Medical Colleges of Northern Philippines

Alimannao Hills, Peñablanca Cagayan

Telefax No.: (078) 304-1010 Website: www.mcnpisap.com
E-mail Address: adminoffice@mcnp.edu.ph

COLLEGE OF NURSING

Members:

(di ko memorize ante ko ikaw na mag lagay)

PHILOSOPHIES

Objectives

After this presentation, students might understand the following:

1. Identify the proponents of the different theories.

2. Determine the assumptions made by the theorist.
3. Discuss the theory as applied to the nursing paradigms.
4. Discuss the importance of nursing theory with emphasis on nursing practice.
5. Appreciate the importance of the different theories.

LETS’S RECALL!
1. Theory
2. Nursing Theory
3. Philosophy
4. Conceptual Framework/Model
5. Metaparadigm

FAYE GLENN G. ABDELLAH

“Nursing is based on an art and science that molds the attitudes, intellectual competencies,
and technical skills of the individual nurse into the desire and ability to help people, sick or
well, cope with their health needs.” - Abdellah

- Born on March 13, 1919, in Jamestown, New York.

- She died on February 24, 2017.
- Was an American pioneer in nursing research and highly decorated nurse
officer in the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps.
- She was the first nurse officer to rank a two-star rear admiral, the first nurse, and
the first woman to serve as a Deputy Surgeon General.
- Was born in Jamestown, New York.
- Graduated from Ann May School of Nursing in 1942
- She earned her Bachelor of Science in Nursing, Master of Arts in Education, and
Doctor of Education degrees from Colombia University.
- She was a highly respected leader in the nursing profession. She received
numerous awards and honors for her work, including American Nurses
Association’s Living Legend Award and the National Women’s Hall of Fame.
- Her most significant contribution is the “21 Nursing Problems” theory, which
categorized nursing problems into areas, providing a framework for nursing care.

21 NURSING PROBLEMS
 This model is characterized by overlapping concepts of health and nursing as well as
problem solving which, in principle, are activities with inherent logic.
 The model identifies nursing as a helping profession.
 21 NURSING PROBLEMS
1. To maintain good hygiene
2. To promote optimal activity; exercise rest and sleep
3. To promote safety
4. To maintain good body mechanics
5. To facilitate the maintenance of a supply of oxygen
6. To facilitate maintenance of nutrition
7. To facilitate maintenance of elimination
8. To facilitate the maintenance of F&E balance
9. To recognize the physiologic responses of the body to disease condition
10. To facilitate the maintenance of regulatory mechanisms and functions
11. To facilitate the maintenance of sensory function
12. To identify and accept the positive and negative expressions, feelings, and reactions
13. To identify and accept the interrelatedness of emotions and illness
14. To facilitate the maintenance of effective verbal and non-verbal communication
15. To promote the development of productive interpersonal relationship
16. To facilitate the progress towards achievement of personal spiritual goals
17. To create and maintain a therapeutic environment
18. To facilitate awareness of self as an individual with varying needs
19. To accept the optimum possible goals
20. To use community resources as an aid in resolving problems arising from illness
21. To understand the role of social problems as influencing factors

THREE (3) CATEGORIES OF 21 NURSING PROBLEMS

1. Physical, sociological, and Emotional needs of patient.

2. Types of interpersonal relationships between the patient and nurse; and
3. Common elements of patient care

FOUR (4) CATEGORIES OF NEED OF A PATIENT

1. Basic to all patients

2. Sustenal care needs
3. Remedial care needs; and
4. Restorative care needs.

Patient-Centered Approaches to Nursing

- Faye Abdellah’s work is a set of problems formulated in terms of nursing-centered

services used to
determine the patient’s
needs. The nursing-
centered orientation to
client care appears to be
contradicting the client-
centered approach that
Abdellah professes to
 support. This can be observed by her desire to move away from a disease-
centered orientation.

RELEVANCE OF 21 NURSING PROBLEMS

1. Make generalizations about available data concerning similar nursing problems

presented by other patients.
2. Continue to observe and evaluate the patient over a period of time to identify any
attitudes and clues affecting this behaviour.
3. Identify the therapeutic plan.
4. Validate the patient’s conclusions about his nursing problems.
5. Identify how the nurse feels about the patient’s nursing problems.
6. Learn to know the patient.
7. Discuss and develop a comprehensive nursing care plan.
8. Sort out relevant and significant data

METAPARADIGM

Person
- She describes the recipients of nursing as individuals (and families), although she
does not delineate her beliefs or assumptions about the nature of human beings.
Health
- Health, or the achieving of it, is the purpose of nursing services: (1) Total Health
Needs (2) A healthy state of mind and body.
Nursing
- Nursing is a helping profession which includes doing something to or for the
person or providing information to the person. It is a comprehensive service to
individuals, to families and therefore to society.
Environment
- The environment is defined as the home or community from which the patient
comes. It is also one of the factors where they can acquire or transmit diseases.

SUMMARIZED REPORT OF FAYE GLENN G. ABDELLAH

 Faye Glenn G. Abdellah, an American pioneer in nursing research and highly

decorated nurse officer in the United States Public Health Service Commissioned
Corps, was the first nurse officer to rank a two-star rear admiral, the first nurse, and
the first woman to serve as a Deputy Surgeon General. She was a respected leader
in the nursing profession and received numerous awards and honors for her work.

 The "21 nursing problems" hypothesis, which classifies nursing problems into
categories and provides a framework for treatment, was her most important
contribution. Adellah's is a collection of problems associated with nursing centered
services that are used to assess the needs of patients. In contrast to Abdellah's client
centered approach, the nursing focused approach to client care appears to be at
odds with the client centered approach.

 Adellah's work is a collection of difficulties expressed in terms of nursing-centered

services that are used to assess the patient's needs. It would appear that the client
focused approach advocated by Abdellah is at odds with the nursing compassionate
approach to customer care.
  The significance of 21 nursing problems is to make generalizations about available
data concerning similar nursing problems presented by other patients, to continue
observing and evaluating the patient over time, to identify the therapeutic plan, to
validate the patient's conclusions about their nursing problems, to identify how the
nurse feels about the patient's nursing problems, to learn to know the patient, to
discuss and develop a comprehensive nursing care plan, and to sort out.

JEAN WATSON
“Too often, we underestimate the power of touch, a smile, a kind words, a listening
ear, an honest compliment, or the smallest act of caring, all of which have the
potential to turn a life around.” - Watson

- MARGARET JEAN HARMAN WATSON, PhD, RN, AHN-BC, FAAN

- Born on June 10, 1940
- She is an american theories and nursing proffessor.
- Theorist was born in Williamson, West Virginia, USA
- Educated: BSN, University of Colorado, 1964,
- MS, University of Colorado, 1966,
- PhD, University of Colorado, 1973
- Distinguished Professor of Nursing
- Endowed Chair in Caring Science at the University of Colorado Health Sciences
Center.
- Fellow of the American Academy of Nursing.
- Previously, Dean of Nursing at the University Health Sciences Center and President of
the National League for Nursing
- Undergraduate and graduate degrees in nursing and psychiatric-mental health
nursing and PhD in educational psychology and counseling. She has six (6) Honorary
Doctoral Degrees.
- Her research has been in the area of human caring and loss.
- She was widely known for her published book such as;
- Philosophy and Science of Caring (1979);
- Nursing: Human Science and Human Care (1988);
- Assessing and Measuring Caring in Nursing and Sciences (2002).
- Jean Watson’s Theory of Transpersonal Caring also called Theory of Human
- Caring or The Caring Model was developed in 1979.

THEORY OF TRANSPERSONAL CARING

1. Theory of Human Caring
2. The Seven Assumptions
3. Watson’s Ordering of Needs
4. Metaparadigm
5. Relevance of Theory of Transpersonal Care

THEORY OF HUMAN CARING OR THE CURING MODEL

 It emphasizes the humanistic aspects of nursing in combination with scientific
knowledge.
 Watson designed this theory to bring meaning and focus to nursing as a distinct
health profession.
 Watson believes that: “Caring” is an endorsement of professional nurses’ identity.
 According to Watson, the nurse’s role is to:
 - Establish a caring relationship with patients.
- Treat patients as holistic beings (body, mind and spirit)
- Display unconditional acceptance.
- Treat patients with a positive regard
- Promote health through knowledge and intervention.
- Spend uninterrupted time with patients: “caring moments.”

THE SEVEN ASSUMPTIONS

1. Caring can be effectively demonstrated and practiced only interpersonally.
2. Caring consists of carative factors that result in the satisfaction of certain human
needs.
3. Effective caring promotes health and individual or family growth.
4. Caring responses accept person not only as he or she is now but as what he or she
may become.
5. A caring environment is one that offers the development of potential while allowing
the person to choose the best action for himself or herself at a given point in time.
6. Caring is more “health genic” than curing. A science of caring is complementary to
the science of curing.
7. The practice of caring is central to nursing.

TEN PRIMARY CARATIVE FACTORS

 Carative- came from the Latin word “Caritas” meaning “to cherish and
appreciate, giving special attention to, or loving.”
 the goal was to provide a framework for the “core of nursing” which are the
philosophy, science, and art of caring.
 Waston used the word carative as a replacement to curative.

TEN (10) PRIMARY CARATIVE FACTORS

1. The formation of a humanistic-altruistic system of values.
2. The installation of faith-hope.
3. The cultivation of sensitivity to one’s self and to others.
4. The development of a helping-trust relationship
5. The promotion and acceptance of the expression of positive and negative feelings.
6. The systematic use of the scientific problem-solving method for decision making
7. The promotion of interpersonal teaching-learning.
8. The provision for a supportive, protective and /or corrective mental, physical, socio-cultural,
and spiritual environment.
9. Assistance with the gratification of human needs.
10. The allowance for existential-phenomenological forces.
WATSON’S ORDERING OF NEEDS

 Lower order needs (biophysical needs)

- The need for food and fluid
- The need for elimination
- The need for ventilation
 Lower order needs (psychophysical needs)
- The need for activity-inactivity
- The need for sexuality
 Higher order needs (psychosocial needs)
- The need for achievement
- The need for affiliation
 Higher order need (intrapersonal-interpersonal need)
- The need for self-actualization
 The nursing process outlined in Watson’s model contains the same steps as the
scientific research process: assessment, plan, intervention, and evaluation. The
assessment includes observation, identification, and review of the problem and
the formation of a hypothesis. Creating a care plan- helps the nurse determine how
variables would be examined or measured and what data would be collected and to
whom it will be given. Intervention- is the implementation of the care plan and
data collection. Finally, the evaluation- analyzes the data, interprets the results,
and may lead to an additional hypothesis.

WATSON’S THEORY AND THE CHARACTERISTIC OF A THEORY

 Logical in nature.
 Relatively simple
 Generalizable
 It is based on phenomenological studies that generally ask questions rather than
state hypotheses.
 Can be used to guide and improve nursing practice.
 Supported by the theoretical work of numerous humanists, philosophers,
developmentalists and psychologists.

METAPARADIGM

Person
- Human being refers to “… a valued person in and of him or herself to be
cared for, respected, nurtured, understood and assisted; in general
a philosophical view of a person as a fully functional
integrated self. He, human is viewed as greater than and
different from, the sum of his or her parts”.
Health
- Watson adds the following three elements to WHO
definition of health:
o A high level of overall physical, mental,
and social functioning
o A general adaptive-maintenance level
of daily functioning
o The absence of illness (or the
presence of efforts that leads its
absence)
Nursing
- “Nursing is concerned with promoting health, preventing illness, caring for
the sick and restoring health”.

- She defines nursing as… “A human science of persons and human health-
illness experiences that are mediated by professional, personal, scientific,
esthetic and ethical human transactions”.

Environment
- According to Watson, caring (and nursing) has existed in every society.
- A caring attitude is not transmitted from generation to generation.
- It is transmitted by the culture of the profession as a unique way of coping
with its environment.

RELEVANCE OF THEORY OF TRANSPERSONAL CARE

1. The theory of human caring represents a paradigm shift in healthcare that places the
experience of caring at the heart of the nursing practice.
2. Emphasizes that caring is a transpersonal concept that goes beyond the individual.
3. As its core, the theory of human caring for others- it’s also about caring yourself.
4. Model of caring science helps us to advance our practice and fulfill our mission.
5. building genuine connections with patients
6. Help the person achieve body, mind and soul harmony.

SUMMARIZED REPORT OF JEAN WATSON

 Jean Watson is an American nurse theorist and nursing professor who is well known
for her “Philosophy and Theory of Transpersonal Caring’’ or “Caring Science”.
 Her theory of human caring is about fostering authentic connections between
healthcare providers and patients. Also, her model of nursing reflects and embodies
the true essence of the nursing profession.
 The essence of nursing is in the caring aspect and caring is taking the wholeness,
the totality of the point into consideration.
 But the theory of human caring is not just about caring for others-it’s also about
caring for yourself.
 As Dr. Watson explains, self-care is an essential component of human caring, as
nurses neglect their own needs and may struggle to provide effective care for others.