Optical Design with Zemax

for PhD - Basics

Seminar 2 : Illumination I
2014-11-19
Herbert Gross

Winter term 2014 www.iap.uni-jena.de

 2

Preliminary Schedule

No Date Subject Detailed content

1 12.11. Repetition Correction, handling, multi-configuration

2 19.11. Illumination I Simple illumination problems

3 26.11. Illumination II Non-sequential raytrace

4 03.12. Physical modeling I Gaussian beams, physical propagation
5 10.12. Physical modeling II Polarization
6 07.01. Physical modeling III Coatings
7 14.01. Tolerancing I Sensitivity, practical procedure
8 21.01. Tolerancing II Adjustment, thermal loading, ghosts

9 28.01. Additional topics I Adaptive optics, stock lens matching, index fit

10 04.02. Additional topics II Macro language, coupling Zemax-Matlab

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Contents

 Basic notations of photometry

 Lambertian radiator
 Flux calculation
 Non-sequential raytrace
 Light sources
 Classical illumination systems
 Beam homogeneization by integrator rods
 Beam homogeneization by fly eye condensors
 Miscellaneous
 Illumination in Zemax
 4

Radiometric vs Photometric Units

Radiometric Photometric
Quantity Formula
Term Unit Term Unit
Energy Energy Ws Luminous Energy Lm s
Power Luminous Flux Lumen
Radiation flux
 W
Lm

d 2 W / sr / cd / m
2
Power per area L Radiance Luminance
cos  d dA
2
m Stilb
and solid angle
d
d 
Power per solid Lm / sr,
angle
I   L dA Radiant Intensity W / sr Luminous Intensity cd

d
dA 
Emitted power E  L cos  d Radiant Excitance W/m
2 Luminous Excitance Lm / m2
per area

d
dA 
Incident power E  L cos  d Irradiance W/m
2 Illuminance Lux =
2
per area Lm / m

Time integral of
the power per H   E dt Radiant Exposure Ws / m
2
Light Exposure Lux s
area
 5

Solid Angle

 2D extension of the definition of an angle:

area perpendicular to the direction over square of distance

 Area element dA in the distance r with inclination 

cos   dA dA
d  2
 2 n
r r
 Units: steradiant sr 

 Full space:  = 4p d
half space:  = 2p

 Definition can be considered as dA

cartesian product of conventional angles r

dA dx dy
d  2
   x  y
r r r
source point
 6

Solid Angle: Special Cases

 Cone with half angle j

  2p 1  cos j  j
z

dj
j r

ring
p1cosj  y surface

d
x
j

r
 Thin circular ring on spherical surface

2p r sin j r dj
d  2
 2p sin j dj dj
r
 7

Irradiance

 Irradiance: power density on a surface

Conventional notation: intensity A
Unit: watt/m2
d
E   L cos  d
dA Eo

 Integration over all incident directions 

 Only the projection of a collimated beam

perpendicular to the surface is effective

E ( )  E0  cos 

E()

A
 8

Differential Flux

 Differential flux of power from a

small area element dAs with
normal direction n in a small
solid angle dΩ along the direction
s of detection
s
d 2   L ddAS  S
d

Lcos  S  ddAS
dAS
 

L d s dAS 
n
 Integration of the radiance over
the area and the solid angle 
gives a power

P
dA
A
 9

Fundamental Law of Radiometry

 Differential flux of power from a

small area element dAS on a zR
small receiver area dAR in the
distance r,
the inclination angles of the xR AR
two area elements are S and nR
R
R respectively
receiver
Fundamental law of radiometric
energy transfer yR r
L
d 2  2
 dAS  dAE  zs
r ns
s S
L
 2 cos  S cos  E dAS dAE AS
r
 The integration over the geometry gives the source

total flux
ys
xs
 10

Lambertian Source

 Radiance independent of space coordinate  

and angle Lr , s   L  const
 The irradiance varies with the cosine
of the incidence angle
E   L A  cos   Eo  cos 

 Integration over half space Lam  E ( )  d  p  A L

 Integration of cone
 Real sources with Lambertian
behavior:
black body, sun, LED
 HR
 Lam (j)p AL sin 2 j
z z
L E()

 
x x
 11

Radiation Transfer

 Basic task of radiation transfer problems:

integration of the differential flux transfer law
L L
d 2  2
 dAS dAE  2
cos  S cos  E dAS dAE
r r

 Two classes of problems:

1. Constant radiance, the integration is a purely geometrical task
2. Arbitrary radiance, a density function has to be integrated over the geometrical light tube

 Special cases:
Simple geometries, mostly high symmetric , analytical formulas

 General cases: numerical solutions

- Integration of the geometry by raytracing
- Considering physical-optical effects in the raytracing:
1. absorption
2. reflection
3. scattering
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Raytube-Modell

 Decomposition of the light cone into small infinitesimal ray tubes

 The irradiance scales with the

area change A'

 r   r  y' L,M,N
 
A'  1    1   A
 R  R'x
 Rx   y 

R'y x'

Ry

y
r
Rx

x
A
 13

Raytube-Modell

 Optical power flux Lj

 
2
cos  j  cos  j 1  Aj  Aj 1
rj2, j 1
zj
 General transfer:
Jacobian matrix of differential
area transform
xj Aj zj+1
nj

A'  J  A j
nj+1
j+1

surface No j Aj+1
dx' dx'
yj
dx dy dx' dy ' dx' dy ' rj,j+1
J   
dy ' dy ' dx dy dy dx
dx dy surface No j+1 yj+1
xj+1
 14

Non-Sequential Raytrace

 Conventional raytrace:
- the sequence of surface hits of a ray is pre-given and is defined by the index vector
- simple and fast programming of the surface-loop of the raytrace
 Non-sequential raytrace:
- the sequence of surface hits is not fixed
- every ray gets ist individual path
- the logic of the raytrace algorithm determines the next surface hit at run-time
- surface with several new directions of the ray are allowed:
1. partial reflection, especially Fresnel-formulas
2. statistical scattering surfaces
3. diffraction with several grating orders or ranges of deviation angles
 Many generalizations possible:
several light sources, segmented surfaces, absorption, …
 Applications:
1. illumination modelling
2. statistical components (scatter plates)
3. straylight calculation
 15

Nonsequential Raytrace: Examples

1. Prism with total internal

reflection 1

2. Ghost images in optical systems Reflex 1 - 2

with imperfect coatings Reflex 3 - 2 Signal

1 2 3 4
 16

Non-Sequential Raytrace: Examples

3. Illumination systems, here:

- cylindrical pump-tube of a solid state laser
- two flash lamps (A, B) with cooling flow tubes (C, D)
- laser rod (E) with flow tube (F, G)
- double-elliptical mirror
for refocussing (H)
Different ray paths H 7

possible 1
E: laser B: glass
rod tube of
2 lamp
A: flash
lamp gas
4
C: water
5 cooling
3
F: water G: glass D: glass
cooling tube of 6 tube of
cooling cooling
Illumination Simulation

N = 2.000 N = 20.000 N = 200.000 N = 2.000.000

 Simple raytrace:
S/N depends on the
number of rays N

 Improved SNR: raytube propagation

transport of energy density

NTR = 63 NTR = 63 NTR = 63

N = 100.000 N = 10.000 N = 63

1 1 1

-0.5 -0.3 -0.1 0 0.1 0.3 0.5 -0.5 -0.3 -0.1 0 0.1 0.3 0.5 -0.5 -0.3 -0.1 0 0.1 0.3 0.5
Illumination Systems

 Special problems in the layout of illumination systems:

1. complex components: segmented, multi-path
2. special criteria for optimization:
- homogeneity
- efficiency
3. incoherent illumination: non-unique solution
Complex Geometries

 Lighthouse optics
 Fresnel lenses with height 3 m
 Separated segments
Realistic Light Source Models

CAD model of light sources:

1. Real geometry and materials
2. Real radiance distributions

Bulb lamp

XBO-
lamp
Angle Indicatrix Hg-Lamp high Pressure

 Polar diagram of angle-dependent

cathode
intensity azimuth angles :
 Vertical line: 350 0 10
30°
50°
Axis Anode - Cathode 330
340 1600 20
70°
30
90°
320 40 110°
130°
310 XBO- 1200 50
150°
300 lamp 60
800
290 70
400
280 80

270 0 90

260 100

250 110

240 120

230 130
140
220
150
210
160
200 170
190 180
Arrays - Illumination Systems

Illumination LED lighting

Ref: R. Völkel / FBH Berlin

Köhler Illumination Principle

Principle of Köhler
illumination: collector condenser objective
lens

 Alternating beam paths

of field and pupil

 No source structure in
image image
source plane
object back focal plane -
 Light source conjugated field stop aperture stop plane pupil
to system pupil
aperture
 Differences between field
stop filter
stop

condenser
ideal and real ray paths
collector

source
object
plane
Illumination Optics: Collector

 Requirements and aspects:

1. Large collecting solid angle a) axis W(yp) b) field W(yp)
200  200 
2. Correction not critical
3. Thermal loading
large yp yp
4. Mostly shell-structure
for high NA
480 nm
546 nm
644 nm

a) axis W(yp) b) field W(yp)

200  200 

yp yp

480 nm
546 nm
644 nm
Illumination Optics: Condenser

2. Abbe type, achromatic, NA = 0.9 , aplanatic, residual spherical

a) axis b) field
y' y' x'
100 m tangential 100 m sagittal 100 m

yp yp xp

480 nm
546 nm
644 nm

3. Aplanatic achromatic, NA = 0.85

a) axis b) field
y' y' x'
100 m tangential 100 m sagittal 100 m

yp yp xp

480 nm
546 nm
644 nm
Illumination Optics: Condenser

observation illumination
2. Epi-illumination
Complicated ring-shaped components
around objective lens
ring lens

circle 1 observation illumination

object

ring lens

object

circle 2
Principles of Beam Profiling

 Basic problem:
Generation of a desired intensity distribution in space/angle domain
 Coherent beams:
- appropriate phase element
- free space propagation delivers re-distribution of intensity
- optional phase correcting element
- components: 1. smooth aspheres
2. diffractive elements
3. holograms
 Incoherent beams:
- superposition of folded beams with subapertures
- basic principle of energy conservation
- components: 1. segmented mirrors
2. lenslet arrays
3. light pipes
4. fibers
5. axicons
 Partial coherent beams:
problems with residual speckle
Axicon Lens Combination

 Generation of a ring profile

 Axicon: 
Ro
cone surface with peak on axis
 Ringradisu in the focal plane
of the lens

R  (n  1)  f 
f

 Ring width due to diffraction

1.22  f  
R 
a a
Ro

f f
Beam Profiling / Overview

beam profiling

incoherent coherent partial coherent

single multiple single multiple source

aperture perture aperture aperture integration

geometrical
transform super- aperture
near field far field
position filling
tailoring

edge ray aspherical spectrum phase spatial

principle lens shaping grating phase
filtering
LSQ bi-prism, phase
numerical axicon filtering microlenses
geometrical holographic
transform transform
Rev: H.-P. Herzig
Beam Profile Folding for one Reflection

 Superposition of subapertures with different

profiles
intensity
 Flip of orientation due to reflection
 Simple example: overlay

 Towards tophat from gaussian profile

by only one reflection
input
profile

x
flip due to
reflection

single
contributions

1 2 3
Rectangular Slab Integrator

 Ideal homogenization:
incoherent light without interference
 Parameter:
Length L, diameter d, numerical aperture angle , reflectivity R
 Partial or full coherence:
speckle and fine structure disturbs uniformity
 Simulation with pint ssource and lambert indicatrix or supergaussian profile

x x'

d 
I(x')
I()

L
Rectangular Integrator Slab

 Principle of a light pipe / slab integrator:

Mixing of flipped profiles by overlapping of sub-apertures
 Spatial multiplexing, angles are preserved
 Number of internal reflexions determine the quality of homogeneity

virtual
intersection
point

length L
point of
incidence

width
a
square exit
rod surface
Rectangular Mixing Integrator Rod
x'
 Number of reflection depends on reflections
length and incident angle
3
x
2 L  tan u '
m
a 2

1
diameter 1 3
a u'

 Kontrast V as a function of u 0

length 2
1
V

length
L 2
1

3 a

0.1

0.01
a   u'L )

0.5 1 1.5 2
Rectangular Slab Integrator

slab integrator
 Full slab integrator:
- total internal reflection, small loss
- small limiting aperture
- problems high quality of end faces
- also usable in the UV

hollow integrator
 Hollow mirror slab:
- cheaper
- loss of 1-2% per reflection
- large angles possible
- no problems with high energy densities
- not useful in the UV
Conical Light Taper

 Waveguide with conical boundary

 Lagrange invariant: decrease in diameter causes increase in angle:
Aperture transformed D  sin u  D  sin u'
in out

 Number of reflections:
- depends on diameter/length ratio
- defines change of aperture angle

/ Reflexion
Din No j
2 /
j u' Dout
2
u
ri
n

n


L
Flyeye Array Homogenizer

 Array of lenslets divides the pupil in supabertures subaperture

No. j
 Every subaperture is imaged into the field plane
change of
u direction
 Overlay of all contributions gives uniformity
xray
xcent
 Problems with coherence: speckle
 Different geometries: square, hexagonal, triangles farr
Darr
 Simple setup with one array
Dsub
 Improved solution with double array and additional
imaging of the pupil

starting array condenser focal plane of the receiver

plane array plane

Dsub

Dill

fcon
farr
1 2 3 4 5
Flyeye Array Homogenizer

 Simple model:
Secondary source of a pattern of point sources

array condenser
spherical surface with
secondary source
points

illumination
field
Fly Eyes Condensor with Field Array

array 1 array 2 illumination field

farr1 farr2 fcond field lens

Dsub

 u'
z

' D

condenser
lens
d2
d3
d1
L
Flyeye Array Homogenizer

 Example illumination fields of a homogenized gaussian profile

a) single array
b) double array
- sharper imaging of field edges
- no remaining diffraction structures

a b
Partial Coherent Illumination
Flys Eye Condenser

 Partial coherent radiation out of a fiber

I(x)
Single step flys eye condenser 1
approximated
given

 Residual speckle (green, mean) depends on

intensity
0.9 intensity
profile
profile
0.8 single
focal length of collimator and divergence of the beam 0.7
gaussian
beamlets

 Modern mode decomposition: localized shifted modes 0.6

0.5
- Non-orthogonal basis mode decomposition 0.4

- Optimized basis to fulfill sampling theorem 0.3

0.2

- Mode support localized corresponding 0.1

0 x
to coherence cells -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

 = 1.35 mrad 1
Phase mit Kipp
0.
8
C = 2.67 %
0.
6

0.
4

0.
d2 2

0- - - 1 2 3
0
30 20 10 0 0 0
axialer Punkt  = 0.68 mrad 1

off-axis Punkt 0.
C = 8.39 % 8
 maximal 0.
6

0.
4
Kollimator Array Kondensor
0.
2

0- - - 1 2 3
0
30 20 10 0 0 0
Fly Eyes Condensor in the Phase Space

before array after array after condenser in array focal plane in receiver plane
u

I(x) u

x
-2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -1 0 1

I(u)

-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4 -5 0 5 -5 0 5 -5 0 5
Statistical Array of Micro Lenses

 Lenses of constant focal length

 Size of refractive lenses large: diffraction neglectable
 Improved mixing effect due to statistical variation of location and size of lenses
 Geometry : Voronoi distribution
Statistical Array of Micro Lenses

 Phase of
mask

 Far field
coherent

 Micro speckle
Statistical Scatter Plate: Coherence

 Speckle in farfiel due to

residual coherence

1. coherent

2. partial coherent
divergence 0.5 mrad

3. partial coherent
divergence 1.0 mrad
Segmented Mirror

Reflection based array:

Facetted mirror
 46

Fresnel Lens

a) smooth asphere
 Thick asphere:
- point and slope coupled by
equation

 Fresnel lens:
- wrapped height h
- error due to wrong ray bending
location F
- smallest size of period at point
of largest slope (mostly edge) b) Fresnel lens
gmin
smallest
 Diffractive element: period
- smallest lateral period in range
of wavelength g(r)
- grating equation/diffraction
dominates direction of light
propagation
F
h wrapping height
Geometrical Refractive Beam Profiling

x x

 Principle:
Change of lateral intensity profile profile profile
during propagation for non-flat I(x) I(x)

phase
 Setup: z

1. first asphere introduces

phase for desired redistribution
2. propagation over z
asphere 1 asphere 2
3. second asphere corrects
d
the phase
 Usually the profile exists only
transfer over
over o short distance x distance x

behind

before
phase phase

before
behind
Geometrical Refractive Beam Profiling
Transform of Gauss into Tophat

 Analytical solution for circular symmetry

p
 Conservation of energy: p I 0 w02  I i wi2 
2
 Change of energy density r r'
distribution I
r 0
in (r )2p rdr   I out (r ' )2p r 'dr '
r ' 0
 Scheme:

1st asphere 2nd asphere

Gaussian tophat profile
profile

change of intensity distribution

due to perturbed phase
Illumination in Zemax

 Simple options:
Relative illumination / vignetting for systems with rotational symmetry

 Advanced possibility:
- non-sequential component
- embedded into sequential optical systems
- examples: lightguide, arrays together with focussing optics, beam guiding,...

 General illumination calculation:

- non-sequential raytrace with complete different philosophy of handling
- object oriented handling: definition of source, components and detectors

49
Relative Illumination

 Relative illumination or vignetting plot

 Transmission as a function of the field size
 Natural and arteficial vignetting are seen

relative
illumination

1.0 vignetting

0.9 natural vignetting

cos4 w
0.8
onset of
0.7 truncation

0.6

0.5 total
illumination
0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1
y field in °
0.0
0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 22.5 25
50
Illumination in Zemax

Partly non-sequential raytrace:

 Choice of surface type ‚non-sequential‘
 Non-sequential component editor with many control parameters is used to describe the
element:
- type of component
- reference position
- material
- geometrical parameters
 Some parameters are used from the lens data editor too:
entrance/exit ports as interface planes to the sequential system parts

51
Illumination in Zemax

Example:
Lens focusses into a rectangular lightpipe

52
Illumination in Zemax

Complete non-sequential raytrace

 Switch into a different control mode in File-menue
 Defining the system in the non-sequential editor, separated into
1. sources
2. light guiding components
3. detectors
 Various help function are available to
constitue the system
 It is a object (component) oriented philosophy
 Due to the variety of permutations, the raytrace
is slow !

53
Illumination in Zemax

 Many types of components and options are available

 For every component, several
parameters can be fixed:
- drawing options
- coating, scatter surface
- diffraction
- ray splitting
- ...

54
Illumination in Zemax

 Starting a run requires several control

parameters
 Rays can be accumulated

55
Illumination in Zemax

Typical output of a run:

56