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    Computational Mathematics

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    INTRO COM.MATH

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    Computational Mathematics

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    18 views13 pages

    Intro Com - Math

    Uploaded by

    ernestafriyie04
    Computational Mathematics

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 13
    Chapter 1 REAL NUMBER SYSTEM 1.1 The Real Number System The real umber system evolved over time by expanding the notion of what we may by the word “number.” At first, “number” meant something you could count, jj, how many sheep a farmer owns. These are called the natural numbers, or sometime, the counting numbers. The Set of Real Numbers R is made up of two disjoint set of Numbers: 1. The Set of Rational Numbers and 2. The Set of Irrational Numbers 1.Rational Number A Rational Number (IR) is a number that can be written in the form ¢; and a and b integers b # 0. In other words, a Rational Number is a number the can be writie in a fraction form. Examples 5 ill a 5 See (a) -5, 11, }, 37 1.2. Definition: (Irrational Numbers) An Irrational Number (Q) is a number that cannot be written in the form §, aa" b integers. ) # 0. An hrational Number Cannot be written in a fraction form. OF irrational number, any real number that cannot be expressed as the quotient of !®° integers MATHEMATICS example | 1,0100100010000 - 1 4110111011110... _0.12345-- s v + 1.3 Properties of Irrational Numbers Given below are some of the properties of irrational sna ers: rrational numbers - ee Consist of non-terminating and non-recurring decimals. 2, These are real numbers only, en an irrati i 3. Wh ‘tional and a rational number are added, the result or their sum is ‘ ional number x, and a rati - For . ational number y, their result, x + y =an irrational number: me 4, be Gy urational numbers multiplied by any nonzero rational number, their product is an irrational number. For an irrational number x and a rational number y, their product «xy = irrational. 5. For any two irrational numbers, their least common multiple (LCM) may or may not exist. : 6. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of two irrational numbers may or may not be a rational numbers. 14 Important Notations of Set of Numbers 1. @ Denotes the set of rational numbers 2. Z- Denotes the set of integers 3. W- Denotes the set of whole numbers. Page la lis ele oe ae i INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTATIONAL MATHEMATICS Integers numbers and negative mn he Tn Mathematics, integers are the collection of whole imilar incl a o fractiona -_* Similar to whole munbers, integers also does not me Jude the fractional part Tl negative or 2e70, but cans, Wwe can say, integers are numbers that can be positive, aa ci 8 fraction. We ean perform all the axithmnetic operations Tike alailions btn multiplication and division, on integers. The examples 0 -12, ete. The symbol of integers is Z. f integers are, 1, 2, a 4 Whole numbers Whole Numbers are the set of natural numbers along with aa ape pane Set y whole numbers in Mathematics is the set {0,1,2,3,4,-* }-This le munbey, is denoted by the symbol W. 1.5 Fraction This section of the book looks at fraction-numbers, like decimals ae oe Used to represent part of a whole, Fraction and decimals are two ways of representig the same quantity. Fractions can be used in business and our personal lives. Definition A fraction represents a parts of a whole. Fr-cations are written as one number over another, with a line between the two numbers. Examples & waite oo! oo | ala Ss The number above the line is called the numerator, and the number below the F : 3 line is called the denominator. In the fraction =, for example, the numerator + and the denumenator is 8. The denumenator tells the number of equal parts inte which the whole is divided and the numerator tell how many of these parts we talking about, For example d3 is 3 is parts of the 8 equal parts. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTATION AN MATHEMALTCS 1.6 Types of Fraction Proper Fraction (Common Fraction) Jess than the denumenator. Example 4 faction ig said to be proper ifthe aumerator is and — and 55 Improper Fraction A fraction is said to be improper if the numerator is greater than the denumenator 1 Example —=, =, and — mnple =. and 5 Note A proper fraction has a value less than 1 while an improper fraction has a value greater than or equal to 1 1.7 Converting Mixed Number To Improper Fraction ‘The sum of a fraction and a whole number is called Mixed Number fraction: Examples ll at g and tig 1.8 Operation of Fraction implity (32 +42) + (242 (1) Simplify (33 +41) : G+ ‘) Solution CHAPTER 1. REAL NUMBER SYSTEM INTRODUCLION TO COMPUTATIONAL VATHEMATE 11 (2) Simplity 3 Solution i a . Soa 3) Evaluate 2° + (15-28) +2 + 2x5) (3) Evaluate 25 + (175 ~ 2g) tig + (5 *7 Solution 3, (,5 a8) 84 (2x8) = 14 (2-8) 45+ (Z s\+2+(exel=s+la-g) tit les, 23+ (15 8) +5 +55) 2+(5 a) tia’ \35 19, (136— 228 92 _ 8 96 5. 2 tig tig 19 2, 5,12 _ 457_, 37 at et 3 fo no ASSIGNMENTS @-{ (1) Evaluate the following CHAPTER 1. ws are Chapter 2 Theory of Sets “A set is defined as a well-defined collection of objects” The objects or members which belong to a set are called elements . The symbol € denote “yelong, to” Usually a set has defining properties which distinguish it from other sets 2.1 Notation of Sets A set is often denoted or represented by capital letters. For example, A, B, Q, R, etc. Also we use lower case to represent the elements in the sets. Eg. xy z. The menibers in a sets are enclosed in curly brackets or braces, {}. Example: A = {1,3,5,7,9}. Set A is a set of odd numbers less than 10. Element belonging, to aset is denoted by the symbol in E.g, 4 € M ie-4 belongs to set M, while 6 ¢ A means 6 does not belong to A 2.2 Description of Sets . Listing its members. Bg. A= {11,12,13,14,15}. N Giving word description Eg. B= {Natural numbers less than 11} . Set; builder Notation Eg. Q = {xeN|e

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