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    Science experiment

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    10 views16 pages

    Science Expeimernts

    Uploaded by

    prasadamit532
    Science experiment

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 16
    Osiective studying the dependence of the potential difference (V) across a resistor on the current (I) passing through it and “Jotermine its resistance. Also plotting a graph between V and I Apparatus/MAtERIALS REQUIRED. (Four dry cells (e.m4. 1.5 V each with a cell holder) or 2 battery eliminator (id A resistor of about 5.2 (ii) An ammeter (0-3 A) (iv) A Voltmeter (0-10 V) (v) Aplugkey (vA piece of sand paper Tueory/Basic Concerts INVOLVED According to Ohm’s law, the potential difference (V) applied across the ends of a resistor is directly proportional to the current ()) flowing through it provided the physical conditions of the resistor (dimension, temperature etc.) remains the same i.e., vel or ¥ = constant (= R) or v= IR Here R is a constant for the given resistor. For a given temperature, the resistance of given resistor remains constant. PRoceDURE Arrange the apparatus on the table as shown in Fig. 4.1.3 2, Take fresh pieces of connecting wires. Before Connecting the apparatus, rub the ends of the connecting, wires properly using a sand paper to make the terminals conducting. 3. Check that the pointers of the voltmeter and ammeter are coinciding with zero. If not, adjust them otherwis 4. Note the range and least count of voltmeter (V) and ammeter (A) 5. Setup the circuit by connecting different components with the help of connecting wires. First of all connect only one cell in the circuit. If battery eliminator is used keep the rating of the output voltage at the minimum (say 1.5 V). Make sure that the terminals of ammeter and voltmeter are connected correctly as shown in the circuit diagram. 6. Insert the key in the plug. Note the readings of the ammeter and voltmeter and record them in the table 7. Now connect another cell in the circut (If battery eliminator is used increase its rating say 3 V). Insert key in the plug. Again note and record the voltmeter and ammeter readings. 8. Repeat the experiment by connecting three cells and four cells in the circuit (In case of eliminator by changing its rating). Note and record ammeter and voltmeter readings. note the zero error. OBsERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS Range of ammeter = secs A ne Least count of the ammeter = . a Zero error of the ammeter = . Range of voltmeter = Least count of the voltmeter ~ Mean Resistance The graph plotted between V and [isa straight line graph which passes through the origin on extending backwards. Thisverifies the Ohm’s law. The value of the resistance, R of given resistor Q ACW ae } Resutt/CONCLUSION From calculations = From the slope of the graph = Current in amperes) —P PRECAUTIONS Fig. 4.1.4 Verification of Ohm's Law 1. The ends of the connecting wires should be cleaned properly using a piece of sand paper. 2. While connecting different components make tight connections. 3. Observe the least count of the ammeter and voltmeter carefully before starting the experiment. 4, Insert the key in the plug when you are ready to record the readings. After noting the reading remove the key immediately. 5. If the pointer in the ammeter/voltmeter is not coinciding with the zero of the ammeter/voltmeter, ask the laboratory assistant to adjust the adjustment screw. 6. In the circuit, always connect the ammeter in series and voltmeter in parallel to the resistor. , Objective 7 Preparing a temporary mount of a leaf peel to show stomata. ArparatusMareriats REQUIRED W Leaves of canna planvlily leaf (i (w) Water ) (wit) Brush viii) (x) Compound microscope wi si) Glycerine (xiv) (xv) Watch glass Tueory/Basic Concerts INVOLVED Knife/scissors Blade Needles Droppers Coverslip (iii) (vi) (ix) (xii) (xv) Petri dish Forceps Plain slide Safranin Blotting paper Green plants can synthesize food materials by a process called photosynthesis. For this process they need CO,, water and sunlight as raw materials along with the chlorophyll in the green leaves. They obtain water from the soil, sunlight from sun. CO, is taken through tiny openings in the leaves called stomata. The stomata are broken lacunae in the epidermis (outer covering of leaf) surrounded by semi-lunar (half moon) shaped cells called guard cells. The guard cells have thin outer and thick inner walls. The guard cells contain chloroplast These guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata. Various factors like light, temperature, carbon dioxide and water affect the rate of photosynthesis. The number, distribution and type of stomata varies in different plants. , PROCEDURE 1, Pluck a fresh canna leaf or lily leaf, cut it into small Pieces and put in 2. Transfer a few pieces of leaf in a watch glass containing water in it 3, Hold a leaf stretched between your thumb and forefinger and break the leaf so that the epidermis comes out from the lower surface of the leat Peel off the epidermis and cut them into small pieces Add one or two drops of safranin stain in the Wait for two minutes for the peel to take-up the stain, Transfer a piece of epidermis into a clean plain slide with the help of a brush Put a drop of glycerine on the epidermis, Take a coverslip, keep it at 45° needle. 10. Drain out the excess stain by using blotting paper. 11. Focus the material under the low power of 2 petri dish containing water in it. and put in a watch glass containing water, petri dish with the slide and gently lower it down over the epidermis by using a @ compound microscope and observe the features. 12, Count the number of stomata and epidermal cells in the field of the microscope. 13. Observe and identify the contents of guard cell under high power of the microscope. Fig. 6.1.1 Steps of making leaf peel mount. | iceones otra ces 1—croropast, cies ag 1 unr cote uc cots Fig. 6.1.2(a) Leat peel with open stomata Fig, 6.1.2(6) Leaf peel with closed stomata Observations 1. The epidermis shows many cells arranged in a layer, 2. The cells are closely packed and are having distinct cell walls. —_—e The epidermal cells are broken at places withempty spacesor lacunae between them, knownas stomat, 3. ‘4, Each stomata is guarded by a pair of bean shaped cells called guard cells, which closes and opens the stomata. 5, Guard cells contain chloroplast and nucleus in it. Note: Draw the diagram of observed leaf peel with epidermis in the space given below : eS S.No. ‘Observation | | 1 ‘Number of stomata in the microscopic field | = | 2. Number of epidermal cells in the microscopic field oa | 4 2 3. 4 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 0. | __ Number of chloroplast in each guard cell | = | CAUTIONS a CA swea the peel on the slide taking care that it does not fold. ). Do not over stain or understain the peel. While putting coverslip, do it carefully and don’t allow any air bubble to enter in it Use a clean plain slide and a coverslip. . Put enough glycerine so that the peel does not dry up. Remove excess stain and glycerine by using blotting paper. . Hold the slide at the edges so that it does not become dirty. . Always use a brush to transfer peel to a slide. Mount the peel at the centre of the side. Never mount a peel piece which is bigger than the coverslip. J Osjective 2 Study of the following properties of acetic acid (ethanoic acid): (0 odour (ii) solubility in water (ii) effect on litmus (iv) reaction with metals (¥) reaction with sodium hydrogen carbonate Apparatus/CHEMICALS REQUIRED " (@ Sixtesttubes liv) Beaker (vi Pure acetic acid (ix) Lime water i) A burner (ii) One boiling tube (iii) Test tube stand () A delivery tube bent twice fitted in a cork (vil) Blue litmus solution (vii) Sodium bicarbonate () Sodium metal stored under kerosene Treory/Basic Concerts INVOLVED | XK 4, To acetic acid solution, add sodium bi- | Acolourless,odourless gasevolves | CO, indi 1, Acetic acid is carboxylic acid. oO 2. The formula of carboxylic acid is -C-OH 3, In IUPAC, its name is Alkanoic acid. ‘Alkane ror? Alkanoic acid oO 4. The general formula of carboxylic acid is R—C—OH, The general formula of alkyl group (R) is C,H, 5. The IUPAC name of acetic acid is ethanoic acid. 6. The pure and anhydrous acid is usally referred 0 as glacl forms ice like crystals. 7. tis miscible in water, ether and alcohol in all proportions. 8. Itdissolves in water with the evolution of heat. 9, Acetic acid is the main constituent of vinegar. 10. It is corrosive in nature. 11, ttalissolves sulphur, iodine and many other organic compounds 12, When sodium metal is added to ethanoic acid, hydrogen gas is evolved. 13, Acetic acid tums blue litmus to red. 14. On adding sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate to acetic acid, a colourless and odourless gas CO, evolves wit brisk efervescence which tums lime water milky CH,COOH ()) + NaHCO, (s) — CHCOONA (aq) + CO; (g) + H,0 (0 > 2CH,COOH () + Na,CO, (s) —+ 2CH,COONa (aq) + CO; (g) + H,0 () Acetic acid is a weak monobasic acid. ial acetic acid. On cooling below 289.5, it ae Procepure 1. Prepare dilute acetic acid solution by diluting glacial acetic acid with water. nay 1. Take dilute acetic acid solution in atest tube | The solution has an odour of | and smelt Vinegar. 2. Pick sodium metal carefully with a tong and | A colourless and odour i ‘add it to acetic acid. evolved, oss as | Hy dicate, Bring a burning splinter in contact with the | The splinter extinguishes and the gas | H confirmed. | Bs. burns with a popping sound, , : | 3,_To the dilute acetic acid solution, add blue i | eran Blue litmus solution changes to ed. | Thegiven solution isacidic | in nature. carbonate. with briskeffervesence. Pass the gas through lime water with the help | Lime w. Paes relp_| Lime water turns milky. CO, confirmed. PRECAUTIONS: _/ 4. Clean the apparatus thoroughly before starting the experiment. 2. Lime water used must be fresh 3. To control the intensity of Carbondioxide evolved, add only small amount (~ 10 mg) of Sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO, ) or sodium carbonate (Na,CO,) to ethanoic acid, rene _Oatecrve \4 Study of the saponification reaction for preparaticn of soap. _APraratus/Mareriats REQUIRED @ Common salt (~ 10 g) (ii). Sodium Hydroxide (ii) A sample of vegetable oil such as castor oil (~ 25 mL) (iv) Two beakers (250 mL) (v) Two test tubes (vi). A measuring cylinder (100 mt (vil) A glass rod (vil) A knife (ix) Blue and red litmus paper strips Tye6ry/Basic Concerts INvotveD Saponification is the reaction in which oil or fat on treating with sodium hydroxide solution gets converted into sodium salt of fatty acid glycerol. CH,OCOC,,H,, CH,OH i I CH—OCOC, Hy, + 3NaOH(aq) ——> 3C,;HysCOONa + CHOH | (Sodom Hydroxide) (Soap) | CH,OCOC,;Hs5 CH,OH Tilyceride castor oid (Glycerol oF Glycerine) During saponification heat is liberated hence, it is an exothermic reaction, Typos Take a 250 mL beaker, pour about 25 mL of castor oil in the beaker. 2. Prepare 20% solution of sodium hydroxide in distilled water. 3. Add 30 mL of sodium hydroxide solution in 25 mL of castor oil. Take a blue and a red litmus paper strip. Dip successively blue and red litmus paper strips into the mixture of castor oil and sodium hydroxide solution in distilled water. 5. Observe the change if any, in any litmus paper strip. Note it. 6. Touch the beaker from outside and note if any, change in temperature of the beaker is felt. 7, Take 5 to 10g of common salt and add in this mixture. Stir the mixture using a glass rod continuously till the soap begins to set. Add some antiseptic like dettol or antibacterial like bithional and perfume to the precipitated soap. Allow the mixture to coo! till almost all the soap becomes solid. It may take 24 hours to set in the form of cakes of fancy shapes. Cut the cake into desired shapes and sizes. id not included in CBSE Syllabus. FF - - ‘OBseRVATIONS it i the ‘On dipping litmus paper into the mixture, the colour of red litmus paper strip turns into sce: While colour of blue litmus paper becomes The temperature of reaction mixture .......... (increases/decreases) —Resutt/ CONCLUSION Soap solution is basic in nature. Saponification reaction is exothermic. Alkaline hydrolysis of vegetable oils gives soaps. JPRECAUTIONS 1. Use distilled water to prepare sodium hydroxide solution. 2. Stir the soap solution continuously so that it does not spill out of the beaker. 3. Allow sufficient time to cool the mixture, — Objective Studying (a) binary fission in Amoeba, and (b) budding in yeast with the help of prepared slides. Apparatus/MaTERIALs REQUIRED (0 Permanent slides of Amoeba (binary fission) yeast (bud (0 Compound Microscope ~Tutory/Basic Concerts INVOLVED Reproduction isa process in which an organism makes more of its own kind. There are two types of reproduction. They are asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction. ‘Asexual reproduction is a kind of reproduction where a single organism is involved. Here the organism undergoes mitotic division to produce new individuals. There are different modes of asexual reproduction. ‘They are: Binary fission (@) Fission sei Multiple fission (b) Budding (Q) Spore formation (@) Fragmentation ‘ (e) Regeneration (8. Vegetative propagation This kind of reproduction is seen in lower plants and some animals. Sexual reproduction is a kind of reproduction where a male and female parents are involved. They produce Barfetes of sex cells by a process called meiosis. This kind of reproduction is seen in higher plants and in most of the animals, In binary fission, a single mother cell divides into two daughter cells—frst the nucleus divides followed by the division of cytoplasm. Thus two daughter cells are formed and each of them will form its own organelles. Budding is very common method of asexual reproduction in which a small protuberance grows out from the body known as bud. By forming a constriction at the base, the bud gets separated from the parent. Sometimes the buds do not get separated and there by form a colony. —Phoceoure 1. Focus the permanent slide showing binary fission of Amoeba and budding in yeast under the microscope, 2, Observe and draw diagrams in the observation copy. PAA mae ete ne _PBavATiOns 1 2 The amoeba gets elongated when it becomes mature. ae . The nucleus elongates and become thinner in the 5) middle region and divides into two pe a n of nucleus is followed by division of petiz' lores toniaisreee 4. So two new individuals are formed from a single parent and the parent's identity is lost. 5. Other unicellular organisms which show binary fission are Paramoecium, Euglena etc. 4 Lg SAM S121 Leek AS A _Odservations _ 1. Yeast cells are usually spherical or oval in shape. Ei 2. When a yeast cell is matured, a bulb like projection arise from the parentbody called bud. jean. > + Pet 3. The nucleus divides and one of them move into the bud. Fig. 12.2 Budding in yeast cells 4, The buds upon maturity may get separated from the parent or a chain of buds can be formed on the parent cell 5, Budding is also found in other organisms like Hydra, _Rsutt/CoNncLusion The given slides are showing Binary fission in amoeba and Budding in yeast respectively. PRECAUTIONS 1. Focus the slide properly under low power and then under high power. 2. Draw the diagrams as you observe under the microscope. a)

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