Multi-Level City Space

The grade-separated pedestrian systems built in the 20th century have a variety of names:
skyways, skywalks, pedways, footbridges, the +15, and the Ville Souteraine. But they have
one thing in common — they have radically altered the form and spatial logic of cities
around the world. North American cities like Minneapolis, St. Paul, Des Moines, and Calgary
have extensive skyway systems that parallel the original streets. Montreal and Toronto have
subterranean labyrinths. Hong Kong has floating three-dimensional circuits that connect
transit stations, shopping malls, office towers, and parks. And multilevel urbanisms
continue to expand.

1. Underground City/Underground Space

Underground city/underground space adalah ruang di bawah tanah yang saling

terhubung dan menyediakan fungsi sebagai tempat berlindung atau menetap untuk
beberapa waktu, contohnya; rumah tinggal, kantor, shopping center, transit system
dan juga digunakan untuk sistem pembuangan limbah. Underground city juga dapat
dikatakan sebagai terowongan yang menghubungkan bangunan di bawah jalan dengan
fungsi yang berbeda-beda. Bisa berfungsi sebagai mall, teater, transit system hingga
metro stations. Ruang bawah tanah ini sangat dianjurkan untuk diaplikasikan di
wilayah yang memiliki iklim sangat dingin atau sangat panas, agar aktifitas dapat
berlangsung tanpa merasa terganggu dengan keadaan cuaca ekstrim.

Contoh Underground Space :

a) Crossrail, London

Crossrail adalah jalur kereta api sepanjang 118-kilometre (73-mile) yang

sedang dibangun di Inggris dan membentang melintasi London dan county inti
Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, dan Essex. Seksi tengah dan sebagian besar jalur
antara Paddington di London Pusat dan Abbey Wood di tenggara dijadwalkan
buka pada Desember 2018 dengan nama Elizabeth Line sebagai penghormatan
untuk Ratu Elizabeth II.

Sebagian seksi timur antara Liverpool Street dan Shenfield di Essex

diserahkan ke operator pendahulunya, TfL Rail, pada tahun 2015; seksi ini akan
terhubung ke rute utama melintasi London Pusat ke Paddington pada Mei 2009.
Seksi barat dari Paddington ke Bandar Udara Heathrow dan Reading di Berkshire
dijadwalkan buka pada Desember 2019. Rute timur-barat baru yang melintasi
London akan rampung dan menjadi rute kereta komuter padat penumpang terbaru.

b) Second Avenue Subway, New York

c) Lowline, New York

d) Edwardian Hotel, Leicester Square, London

2. Skybridge/Skywalk

Skybridge/skywalk merupakan salah pedestrian system yang telah mengalami

perubahan multilevel city space. Pada abad ke 21, kita dapat melihat bahwa
skybridge/skywalk merupakan salah satu karya arsitektural seperti halnya karya arsitek
terkenal pada umumnya.
a) Linked Hybrid, Beijing, China (Steven Holl)

b) Galaxy Soho, Beijing (Zaha Hadid)

3. Skyscraper

Skyscraper merupakan salah satu high-rise building yang memiliki lebih dari 40 lantai
dan memiliki tingi sekitar 100m. Skyscraper memiliki fungsi sebagai bangunan
komersial, kantor dan residental ataupun gabungan dari ketiganya.
a) Burj Khalifa

b) Shanghai Tower
 c) Taipei 101

Karakteristik multi level city space :

 Kapasitas tinggi
 Pedestrian-friendly
 Efisiensi tinggi
 Memenuhi kebutuhan (pekerjaan, rekreasi, tempat tinggal)
Resources :

https://placesjournal.org/article/multilevel-metropolis-urban-skyways/

https://isocarp.org/app/uploads/2015/05/FINAL_Think-Deep.pdf

http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/taipei-101/117

http://www.hybridarc.com/about/

http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/burj-khalifa/3
The Multilevel Metropolis
Most skyway cities are hybrids that combine characteristics of both planned and self-
organizing systems. Montreal is an excellent example of this in a subterranean network. La
Ville Souteraine was conceived by I. M. Pei and Henry Cobb in the 1960s as a self-contained,
fully complete underground pedestrian zone, emulating New York City’s Rockefeller Center.
It was subsequently expanded by Ponte, and it ultimately evolved into a loose network that
moved beyond its original boundaries and grew like other ad hoc systems in the United
States and Canada.

Similar to his superblock proposals for Montreal, which integrated shopping malls and
transit, Ponte’s vision for the Dallas Pedestrian Network encompassed the entire downtown.
His clients were the corporations that occupied the majority of the office space, including
powerful oil and tech companies. The system he designed comprised one mile of overhead
walkways and two miles of underground tunnel links, connecting a total of 36 blocks. Here,
too, the network evolved into a more informal configuration, despite the comprehensive
master plan. The combination of above- and below-grade connections amplified its
discontinuities. Responding to the car-centric culture of Dallas, developers prioritized
parking ramp connections and vertical links to surface parking lots. Architecture critic David
Dillon wrote that “what seemed like progressive planning in the 1960s has become regressive
in the 1990s.” The city’s relentless interiorization took many retail spaces off the street and
into the tunnels, which created a caste system where “downtown streets belong to the poor,
the homeless, and the politically disenfranchised” and the air-conditioned interior to a
homogenous population of office workers
REKAYASA ARSITEKTUR PERKOTAAN

MULTI –LEVEL CITY SPACE

DYAH REMBULAN W.S

16/394844/TK/44136

Program Studi Arsitektur

Departemen Teknik Arsitektur dan Perencanaan

Universitas Gadjah Mada

2018