1.

Inverse Z-transform - Partial Fraction

Find the inverse Z-transform of

2z 2 + 2z
G(z) = 2
z + 2z − 3
G(z) 2z + 2
=
z (z + 3)(z − 1)
A B
= +
z+3 z−1
Multiply throughout by z + 3 and let z = −3 to
get
2z + 2 −4
A= = =1
z − 1 z=−3 −4
Digital Control 1 Kannan M. Moudgalya, Autumn 2007
2. Inverse Z-transform - Partial Fraction

G(z) A B
= +
z z+3 z−1
Multiply throughout by z − 1 and let z = 1 to get
4
B= =1
4
G(z) 1 1
= + |z| > 3
z z+3 z−1
z z
G(z) = + |z| > 3
z+3 z−1
↔ (−3)n1(n) + 1(n)

Digital Control 2 Kannan M. Moudgalya, Autumn 2007

3.Partial Fraction - Repeated Poles
N (z)
G(z) =
(z − α)pD1(z)
α not a root of N (z) and D1(z)
A1 A2 Ap
G(z) = + + ··· + + G1(z)
z−α (z − α)2 (z − α)p
G1(z) has poles corresponding to those of D1(z).
Multiply by (z − α)p
(z − α)pG(z) = A1(z − α)p−1 + A2(z − α)p−2 + · · ·
+ Ap−1(z − α) + Ap + G1(z)(z − α)p

Digital Control 3 Kannan M. Moudgalya, Autumn 2007

4. Partial Fraction - Repeated Poles

(z − α)pG(z) = A1(z − α)p−1 + A2(z − α)p−2 + · · ·

+ Ap−1(z − α) + Ap + G1(z)(z − α)p
Substituting z = α,
Ap = (z − α)pG(z)|z=α
Differentiate and let z = α:
d
Ap−1 = (z − α)pG(z)|z=α
dz
1 dp−1 p
Continuing, A1 = (z − α) G(z)|z=α
(p − 1)! dz p−1

Digital Control 4 Kannan M. Moudgalya, Autumn 2007

5. Repeated Poles - an Example
11z 2 − 15z + 6 A1 A2 B
G(z) = = + +
(z − 2)(z − 1)2 z−1 (z − 1)2 z−2
× (z − 2), let z = 2, to get B = 20. × (z − 1)2,
11z 2 − 15z + 6 (z − 1)2
= A1(z − 1) + A2 + B
z−2 z−2
With z = 1, get A2 = −2.
Differentiating with respect to z and with z = 1,
(z − 2)(22z − 15) − (11z 2 − 15z + 6)
A1 = = −9
(z − 2)2 z=1
9 2 20
G(z) = − − +
z−1 (z − 1)2 z−2

Digital Control 5 Kannan M. Moudgalya, Autumn 2007

6. Important Result from Differentiation
Problem 4.9 in Text: Consider
X∞
z
1(n)an ↔ = anz −n, az −1 < 1
z−a n=0

Differentiating with respect to a,

∞
X
z z
= nan−1z −n, nan−11(n) ↔
(z − a)2 n=0
(z − a)2
Substituting a = 1, can obtain the Z-transform of n:
z
n1(n) ↔
(z − 1)2
Through further differentiation, can derive Z-transforms of n2,
n3, etc.
Digital Control 6 Kannan M. Moudgalya, Autumn 2007
7. Repeated Poles - an Example

9 2 20
G(z) = − − +
z−1 (z − 1)2 z−2
9z 2z 20z
zG(z) = − − +
z−1 (z − 1)2
z−2
↔ (−9 − 2n + 20 × 2n)1(n)
Use shifting theorem:
G(z) ↔ (−9 − 2(n − 1) + 20 × 2n−1)1(n − 1)

Digital Control 7 Kannan M. Moudgalya, Autumn 2007