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Contents

PREPARATION OF Pavement, Materials and Geotechnical

1. Brief on Pavement Type

DPR OF HIGHWAY
2. Pavement Characteristics- Flexible in detail
3. Pavement Testing
4. Material Investigation

PROJECTS
5. Alternative materials
6. Mix designs- concrete and bituminous
7. Brief on geotechnical investigation
Indian Academy of Highway Engineers (Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Govt. of
India)
Rajeev Bhatnagar 1

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Types of Pavement

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Pavement Composition Pavement Overlay

Based on Pavement behaviour Based on Pavement Material
◦ Flexible over flexible ◦ Additional material
◦ Rigid over flexible ◦ Recycled material
◦ Flexible over rigid ◦ Improvised material
◦ Rigid over rigid

Flexible pavement Composition Rigid pavement Composition

White topping Micro surfacing Unbonded overlay

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Fatty surface / Bleeding Smooth Surface Hairline Cracks Alligator cracks

Hungry Surface Surface Defects Streaking Longitudinal cracks Cracks Transverse Cracks
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Corrugation Shoving Edge Cracks Reflection cracks

Cracks

Shallow Depression
Deformation Settlement Slippage Deformation Rutting
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Type of Distress
Distress of Roads
Possible Causes Remedies
Fatigue Cracking Excessive Loading Full Depth Patch
Weak Pavement
Poor Drainage
Block Cracking Old Mix Any surface
Dry or Hungry mix treatment or thin
Upheaval Stripping of BT Surface
overlay
Edge Cracks Lack of lateral support Improve drainage
Settlement of underlying material Crack Filling
Poor Drainage Clear berms
Frost Heave
Shrinkage of Drying out soil
Longitudinal and Poor paving joints Crack Sealing/ Filling
Transverse Shrinkage of Asphalt layer Improve drainage by
Cracking Temperature impact removing the source
Poor paving causing longitudinal
Disintegration Pothole segregation
Raveling
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Distress of Roads Distress of Roads

Type of Distress Possible Causes Remedies
Type of Distress Possible Causes Remedies
Reflection Cracking Differential Movement between Crack sealing
Asphalt and concrete layers Swelling Expansive soil Full- depth patch
Heavy Traffic Frost heave
Rutting Consolidation of lateral movement of Cold mill and overlay or Patch Failure Poor installation techniques Replace patch with
any layer thin surface patch Failure of surrounding or deep or Full-depth
Poor design underlying pavement patch
Lack of compaction Pot holes Continued deterioration of Partial, full-depth or
Ingress of water another type of distress injection patching
Weak mix Poor surface mix
Bumps and Shoving Low air voids Deep of Full- depth Weak spot in base or subgrade
Fine aggregates content too high patch Severity of surrounding distress
Rounded aggregates and traffic action accelerates
Excessive moisture or contamination potholes
at granular base Raveling/ Asphalt binder hardened Any surface
Incorrect asphalt grade Weathering excessively treatment or thin
Settlement/ Grade Settlement of lower layers Cold mill and overlay or Poor quality mix overlay
depression Improper construction techniques thin surface patch
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Distress of Roads
Type of Distress Possible Causes Remedies
Bleeding Improperly constructed seal coat Chip seals, sandwich Forms as per
Too much binder in mix seal, thin overlay IRC 82, To
Too heavy prime or tack coat Measure
Excessive sealant in cracks under Distress
an overlay
Traffic if asphalt layers over
compacted and excess asphalt is
forced to the surface
Polish Soft aggregates Any surface
aggregates treatment except
fog seal
Water bleeding Ingress of water Full-depth patch
Poor compaction

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Pavement Distress Based ratings for highways

Pavement Distress Based ratings for MDR & VR

Pavement Distress Based ratings for Urban roads

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Subgrade characteristics Pavement Roughness by BI

Embankment Construction requirements:
◦ Materials used for construction: Soil, Moorum, Gravel, Reclaimed material from
pavement.
◦ The test is conducted as per IRC:SP:16 & IRC 82.
◦ If clay is used, it should be LL < 50 % and PI < 25% and Free Swelling Index (FSI) < 50 %.
◦ The wheel should maintain a tyre pressure of 2.1
◦ Organic soils (OL, OI, OH) or Pt and frozen materials and salts contain materials are not Kg/sqm
used for construction of Embankment.
◦ Test is conducted at speed of 32 ±1Kmph
S.No. Type of Work Max. Laboratory dry unit weight
when testes as per IS:2720 (Part ◦ It records values at pre-set distance or when
8) wheel counter records 1000 units.
1 Embankments up to 3 m height, not Subjected to Not less than 15.2 kN/cu.m ◦ Preferably, Fifth wheel should travel on wheel
extensive flooding path.
2 Embankments exceeding 3 m height or embankments Not less than 16 kN/cu.m ◦ Roughness Index (RI) is the ratio of cumulative
of any height subjected to long periods of inundation vertical displacement to the distance travelled
(mm/km)
3 Subgrade and earthen shoulders/verges/backfill Not less than 17.5 kN/cu.m
Fifth wheel Bump Integrator or Automatic Road
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Pavement Roughness by Laser

Profilometer
◦ The test is conducted as per IRC:SP:16 & IRC 82.
◦ It is high speed road roughness measuring
system.
◦ Test is conducted at speed of 30 to 100 kmph
◦ Profilometer beam is installed in front of survey
vehicle.
◦ Profilometer has two laser censors, which
measures longitudinal profile of pavement.
◦ It gives International Roughness Index (IRI) value Maximum Permissible values of Roughness Index(RI) for
for both the wheels (Left & Right) in m/km Different category of roads as per IRC:SP:16

Laser Profilometer
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Falling Weight Deflectometer

(FWD)

• Falling Weight Deflectometer

test is conducted as per IRC
115.
• Falling mass : 50 to 350 kg
• Height of fall : 100 to 600mm
• Target peak load: 40 KN (+/- 4
KN)
• Circular loading plate dia.: 300
to 450 mm
• Geophones or velocity
transducers number : 6 to 9.

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Uses of FWD Test Stone Characteristics

Property Bitumen Concrete
Stone types
◦ To find the strength evaluation of different Impact max 24% 30%
◦ Basalt value
layers of in-service pavements
◦ Granite LA value max 30% 30%
◦ To estimate the remaining life of in-service
◦ Sand stone Stripping Min coating 95%
pavements
◦ Shale required
◦ To determine the strengthening requirement, if
any ◦ Limestone Specific range 2.1-3.2
◦ Laterite gravity
◦ To evaluate the different rehabilitation
alternatives (Overlay, recycling, Partial Quarry to be: ◦ Marble Water max 2% 2%
reconstruction, etc.) 1. Permitted by Forest/ ◦ Gnesis absorption
All these are done by interpreting load deflection Environment authority ◦ Quartzite Soundness max 12% on 12% with
data through Back calculation technique to 2. Legally operable NaSO4 NaSO4
3. Having sufficient ◦ Travertine
estimate Elastic moduli of pavement layers. Water max 80%
quantum sensitivity
4. Good access
Combined max 35% 35%
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EI &FI
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Sand Characteristics Sand Characteristics

Characteristics Concrete
Characteristics Bitumen/ Deleterious material max 5% for river sand
Granular 2% for m-sand
Deleterious max Free from 3% finer than 75µ for river sand
material dust & clay 15% finer than 75µ for m-sand
Plasticity Index max 4 Fineness Modulus range 2-3.5
Crusher Sand River sand Sand Min 50% Soundness max 10% with NaSO4
equivalent
Water absorption max 2%
Quarry to be: Grading
1. Permitted by Forest/ Specific gravity range 2.1-3.2
Environment authority Grading As per Zone II (with 5% tolerance in all
Sieve 2.36mm passing 100%
2. Legally operable
table 9 sieves except sieve of 600µ)*
3. Having sufficient
quantum Sieve 75µ passing 0% * That increased to 20% for m-sand for sieve 150µ
4. Good access All above as per IS 383-2016
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Alternative Materials
Steel slag in place of
aggregates : FHWA-RD -97-148
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Bituminous Mix design
Marshall Method
◦ Step-1 Selection of aggregates
◦ Step-2: Selection of aggregate
grading
◦ Step-3: Determination of
specific gravity
◦ Step-4: Preparation of specimen
◦ Step-5: determination of
specific gravity of bituminous
mix
◦ Step-6: stability test of
compacted bituminous mix
◦ Step-7: Selection of optimum
bitumen content
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Concrete Mix design
Input
◦ Characteristics of
Cement
◦ Aggregate properties
◦ Sand properties
◦ Water cement ratio
Fly ash bricks or flyash in Plastic waste in flexible
◦ Admixture property
embankment: IRC SP 58 pavement : IRC SP 098
◦ Degree of quality control
◦ Desirable slump
Bio engineering for road slopes:
IRC 56
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Geotechnical Investigation
Type of Foundation
Optimum Bitumen content
Isolated spread footing
should be:
or raft
1. Corresponding to maximum
stability Adjacent footings with
clear spacing less than
2. Corresponding to Maximum
twice the width
unit weight
3. Corresponding to median of Adjacent rows of
designed percentage air footing
voids in bituminous mix
Pile and well
foundations
Other critical parameters:
1. Voids filled with bitumen (VFB)
close to pavement design Road cuts
2. Air voids (Va) close to
Road Fill
pavement design
3. Should have desired E value
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Principles involved Output
◦ Environment exposure ◦ Proportion of coarse
◦ Allowed max size aggregates aggregates
◦ Max & Min cement content ◦ Proportion of fine
aggregates
◦ Desirable consistency
◦ Cement content
◦ Air entrained
◦ Water content
◦ Max/ Min density of concrete
◦ Admixture by weight as
◦ Max/ Min temp of fresh
concrete the case may be
◦ Allowed standard deviation ◦ Field concrete density
◦ Desired concrete strength
As per IS 10262: BIS Method
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Depth of Exploration
1.5 times the width
1.5 times the length
See figure
To a depth of 1.5 times the width of
structure at bearing level (toe of pile
or bottom of well)
Equal to bottom width of cut
2m below ground level or equal to
height of fill which ever is greater
All above as per IS: 1892
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Geotechnical Investigation
Methods
◦ Electrical Resistivity- preliminary findings through geophysical
◦ Seismic refraction- preliminary findings through geophysical
◦ Standard penetration test- soundings for non-cohesive soil
◦ Static cone penetrometer test- soundings for cohesive soil
◦ Dynamic cone penetrometer test- improved soundings in cohesive soil
◦ Exploratory boring – Shell & augur/ hand augur/ rotary drilling/ percussion drilling/ wash
boring/
◦ Sampling- open tube sampler or split tube sampler or double tube core barrel or triple
tube barrel
◦ Bearing capacity can also b ascertained through plate load test, load test (rocks),
vane shear test

All above as per IS: 1892

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