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    This document summarizes key concepts from Lecture 5 on concentrating solar collectors and photovoltaics: 1) Concentrating solar collectors use mirrors to focus sunlight onto a receiver, allowing higher fluid temperatures than flat-plate collectors. Concentration factors above 1 indicate the mirrors concentrate sunlight. 2) Heliostats are devices that use multiple plane mirrors to direct sunlight towards a central receiver, compensating for the sun's movement. Early large-scale plants used heliostats. 3) Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electricity using the photovoltaic effect in semiconductor materials like doped silicon. Doping forms a p-n junction with an internal electric field that separates electron-

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    This document summarizes key concepts from Lecture 5 on concentrating solar collectors and photovoltaics: 1) Concentrating solar collectors use mirrors to focus sunlight onto a receiver, allowing higher fluid temperatures than flat-plate collectors. Concentration factors above 1 indicate the mirrors concentrate sunlight. 2) Heliostats are devices that use multiple plane mirrors to direct sunlight towards a central receiver, compensating for the sun's movement. Early large-scale plants used heliostats. 3) Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electricity using the photovoltaic effect in semiconductor materials like doped silicon. Doping forms a p-n junction with an internal electric field that separates electron-

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    5 views7 pages

    GE111-Lecture 5 Updated

    Uploaded by

    advaitc07
    This document summarizes key concepts from Lecture 5 on concentrating solar collectors and photovoltaics: 1) Concentrating solar collectors use mirrors to focus sunlight onto a receiver, allowing higher fluid temperatures than flat-plate collectors. Concentration factors above 1 indicate the mirrors concentrate sunlight. 2) Heliostats are devices that use multiple plane mirrors to direct sunlight towards a central receiver, compensating for the sun's movement. Early large-scale plants used heliostats. 3) Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electricity using the photovoltaic effect in semiconductor materials like doped silicon. Doping forms a p-n junction with an internal electric field that separates electron-

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    of 7

    GE111: Introduction to Environmental

    Science Engineering

    Lecture 5

    1
    Presented by: Dr. Tarak Mondal
    IIT Ropar GE111- Intro. to Environmental Science Engg.

    Concentrating Solar Collector


     Hot fluid at much higher temperatures can be produced using concentrating solar collector.

     The net rate of solar radiation supplied to the


    receiver is
    𝑨𝒓 𝜼𝑶𝒑 − 𝑶𝒑𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚

    𝑸𝒓 = 𝜼𝑶𝒑 𝑨𝒂 𝑮

    𝑸𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝑼𝑨𝒓 (𝑻𝒄 − 𝑻𝒂 )


    𝐴𝑎
    Demerits of flat-plate: 𝑸𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒇𝒖𝒍 = 𝑸𝒓 − 𝑸𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔
    The concentration of solar energy is low and
    therefore the temperature of hot water is
    also low.
    𝑸𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒇𝒖𝒍 𝑼 𝑻𝒘,𝒊𝒏 − 𝑻𝒂
    Parabolic trough collector. (a) Schematic diagram. (U.S. Department of Energy.) 𝜼𝒄 = =𝜼−
    (b) Photo. (NREL/Warren Gretz, staff photographer.) 𝑸𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑪𝑹 × 𝑮
    𝑨𝒂
    Concentration factor 𝑪𝑹 = Always >1
    𝑨𝒓
    2
    Lecture 5_Presented by: Dr. Tarak Mondal
    IIT Ropar GE111- Intro. to Environmental Science Engg.

    Concentrating Solar Collector


     Hot fluid at much higher temperatures can be produced using concentrating solar collector.

    The efficiency of a solar system


    used to produce electricity may
    be defined as the power
    produced divided by the total
    solar irradiation. That is,

    𝑾𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑾𝒐𝒖𝒕
    𝜼𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒕 = =
    𝑸𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑨𝑮

     To produce reasonable amounts of electrical power, a large no. of collectors are collected in
    parallel.

    3
    Lecture 5_Presented by: Dr. Tarak Mondal
    IIT Ropar GE111- Intro. to Environmental Science Engg.

    Concentrating Solar Collector


    Problem:
    Two concentrating collectors (collector A and collector B) have the
    same concentration factor of CR = 9 and the optical efficiency of ⴄar =
    0.85. The collector temperature for both collectors is 350°F and the
    ambient air temperature is 85°F. The heat loss coefficient for collector
    A is 0.45 Btu/h ⋅ ft2 ⋅ °F and that for collector B is 0.63 Btu/h ⋅ ft2 ⋅ °F.
    The solar irradiation on collector A is 180 Btu/h ⋅ ft2. Determine the
    solar irradiation rate of collector B so that both collectors have the
    same efficiency.

    4
    Lecture 5_Presented by: Dr. Tarak Mondal
    IIT Ropar GE111- Intro. to Environmental Science Engg.

    Heliostats
     A heliostat is a device that includes several plane mirrors to direct the sun’s rays that fall
    on them towards the receiver.

     The reflective surfaces incorporate a tracking system to vary the angle of the reflected
    ray, compensating for the Sun's motion in the sky.
     The first large-scale-power-tower plant is Solar 1 located in Barstow, California, with the
    capacity of 1 MW.
     The tower is 91-m-high and the receiver located at the top of tower is water-cooled.
     The total cost of Solar 1 power plant is $ 14000/kW, which is 5-10 times > FF based
    utilization.
    5
    Lecture 5_Presented by: Dr. Tarak Mondal
    IIT Ropar GE111- Intro. to Environmental Science Engg.

    Photovoltaics
     PC convert electromagnetic radiation into electricity. A photovoltaic system consists of an
    array of solar cells.
     An understanding of physics of atomic and semiconductor theory will be necessary.

    The cell involves a p-type and n-type semiconductor.

    n-type: Silicon is doped with phosphorous

    p-type: Silicon is doped with boron.

    𝑊/𝐴
    𝜂𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝑊/𝐴 = 𝐽𝐿 𝑉
    𝐺

    6
    Lecture 5_Presented by: Dr. Tarak Mondal
    IIT Ropar GE111- Intro. to Environmental Science Engg.

    Photovoltaics  Semiconductor materials are


    doped to form P-N structure as an
    internal electric field.

    Principle:

    1. p-type has tendency to give up e-


    and acquire holes.
    2. n-type accepts e-.
    3. Incident light excites electrons
    and lead to electron-hole pairs.
    4. Electric field separate these pairs.
    5. Electron moves towards the
    negative electrode and hole
    towards positive electrode.
    PVinsights: Solar PV Principle

    7
    Lecture 5_Presented by: Dr. Tarak Mondal

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