ecumen ic al cou n cil j ust hel d S u pra .
,

pp 1 5 7 n 1 an d 1 59 n 2 H e di d n ot con tin ue ob sti n a te ho w ever for a y e a r la ter

.
, .
, . .
, ,

a fter the de a th of Vi gil ius he a ccepted the decrees of the cou n cil an d wa s desi gn a ted
by the emperor a s Vigilius successor De B ella Gothi co III 1 6—2 1 ed H a ury vo l II
’
.
, , .
, .
,

6 2—
pp 3 .
3 93 .

The w ord is vicarian u s P elagius ca me app a ren tly o f a ristocr a tic f amily
5
. .

His fa ther m ay h a ve he l d the o ffi ce o f vic a r in on e of the t w o Itali a n dioceses Duchesn e .

,

Li b P on t vo l I p 3 03 n I
. .
, .
, .
, . .

3 The re g u la r co n duct of ordi n a tio n s in the su b ur ba n diocese must n ecessa rily h a ve

b ee n much in terfered wi th duri ng the t en y e a rs ab se n ce of V igil ius an d the di sorder of

the Gothic wa rs Th a t con diti o n s w ere l ittl e b etter in the metrop o l ita n diocese o f
.

M ila n is p roved by a l etter w ritten by the c l ergy of th a t cit y in 5 5 1 D atiu s their .

,

b ishop h a d the n b ee n ab sen t in the Ea st t w el ve or thirtee n y e a rs an d the y comp la in

,

th a t most of the b ishops w hom he h ad ord ain ed w ere de a d an d th a t a v a st n um ber o f

 P E LA GI US I 1 61

a mo ng the cl er gy w ho cou l d b e promoted T he mo na steries an d .

the mu l titude of w ise an d n o bl e devout wi thdre w from commu ni o n

with P e lag i us s a yi ng th a t he h a d h a d a p a rt i n the de a th of P ope
,

?
Vi gi li us an d therefore wa s pu nished w ith such trou bl es T he n
N a rses an d P ope P e lagius too k co u n se l an d w he n the li t any h a d
b ee n s aid a t Sai n t Pan cr a tius the y proceeded w ith h ym n s an d
?
spiritu al so ng s to Sa i n t P eter the a post l e An d P e lagius ho l di ng , ,

the Gospe l s an d the cross of the L ord ab ove his he a d moun ted the ,

pul pit an d thus he s a tisfied all the peop l e

an d the popul a ce
th a t he h a d do n e n o h a rm to V i gi lius Lik e wise P ope P e lagius .

“
co n tin ued an d s aid : I b e g of y ou to g r an t m y request th a t w ho ,

ever deserves promotio n i n the ho ly church

an d is w orth y of it ,

p eop l e w ere d yin g w ithout ba ptism S u pr a p 1 49 an d n 1 M ign e P at Lat vol .

, . . .
, . .
, .

69 co l 1 1 8
, .A fe w episcop al ordi n a tio n s h a d n ever the l ess tak e n p la ce w ithout the
.
, ,

pope in the su b urban district a s is p roved by the f a ct th a t P e lag ius wa s ord a in ed by a

, ,

b ishop from P eru gi a H ercu lan u s b ishop of th a t city h a d b ee n m a ss a cred by the

.
, ,

soldiers of Totila when the y s a c k ed P eru g i a in 549 John must h a ve b ee n Orda i n ed

, .

sin ce th a t d a te It is pro babl e th a t the sc a rcity of b ishops wa s n ot the o nly re a son

.

w h y P elag ius h a d b ut three a t his ordina tion Ou r text speak s o f the widespre a d .

hosti lit y to hi m in all r a n k s of the church .

Duchesn e is of the op in io n th a t ou r a uthor is mist ak en in a ssignin g this rea son f or

1

the pre j udice aga in st P e lagius It is certa in ly d ifli cult to see h ow he cou l d h a ve b ee n
.

bla med in an y way for V i g il ius de a th when he wa s l eft by V igili us in con fi n emen t in
’
,

t h e Ea st an d h a d b een f or so l o n g a f ell o w s u fferer with him Op ci t p 3 04 n 3 . . .

, .
, . .

The ceremo n ies a t San Pa n crazio an d the Va tic a n a re descri b ed here in more
2

deta il th an an yw here el se Th a t ho w ever the ch a rg es of w hich P elag ius c l e a red him

.
, ,

s el f w ere heres y an d b etr ayal of the f a ith o f the f a thers r a ther th a n comp licit y in V i g il ius
’

de a th is established by the en c yc lic al w hich he issued a t the s a me time It is a ddr essed .

to all the peopl e of G od an d sets forth hi s position in order to remove suspicion , .

H e dec la res sol emnly th a t he a ccepts the st a tutes of the four cou n c il s (i e the four
“ ”
. .

first cou n cil s exc l udi n g the on e c all ed by Justini a n ) an d the a postolic c an o n s an d th a t
,

he hol ds in co n demn a tio n all those whom the y (his predecessors) co n demn ed an d
r evere n ces a s orthodox a ll w hom the y a p p roved i n p a rticu la r the ven er abl e b ishops ,

T h e od or e t an d I ba s J aflé R egesta vo l I p 1 2 5 93 8 M an si Ampli ss i ma C ollecti o

”
.
, , .
, .
,
.
, ,

v ol IX p 7 1 7
.
, By this purga tion P elag ius seems to h a ve won tol er a tio n f rom his
. .

o wn diocese b ut the other Western b ishops for the most p a rt still refused their f e ll o w

ship P elagius v a in ly e n de avored to prev ail upon N a rses an d upo n C hild eb e r t ki n g

.
,

o f the Fr a nk s to i n terfere a n d e n d the schi sm by force

, We h a ve a l etter by hi m .

a ddressed to V al eri a n us a p a trici a n a rg uin g th a t the decrees of the s y n od of C h al cedo n

, ,

a n d the w riti n g s of the bl essed Au g usti n e prove th a t schism a tics shou l d b e suppresse d

b y secu la r a uthority J affé i bid pp 1 26 94 6 ; 1 3 3 1 01 9 ; 1 3 5 1 03 8

.
, .
, .
, , , .
1 62 LI B ER P ON T I FI C ALI S

from a doork eeper eve n to a b ishop shou l d a ccept a dv an ceme n t , ,

thou g h n ot for g o l d n or any promi ses ; y ou all kn o w th a t tha t is

simo ny B ut w hoever is ta u g ht i n the w ork s of God an d l e a ds a
.

g ood life w e b id hi m n ot by b ri b es b ut by ho n est co n vers a tio n to , ,

rise u n to the first r ank .

A t th a t time P e lagius a ppoi n ted Val e n ti n us w ho fe a red God , ,

a s hi s n ot a r y an d h a d all the g o l d an d sil ver vesse l s an d the vest

me n ts restored i n all the churches ?
The n he b e gan to b ui l d the
2
ba sili c a of the apostl es P hili p an d Ja mes ; b ut w he n the b uildi n g
wa s b e gu n he died an d wa s b uried i n the ba si lic a of bl essed P eter ,

3
the ap ost l e ,

Ma rch 2 .

An d the b ishopric wa s emp ty 2 mo n ths an d 25 d ay s .

P elagius corres po n den ce is full of all usio n s to the i mpoverish e d sta te o f the R oman
1 ’

church an d of di rectio n s for coll ecti n g the ren ts an d other reve n ues w hich ha d l on g
b ee n u n p a id In on e in sta n ce he orders tha t a sla ve the son of a sla ve w om a n b e
.
,

lo n gin g to the church who wa s a ttempti n g to esca pe from servitude by calli ng him se lf
,

a curi al shoul d b e return ed to the eccl esi a stic al esta tes H e w rites to the b ishop o f
,
.

Arl es comm e n di n g to hi s protectio n v a rious R om a n s w ho ha d fled from the i r homes

,

f or fe a r of the e n emy an d a s ki g tha t the ga rmen ts bou ght with the dues paid by the n

l ocal church shoul d b e se n t by ship to R ome b ec ause there is such poverty an d desti tu ,
“

tio n in this city th a t w e c ann ot l oo k without g rie f an d a n gui sh o f he a rt upon men who m
w e kn o w to b e meritorious an d b orn to ho n orabl e positio n J aflé Regesto pp 1 26 .
”
, , .

1 3 4 9 4 3 9 4 7 9 4 9 9 50 9 5 1
, , 9 53 9 56 963
,
02 2 1 02 3
,
There is n o men tion o f chur ch
, , , , ,
1 , .

fur iture i the l etters n ow ext a nt b ut P elag ius m ay pro bably h a ve tried to rep la ce
n n

w ha t ha d b ee n l ost an d destroy ed .

The ba silic a o f the Sa n ti Apostoli The first church on the site was erected by
2
.

Jul ius I S pr a p 73 n 4 A n e w on e wa s n ow b e gu n b y P elagius with the aid of

. u , .
, . .

N a rses an d fin ished by John III It co n ta i n ed t wo metric al i scrip tio n s set up by . n

John w ho c la imed to h a ve con tri b uted the la rg er sh a re of the edi fice The a psidal
, .

i n scripti o n be ga n a s fo ll o w s

H ere the priest before me h as l eft his sl i ght tra ces ;

P ope Jo h n h a s comp l eted the w ork which he be gan .

Sta n din g the more erect in a se a so n of cr a mp in g distre ss ,

The b ishop scorn s to be depressed by a f a ilin g w orl d .

”

D u c h e sn e , p 3 06 n 2 The bas ilic a wa s re b uil t in the fiftee n th an d aga in in

’

o p . ci t .
,
.
, . .

the ei ghtee n th ce n tury an d sho w s n ow n o remain s of sixth ce n tury w ork See Gre .

gor o v i u s H i stor
, y f
o R om e tr H a mi l to n vo l I pp 8 —
4 9 49 5 , .
,
.
, . .

Duchesn e prin ts P ela gius epita ph tak e n lik e others from the portico of the ol d
3 ’
,

ba sili ca Op ci t p 3 04 n 7 It is u n usu ally l on g an d mak es much of his virt ues

. . .
, .
, . .

an d hi s titl e to bl e ssedn ess in hea ve n We give an ex tract : .

1 64 LI BER P ON T IFI C ALIS

The n c a me Ammin gu s l e a der of the Fr ank s an d B u c cilli n u s ; , ,

the y al so i n lik e m ann er wa sted It aly B ut wi th the he lp of the .

Lord the y too w ere destro y ed by N a rses ?

An d all Italy wa s
?
j o yfu l
The n the R om an s i n spired by m alice se n t an a ccus a tio n to , ,

J us tini an an d S ophi a s ayi ng : It w ere b etter for the R om an s to ,

serve the Goths th an the Greek s for N a rses the eu n uch g overn s , , ,

us an d reduces us to s la very ; an d our most devout pri n ce is ign o

r an t of it E ither free us from hi s h an d or w e an d the cit y of R ome
.

” 3 “
w i ll serve the Ge n ti l es Whe n N a rses he a rd thi s he s aid : If .

I h a ve do n e evi l to the R om an s m ay evi l f all o n me The n N a rses

dep a rted from R ome an d w en t to Ca mp a ni a an d wrote to the tri b e
?
of the L om ba rds th a t the y mi g ht come an d possess It aly B ut

kn otty suit J aflé Regesta vol I pp 1 3 0 an d 1 3 5 990 1 03 1 Pa ul the D ea con who

.
, , .
, .
, , .
,

pro bably h a d access to sources n ow l ost gives the b est a ccou n t of Sin du ald s revol t ,
’
.

Neverthel ess N a rses wag ed wa r aga in st Sin d u ald kin g of the B ren ti who c a me of the , ,

stoc k of the H eru li whom O do a cer b rou ght wi th him when he descen ded in to Italy
, .

H e a t fir st wa s f aithfu l to N a rses an d received m a n y b e n efits from hi m b ut a t la st he ,

reb e ll ed a rro gan tly an d e n dea vored to mak e hi mself kin g an d N a rses con quered him
a n d too k him priso n er an d hun g hi m f rom a hi g h b e a m H i stor y of the Lomba rds
”
.
,

tr Foulk e pp 55— 5 6
.
, . .

The history of the stru ggl e aga in st the Fran kish inro ad s a t thi s period is fa r f rom
1

c l ea r B u c elin u s or Bu c c eli n wa s a pp a re n tly on e of t w o b rothers w ho l ed a host of

.

Fran k ish m a ra uders a cross the Al ps in 5 53 an d w ere repul sed an d overwhelmed the
fo ll o wi n g y ea r by the imperia l a rm y It is a n error to coupl e his n a me here wi th tha t .

o f Ami n gu s The la tter seems to ha ve figured in the Gothi c r a i ds of 5 6 1 —5 63 which

.
,

resul ted in the tempora ry occup a tion o f the provi n ce of Aquil eia an d of the cities of
V eron a an d B re sci a Na rses rec a ptured V ero n a an d drove the Fra n k s o n ce more
.

ou t of Italy There is n o sa tisfa ctory a ccou n t of these y ea rs in an y of the survi vin g

.

sources Duches n e op ci t pp 3 06—3 07 1 1 4 ; G regofovi u s H istor y of R ome tr

.
, . .
, .
, .
, , .

H ami l ton vol I pp 4 76 —4 8 5, .

, . .

“
N a rses the p a t rici an
2
ga ve It aly back to the R oman emp ire reb uil t the
, , ,

ru in ed cities an d by expell in g the Goths restored the peop l e throu ghout Italy to their
a n cien t ha ppin es s P rosper i Agu it Con ti n uator H avn i en sis in M on Ger Hist
. .
, . .
,

Auc tor u m Antiqu i ss Chron i c a M i nor a vo l I p 3 3 7 Quote d by Duchesn e op cit

.
, , .
, . .
, . .
,

p 3 07 n 5
.
, . .

3
No other record gives us more th a n the ba re sta teme n t th a t N a rses wa s rec all ed
from Italy in 568 by the empero r Justin II The n a me of Justini an in our text is of .
,

course an err or It is impossi bl e to verif y or to disprove our n a rra tive a t thi s poin t
, . .

All hi storia n s from the seve n th ce n tury o n wa rd u n ite in ascri b in g to N a rses an

4

i n vita tion to the Lomba rds to e n ter Ital y Agath ias an d M a rius ho w ever who w ere .
, ,

con tempora ries of N a rses do n ot all ude to it The Ori go Gentis Langobardor u m , .
,

whi ch M ommse n pro n ou n ces an extra ct f rom the l ost hi story of Secu n dus o f Tre n t ,

w ritten a bout 6 1 2 say s expressly tha t Alboin l ed his Lombar ds in to Italy upo n in vi ta
,
 JO HN III 1 65

w he n P ope J ohn l e a r n ed th a t the R om an s h a d se n t an a ccus a tio n

aga i n st N a rses to the emperor he w e n t h a sti ly to N ap l es An d .

P ope J o h n b e gan to e n tre a t N a rses to return to R ome The n .

“
N a rses s a id : Te ll me most ho ly F a ther w h a t e vi l h a ve I do n e to
, ,

the R om an s ? I sh all g o ba c k to the feet of hi m th a t se n t me an d

all It aly sh all kn o w how I h a ve toiled for her wi th all m y stre ng th .

“
P ope J ohn an s w ered an d s a id : I m y se l f sh all g o to him soo n er
th an you sh all l e a ve thi s lan d A n d N a rses retur n ed to R ome .

?
with the most ho ly pope J ohn
The n the most ho ly pope withdre w to the cemeter y of Sai n ts
T ib u r ti u s an d Val eri an an d ab ode there a l o ng time so th a t he ,

?
eve n co n secr a ted b ishops there B ut N a rses e n tered R ome an d
a fter a l o ng time he died An d hi s b od y wa s la id i n a l e a de n c ofiin
.
’

?
an d wa s c a rried with all hi s riches to C o n st an tin op l e
T he n P ope J ohn li k ewi se died an d wa s b uried i n the ba silic a of
bl essed P eter the a postl e ? ,

J ul y 1 3

A n d the b ishopric wa s empt y 1 0 mo n ths an d 3 d ay s

on the 1 3 th d ay of Ju ly .

t ion f rom N a rses Isidore o f Se vill e (5 60—63 6) hin ts a t a disagreemen t b et wee n N a rses
.

a n d the empress The chr oni cl e th a t p a sses u n der the n ame of Fr ed egariu s composed
.
,

p robably ab out 640 is the first to rela te the f a mous stor y of the go l den distaff sen t by
,

Sophi a to N a rses to sho w her scorn for hi s e ffemi n a c y Duchesn e op ci t p 3 07 n 7 ; .

, . .
, .
, .

H od gki n I taly and her I n vad er s vo l V passi m The Lomba rd in va sio n occurred in 5 68
, , .
, . .

1 The return of N a rses to R ome wa s in 5 7 1 There is n o other a ccoun t of the .

i n tercession of the pope .

2
The littl e church o f SS Tib u rtiu s an d Val eri a n stood over the c a ta com b of P re
.

t e xta t u s on the V i a Appi a a bout t w o mil es f rom the city

, The retiremen t of the pope .

t o this sec l uded spot seems to h a ve h a d some co n n ectio n with the situ a tio n a t R ome
a t the time of the dis g r a ce an d return o f N a rses b ut w e la c k the in forma tio n to deter

min e wh a t the co n n ectio n wa s .

3
N a rses di ed in 5 7 2 or 5 73 He is s a id to ha ve b een in his n in ety fifth y e a r
.
-
.

T here a re v a rious referen ces in the chr o n ic l es to his g re a t w eal th The imperi al system .

o f ta x a tio n seemed cruel to the impoverished Ital i a n s an d there a ppea rs to ha ve b ee n a ,

widesprea d feelin g th a t N a rses h a d e n riched hi msel f by hi s re l e n tl ess ex a ctio n s Ide a s .

o f the kin d m ay h a ve prompted the comp la in t to the emp eror La ter there a rose .

leg en ds of the hidde n tre a sure of N a rses .

4
Hi s epita ph h a s b ee n l ost .

5
List o f ordin a tion s .
1 66 LI BE R P ON T IFI C ALIS

LX IV . B EN ED I CT I (5 75— 5 79)

B e n e di ct by na tio nali ty a R om an so n of B oni f a ce occupied

, , ,

the see 4 y e a rs 1 mo n th an d 2 8 d ay s , .

A t th a t time the tri b e of the L omba rds i n v a ded all I taly an d

there wa s al so a g re a t f a mi n e so th a t m any fortified to wn s s u r ,

re n dered to the L om ba rds in order th a t the y mi g ht b e sp a red the

ri g or of the f a mi n e ?
An d w he n J ustini an the ,

most devout
emperor he a rd th a t R ome wa s e n d ang ered by the f a mi n e
,

an d by the pesti l e n ce
he se n t to E gyp t an d di sp a tched shi ps la de n wi th corn to R ome ;
an d thus Go d h a d comp a ssio n o n the lan d of I ta ly .

I n the midst of these h a rdshi ps an d aflli c tions the most ho ly

pope B e n e di ct died An d he wa s b uried in the ba si li ca of bl essed
.

P eter the apostl e in the vestr y ?

, ,

J u ly 31 .

An d the b ishopri c wa s empt y 3 mo n ths an d 1 0 d ay s

o n the 3 oth d ay of J u ly .

1
Pa ul the Dea co n who ba ses his a ccou n t p a rtly upo n the Lib P an t an d p a rtly
, . .

upo n the l ost history of Secu n dus of Tren t gives the fo ll o wi n g descriptio of the misery ,
n

a t thi s time “
In these d ay s ma n y R oma n n o bl es w ere k ill ed thr ou g h a v a rice (Lom
.

ba rd a va rice) An d the rest w ere distri b uted a mon g the In v a ders to p ay a third p a rt
.

of their produce to the Lomba rds a n d w ere m a de tri b uta ry In the seve n th y e a r a fter .

the a rrival of Alb oin an d all his n a tio n the churches h ad b ee n despo iled by the Lo mba rd
du k es the priests slau g htered the cities ra v ag ed an d the peo pl e extermi n a ted wh o lived
, ,

by the cu l tiv a tion of crops except in those re gio n s whi ch Alb o in h ad co n quered an d
, ,

Italy for the most p a rt was tak e n an d su b dued by the s word H istory of the Lom .
”

ba rds t r Fou lk e r 6 8
, .
, . .

2
The emperor s n a me shou l d b e Justi n n ot J usti i a
’
J us tin II di ed in 5 7 8 ,
n n . .

O ther sources say n othin g of g r a in ships se n t by hi m to Ital y b ut the records a re all so ,

sc an ty th a t the omissio n c a sts n o dou b t upo n the sta teme t of the Lib P an t n . .

3 The word tran sla ted vestry is se c r e ta r iu m The n a me wa s a pp l ied to a small

“
.
”

cha m ber openi n g to the l eft of th e portico of o l d St P eter s ori gi n ally used by the popes .
’
,

a s a ro b in g room L a ter it wa s co n verted in to a cha pel an d the tomb o f B en edi ct

.

wa s b en ea th the al ta r H is epita ph is l ost . .

4
List of ordi a tio n s n .
an al mshouse I a hoste l r y
for ag ed poor H e co n structed the cemeter y of bl essed H ermes
.
,
?
the m a rt yr H e b ui l t from its fou n d a tio n s a ba si li c a over the b od y
of bl essed Law re n ce the m a rty r an d b e au tifie d hi s sepu l chre wi th
, ,

?
si l ver p la tes An d he died an d wa s b uried i n the church of bl essed
P eter the a post l e ?
,

Feb ru a r y 7 .

di stur b ed or to n eed protectio n S u pr a p 5 3 an d n 3 Ou r a uthor m ay b e d esc rib.

, . . .

in g r a ther i n a ccur a te ly some n e w re l iefs for the decor a tio n of the co n fessio n Gregor y .

I s ays in on e of his l etters Whe n my predecessor of bl essed memory thou g ht to ch an g e

the sil ver whi ch wa s over the most sa cred b ody of bl essed P eter the a postl e thou gh it , ,

wa s di sta n t ab out fifteen feet from the b od y a sign of g rea t terror a ppea re d to h im ,
.
”

Epistolce I V 3 0 ; M ign e P at Lat vo l 7 7 co l 7 0

, , ,
Th a t P elagius a ctu ally m a de some
. .
, .
, . 1 .

i nn ova tio n s in the furni ture o f the ba sili c a is eviden ced by tw o sets of in scription s both ,

of w hich w ere visi bl e in the n i n th ce n tur y on e on the al ta r the other on an a m bon e , ,

.

The la st li n es of the former ma y b e tra n s la ted a s foll o w s

For w hich (the R oma n sta te ) the priest o ffers these gi fts an d pray s
“

Th a t a se a son of rest b e g ran ted to the prin ces ,

Th a t the e n emy b e co n quered throu ghout the w orl d by the po w er of P eter

An d pe a ce a n d ou r f a ith b e w ith the Ge n ti l es an d the peop l e ”
.

Duches n e Lib P ont vol I p 3 1 0 n 3

,
. .
, .
, .
,
. .

1
The ba si l ic a a t the cemetery o f St H ermes on the V i a Sala ri a V etus of which .
,

vesti g es m ay sti ll b e see n .

2
The rep a irs which P e lagius execute d in the smaller an d ol der ba silic a of San
Lore nz o rem a i n for the most p a rt to thi s d ay S u pr a p 6 1 n 2 The Goths h a d .
, .
,
. .

app a re n tly do n e co n siderabl e d a m ag e to the b uil di ng an d a hill or ban k c l ose by thre a t

e n ed to crush it P elagius reb uil t it usin g ori g in al m a terial s a s f a r as he cou l d b ut e n
.
, ,

la rgin g its c a p a cit y a n d improvi n g the l i g htin g by r a is in g the roof a dd i n g the gall eries ,

a n d pierci n g the upper wall s w ith n umerous win do w s The col umn s of the gall eries .

an d the a rchitr a ves on w hich the y rest w ere tak e n from a n cie n t b ui l di n g s i n the vi ci n it y .

The y a re of all sizes a n d styl es an d a re pieced tog ether with n o a ttempt a t a rtistic
u n it y or w or km a n l i ke e ffect A l ittl e ori g in al c a rvin g in the By zan ti n e m a n er wa s
. n

don e by sto n e cutters b rou ght perha ps from R a ve nn a P elagius al so du g away an d

-

,
.

removed the hill whi ch overhu n g the ba silic a an d a dorn ed the a pse wi th the mosaic ,

the upper portio n of which m ay still b e seen over the triumph al a rch The portrai t .

of P e lagius hi mse l f is on the extreme l eft a n d the f a ce h a s n ot b ee n al tered s in ce hi s

d ay Duchesn e prin ts the metric al i n scriptio n whi ch e n umera tes these v a rious im
.

p r ov e m e n t s O p c.i t p 3 0 n .
5 Frothi
. n
,
g h a m
. M o1n m e n
,
ts pp 8 7.88 2 8 —2 8 2
.
,
u , .
-

,
1 .

The sil ver pla tes or re liefs of the co n fessio n h a ve of course disa ppe ar ed G re gory I , ,
.

h a s a n other a n ecdote to sho w ho w u n s a fe P elagius fou n d it to a ppro a ch too n ea r a holy

tomb eve n with the zeal of the restorer
,
“
M y predecessor of holy memory l i k e wise .

wished to mak e some restora tion s ab out the b ody of Sain t Lawren ce the ma rty r ,
.

B ut sin ce it wa s n ot kn o wn where the ven erabl e b ody lay he se a rched for it by digg ing ,

an d of a sudde n i n their i gn ora n ce the sepu l chre wa s la id ope n Those w ho w ere .

p resen t an d too k p a rt in the w or k mon k s an d a tte n d a n ts wh o saw the b od y of the , ,

m a rtyr al thou gh the y di d n ot presume to touch it all di ed withi n t en days Epistola

, ,
.
” ’
,

I V 3 0 ; M i gn e P at Lat vol 7 7 col 701

, , . .
, .
, . .

3
His epita ph h a s n ot b ee n preserv e d .
 PE LA GI US II 1 69

An d the b ishopri c wa s emp ty 3 mo n ths an d 25 d ay s

the 7 th d ay of Fe b ru a ry in

From the de a th of Sain t

vester to the first Gre g or y wa s

L ist of ordin a tio n s .

T H E C H R I STI AN EP I C
O
.

l OR S I U S : H istory , a g a i n st th e P aga n s
. . By C H AR L E S J . OG D EN , P h D . .

M ED I EV A L H I S T O R I A N S .

*
1 . O
G R E G R Y O F T O U R s : H isto ry of t h e F r a n k s . By ER N E S T B R EH AUT ,

Ph D .8 y o , c l oth pp x v
. 284 .

O
.
,

2 . O TT O F F R E I S IN G .

T H E EAR LY M I D D LE AG ES .

1 T h e S our c e s of I ri sh H isto r y in th e M i d d l e Age s

. . B y J AM E S F . K E N N EY .

EAR LY M ED I EV AL LAW .

1 Sal ic L aw
. .

2 . P e n it e n ti al s .

3 . T h e An gl o S a xo n L aw s -
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