TRUONG QUANG PHU Giang vién tiéng Anh Trudng DAI HOC SU PHAM TP. HCM GIAO KHOA CAN BAN —— MON DICH ——— ANH VIET - VIET ANH NHA XUAT BAN DAI HOC QUOC GIA . TP. HO CHi MINH - 2001TRUONG QUANG PHU Giang vién tiéng Anh Truéng BAI HOC SU PHAM TP. HCM GIAO KHOA CAN BAN — —— MON DICH—— ANH VIET - VIET ANH NHA XUAT BAN DAI HOC QUOC GIA TP. HO Cui MINH - 2001Vi gao mén dich da bi dua ra khéi chuong trinh giang day ngoai nga? Cau tra li don gidn 1a vi su thang thé cia phugng phap True tiSp (The Direct method, cudi thé ky 19) va cde phuong phap tigp theo (vi dy phuong phap Thinh thi ~ The Audio-Lingual Approach, sau Thé chién II), ma tat cd déu nhdén manh dén ngodn -ngit ndi (the spoken form of the language) va chi truong loai bé viée sti dung tiéng me dé trong lép hoc ngoai ngi. Phuong phap cd, ¢6 ti thei trung cé § chéu Au, duge goi la Grammar-transtation “method vi chi dua vao viéc hoc ngtt phdp va dich van. Nhing luan diém cia cdc trudng phdi mdi bac bé phuong phap gidng ngoai ng eti da duge Wilga Rivers téng két trong cuén Teaching Foreign Language Skills (1966) nhu sau: 4a the grammar-transtation approach, the communication skills are neglected. There is a great deal of emphasis on knowing rules’ and axceplions, bul litte training in using the language actively to express one's ideas even writing. Little stress is laid on accurate pronunciation, in an endeavour to practice the application of rules and the use of exceptional forms, the student is often trained in artificial forms of language, some of which are rare, some old-fashioned and many of lite practical use. The language learned Is mostly of a literary type and the vocabulary is detailed and sometimes obsolete. The average student has to work hard ai what he considers as laborious and monotonous chores (i.e. vocabulary learning, translation and endless writen exercises) without much feeling of progress in the mastery of the language and with very litte opportunity to express himself through it", ( Nguyen Van Nghe, ELT Methodology, DHSP.Ban cn Trong phuong phdp nod phap va dich, céc ky nang giao tiép khong dude chit ¥ ti. Ngudi ta nhain manh qué nhiéu vao vige thude cae qui tic va cde ngoai Ié, nhung lal khong day gi nhiéu viéc sd dung ngén ngi? mot cach tich cue dé dién dat y tuéng cia ban than ngay cd trong van viét. Chang cé naa manh gi nbiéu vé viéc phat 4m cho chinh xc. Dé 6 ging tép cho sinh vién thuc hanh cdc qui tac va ding cde mau dc biét, nguéi ta thuéng day cho ho nhing mau ngdn ng@ khéng ty. nhién, mét sO mau thi hiém, mét sO mau 161 théi, va niu mau chang 6 gid trj si! dung thiét thc. Ngén agi duoc hoc phan (dn id thubc loai ngén ngi van chuong va te vung thi nhiéu chi tiét va ddi khi xua cd. Nguii sinh vién trung binh phai vat va vdi niiing eéng vige ma anh ta cho la nang né va nham chan (vi dy hoe ti vung, djch va fam nhéng bai tap v6 tan 6 thé van viét), cam gide chdng 6 tién bé gi nhiéu trong viée nd ving ngén ngi cing nhu rat cd it co hdi dé dién dat ¥ twéng cua minh bang ngén agi a6. Va day 1a quan diém cua Aland Duff vé nhu céu va ede igi ich cia mén dich a 1. Influence of the mother tongue We all have a mother tongue, or first language. This shapes our way of thinking, and to some extent our use of the foreign language (pronunciation, choice of words, tone, word order, etc.). Translation helps us to understand better the influence of the one tanguage an the other, and to correct errors of habit that creep in unnoticed (such as the misuse of particular words or structures). And, because transfation involves contrast, it enables us to explore the potential of both languages - their strengths and weaknesses. Aland Duff, Translation, Oxford University Press 19892. Naturalness of the activity Translation is a natural and necessary activity. More so, indeed, than many of the fashionable actiyities invented for language learners. Outside the slassroom - in offices, banks, factories, shops, and airports - translation is going on all the time. Why not Inside the classrom? 3. The skills aspect Language competence is a two-way , not a one-way system. We need to he able fo communicate both ways: into and from the foreign language. Textbooks, understandably, place great emphasis on competence in the foreign Janguage. Yet little guidance is given on how to communicate back into the mother tongue, as many professionals need to do in their daily work. Translation is ideally suited for practising this vitat skill. 4. The reality of language The proper material of translation is authentic, not ‘made up' language. And all language is relevant to translation - all styles and registers of both speech and writing. Translation need not be confined to fiterature! Because the material Is authentic and wide-ranging in scope, the learner is being brought into touch with the whole language, and not just those parts isclated by the textbook. This is an aim to be found in almost all course descriptions: ‘to increase the students’ power and sange of expression’. Translation will certainly do this. §. Usefulness As a language learning activity, translation has many merits. Chief among these are: a. ft is an activity which, by its very nature, invites speculation and discussion. In translation, there is rarely a ‘right’ answer (though there may he several wrong ones!). It is not necessary for all the work in class to be done alone and in writing. Students can work in groups for oral discussion. The texts, which can be very short, serve as material both for reading and for discussion.b. Translation develops three qualities essential to all language learning: accuracy, clarity, and flexibility. It trains the learner to search (flexibility) for the most appropriate words (accuracy) to convey what is meant (ctarity). This combination of freedom and constraint allows the students ta contribute their own thoughts to a discussion which has a clear focus - the text. - c. Depending on the student's needs, and on the syllabus, the teacher can select material to illustrate particular aspects of fanguage and structure with which the students have difficulty in English (for instance, Brepositions, articles, il-clauses, the passive). By working through these difficulties in the mother tongue, the students come to see the link between tanguage (grammar) and usage. An example of this is the use of the passive in signs and notices (PARKING PROHIBITED, NO CREDIT ALLOWED) in English. In another language these might be rendered differently (Do not Park Here, We Give No Credit). d. Transtators will always be needed. Without them, there would be no summit talks, no glasnost or perestroika, no Cannes Film Festival, no Nobel prizes, no advances in medicine, science, or engineering, no international law, no Olympic Games, no Hamlet, no War and Peace... And who is to do all this necessary work? Either the professionals themselves, or the students of language. Only translation can give them the training they need. Ban pich 1. Anh huvéng tiéng me dé . . Tat cd ching ta déu co tiéng me dé, hay la ngdn noi thet nh&t. Ngén not nay hinh than cach ching ta suy nghi, va trong ching myc nao dé cach ching ta sit dung ngoai ng (cach phat 4m, cach chon tu, 4m diéu, trat ty cla ty v.v...). Dich gitip ching ta hiéu 6 hon anh huéng cia ngén ng@ nay déi voi ngén ng kia va gitip ching ta sda chila ning sai lim do thdi quen xen vao ma ching ta chang dé y (vi dy nh ding sai mét sé ti hay cu tric dac bi8t nao do). Lai nita; 7* pdi vi dich doi hOi su dOi chiéi nén nd gidp ching ta tim hiéu tiém nang cia cd hai ngén ngif - nhiing sé tnidng va nhing sé dodn cda ching. 2. MGl hoat déng ty-nhiéa Dich la mOt hoat déng ty nhién va cdn thiét. Qué that nd ty nhién va cén thiét hon nhiéu hoat déng thdi thugng khdc ma ngudi ta da phat minh ta cho “ngudi hoc ngoai ngi. Dich luén lu6n xdy ra bén ngoai lip. hoc - trong cdc co quan, ngan hang, nha may, cda hang va phi truéng. Vi vay tai sao nd khéng xdy + ta trong ldp hoe? 3. Phuong dign ky nang Kha nang théng thao ngén ngi la mét hé théng hai chiéu chit khéng ‘phai mot. Gining ta can phai giao tip dug trong ca hai chiéu: chuyén ra ngoai ng va lw ngoai ngit tré vé tigng me dé. Cée sdch gido khoa déu dat ndng sy théng thao ngoai ng@ - diéu nay cing dé hiéu thé’. Nhung ngudé ta chang day gi vé cdch giao tiép ngude tré jai bang tiéng me dé, nh nhiéu aka chuyén mon thudng can phdi iam nhu vay trong céng vige hang ngay eda ho. Mén dich ia thich hop mét cach iy tuéng eho vibe thie hanh ky nang thiét yéu nay. 4. Thue tidn ngén ngit Tai ligu thich hgp cho mén dich phai la ngén ng@ xée thic chi khéng phai gia tao. Va toan b6 ng6n ngi - moi but phdp va moi loai van cda ngén ngit ndi va viét - déu thich ding dé dich. Dich khéng nh&t thiét chi bé gon vao van chuong ma théi! Bai vi tai liu la xdo thao va cd pham vi réng, e6 nghia 14 ngudi i9e dude tiép xdc voi toan b6 ngén ngd, chit khéng phai chi nhing phn duge ” sdeh gido khea téch ra. Day mét myc dich cén phai cé trong hau hét cde loai giéo trinh: "Lam gla tang kha nang dién dat va pham vi dién dat cia sink vién". ~itén dich chac chdn sé thye hign muc dich nay. 5. Hou ich La mt heat dong trong viéc hoc ngoai ng@, mén dich cé rét nhiéu uu dim. Ming wa diém chinh co thé Ké ra sau day:a. Day la m6t hoat déng, do ban chat cla nd, dua dén suy dodn va thao Juan. Trong mén dich, hiém khi 6 cau trd loi “ddng" (mae ddu-cé thé cb rat nhiéu cdu tra (di sail). Bai tap trong lop khéng ahat thiét phai lam riéng r8 hay bing vin viét ma théi. Cdc ban van od thé rat ngdn va duge dang fam (ai ligu 06 doc va dé thao Wan, b. Mon dich phat huy ba phdm chat thiét yéu cho vie hee ngoai ng@ néi chung: Tinh chinh xdc, tinh trong sdng va tinh uyén chuyén. NO tap cho hoc vién tim toi (uyén chuyén) ning te thich hgp nb&t (chinh xéc) dé truyén dat nhiing gi cd ¥ muén ndi (trong sdng) sy ket hgp gida ty do va su han ché nay cho phép ngudi sinh vién déag gdp y kién cia minh vao mot cudc thdo luan cé mét tam diém 16 rang: Bo a ban van. e. Tay theo nhu céu cia sinh vin va tay theo chong trinh hoc, thay gido chon tai ligu dé gidi thich nhdng khla canh déc biét cda ngén ngd hay cau trtic ma sinh vién gap khé khan trong tiéng Anh (vi du: gidi tt, mao ti, loai ménh dé if-clauses, thé thu déng). Bang céch co gang giai quyét cdc kid khda nay khi dich ra tiéng me dé, sinh vién sé thay duge méi quan fe gida ngén agit (ngi@ phap) va cdch si dung. Mét thi du cho diéu nay fa cach ding thé thu déng treng cdc bién bdo va théng cdo: PARKING PROHIBITED (Cém. dau xe), NO CREDIF ALLOWED .(Khéng ban chix). Trong mét ng6n ngif khac, nhitng céu nay c6 thé dude thé hién mét cach khac (Do Not Park Here, We Give No Credit). _ a. Ngudi ta lun tuén can toi cdc théng dich vién: Khéng cé ho thi sé khong ‘66 cde cude hop thudng dink, khéng cé edi md, khéng c6. tat cau tréc, khéng cé Lién hoan phim & Cannes, khdng 6 ede gidi thudng Né-ben, khOng co cée tién bO trong y khoa, khoa hoe, trong nganh ky su, khéng co céng phép quéc té, khong e6 cde cudc thi Bai hoi thé thao O-lin-pic, khéng cé Hamlet, khong cé Chién tranh va héa bint ... Va cé ai dé iam tat cd mhiing cng vide can thiét nay? Hoge chinh la cée mia chuyén mon, hodc a cdc sink vién ngoai ngt. Chi cé mon dich mdi cho ho sv hudn tuyén can thiétDén day ching ta e6 thé hinh dung ra duge mOt sé nguyén tic cin ban vé viée day dich: Mén dich, cang nhu cde mén thye hanh khde, phai déng gop vao kha nang luu lodt cla sinh vién, viét cing nhu néi. Mét trong nhing bién phdp dé thuc hién muc tiéu nay 1a tim cach tang von tit nang dong (active vocabulary) eda sinh vién. Tai ligu dich phai dé c4p dén nhidu Iinh vye khdéc nhau cia dvi sing. Vé khia canh nay, cuén sdch day dich cé thé quan nigm nhu mét ts bdo, Sai Gon Gidi Phéng, Thanh Nién hay Tuéi Tré, gom nhiéu trang muc va du loai tin tig. Khae véi truéc day, ngdn ngit van chugng nay chi chiém m6t phén nhé trong tai liéu dich. Tinh thye tin 1a tiéu chi hang dau dé chon tai ligu. Ching ta thit xét hai doan van sau d4y, trich tir truyén ngin "Hai muci mét nam sau" cia nha van Ly Lan nhém lam r6 quan diém nay. i. Trai tim chj that lai phan khang. Nhung ma, chang trai hai mui tudi dé chinh [a hinh anh da luu gid trong tdi: rin rong, mt sing, toat lén than sic manh liét va hoang dudng, Tiéng thd dai khong biét nén vao dau, ndi buén tri len da diét, Sao ky ae ci li ra nhu da tng, ma thd gian thi nbut nude, mai miét r6i di. Mink buéc qua tudi bOn musi tit bao gid? It, Hao Nhién vita di vita vung tay ban cai diéu gi hang hai lim. Cé ban gai di bén canh, bang tryc gidc cia phy nu, chgt ngitéc nbin lén. Anh mat c6 gai vila giéu cot, vita thach thc. Trdi tim dang cang u cia Thiy oa vo. Trung diing budc bén canh chj. Anh nhin theo dnh mat cia chi. Va cdi nhin chot bat déng giay lat. R6i anh quay qua nhin Thuy. Khé cham vao tay chi. Théy ngo ngac: "No tén Khau Hao Nhién, C6 thé tin duge khong?" 40C6 thé, Diéu gi cting cé thé cd. Cach don gidn nat fa tim hé so sinh vién 3 van phéng khoa. Khi nan vién gido vy dua ban ly lich trich ngsng ctia sink vién cho Trung, thi chudng Iai reo. Van phong yén tinh lai. Niuing tai Thuy van fang bung, chj Wa han vao cai ta hé so. R6 rang ng6én ngw trong doan I 1a ngén ngit thudn tiy yan chuong ddy nhifng vi von béng bay, va ngén ngi trong doan fi ia ngon ngi cua dai thudng, ti’ ving phén Idn hiéu theo nghia den, X6t theo quan niém day dich hién dai, thi doan II (tri cau "Trai tim dang cing t cilia Thiy da vé") phi hop hon. Doan I, o4 nhiéu cau chit cdn phdi dién gidi (paraphrase) méi c6 thé dich ra tiéng Anh dé ngudi ta hiéu va chdp nhén. Nhu vay ching ta da roi bé nguyén tac va phai rdi bé nguyén téc thi chon doan van dé lam gi? Day khong phai la doan van t6t dé day dich bdi lé trude hét nhiing céch dién dat cdm xtc nhy vay khé tim thay trong déi thuong va sau nia khi dich xong, nguti sinh vién chang 6 thé ung dung cu chit mdi hoe dé dién dat nhitng ¥ nghi va nhing cim xtc binh thugng eda minh. Chang cé ly gi phai toat mé héi va hao tén thi gid dé dich nhiing doan van nhu vay trong mét 1ép ngoai ngt ma muc dich chinh 1a nang cao khé nang thye hanh tiéng. Nhung d6 1a cdéch chon tai li¢u danh cho mén dich trudée day va dé cing 1a léi ldm néi bat mhdt ma cdc phuong phdp gidng day hién dai thudng nhde téi 48 chi trich - phuong phaép “Grammar - translation” Hoat dong trong lép day dich méi cing khae han. Sinh vién khéng phai ngéi im suét budi hoc dé dich viét nhu truéc day. Dich miéng nhiing doan vin ngin cé chudn bj truée cho mét myc di ’ gidng day nao 46 1a mét hoat dong quan trong. Né giuip cho ngui sinh vién duge lanh Igi hon va nhd tiét kigm duge théi gian, sinh vién c6 ec hi tiép xe duge nhiéu hon véi ngoai ngit qua céc ban van hay déi phé véi nhiéu van dé dich duge dat ra bii tigng me dé hay ngoai ngit hon va nhé thé mét tiét hoc ¢6 chat Iugng hon.Sinh vién ciing duge khuyén khich dua ra nhiing ban dich cia riéng minh cho mét céu chit hay mot doan van cdn phai dich va duge khuyén khich thdo luda dé tim ra ban dich tét nhat cho cd lép. Sy hudng d4n cha gidng vién 1é di nhién 1a quan trong, nhung cing nén nghi rang khong mt ai cé thé dua ra gidi phap cho moi van dé trén doi, dic biét cde vain dé ngén ngit. WL Nhing y nghi dan dén viéc bién scan cuén sach 1. CAn c6 mot cuén sach day dich cé noi dung gidng day ro rét va trinh bay c6 hé thong. Déi vdi sinh viaén, mét cudn sdch gido khoa nhu véy lam cho viée hee duge dé dang hon vi he biét duge ede mang kién thie cin ndm ving trong chuong trinh hoe va cde yéu cau cia chugng irinh hoe adi véi ho. Mot cuén sdch nhu vay cdng rat thudn tién cho viée én tap. Sink vién luén luén cén nhiing cuén. séch gido khoa ma ho cé thé st dung nhu nhiing ban dé trén con duéng hoc tap cia ho. 2, Di véi viée t8 chite giang day cia mot khoa hay mét trudng, va dae biét khi khoa va truding cé nhiéu hé dao tao khdc nhau, t6 chic 6 nhiéu dia diém khac nhau va sti dung m6t di ngii gido vién i6n, thi nhu eau tiéu chun héa ngi dung gidng day va phuong phap yidng day phdi dat lén hang ddu. Danh rang mdi gidng vién c6 nhitng sé trudng riéng, c6 nhitng phuong phdp riéng, nhung mot khi da 6 trong mot doi nga 4 thye hign mot chuong trink gidng “day din dén mot bing cép, thi cdi ndi dung gidng day téi thiéu chung ohat cho ca doi nga 1a cén phai c6. Cuén sach nay khong -lam hét moi viée cia nguvi gidng vién day dich, né chi dua ra mét 86 noi dung ma tac gid, ban than cing 1A mét ngudi day dich, thay la edn thiét. No cung cap nhéng kién thuc, nhung ky nang cain ban cho nguvi hoc dich va nhimg kién thuc, nhiing ky nang nay 1a co sé eu thé dé soan nhimg bai kiém tra va bai thi, ké ed bai thi wet nghiép. M6t trong nhing vdén nan mudn thud ca thi ei la “Hocmét dudng, thi mdt néo”, cuén sach nay la mot gidi,phap dé cho thi cl duge pha hgp. thiét thyc va gain lién véi chuong trinh. 8, Giang vién khong thé giang moi diéu ma minh théy cAn thiét trong lép béi vi thdi gian cla khéa hoc khéng cho phép. Va véi théi gian trén lép eo hep, sé luong kién thie truyén dat cing khong duge bao nhigu néu khéng co nhiing k& hoach hoc tap danh cho sinh vién ngoai gid hoc. Cudn sdch nay duge bién soan dé théa man yéu cau nay. Phan I: NGHIEN CUU NGON NGU 1a danh cho sinh vien doc va nghién ctfu ngoai ldp. Phan Il: DICH CHUYEN DE la ngi dung lam viée chinh 6 lép. Diéu nay rét phi hgp vdi tinh thdn gidng day va hoc tap ¢ Dai hoe béi vi né lam cho ngudi sinh vién trdé nén té dong hon, tu doc va nghién etfu nhiéu hon chit khong thy dong ché thay mdm cho titag chut kién thic mét. bh cue va chi 4. Bén la, gidng day mét mén hoe, dae biét mot mon hoe & mot trudng si pham, doi hdi ngudi gidng vién phdi chi y dén nhing quan diém gido hoe phaép mdi. Ngudi ta khong thé mi quang tin rang tat cd nhdng diéu cde nha gido hoc phap néi hom nay déu 1a ding, nhung nhiing quan diém cia ho cing dang cho ching ta ~ ede thay gido — phdi suy gim. ° Cuén séch nay lay cm héng tit mot sé y kién cla Alan Duff — tac gidi cuén Translation”. 5, Sau cing, mén dich néi riéng va chuong trinh ngoai ngi néi chung c4n phai thiét thyc, dap tng duge nhu cdu cia sinh vién va bat dau 6 chd cdn phai bat ddu, Ngay nay sinh vién hoc ngogi nga dén tir nhiéu nguén khde nhau, va lép hoc duge t6 chic & oe © Oxford University Press, 1989nhing dia phuong khae nhau. Dau vay, tat cd sinh vién déu 06 mot nhu cdu chung nhat: Dé la kha nang nghe, ndi va viét dap ving duge nhitng déi héi hang figay trong giao tiép va trong céng viéc. Kinh nghiém cho thiéy nhiing chuong trinh hoc nang vé kién thie thu déng, 6 tinh tit chuong, khéng nhdn manh cdc kf nang thuong khéng cé higu qua. Lai nifa nén bat dau tif dau? Nén cho sinh vién, dac biét sinh vién 6 tinh ma tai ligu ngoai ngit dé doc trong may nam hoe Dai hoe khéng nam ngoai may cuén sdch Reading textbooks, ti€p xtic va dich cde ban van cé ngén ngif cé tinh théng bao, hay cdc bai essays trong Newsweek va Time viét cho tri thie My, vita van chugng, vita han lam, day day cdc metaphors, cdc chi tiét x4 hGi, chinh tri, kinh té, vin héa cé tinh théi sy trong x4 hoi My ma ngudi bén ngoadi khéng phai luén luén ndm duge hét? Thay day hoe cé thé vi nhu nguvi bie edi thang va van dé la & ché nén dat cdi thang 6 dau dé sinh vién cé thé buée lén nhing tang nde mdi trong viée hoc dich néi riéng va hoc ngoai ngi néi chung. lil. N6i dung va cach suf dung sach Cuén séch gdm 2 phan, phdn I c6 12 chugng duge dat tén “Nghién Cau Ngon Ngit”, phan II cé 11 chuong duge dat tén “Dich Theo Chuyén Dé” va chugng cuét cing dua ra mt s6 bai gidi. “Nghién Cuu Ngon Ngi” 1a nhiing bai gidng dé cp dén cdc khia canh ngit phdp, ct phap, tit ving va ky nang dich. Day 1a phan danh cho sinh vién doc va nghién cvtu ngoai gid hoc trén lp. Gidng vién ¢6 thé danh ti 1 ~ 2 tiét hoc dé kiém tra kién thuc cia sinh vién vé méi chuong va gitp sita cic bai tap & trong hay cudi méi chuong. Mt trong nhiing cdch kiém tra kién thie la goi mot sinh vién tom luge néi dung cia chung va dua ra cdc vi du dé minh hoa méi diém. Cach thu hai 1a gidng vién dua ra mét cau vi du da 4acho trong sch hay cia riéng minh va bat sinh vién dich va gidng gigi nguyén tdc cd phdp, ngit phdp v.v., lién hé (phan nao, trang nao). Diéu dang néi 1a nén da dang héa céch kiém tra dé trénh sy don digu nham chan cia cdc tiét hoc. Sinh vién c6 thé chi déng nghién ctu toan bd c&c bai gidng ma khong can ché sy chi-dinh cda gidng vién, béi vi nhing mang kién thie vé ngon ngit 6 nhiing chuong sau cia phdan “Nghién Cuu Ngén Negi” c6 thé duge van dung ngay trong céc chuong dau cia phan “Dich Theo Chuyén Ba”. Musi mét chuong “Dich Theo Chuyén Dé” 1a nhiing tiét 1én lép. Méi chuong ¢6 ba phan. Phén thi nhdt dé cap dén t¥ vung thugc lanh vye chuyén dé nhu vin h6a, trat tf tri an v.v. Phan thi hai gém cdc ban van tigng Anh dé cdép dén chuyén dé ciia chuong. Sau d6 la cdc ban van tiéng Viét 6 Phan thif ba eda chuong thuéng duge lay tit bdo chi Viet Nam. Mue dich etia eae chugng “Dich Theo Chuyén Dé” 1a gitip sinh vién tiép c4n vdi ngén ngit cha mi lanh vue va cach sit dung tiv vung, cau tric, ngd phap. Nhing badn van tiéng Anh cung cap nhiéu théng tin vé m&t nay. Va day la nhiing diém cu thé dé gidng vién dimg l6p gidng gidi G cudi mét 36 lén ede ban van tiéng Anh c6 mét sé bai tap khade nhau ma mue dich 1a gidp sinh vién ném bat dugc nghia va cAch sit dung ede tit vung tigng Anh va sii dung chung dé dich nhing cau trong c4c bai tap dich Viét - Anh tiép theo di nhing cau nay c6 lién hé dén y trong ban van hay khéng. ~ Cac ban van tiéng Viét trong cling mét chugng (Phin I) ngodi mye dich gidp sinh vién lam quen véi eée ngén tir tiéng Viét trong - mét lanh vue va tang cudng kha nang luu lodt cia ho khi dich sang tiéng Anh, cdn gitp ho déi phé véi ngén ngi Viét ty nhién nhu ngudi ta thye sy néi va viét, chit khong phdi 1a loai ngon ngit da duge cit tia, gidn luge vi muc dich gidng day.Tuy e6 nhiing thay d6i dé da dang héa hoat dong trong Isp, nhung mot tiét hge dich khéng thé bé qua nhiing bude cin ban sau: a, Dich miéng ban van tiéng Anh ra tiéng Vist. b. Ghi nh4n cdc ti vung, c&e cau tric duge cho 14 can thiét. e. Si dung lai cde tit vung, cde céu tric dé dich cde ban vin tiéng Viét ra tiéng Anh. Trong gido hoc phap, hoat dong ¢ (c) goi 1a reproduction (tdi ao) va duge coi la hoat dong quan trong, khong thé thiéu duge dé nam viing ngoai ngit. Cac ban van dé dich ra tiéng Viét hay nguge lai thuéng chi 1a mt ciu hay m$t doan van ngdn, vila nhaim tap trung vao, hay lam rd, mét diém gidng day nado d6 vita di dé gidi quyét trong 5, 10 phét hay t6i da 1a mot tiét hoc, tranh sy kéo dai cé thé gay cim gidc néng'né va buén chan. Nhiing ban van ngan nay cing phi hgp cho ich miéng, dé gidng vién cé thé kiém sodt duge kha nang doc cia sinh vién va gitip sinh vién stia chia nhting sai s6t lién hé d&n cdéch phat 4m cia mgt sd tir vung hay nhip digu cia to&an céu yan. Sinh vién nén ghi nhé rang véi tiéng Anh, chi biét mat chi khong ma théi thi khéng thé goi la ndm ving tir vung duge. ‘Trong mdi chuong, c6 m6t sé ban van day dé, nhung gidng vién chi nén chon mOt hai doan dé bat sinh vién dich. Sé di cé ohitng ban van nhu vay 1a 48 cho sinh vién thay sy mach lac gitta tac doan van, sy lién hé gitia ngi dung cdia toan bai va ngi dung cua doan van duge chon dich, va trén hét 1a dé kich thich va thach dé nhiing sinh vién cé kha nang va cé hing khdi trong hoc tap va cé khat vong lam nén nhimg tac phém dich ddu tay. That khong c6 gi sung suéng va ‘vinh dy bang, & théi ky sinh vién ma'da dich duge day da mét truyén ngdn ohu truyén “Sac Hong”.Phan i NGHIEN CUU NGON NGU Chuong I CHUYEN BOI CU PHAP (CONVERSION) Chuyén déi ci phap (conversion) 1a sy bién déi tit mot cdu tric ci phap (a syntactic construction) nay sang mgt cau trie ct phap khde ma khéng lam thay déi nghia cua cdu van. Muc tiéu eta viéc luyén tap chuyén déi cd php la nh&m da dang hoa cau trdc eau van trong mt bai vin. Chung ta thi xét sy chuyén héa cé phap trong m$t sé khdi niém sau: Nguyén nhan Viet Vi chung ta chju dnh hudng cia tiéng me dé, ching ta thuong bd nhiing phu dm cuéi khi chung ta néi tiéng Anh. Anh Clause Because/As/Since /we are influenced by our mother tongue, we tend to drop some final consonants when we speak English. Ménh dé trang tit (adverbial clause) chi nguyén nhan 6 trén, 6 thé chuyén héa thanh cdc c&u trie khdée ma khong lam thay déi nghia cau van: Participial phrase Influenced by our mother tongue, we tend to drop some final consonants when we speak English. Prepositional phrase Under the influence of our mother tongue, Because of the influence of our mother tongue,On account of the influence of our mother tongue, On account of the fact that we are influenced dy ... As a result of the influence of ... Vigt Boi vi chting téi Rhéng cé gi dé lam, ching t6i xuéng cén-tin dé uéng ca phe. Anh Because we had nothing to do, we went to the canteen for a cup of coffee. (Clause) Having nothing to do, we went to... (Participial phrase) Without anything to do, we went to. Vist Vi t6i khodi dn nhéu, t6i da tidu xdi nhiéu tién cho cdi thi. vui nay. Anh As I was fond of food and drink, I spent a lot of money on this pleasure. (Clause) Being fond of food and drink, I spent a lot of money on this pleasure. (Participial phrase) (Prepositional phrase) Fond of food and drink, I spent a lot of money on this pleasure. (Adjective phrase) Viet Vi cang ngay cang cé nhiéu ngudi tré Igi truéng dé hoc thém, ban gidng hudn théy cn phdi thay d6i chuong trinh dé dap ung nhu cdu cua nhom sinh vién ddc bist nay, Anh Because mere and more people are coming back to school to further their studies, the teaching staff find it necessary to change the syllabus to meet the need of this special group of students. (Clause) With more and more people coming back to school to further their studies, the teaching staff find it necessary to change the syllabus to ... (Prepositional phrase) 18Vigt Vi thiéu chuyén mén, Xudn bj chuyén qua mét b6 phan khde ctia cng ty. . Anh Since he lacked the qualifications, Xuan was sent to another office of the company. (Clause) Prepositional phrase - On account of his lack of the qualifications, Xuan was sent to... From lack of the qualifications, Xuan was sent to ... Participial phrase Lacking the qualifications, Xuan was sent to ... Relative clause Xuan, who lacked the qualifications, was sent to another office ... Vigt Vi thite duge nhu céu nghién citu cila sinh vién, khoa Anh cO gdng bd sung tit sdch va tan trang lai phong doc sdch. Anh Because the English department is aware of its students’ need of research, it makes efforts to supply new books to its library and refurbish its reading room. (Clause) Being aware of its students’ need of research, the English department makes efforts to... (Participial phrase) Aware of its students’ need of research, the English department makes efforts to ... (Adjective phrase) The English Department, which is aware of its student's need of research, makes efforts to supply new books the library and- refurbish its reading room. (Relative clause) - Visg... Vigt Ank dy chdng phan déi gi vt sg bi chup mii la ké pha réi. Anh He made no objections because he feared he might be branded a troublemaker. (Clause) qoHe made no objections for fear of being branded a troublemaker. (Prepositional phrase) ” Fearing that he might he branded a troublemaker, he made no objections. (Participial phrase) Khi/trong khi (thoi gian) ° Viet Ant Vigt Ani = igi Anh Khi con tré, anh dy da thich mén ve. While he was still a child, he already developed an interest in drawing. (Clause) While still a child, he already developed an interest ‘in drawing. (Reduced clause) As a child, he already developed an interest in drawing. (Prepositional phrase) Being a child, he already developed an interest in drawing. (Participial phrase) Khi ba 6 dy mdt, c6 tré vé nha dé gitip dé ngudi em trai. When her father died, she returned home to help her brother. (Clause) On her father’ death, she returned home to help her brother. (Prepositional phrase) Khi ching ta doc am nay, ching ta phdi ngdm méi cho chat. When we pronounce this sound, we have to close our lips tightly. In pronouncing this sound, we have to close our lips tightly. (Prepositional phrase) When pronouncing this sound, we have to close our lips tighly. (Reduced clause)Viet Khi chdim bai thi cda Xudn, thdy gido cé chi€u cé dén thoi gian nghi binh lau dai ciia c6 Ay. Anh When the teacher marked Xuan's examination paper, he favourably took her long absence from illness into consideration, (Clause) In marking Xuan's examination paper, the teacher favourably took her long absence from illness ‘into consideration. (Prepositional phrase) When marking Xuan's examination paper, the teacher favourably took her long absence from illness into consideration. (Reduced clause) Viel Khi chiée chu duge hoan thanh sé cé lé khanh thanh. Anh There will be an inaugural ceremony when the bridge is completed. (Clause) There will be an inaugural ceremony on (the) completion of the bridge. (Preposttional phrase) Néu sy Viel Néu bj tuyén dn la cd t6i, ba ay c6 thé bj mudi.nam ti. “Anh If she is convicted, she may face ten years in prison. (Clause) If convicted, she may face ten years in prision. (Reduced clause) Convicted, she may face ten years in prision. (Participial phrase) NHAN XET Thong thudng, dé nhdn manh y “div kign’, thi if clause hogc reduced clause véi chi if duoc ding. Participial phrase, nhu truing hgp trong cau “Convicted, she may face ten years in prision” cé thé tudng duong vdi “If she Is convicted” ma cling co thé tudng dugng vdi "When she is convicted".Vigt Riéng ré, thi nhitng chi tiét nay cé vé nhé nhdt, nhung néu rap lai vdi nhau, thi chiing sé cho chiing ta mét bute tranh toan dién vé cuge séng hoi do. Anh Separately, these’ details seem to be insubstantial, but if they are pieced together, they will give us a complete picture of what life was like then. (Clause) .». but if pieced together, they will give us a complete picture of life in that period. (Reduced clause) .. but pieced together, they will give us a complete picture of what life was like in that period. (Participial phrase) Dé / nham / cho (chi myc dich) Vidt Ho nudi 5d dé ldy thit va sita. Anh They raise cows for meat and milk. (prepositional phrase) They raise cows to have/to get meat and milk. (infinitive phrase) Viét Ban duge dat nhau that xa dé ngdn ngita gian lan. Anh Desks are set a good distance apart to prevent cheating. (infinitive phrase) . Desks are set a good distance apart in order to prevent cheating. (prepositional phrase) Néu cum tit chi muc dich cé mét chi ng khdec véi chad ngit chinh cia edu (S) khi dich qua ting Anh, phdi ding mét so-that clause hay cu true for someone to do something. Vigt Ban duge dat cdch xa nhau thét xa dé sinh vién khéng thé s gian lan dugc/dé gian lan khéng thé thuc hién duge. Anh Desks are set a good distance apart so that the students can’t commit cheating (= can’t cheat). Desks are set a good distance apart so that cheating will be impossible. 22Vist Canh sdt huyt cdi dé-chan chiée xe lai. Anh The policeman blew his whistle to stop the car. Vi6l Cink sit huge cdi dé chide xe ditng. Anh The policemen blew his whistle for the car to stop. * Tyong tru’ng hgp nay khong thé néi: ... so that the car will stop, béi vi né khéng dién ta suf tue khdc. Vigt Thdy gido dinh edi ban dé len bang cho chting téi xem. 5 2 Anh 'The teacher fixed the map on the blackboard for us to see. The teacher fixed the map on the blackboard so that we can see it. Lan nay, hai céu trée tuong duong nhau vi trong so-that clause c6 trg dong tif can, chit khong phai will. Muén + thi phai (myc dich Vist Muén hoi nhGp vao thé gidi, Viet Nam edn phai da dang héa ede quan hé ngogi giao va cdi thién hé théng ludt phdp cia minh. Anh In order to integrate into the rest of the world, Vietnam needs to diversify its foreign relations and improve its judiciary system. Viat Mudén vao dai hoc, anh phdi chudn bi ngay bay gia. Anh To / In order to / go to college, you have to make preparations right now. - If you want to enter college, you have to make preparations right now. (If clause) Viel Mudén con anh vio dai hoc, anh phéi chudin bj cho n6 ngay bay gid. 8 Anh If you want your son to enter college you have to make preparations for him right now. For your son to enter college, you have to make preparations for him right now. 23 |Viet Dé dat nude hoa réng, chiing ta phdi lao déng tich cue. s Anh For our country to become a dragon (= an economic tiger), we must work hard. _ If our country is to become a dragon, we must work hard. Voi ba vi du sau, chting ta thay trong cau tre chi mue dich di dau cdu, cé6 mt chi: ngd khde véi chi ngit chinh eda céu (S). Trong truéng hyp nay ching ta khéng thé st dung To hodc In order to ma phai ding If hode For + noun + infinitive. . Bai tap i. Dich nhitng cau nay ra tiéng Anh, si dung cdc edu tric khac nhau cho phin co gach & bén dudi a. Vi khong noi dude tiéng Anh (can’t / unable), éng dy phai lam b6 digu dé cho biét nhting gi éng on. b. Vithiéu tién mat, céng ty chung tdi phai hiry bd nhiéu dgn dat hang. (to lack cash / to be strapped for cash) c. Mac du ty I@ mo chd 4 mic 38% dan sd, An Bd da dat duge nhtng thanh tich ngoan myc (make dramatic achievements) trong nganh cng nghé tin hoc nhe sy dau ty cla chinh phi vao cdc trung tam gido duc. d. Via mdi téi thi téng thong da md mét cuge hop bao (no sooner / upon).e. Can nha béc ehdy (go on fire) lie 5 gid sang. Nhé duce phat hién (discover) kip thoi nén khong 6 thiét hai gi vé tai sn. (as / owing) 2. Dich nbiing c4u sau day, dé y dén cum tit chi muc dich hode muc dich + diéu kién a. Bé san phdm cia ching ta canh tranh duge vdi hang ngoai, ching ta phai cai tién mau ma va chat lugng cia chung. (a design) b, pé xudt khdu dude hang héa cia chiding ta qua MY, chting ta can nghién ctu luat phap va thj trudng nude My. c. No thich & nha dé cé thé hoe nhiing gi né thich va theo dudi cdc van dé né quan tam cho dén cling. 3. X4c dinh c4c ménh dé chi théi gian trong cau sau day va dich cA cau ra tiéng Anh Hang nam cu vao cudi thu I ngoai dudng rung nhiéu va trén khong 6 nhiiing dam may bang bac, long tdi lai nao nao vdi bao ky niém cia budi tuu trudging.Notes LA ngoai dung rung nhiéu Long téi lai nao nao 26 leaves begin to fall in drifts from the trees in the streets my heart is stirred / I'm stirredChuong I DICH CAU: HAI BUOC CAN BAN |. Tim ¥ chinh cda cau Cau 1a don vi can ban ctia mt doan dich. Buée dau tién va can ban trong vige dich cau tir Viét ra Anh la tim ¥ chinh edia cau. Tim y chinh cia c4u vé m4t cd phdp 14 tim ménh dé chinh ciia cau, tiic 1a. tim chi ngit chinh (S) va déng tit chinh (V) cia cau, sau day tim ra y phu. Vdt Chuong trink do Hgi déng Anh va Téng Lanh sy quan Anh t6 chite, Chinh phi Anh quéec tai tro, dé mé nhiéu khoa hoc tai Ha N6i, TPHCM va mét sé tinh thanh tit ndm 1996. Doc hét c4u trén, ching ta thay chi ngiv cia toan cau 12 chuong trinh (S) va dong tit chinh 1A dé mé (V). Vi vay trong c4u dich tiéng Anh, ching ta cé ménh dé chinh: ~ The program has launched (opened / held) several classes (courses) in Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City and some provincial cities since 1996. . Dén day ching ta c6 thé xét cdc cum tif trong cau: ~ do H6i déng Anh va Téng Lanh su qudn Anh t6 chite: Cum ti nay bé nghia cho danh tir “chuong trinh” va vi vay ching ta 6 thé nghi dén m6t participial phrase hay relative clause. (the programme) organized by the British Council and the British consulate 27