AG A.c. Ac. Ac. Sertes C R-L-¢- Circuit * Electriced Q-factor of resonance rewt Average Power In R-Le cirewt Power. factor of an A.c. Circuit Wathlrs Cuermt or Iclle Current Introductton Civeuit containin: Chrevat Contotmin 3 Civenit Containing Ctrenit Condaininng, R,Landc in Resonance Le oscillatHons AC. Genenotoy or Ac: Dynamo Transformer Energy losses in a transforme x Very. Important Questions CAlteanaim 5 Cumrent) Mean / Average. value of A.C. Rost Mean square vetie. os Ac. Resistance only Taductance. only Corpacrtance. onyAlternating current Most of the ctecpric Greer tl Genercchesl amol wel In the word Gs In the yr of aHemoding cCusnemt (a. ©: This i because CG) Altes oti Voltege can easily anc efficient be Convencheok one value othe. ey Treo’, transformers Gi The Alternating can be transmitfes) A Aistib ig ah 00M wud El de as finces ec mm ormicatly Alternating Cusrant Ca-c.) The Relea unate ° , Gtemedting ,¢ Comunt (a-C.) nee Condimucnsl rote Arne Onnd rection errec| ny Tt 3a as by Here I is [ee tease] value ob Currant a Te 4s the peak volue or maxithum volue of a.c. to 4s Cablect Pomgeclon. pregquency of Gc Where wot aE = 2amf + =f (frequtney) Where Js the Aime period of Qc. T+ Yds equal foie Nims Hekan by the ee. to go through Ono revolutionrambon ok cbsplere ac. cae canal ap the number. o Com 2. des of vatiah one gone though by ae in coh, —— the SHaseting e-m-f. cal be represented by - Tm @.¢. Cireuits , twe additonal circuit elemerns are eee These. are Incuctor LL) ond Copal citer CC): Curseant amd voltoge in ac. Ci¥euit ae Concent by three Ciscuit eboments R, L omd C- ¥ The voltoge across Q Pure Undluctoy Lis gen by - = Lat Vet oe Uhnire AT/At dd rake of Chomge Of Crronct. The above equation shows that a inductor cee the voltage. ong eshun current To Chomges wi * For an iolecd Capacitor of Copacitana ¢ > cv -2 -d As re ao > re dev) wow dv/dt ds rade ef change of potential. The equation shows that a Capacitor abpects™ the Cusocent enby When Vv Chenges worth dimeMean or Average value of Alternating Current — Tt us as that value of steady Curent ee ould Seno the seme amount o Chat ae a Greuit in the dime ob hal TOT 2 Tt an as Send the ac, +o sd Creuit, in the same m2 + * The mean or average value ue Of ore. eee cycle Us zevo: Seo we Com meon aversge value of aC. over omy halk cycle- R R a: ©) = I = IeSinwt het om atternating cent be represented by - Fy the shength of Cweunt Sa assumed so remain Constomt for a Small time At, then small amount of charge ‘Aent in a small time ob da AY = Lat het % be the aAvtel ent by ac: in the fist sek tyne te Pen nt se ny 9s ie Ale 7 += rat or Gt = Sf Tesinest tt 3S : ae [ere J : = Zo [Cos ~- Conc’ | co =-Ze [Oo43T - Cosco’ } ooqa = 23s ay) wo Tw vepseserds the mem oy averoge value o ac. over Ist halk uydle then - b fe -E] — © from esucction OD and @) we aes - Iw xT = 2 Ze z 210 aa a aT ly = aie = 06371, Hence, Mea) OF average value of ac. over positive. had cycle os 0-637 times the peok or eM can say 637% ef the peas value Note - . The ovdin d.c. ammeter and a.c- Voltmeter Cannot mesure altertrading current / voltoge- record Zero reacling, When sect i ac. Chet hecdare average value o, auternating cuwent | yortoge. oven A ll ‘y le us zex’ Root Mean Square Value of Alternating Current Tt us ined a& thet vodue ob Steady, cumert> which wile genvode the same, “amount o heat in & jven resistance In a given time , as i dene bi ac: 5 When passecl “thro the same Fesisianth for the "seme ‘tiene. a R R t Tams, @ : I = LeSinswotmo nani The ms volue is cso callol ective Value ac. or virtual value of ac. Tt 4s ret by yma OY Iv- Let om abdternading Cwant Js representeol by - —© Let +hig current flow thro a resistance R- Ina small time alt, the amount of heat producecl In resistance R dS - du = I?*Rdt —- BS In oe ieee a. (tine © +7), the tote] amount oh heat prod ht ane R is- SPR 3 T 2. ov He {@ SinPot) RAE + ) S ate [Gacs2e8) oy H Io R 7 C = Le Leodt — Cos aevt a | Lfer-J Hoe Tek t -Sin2zwe r = zs oD 2 x= 2oR = Sin 20T . H a T me ] (2 wt22n 5 So oH = Ieet ERT —- @ Th rms. vodue or virtual volue 6. representec| b roduces! in ime T would Qc. 4A ms Phen, the amew ob heat same resistance R in the same H= ImRT —@®Hence the rms. value or virtued vole or effective Volue of AC: dy 0-707 Limes the Peak value of ac or we Can Souy TOT A of the peak valuc of aC. AHernating Cveent Soe measured My by Gc. ammeter 7 Voltmeter’ réspe - There inchyuments ane ou hot ceive ages vi oy TMs, valucs o- and - Measure alemaldy Cunrants/ Volthges - GB) A Light buth Js rated. isow for 220V Ac. Supply f of Go Hz. Calculate (a) the resistance of He bulb aos » (&) the ms Cwrent though He butb. So Given thet - P=ISeW , Ves 220V (>> Resistonce of He bulb oR = R = 220X220 = 822-7 1sd ~ = 220 = O68 A = Mres (©) LIems > RK. 322-7A.C Cineuit Containing Resistance only Let Q Source of aternecding emf. is Cennectes! fo Q pure resistance RS Seprese the abterneding emf, supplied is repsaenteol g E = E,Sinwt —@® ER) R Let T be the cuvent in the circurt at om instarct £+ The potentia) Aifheronca clevelopedt Morse R antl be R- This must be equol to emf. applied! at thot instomb - IR = © = Eso Sinwt oa I= Se Sinwt = Te sinwt —-@® tore Io = Eola (Maximum Vodue of Current) * Tre behaviowe of R In de. ond ac. Circuits is the some. R Can vecluce aC. as well os OC equally ebbectvely- By Compart uotim D, md @ we can see thaid in ah oe civele Comtouming R ome voltage omd Current ore In the Ysome es Phasor Diagram - A xoteding vector thet represents a quantity, varying. smusodal worth time ds Calucl a phasorGi) In eo, ° Cussrant em) od Hagen b aac BO eeedi by amnws Caltec! phasors. Gid They are Imclinedl 40 horizentol axis at Lwt omd tock. Mm ae omticlockwise, clirechon. The bL the arn represents the maximum ers halt Se eee, value of the Gi) TRe prnyection ok the amen © ang axle. represents ‘the Instantoneous value of quondity- Gv) The phosor plese bedween the two otternoding gus mbes Js yepresented by the angle between the vectors E, omd Cv) Im the ae. Cireuit Contouring R only 5 Current ond voltage. axe in the same phase Le. the Phowe Ceri betwrean atternading volteye aml Ce dt Werough Ros 2270A.C. Civeust Contoining Inductance. only Let oa Sotrce of emy. 4s Comnectec| Ado O errant Cornteimimg a pure rocuctonce L Suppose the alter neding em.j. Subblied 2 ver, bk. f ‘oo E = &.Smot E = &Sinwt Te AT/att ws the ies Gi chongye. cane L $y a imatemt, then PD eeqOS, ob, m the inductor at the Same imstomt is- = -Lab The negotive Si molicodes thet induce! e-m,f. oppose chemge. of Cwereng. To marten Hemp oan Current ‘in this Civeuit, applied voltoge m be Pasion amel opposite An the inducecl voltoge- e =-€tdt) = Ee Sincot alt or dr = Ee Sintot dt By ivdegrocting both sides we get - = Eo Sor Ee [sinwt ot I= Eo (=Ses@e = TEs Cost Lt wo ol xr: ~ Eo sin(Z -wt) or rT " m ° na 3 = & a 1 jaTRe Current (LZ) will be maximum (Te) , ohen Sin (Ot -M) = maximum = £ s = Eo ° Te ot Henco I= Te sin (wot -Mr) So we Pind that in an ac. Crewt Containing, Lomly , otterneding cwrent I legs behind the otter necting volteje E by a phowe orgie of 20" Gr we can! Say ene ppwrth of A periddl. Phaser Diagram - . Tn the phodsos logram of Oc. crewt Contouning L Current Legs behind tha emf. by Sc, So the phosor represerthng To Ws themes} clo&kwise Theongh 90° pom the li€chon ok Be- The projections of these phasors om y axis ave instantoneous vod E ond I. *\ + Herne LdL represents the effective resistance ohpened by Peieetoeae’ L. TiS 48 Called Inductance réactonce Fond «xs olenotesl bg X.- So XL = ol = 2ngL do freguena sb Oc. Sup)® Im ode civewits fe =O So xXL=0 So thot & Pure imcluctance offers texo wesistomee to dc It means a Pure lmdu yw Camnet reduce ac. S1 unit of tmoluctive veactomce vy ohm.(2) Av = WL = henry __ Volt = ohm.C) “sec. «See. x OMP ce. A 44MmH incluctor vs Connectesl du 220v, SO He ac. Supp Py. Dactowrime the tm-s. vedue of Cunrent in) the Civeur Sel Given that L= 44myH = 44x1534 Ems = 220V 5 f= SdH? So XL = wl = 27fLl XL = 2xaiuxsoxuuxie> = 1383 ohmtn) Trns =Erms = _220 2 Is. 9A Xe 13.83A.C. Civeurt Containing Capacitance Only Let A Source o oUbter nating eom-$. Gs Connectest 40 G capacitor onl ob Sa c- Suppose the attemeatng evn} supplizal ds — E = Eosmwt The Cirveent flowimg in te civeult +rampers Cerge to the pletes “of the Capacitor. This produces OQ potential cibenc. elsteen tre pedes > Pm c E=€, sinot At omy instant £, suppose % 4a the Chonge on the copacitor. So the potenti Aikference ACHOSS the plates of Capacitor ws v= te Cr se ‘achat ts py dies vat Voe % = & Smut Cc Y= Che Sinwt LT Gs the instemtoncows value of current in the cdveut at instemt +t, then- = ae = A (Cesinot) pa Eo . = = Sin (ot 2)The Curent coill be maximum I= Ie ,whon Sim (wt +B) = maximum = L so I= —& Looe ond [Es me mum) | we find that in an oc. civeut Contamjng ¢ only otterriating Cument IT Leads the atlernoting ems? by a phode. omgle of Sor Phasor Diagram - The phasor Le is turnecl anticlockwise tho 20 the olirectin of phosor Eo: Thog Projecto on y-axis gived the instonremoud voluss o E emd I. 1= Ig sin (@r+90°) Hee l/c represents ective resistance offered by “g Cnpatitor Tia OS Calkol Capacitive one veactante vs ‘olenotesl by Xe. a --t Xe = te an Fe. K IM de civewt fzo Se -Xe=a00 So a Capacitor oll block o.e. * Sst unit of Xe us ohm. (2)Note- di) Ro com reduce AC. as wel a o.c de. It can reduce only oc L cannot reduce allows a.c. ty pars theoughh. c blocks ol-C. but Gi) Theo R, akternating Current is in phase with Tatternating voltage . Through, bg abtexnoting | Currtont Loge behind the all oting voltages by a phere Vomgle 90% Thoovgh C, abternading cuwaent Leools the atemetirg voltage. by @ prove omgle. of 300 A 1S ME Capacitor is Connected to 27°V B56 50 He Sourt2s Find the perk Current: Sh Hee Ce ISMF = ITxIOe FE Eyms = 220V 5 f = SDH2. SO Xe = 1 a) ee es art fc QKBIU X SOX 1S KIO 6 Xe = 212) Ivms = Ewms. = 220 2 1037 A Xe 212-1 omA Io = Jia Tymg = Lulu x 1-037 So Le = lU7AAG Cirewt Containing Resistemce , Incluctance end Capacitance in Series (RLC Circuit) Let R,b,C are Connected in series toa Source of attermoding ems So the Curent ot the three eleromts hows the omy instomt to Sane. amplitude 6G phase. But the voltage across each element has a Aifperont phose” relociumahip coith the Cumunt. (i) The meximum velage cemss RQ as Vr= TR Im Figur > Curment Phoser I, is represented edong OR, AS Va vs in phose unth Cursnt,So ut Gs vepresemtecl by the vector OF, along ox. Ch The masimum voltage atwss Lis Vi = Dex. As voltage across the Inductor leads tre curvent by 90° , So At wd representecl by CE adong oY, ahead of To. (iii) The marimum vodue acyoss C Gs Ve = Tore + As the Vottage across the Capacitor s behinol Be SERIES? ecrtalse, “Hhrough “Se fown ee aes, o€ x wise y ivech a ze. SE ss olong oy’. song 26 weetAS the voltage across L omd C have a Phose clifference of 180°, So net reactive voltoge Bs CVU-Ves 9 owsuming thot Vi? Ve. In Sayre tds vepresentesl by’ of! Be veauttant of SA omd OB Js the cliegenal Hence the vector sum of Ve VL omel Ve us phasor Eo represent by OR making an angle $ Eth cotint bhouer bee? ' ¢ So oK = [cont +08 o~ Eo = TefRe+ (nn xr The sotel ebective rveaitiance of RLC Circuit v4 Cobtec! Ian jannce, of the civeuit. It is represented by Z> where, = € - a a> RF | R>+ (XL xe) #sSe in an ae. Civeult Containing RyLye , he Voltage. leacls the current by a phose omgle d, where ton 6 = AK =< OB! 5 VM-Ve 2 Tox Ike of eA va ToR ~ So the cuterneting emf. in an Rie Circuit Is vepresentec| by -There moy be three Coses - Gd) whew XL = Ke 5 ten tm g=o so p= Gi) When Ki > Xe , then tomd - positive. So qb Gs positive - Hence voltage leads He Current by a phowe angle. 4: Gi) when XL < Xe 5 then tom Ww negotive. So p wa otive - Hence qottese Logs behind the current by a phase om ; ew Three elechica) circuits having ACG Sources of po verlable. frequency ore shown in Figures. Lnitially » the Cuvent fowing in each of these Ws come Tp the ML oF of Ste applied” AC . source is in how “ill Hhe~ Current Flowing in thue circuits be affectes! ? Give reason for gor omawer © L RA erie. i Lot bet bel Gy WE a Oe Gi ©xz 32h (iy Thre coil not be any x eppect in the Curent om Changing the frequency of AC Source. a frequene(f) ii) With the Increase 2h, ¥e4 ok AC Source , Incluctve ctance increases ob - Limes Mems s Nems ra ee Se ong . So Cweremt clecreases with the meveate of frequency. F Citi) The ‘capacitive reactance . + decrestes with increase Im Eas requmey Se the Cwount will increase’. Lams c Vems = Nema ee Xe i/ange aeea resistor ea an induchr ef & e So ancl a capacitor of SP MF ane cermectaal mo eenieh acess a Source ob ohieanodi, ue 140 Sin loont Vv. ie wo Voltoge | the veslsbor, tHe luctor and Sit rT: Is the ebyole. sum ob fhe Volieges move than the ‘Source voliaged? If yet, Wve He poraolox + Sol. Appliesl Veltege Vv = 140 Sin loo nt CSP HP c= FH, R= 400 Comparing sith V = VeSinvt Ne = l4ov > & = loom Treluctive veactance Xe = COL = voit x _S- = se Xe L = S0d Capacitive yeactonce Ke = Yee Xe 24 Too IL x SB xioe = 200 Tmnpeclance of the circuit z = [Rt Oxy Z =_| (400)* + (Soo-200)* = Meximum Cuwent in the circuit SUD 2 Te = Me = 140 Zz SdO Ivrms = Ze = 149 O27 A a SBOXID Vens across resistor Vas IvnsR Vr = 012X406 = Bo Vv Vrms across inoluctor Vi = Lams Xe ML = O2X'sS00 = loov Vims across Capacitor Ve = Irms Xe Ve = O-2 x200 = 4ov * Hew Vz Ve tM +Ve Because Vi and Ve ane VR ane not in same phase ae = VEElectrical Resonance - Tae Phenomenon Tesmeance Is Commer) amen systems thot have a tencleney te oscillode. ot tenho Ths Xa Collliol Fhe. rbtunel Fea ot osathan dn tH System. TH such a System ca driven by am enng Source , cohoese pedluency 4s esuot = Fe noche dl pequanu of the system ; then the ompditucle of oscillotton, becomes lange and resmance is satel to occur. Series Resonance Circuit “A Chreuit in which inductane -L, Capacitance C amd, resistance Ro Axe Cormectesl in series, andl the circuit admits maximum cwoent Corsesponding 40 a given prequn OF AC. AS Colles} seried Tesemance Creuit- L R Cc At v lows pequenciers , induchve reackme. XL = OL Js gible. but Capacitive. reactana Kee Moe ua very high. As, the freq ee An the cheurt Us Mmerdhsad , ee ernh applied Xu creas} amel Xe Gok om lecreosing - Gees om im mG For @ Pordteulor value of bo Csoy bor) XL = Xe : eel OL = Beand anf, ae = | se & > ane Ach this paateudon, presmency fr UW X= xe Se aa R> + (XL- xe Ze Re +0 = R Cmmmum) So Here impeclomee of RLC circuit is minimum anal hence, the cworent I. = Ee = Ee becomes moudimum. “R” This frequency Ys Callsol Series resonance Brequaney R Decreases Q Increases oo The Fg, powell “Geeult Peak curxent ustth The chomgin ey Of applies! votoge— is Shown iF G> T+ ww ear piel uendes greater than Valles BE peouk Sport Ane or Less thon bor lersw thom the eo value be PS Gi>d at lo = Wr He value of peak Cursent ss maximum Cio).Applications - Sexes yesomance Circuit 22 usect in racio omd T.v. receiver Aets, The antenna of a reclio/ Tv. imtercepts Simele from Me "proadcosting. stetions . To voeeive. one pools rackiot Stodtion | T-v- Channe}, wetune our Teceiver seb by chemaing the Capacitance Of & Capacitor in the +unmg Chea’ of he Set Such Hat resmance pequncy of the cre it becomes equal x0 the trégqueneg® of” the clusireat station. Hhe reBomance Occurs, OMA the amplifeche Mop cusrant ont the frequency of He sine from” the clusived stoHon becemss maximum ot ds receives! in orn Set. Q- Factor ob Resonance Cireurt The CharacterisHe of QA series reamont , arrest ds actemimeol by “the @ factor or Quality factor of the Circuit - Tt olbbfines sharpners of tuning at retonante- The Q-factor of a series resonant Circuit Bs mec] Os vodio “of the voltoge cleweloy acwoss the imductonce oy ‘Copacutance at Tesmance to the impremect voltage » which ua the voltege applieo| across R. Vol je across L or © applied voltoge ( =voltage across R)) oy Qz Qe* As R 2 increased , @ factor of the drewt decreases. F The values of Q usually vooug from Lo £0 Loo. ® The electonic circuits with high @ values Wowd y-24) to a ve narmw Yange o; one! ed, ama sharper Us the retonance: a 9b A\ Fy aseries L-c-R circuit, the voltages across an Bh inductor, a acitpy and a wesistor Me 3o0V> 3ov and Cov respectively; Whed JA tha phowe cUitperence betwern the applies! voltege and the Cwount in) He Civeuit 7 Sol. Given that - Vie aoV, Ver Sev, Va =6eV Here we can See thet Vie Ve , Hence the cirait 4s in resonance, .so there will be no phase olifference between the applies voltoge omd current.fa) The Fignee. shows a serien L-C-R circuit with Fae L= 10H ,C = 40 UF, R= bor, Cemnected to 4a NY veruable Brequency 240V source, Calculate - ed L ¢ @) TRe angulen uency of He Somce cohich orivn Sine obeatt OF eben ©) The cwount at the vesonat uancy - Ce> the ms potential crop races ee ee ak resonance - Sel Given thet - LeloH, C= UOMF ,ReGon Vrms = 240V C2 Resonatin an an, cemiey ce ben Le JO K40 x1 0™ Wr = sd wel/s. (o> Cuvunt at resonating Frequency Toms = Mims = Yems (+ at resonance z:R) Lens = 20 = 44 © Tndluctive veactance =X, = tol. At resonance Xi = Go,b XL = S0Xlo = StD Potentia] dmp across inductor Vems = Iyms XXe = 4x 500 Vemg = 2000 Vz.@ token a aiven coil Us Cennectedd +o a 200V Ss Be Source 5 2ACwrumt flows and when the same Col iA Comnectes| > 200 Vv, SD He AC Source, only 1A Curent flows In the credit. lay pee why the cursent clecreases in the later @) Codewlosd the sells inductence of the Coil usecl- St: (4) In pe Circuit - So X= 2mfL =o Ce fo) + The impeclance of the coil = > Rae In DO, Z=R a X=0 But in AC, as JRtext PR became xi hove certain value in Ac- L hence in DC, move count Hows As TKS than Ac: () In De civewt- =M = 200 = loon R a = 00 In AC Circuit — ze™M = zee = 2oon. T As R>4xbo 2 22> So xP 2 2r—R? Av =] zZ*-R* = |@ve)*- (oop = jooyS m > XL = 2nfl = loos “+ Taductance L = Loovs Los jeots = oss y 2xX344 XSdgraphs Shown hare, olepict te variation The poe Current = T emgulan prequaney Coo) for ee be clifferend sees Lee-R chutes L, - T] |_| a | In (A) [.- | al ® os L is 2 o> (rad/s) —> observe the graphs Corefully. Ci) State the velodion behsean L and ¢ valu of Hue dio chreuits , When the Cuwunt in He swo Circuits Ja maximum. Gi} Indicote the circuit for which (> Power factor is higher, (> Qual fachy (Q) Gs Langer. Give reasons fer |enc Cake Sel. (i) Since resonant an Use Or 2s Same por both the Seas cae (Or), = Gr), wate = > b -& JOG, tate Ta cy Gi) G) Ta graph I, cuvent Im, Ja greats then ararh ) Cwwumnt Ime . ie. Im, > Ime > RR, Trms = > = Mire . (2 at resonance z=R) ty zioo rms a Lo A Amplitucle off maximum Cwwent Te = St Trms Te = lon A 2) @.fachr = 4JE = 2OoXx j=ooxn 1S — = 20 lo S00 xAverage Poser in RLC Civeust bet the ettemeting em 4. apptiecl to an Ric circuit ~B- E = Es Sinwt Th atternading cusent clevelopeol behind the applied emf. by @ Phowe om@e od, then - T= Te Sin (wWt-d) Power at imstomt +t, Aw = EL So aw = Eo Sinwt «x IpSin (wt-) = Eole Sin tot (Sint Cosh ~ Costat Sin) = Evle Sin’tot Cash — Eo To Sint Cossot Sind Eole Sin? cat Cord — Eole sin aeat Sing a Ty His instantoncous power Tims a= IP es sen 3 b = UR = Me @) Ve > R ae Re ae = 30-0 Power factor (Ces $) = & = 30 _ Power factor = 32 = Os CHOKE CorIL- Choke Coil 1s simply a Coil having a lasge Inductance but a small resistance. Copper wire “ Construction~ Choke Coil 4 made by a thick Copper wire 40 reduce ats resistance. It 4s wounded! on a plated soft iron Cove to increase wAs Self inductance . R soht ivon Cove. Principle - At most places, the household electric power id suppliecl at 220V, soHz. Th auch a source is olivectly Connectecl 40 a mercury tube, the tube will be damaged. To reduce the cumont, a choke Coil JS Connecteol in series with the tube. Power Consumes! In an AC. Circuit 18 P = Exms TrmsCosp For pwu inductor $= se that p=o Henw the advantage of using choke Coil do veoluce the voltage is that an inductor oloes not consume power. Henea Wwe ole not Jose electric energy in the form of heat:Wattless Current ovr Idle Current . The Curent cohich Consumes no power its moaintenan@ in the cirewit Ss Calll mattless current. We Know that ay. LAOS wer OVeA A Complete cave in an inducHve cirewi ci i P = Ems rms Cosh | Im a particular Civeuit, Suppose Ems Atecls Tims by Phose omgle $,04 shown in pique Temes Com be resolved Into two rectangular Components Qh- Lyms Cosh oleng Erms amd TmsSing Perpendicular to Erms. Thus Tens da the vector sum of to perpendielar Components InmsCosp ond Inns Sing: As phowe omgle. belveen Exyms Omd Inns Cosh i's Zero, we Qverage power Consumed cycle in the Cireaut olue Go Component Tims lose ou = Fav = Ems (Tims Cosh) Cos! or Pav Ems Tes Coa Again as phase e@ between Erms Or Ivms Sing 44 “TY2 | So average power consumed per cycle Im the Circuit clue to comporent TrmsSing is - 1 Ry = Esl Ivms Sing ) Cot =o7 v Thus, the av Ie poner Consume ce. im the ac. Cirew ol My Cue to Comp: Lens Cosh of the virtual Current. The Com Tyms Sin | makes nO Corttribution t the consumption of powers in the ae Civeurt. Thot is WwW His Component Lams Sing os Colkol the tctle com; oy wokttess Component Of ae. anol the Componertt Tyms Cosh, 28 Coll) woctpull component of cre. A radio can Hme over the frequenuy range of A portion of MW breaclcast bord (800%kKHe Jo I200 KHe)- Ly uts Le Circuit har an epfective inductance of” 200 LH, then what must be the romge ob its’ variable ~ copacitor 7? ‘Sol Given thot - f, = 800 KH2 = 8xI0S Ho $, = Woo KHe = 12x08 He L = 200 MH = 200 x1I0o H Capacity romge. between Cy omd C2 - Rom 4 - am fie, So Qc L 1 UCL? — Ux@iuF x 2x4 x (BxIO™ CQ = 1977 xl? F = Similady, Ca = WH LP th 197-7 PE = Ux @y x 2x64 (72 x105)> Cr. = 87SxIO% = 87.8 PFLC Oscillations A capacitor C is Connectecl 40 an Indluctor L through Key Ke and a Cell is Connectec! so C thigh Key OR - 7 = ——> cecnanene { CURRENT ewes keuadun cHarcine 1 1 1’ 1 ' CURRENT IH$——* Wdmex Undnax Uednar Undmax Uedmax (Un)mar when K) 4s on, tHe cell charges the Capacitor Jo a potentiod Ve ce, Whre % is the a em acitor plates at any instomt anol v 4 the “voltage across plates asd +Hhe Same instemt. Some rem the cell Jd Storecl jin the Aielechic. medium Obed ery the plotes ob Capacitor in h tne fom of dechostohc envgy > whi Jk Now off the Key Ky omel when Key Ro vs on then the Chargecl capacitor ~s Comectec! to Lomd Starts clucharging through L- An induced emf. olevelopes in tre Clreuit which ieee the growth of Current in b omd hence cleluys it. woran Capacitor ik Completely olischanged , the en Stored in the Capacitor pears im the of magnetic field energy around L, which wW- Us = ger De 5 Complete , current stops oma Snagnedtic wi L Stents Collapsing - an “inducecl emf. Aewelopes vrohich stants © recharging the Capacitor in the opposite clivection-The rech ing, Ys also opposec| amd hence lekuyec)- whan ctor ds recharged Completely , the sarah tes anegd | cround me reappears M2, ° le ce enserg, the : ms rte Process ah repeated, ween Thos token once pom the cell amo} gen fe the "ealllatter Keeps ont oscillohing between The et stoge& im a Simale cycle o Mochi ob Le Creat A Snowe In pple UT 2 ostilntion I=0 L Tmax 1 tf-—* i L 1 Ob OG} obs Ero shh Undamped| oscillotHons - Th the areuit how no resistance then no loss of Onergy would occur. The oscillations produceol will be of Constomt omplitucle- Taese are catteot undamped ” oscillations, Dam Oscillations - Tr actual practice , tere occur some losses eh energy: So the amplitude of oscilledions goes on ARerenuld - These are’ Callus| clamped oscillations.AC. Genervatoy or A.C. Dynamo An ac: genroter / dynamo is a machine which Products olternoding doe ig energy pom machanicos SrerDY It Js most important applicadions the phenomenon Spey matic Backion. The 2 wos _ctesignec! iginably yy A Yugoslav Scientist, Nikola Tesla. Principle - ames: An O0. femmader | namo us besecl om the Phenomena of electo metic, Induction whoever the amount ob m fe ttux Linkeol with a coi) Changed, aon emp ~ Gs induced “in te coil. The clivechm Ok Curent Fleming's right Constuction - The essenthol pours of an ac. gennotor ane- (i) Armature “peep che rns Dw a rectangwlor armature coil- It Consist of G@ large number ae tes of imsulateadl Copper. vive “ wound® over a Laminated| so tym Core. The Coil Con be yotetect About tHe control cms. Gi) Field Magnets - Ni omo S are the pole pieces of a Shong elechomagnet im tdhich +Hhe armature coil dy votodeol® Axis of votation Ja perpenciculor so the magnetic pel Lines. Gi) Slip Rings - R ol i Ce eae Rr axe two hollow metallic a eel : of Armature Coil ane NNEC’ : TRS 7 1 of Sil rings rotote with the rotediom hand! eee 44 ren &YGv) Brushes - metal plates One Keep nN B, omd By are two ible. carbon olan aw het ond re L: Cevdact with Ry amd “Ry veapect vel The purpose of brushes 3s do pows on Current the fetter Coil sto the external Load reslatinee R. Theory 4 Working As the Amature Us| is rotated jy the m 1 pee angle 8 between the peld ancl normal Jo iL charges Contmuously. Therefore mognedic Hux Linkeol with the coil changes. Ariel on emf. isSinduad in the Coil. To Start with, Suppose the Coil Jv perpenclcubr Ao the plane of the paper in which magnetic. field} ud applied, with “AB at amd CD ot ‘the back. Tre amount of flux Ainkeo) with Coil in this position maximum.. As the coil ia rotetec! anticlockwise , AB moves inwards ond cD moved outwards: The amour of- magnetic pux Unked wath the Coil Changes. Accorcling to Fleméng’s right hand rule, Current inclucect! in Yaw is A to [QR and in cv, dt da ect D. In the extemel circuit, Current pws B, t Bi- A Kher hed the rotetion of the ceil, AG vs ob the back amd’ cd 48 at the temt (fi (oy). Therefore om wotating fwethor , AB moves Suhoands ome on mts Inwasrds. The Curent induced im AB id frum B to A ond Im cD, ut a Dic. Trough external Clreut, Cwrent plows fom B, +o Bo. Trduteal current in the externod civeurt cha lrvection er eve hod voted ok the coil. Hence the nee a vas m on ve adtexmating inn Magnitude of induced emf. 4 Induced Current Let N= Number of turns in the coil Grea enclosed by each tum ef the coil Strength of magnetic tielel omgle “whieh norenod 40 the Cel snakes with B at! omy Hime +. © p> wnt NORMAL COIL a L/ // So the magnetic Hux Unked with the ceil in HWS position “us— p= N (BA) = NBACSOor p= NBA Cosvot —-—O@ tohere ow aa angular velority of the cal. As the Ceil a rotated 8 Chan : theretove magne. flux > Linked with the ceil Panga amd Whee. No amd. 2s treduceel fy the coil- At His instant t 5 4 e@ wa the emdd.- induced in the Coil , then- 2 db cet e te SE (NBA Cosvot) e@ = -Nb4 ZL (Cosme) = —NBA (-Sintob) eo or eC => NBA Sintot —_ © TRe Imductol e.m.$. evil) be maximum , ohen Sinwt = maximum = 1 Cmax = Go = NBA XL -—© by esquctin @ we gut - , The, Curent led b ’. . Sinusoidal. T+ Wy “en by x the ac generator is also = maximum Velue KC .Trans former A hamster Us an electrical olevice WNeh is Used por charging the ac. voltages. . A tansfoemer which imereoses the a.c. voltages Js Catlecl Step up transform ond a transformer cahidy Aecreoses the a.c. voltagés is Calle! a step clown hansome Principle - A transformer Js ‘boxed om the principle oh mutual Induchon “ie. Whenever the amount ob apt fi x Linked with a Col charges , an emf. 1s Indu tn the neighbouring Coil. Construction — , TT A transformer Consist oF A Sopt iron Core. masle of Laminates) sheets 5 well suloteo| pum each, othr. Two coils P; Po © Prim veg Coil) amd S\S2 Cseconclary Coil) ane wound om the Game core, but Are well” imsulotest from each othr. Note that bath the Coils ake Also Indulatecl from the Core. The Sourte of alternedting- emg. (do be tanstormect ) ds tmnectec| sto She primary Coil RPL Gt Q Joa resistance R is Connecteo! to He secondtiy Coil S35, INPUT, 1 ITIP AC. LAMINATED CORE Theory += Working - Let the alternating emf. Li by the Qc. Source Comnectet ate probing eples 4 Ep= €. Simw+tThe Bee Pe pers Current jarduces an abtermating magnetic flux bg if the Cro Cove. Because tHe Core ae theo nt the ee Seceridany- > + the imcluces lux so extends ough the secondary Accorcling to the Faradouy's Law of ele} ic. induction , the Gnductol aris per (TURN (Eine) is Same fox both primoveg #& secen winding, En, = déde = Ge = ot Ne Ns Here Yp35Ns represents He stotal number of tums in the PAimany oma secondary Coils Arspectiveliy. —s = Ns Ep Ne As we ossume that no enegy is ost along. the way, Conservation of energy “vequives thot - Input Power = Output Power IpEp = Is€s ve st EP In gennol- ” fs 2.te = = k Ep Is Np Hex K = trongiprmation ratio Note - Th Ns > Np then Es > Ep ten the transformer we Callid? atte 2p tren, . I Ns< Np then Es < Ep: then the transfer Js Colle a step coum trangia.Efficiency of transformer Tt 3 clpined as the ratio of ontput power t the input power. uf) 2 Output Power | loo f = Esis sis yjo0 % Input Power Ep Ip Note - The transformer Cannot asork on ae. A transformer chornges ac. voltages /curtents- It does not affect the brequan of ac Cohen A.C. voltage ws yalseo n times, the ts ponding. abternoating. Current recluces to din kr, Energy Lesses in & transformer Ci) Copper Less - —_——————— _ It us the ene. Aoss in the kre ob heat im the re eee coils of a roma foemer THs Gs 40 Toute heading o* Comolucting us These are minimiseo) using Hick “esrves- Gi) Iron Loss - Lt Ga the emengys dass in the im the ion Cove of the “tromatprmer. This is medion of ecldy Currents in trom caret TH xo Totten e “a an Laminoces! Cores. Gi) Leak magnetic flux — Tune 40 thus the wads op change ohm mec flux Linked) with each +uan of S)S2 4s ers than the ots of change of magnatic flux Linked colt each turn of RP2- It Com bo reduted by windin the PAi many ond seconclaxy. Coils ome over. dre ote, dv) Hysteresis Loss ~ Thin ua the Joss of energy elute Fo repeoted mognatisation ond clemagnetisacion hg. fron tore. OW ae a ato ut > The loss” + toa eee waing a magnetic material ‘ous hex a vextlis LoadWwW) Magnetestriction It w humming nese % a mey + ee output power im the bast hanskeemen mou be roughly 20% of the input power. Colculote He Curent drawn by the Primary case, ey A traomformer which step-down 200v +0 20°. aov 40 opernte a vice of resistance 20-2. Assuming the. efficiency of Hw tronsformer to Bok sol SEY Efficiency of transformer = ae Bo = Nets xlo00 Vp Le 4 Vele = SVsTs Vp Ie = ™s Ie> VE AVete = sex CR) Lt 7 J 4 x200XIp = SX 20x20 ae A ze Tee ¥ A. Step -down ered operated on a 25 KV eese Live. Tt Supplies & oad oad ZoA. Une ae 2°12 oO ee Mar! wimcling | the Secon, of. : af Foe Se i 33, 735 % efces Ke othen Colewdade la» peser output (ed the voltage Ce> the Cument im the secandary~ Sole Tnput voltage | Vp = a= x10%Vv Input Croat Ip = 204 Ne =10 Also Rie =e Percentag icien = Output Power x1o0 < edficie J En put Pewer So = Output Rwet x100 Vere (a) Output Power = 22 x @-5 x10? x 20) De = 45 xptw b =) Ms 2 Ns = = Ns i) Oe Re a Vs = Rip * a Ve = it x2-5 X10 = 2s0Vv jf) VsIg = 45 Xpotw 4 AS X10 = 180 4 a. Cuwment I, = “SeNery Important Questions Deen eee eee ees L Mark Questions - une. incluctan 2mH (ay rms Cb) overage Ql. The Cument flowing theo a Ga Ls 1S Cos Boot A. What ts the Value of cwwsxent for a Complte cycle? Cease a0n) = ls/a f& (®) Taw =o How is at Answer.— (A) Inns Q2. Define the “rms value of the Cwoent " Cease 2010) Yelates! 4o the peak value 7 le, over A Com e foe ? oe Q@.3. How much av ie power, cloes ary AC sound supply sto @ Capac Pay = Vers x Tams Cosh (cose 2009) So fav =O Answer - For Capacitor P= 90 @.4u An AC Cwwoent, T= Tesin ot; produces a Certain heat H, In @ vesistow Ry» OVER & Hime T= 2/0. Worrte. the valtee ob tee De cwount that osoulel produce. the Same 4 In the Same reslator, In the Hime (.RBSE 2009) QS. The instantaneous cwuunt and voltage ob an AC j wit ane given by T=lo sin got A om \ Vv = 2008 300% Vv. whet is the power cWusipahon z Cease 2008) same AMAWer - ase Define the tam pects cumrent' Mention the two ¢ pertica ob athe ba tram former. @7. material suitable for os Write my two actors responsible in actual Foate oats P honacteristic pr making core © for ennrgy dosses2 Marks Questions - Ql. wn ne pen the few Saveroge valur? end ca) volus? an alkeanading Cirsent. The ae On AC “Sounce is = 5 sm alu Ae Wi one Ane average and rms values oh the cutent, rv Amawer- Ivms = Sf 4 Tay = 19/n (del 2008,07) Q2. An abternocin: voltage. gen by v = 140 sinaut is Connected across @ pure resistor of Sd32+ Find (a) the per requency © the sSowrce, (6) the ¥ms Hheougrh the vealstor. Answer- vert = Sotiz, Ime: L-3A Cce@st 2004 ,63) Q.3. An alternating Vvollage V = Vm Sinwt applied to @ svies L-c-R°civeul drives a Current given by = ImS t Deal s +S avowae as * $25, 2 ipaded over oe or Cease 2008, 11) Qu Cay The dock oph (I) ond Hod ieee Bn Variation 35 peg fi woeition | effexs a by the, ce cya ote oe Buch Telfy the peg alert! vees ponding to eae qoph $ j A i i i op os 7 Frequency ° Frequency (b) Wate the expression for the impeclomce offers by the series “Combination of the above two elements comectecl across the AC Sources. Which will be ahead in phate in tis Circuit, voltage or Curunt 2 CC@SE 2011 )VS. An Ac Souece of voltage V=VmSinwt ta appleal aciwss q series L-c-R Circuit. Bravo ihe phasor cliagram for tia Cireult when the. (@) Capacitive jmpectlance exceecls the inductive. impedance . (b) inductive. Impedemee exceeds the inductive impeclomee- Ceese 2002) Q-b An AC Voltage of loov, 2eH2 ds Cennectedl acs Q 2o-n resistor and 2mH imeluctor jn serjes. Calculete (ay Empedance the. circuit (6) rms current’ tn. the Efreuit. CBSE 200 Prswer-(4) = = [Reext ©) Inns 2 5A. C a oD Q.7. An Inductor 200 mH, a Capacitor c and a veajstor 10% are Connect in sedes with a loov, SPHz Ac Source. Th the current ana voltge are in phase wwtth each othr, Célcwlate The cCapa- citance “of the Capacitor. Answer- C= SOME OMASOTENO Qe State the uncterdyin principle of a tx How 4a the e eebale chanamission elechic overs Le atene done ow the use CcBsE 2012) ey ob omaformers ? QB. Can a transjormen be usecl sto step ub ot Step cum a De voltage ? Jimtify your answer. CCBSE 200%) 1) CCBSE 2006) 10. Mention various energy Josses tn a transformer. CC@sE 20) Ql. Calculate the quality factor of a Series Le-r Civewt with Le 2H, C= 2UF and Re=lon. Mention the significance of quality factor in Le-R Cirtuit. Cease 004,12)3 Marks Questions - Qi. Explain the sewn ' Treluctive reactonce’. Shovo cop hic the variedion ols Inductive veacknce ot te ey of the applied odtevnating Voltage. An AC Voliose Ee E.Sinwt is applieel across a pure inductor of inductanca. L. Shaw mathemah thet the Cu unt ing th ut digs behind the applies! veitege bat a “ee angle 4 Toh - ( CBSE 2807, Je) 12. Th tes L-0-R Chreuit ine the quali a2 qachr @ al vebonerce Seca a OE oS Meant by geng ont example. Shoo tot power clissipatest ot resonance in L-c-R Cireuit Ga mescimum. (ROSE 2007) Qs A series LCR Civeuit is Connectecl to an AC Sources, Using the phasor oliog ram » derive the expression the impedance ob Fhe Civewit. plot a ¢' to ahow the variation of Current with arerency,. of the Source, explaining the natuve ok Sts vorudtion - CCQse 2012) Qu. A, Series LR Circult is Gnnectecl + @ 220v vosucble. usn Ac Supply. Tf L= 20 mH ce Com boe ond ae te = v ° La) Find the frequen of the Source , for eohich avercge power abser ech by tre civeuit iy max. (5) Coladate the value of maximum Cunard amplitude. Amawer- (a) f2laoHe (6) Tee 2A (Delhi 2010) Qs: A ceil of inductomee osH and resistance 100 4s connected! sto a 200V, SD He Ac Source, Coladade- la) the maximum current in the Ceil (b) time log between voltage maximum and Current maximum. Ce@se 2008) Answer - C) Te=siTms = LZ Erms/z Ie = OSAQ.6. A, 100 MF Capacitor da in series with a 40.0 veaistor and ds Connectecl to a loov, Sone AC Source. Codculeti tre tpllovoing- (4) Maximum Current in the ireuit (6) Time Lag between Cwrenct maximum anol Voltoge. Maximum. C C@SE 2003, 8) Answer -(4) I= 2-764 C6) Time lg esis 200 Q-7. Whot bes the term ‘ phouors’ means in Ac civcurt an iS? Arn AC Source of voltege Vs VmSinwt as plied across a Incluctor inductance L. Obtain arn expression for the Cweent 1, flowin in the Civeuit . “ties ite 4d eens (9) Phaser dlosran . (6b) Graphs of vand I versus cot pt this Greuit- C Delhi 2008) B&B In the given circuit, Calculate ©) the Capacitance C of the capacitor, if the power factor of the Civewit ws unity and Cb) Also colculote the @- fachy ek the circuit. poe c CCBSE 2006) Joe stbH2 QI. Draw a lobebtect Bageren ok an AC generodor. Explain briefly sts priviciple ‘and working: CDelhi 2007) Quo: Exploin usith the helb of tre Jobellecl cLiogiam the’ principle sf workin oho Step-up tantformer. cohy can not Such a ice usec! to step-up be voltage? . CDethi 200407)5 Marks Questions — Q@1. What clo you undurstand by sharpness of Yesonance in @ sexieS L-c-R civeuit 2? “Derive an expression for @- factor of the crevit. Derive an expression for the Impeclance obo series L-c-R Circuit Commectesl Ad an Ac Supply of Variable prequency « Cddhé 200) @2. An AC Source generating a voltage VeVmSinwt jd cennecteol to a” Capacitor of atitence C. Find the expression for, the Cuwunt 1, flowin Phrovugh at. plot agree of} Vand I versus’ wot Sto shit shot the 4s Na. ahead 40 @ voltage. A yvesstor of 2002 ard a Copacttor of IS ME ane Connectesl el sertes 40 a 2a0V, SdHe a sowece- Cedeulate the cust in the ctreuitt and the mms Voltage across the resistor and the capacitor: Is the Sleebvaic sum of thuse vol more thon the Source voltege ? Th yess vebolve Hae Paradox. (e@se 2004, 08) Q3. The aren Crew k cliogram, Shows a Series LC-R Civeuit! connectesl to aS variable -frequency 230 V souce, aod (delhi 2006) aaov G) Determine the Source frequency ushich clurives the Circuit in resonance. (6) Obtain the impedance of the civeult and the amplitude of chrnent od the resoneting- frequency. Ce) Determine the rms potential chops aciss dhe thre2 elements off the cirveuit - (A) How do open explain the observation thet He ebroic.~ sum the voltages across Hw three nts obtoinecl Inte) J greater tHe he Supplieal Voltoae? an “ mn