26 >>> Si» SEN a a DU @ John calls the restaurant Little Asia. {| x13.01/02 DE OR: ite Py hw Tyr ct. Fay i fh Days TVCRLEF, TH DEROREERLL THAN LB OR: FITCH Ved. $5. BLELLIM. FEB BHEtH. Yay > PRUBL SLAVE TIA. BLAUHANECRUET. SH OR: EITHN. SRAM THO, Cob, BLED MISES THM, says —etTh, DOV ELK. ™ @ At the restaurant. [4 x13.03/04 UB & TYEAMLCILTIOT WS bE RMRKDSATH A 29a) BELERITHH DD. VSUSTAERASL, BRBLRASL. SH VARA YCTMOAC EASY ETH. 62a: 1. DEAI—ELALEMEU ET. SH OR: bl AMS BEKETH. oYay: it. LSUCBMOLET. PH OR: WAITS TORA Professor Yamashita comes to Little Asia. x13-05/08 Vbol edt. b, a, Yarvrh. AR. — 7a ITH lotr KEL TUSLTH OS Bo Tost. CHMRBEUYLOTT AYSQM 27 27: SOML-ACHARH HV ETL. WRG: BULTITTA, Leb, RXTHET. rE NG Manager: Yes, this is Little Asia. John: My name is John Wang. I saw your classified ad. Manager: I see. Well, shall we meet and have a talk? Can you come to the store today? John: I cannot come today, but if it's tomorrow, I think I can come. Manager: I see. Today is no good . .. All right. How about one o'clock tomorrow? John: One o'clock. Okay, I've got it Manager? Mr. Wang, why are you interested in this job? John: It seems interesting. I can meet various people; I can also use Japanese .. . Manager: Have you worked at a restaurant before? John: Yes, As a waiter, I have. Manager: Can you start tomorrow? John: Yes. I'll do my best. Manager: Good luck. @) John: Welcome. Oh, Professor Yamashita. Prof. Yamashita: John, do you work here? John: Yes. I work three days a week. Prof. Yamashita: I see. Which one is good? John: This curry is the most popular one. Prof. Yamashita: It looks good. Well, I will try this one.Nouns + 7L4I— BS Bee Hey ok boT aL 28D S756 lib. Saiz IN7 4-7 — #5 SAAWY NAD Som AEF SAIL (fl 05 At NGS RES LK-b bECL he -adjectives FAL we Ly RL bbw eu abl BLY Fo Baw avy waiter (someone's) house/home adult foreign language musical instrument karate curry kimono; Japanese traditional dress advertisement tea (black tea) language golf sweater elephant violin motorcycle (consumer) prices grammar lawyer recruitment shop; store yakuza; gangster promise; appointment (term) paper I (formal) glad sad hot and spicy; salty strict incredible; awesome close; nearB-adjectives + BOS (%) Ldbt (4) ee + 7% (te) U-verbs aL at + WANES we Ae LEC EELS Irregular BKEIFS Adverbs and Other WbooLeved wa ~@ ~s0 lot Ears EAS an ewceglasy WBIB =F] oa =48 aot =e} tor we woe Ba bua wa wa +B Lin 8 cl 2B cee +8 ~eelat Numbers (used to count days) various; different kinds of happy (lasting happiness) no good toknit (~#) to lend; to rent (person (= thing ©) to do one’s best; to try hard tocry to brush (teeth); to polish (~ €) to keep a promise to be moved/touched (by...) (~Ik) Expressions (someone honorable) is present/ home . times ... kilometers; ... kilograms as a matter of fact, ... all my nameis... one day two days three days four days five days six days seven days eight days nine days ten days30r>> SERB SCA Potential Verbs We use the potential verb to say that someone “can,” or “has the ability to,” do something, or that something is “possible” We make potential verbs using the rules listed below: ru-verbs: Drop the final -ru and add -rareru. BS (miu) + — B5NB (mi-rarenu) u-verbs: Drop the final -u and add -eru. F< (ikeu) + Slike) = HD + HTS ns + BUS RO - ios BS = BAS Teva. wel aS KS IFS RS + RNS i > #6 irregular verbs: C5ns SS + TS You may note that the potential forms of ru-verbs are considerably longer than those of the u-verbs, which happen to end in the hiragana %. (Compare 5 #4 and IH 4 in the above list.) There actually are shorter, alternative potential forms of ru-verbs and the irregu- lar verb < 4, which are made by adding the suffix -reru, instead of -rareru. These ra-less forms are gaining popularity especially among young speakers, but are considered slightly substandard. potential forms _ra-less potential forms ru-verbs: we — HSNS wn] He - g5ne Bans irregular verb: <3 + zane Ene Potential verbs themselves conjugate as regular ru-verbs. Fld BARGE AS ‘Bote T. Ican speak Japanese.SSH 31 Alda FUOLCT. (The truth is) cannot swim. Rao rt OT a (SATUS tt A 5 We could not go to the | beach, because it rained. ‘The table below summarizes the conjugation pattern of potential verbs.’ short forms long forms | affirmative negative affirmative negative | present B5NS RSME) BSNS ASneth past Bone RStsnote RSNE UE RSNECATLE | te-forn BSNT ‘Those verbs that take the particle # can take either or 4* when they have been made into the potential. € % 4, the potential counterpart of the verb $4, is somewhat special, and takes 4° almost all the time. All particles other than € remain the same when the verb is turned into the potential. verbs with @ : BFERD —- RFMD or RFARS wee Sate Fae BS-THS: {REIS + (BATES (HTS is considered substandard.) verbs with particles other than % : WCBS + Llc —_ (No particle change involved.) GH ~u To give the reason for something, we can use the conjunction 4° (reason) ‘5, (situation). " You can also express the idea of “can do” using a more complex construction: verb dictionary form + = & 4¢ TS. This construction is found mostly in the written language. The negative version of the sentence will be dictionary form + 2 EAST REV. AT YA SALEI— EMCI EMT ET. (Compare: FI —9MUET ) Mary can play the guitar. i‘ LOT b TARP ERI CENTS EL. (Compare: RVMAMA TUL) You cannot keep dogs and cats in this apartment.32 >>> SRR - SUE Qi CFL THF 4 -IREVATT A Why aren't you coming to the party? A: SLERRA SSD by PALM BLES eVITEOL TH. Ihave to may today, fea rere will be an exam tomorrow. When you want to mention not just one but two (or more) reasons, you can use L in place of #5. L usually follows a predicate in the short form. Ux (teason,) Ly (situation). | BABIEBELACL, HEMLOL, MULARBORR AALS CF. T really like my Japanese class, because Japanese language is interesting, and our teacher is good. RRS TROL, Be ESC LAL, 3DFl4eE TEN ‘aT ea) Yesterday was a great day—a friend came by, and I talked with my boyfriend on the phone. SHE AS TH bye eR Do you want to go back home? AL OUR, BRORBEBLUOL, VORKBIUSL, MUA GOTH. No. Life here in Japan is good, and I have good friends here. So I don’t want to go back You can use just one L clause, implying that it is not the only reason for the situation. WHR L, COMO BARTT. Life in this city is an easygoing one. Things are inexpensive, for one thing. Sometimes the L clauses follow the description of the situation explained. WEEE AE CH 0 BABOWKEFK ie. Rk Le RELL Professor Yamashita i is a great acen He is (goed at Backing land he is kind. Note that L. follows the short forms.’ In present tense sentences, this means that / appears with 4:-adjectives and nouns, but not with \ adjectives. L)-adjectives: BSLAWUL | t&-adjectives: ire EU) noun +@S: FEELS813 33 GH ~ 25 (It looks like...) We add 7 TF to \»- and %-adjective bases to say that something “seemingly” has those properties.’ When we say ~% 3 TF, we are guessing what something is like on the basis of our impressions. To form ~% 7 TF sentences with \ \-adjectives, you drop the final ++; with %-adjectives, you just drop %. The only exception is with the \ \-adjective \.\, which will be changed to £ % before 3. LOYATUBYLEICH. ‘This apple looks delicious. HLALRAHLSEITH. It looks like the weather will be fine tomorrow. ATY-SAMHAEITLKA’ It looked like Mary was fine. wee U\-adjectives: BULL > BULESTST (exception) LL) > &kkE5TT % -adjectives: 7h) > TESTS You can use 4 CF with negative adjectives too. The negative ending %\» is changed to 4% before 43.4 SOREL (WRZITH. ‘This book does not look difficult. CEIAAWLF FAUMEFURESEITT. It does not look like Tomoko is ae at tennis. ? In the very polite speech style, L_ can also follow the long forms, just like another reason connective 4b, which may follow long forms (as we learned in Lesson 6) as well as short forms (see Lesson 9). PURE CARB EMRLET. BRIGGS THL, BRBMBELSUTHL. Twill study Japanese next year, too. Ilike Japan, and what is more, the Japanese language is interesting. *You can also use & 7 CH with a verb stem to describe your impression or guess. LOL-F—-(LRTHATI TH. (With HZ 4S, the potential form of Ft 4.) It Tooks like this sweater is washable at home. a ‘The impression you express may be an event about to happen. RAE TF TH. It looks like it will rain. “You can also put the negative on 5 T+ instead of an adjective and say:34 no I» SC You can use the adjective + % 4 combination to qualify a noun. % 4 is a %-adjective, thus we say & 3 tr before a noun. Breiue—I7—EHTOET. She is wearing a warm-looking sweater. In many % 7 TF sentences, the guesswork is done on the basis of visual impressions. It is wrong, however, to assume that € 3 is linked only to the visual medium. We use 43 4 when we lack conclusive evidence. (For example, we say an apple is B\L £4 before we have had the chance to taste it. Once we have tasted it, we say 5‘ L\.) With an adjective for which visual evidence is crucial, such as % #\\%, we do not use 7 and say that something is ¥ 1\‘% 5 TC, if it looks pretty; we already have enough evidence to con- clude that it is pretty. Ge ~c4#s You can use the te-form of a verb plus the helping verb %& to express the idea of “doing something tentatively,’ or “trying something.” You are not sure what the outcome of your action will be, but do it and see what effect it might have. REDE‘ UD OKOT. BRAORKSIMY THE LK I did not know the kari sol tried asking a Japanese friend of mine. REBMEOEOT FAB LOL Eo TUE LADD, SERN THEFT. My friends say that the cake at the shop is good. I will have a piece one of these days (and see if it really lives up to its reputation). 44 comes from the verb ., and conjugates as a regular ru-verb. Unlike the main verb JLB, however, ~ T 4% is always written in hiragana, GH zs A statement of the form “noun A % 4 predicate X” says that the predicate X applies only to A and is not more generally valid. The main ideas of a * 5 sentence, in other words, are contrast (as in Situation 1) and limitation (as in Situation 2).BSR» 35, Situation 1 Qi FFPWI ORI YET Have you ever been to Brazil? AL FVD TRI UMEV ETA TIPWIMTORI CHV ELS I’ve been to Chile, but never to Brazil. Situation 2 Q: BREA DH!) ETM. Do you understand Japanese? Al Dba bbeVet. If it is (written) in hiragana, yes. 4g introduces a sentence that says something “positive” about the item that is contrasted. In the first situation above, % 5 puts Chile in a positive light, and in contrast with Brazil, which the question was originally about. In the second situation, a smaller part, namely hiragana, is brought up and contrasted with a larger area, namely, the language as a whole. mean You can describe the frequency of events over a period of time by using the following frame- work. (period) [Z (frequency) (frequency) per (period) | BRERVET. I shampoo three times a week. bn BS RAI CHET ET. Tcall my family once a month. bet To Wa uae REL CRD Rl —HFII BHAT LET. My father goes on a trip twice a year. rosie remee ae) You can optionally keep the particle {= before % > in this example. Particles such as (=, T, and #* may, but do not have to, intervene between the noun and % !>, while [Z, 4%, and € never go with #36 >>> SES « SOA iA) —h- ves BA, Expression Notes 1 Foe <> Playing musical instruments requires different verbs. For stringed and keyboard instruments: XY EMS to play the guitar UT 7 BHC For wind instruments: PID RES to play the piano to play the saxophone For percussion instruments: KFIDERRS Referring to musical instruments in general, * 3 and C& % (for potential) are usually used. MPRBANCR ET. MPRBt LY ETI, to play the drum Can you play any instruments? Do you play any instruments? EEEIC > Both v»-adjectives and %-adjectives can modify verbs as adverbs. With ‘W>-adjectives, the final \» is dropped and < is added. With %-adjectives, added. Robert is good at cooking. UNO hSARA MR LECH. UN PEALEFEMMACE ET. Robert cooks well HAMID? 9 ARBLU CT. cg Pou ‘The Japanese class is fun. Tenjoy studying Japanese every day. ABERL < MM LTOET.BIB 37 7 Pe re as acu ut siicmnes me td t SFORMTES A. Change the verbs into the potential forms. [| x13.08 Example ANS + AXNbHS Lltep 3.06 5.65 7.706 9 OF BLE 1B. SD 2 FS 444 644 8& PHYS 10.9 12 1LKOS B. Describe the things that Mary can do. [4 xi3.09 Example, £7) —SL1E—FORFE TS WAY sweater in Japanese early in the morning hot bath38 >>> Beis - SCE C. Pair Work—Ask if your partner can do the above. Example: ALTARS TH Bilt, RFE TO /ra, RIFE UL. D. Pair Work—You meet a person on a blind date. To get to know them, ask if they can do the following things and take notes. Add your own questions. After asking the questions, decide if you want to have a date again with them. Questions Your partner’s information speak foreign languages? | Yes/No (what language?) drive a car? Yes/No (good?) cook? Yes/No (what dish?) play tennis? Yes/No (good?) E. Pair Work—Ask if your partner could do the following things when they were children. Expand your conversation. Example: 3% ¢ > A: THOR, RFE LRA. Bila, RUSE Urz0 A: tD CORFE Lika. B:100X-—bCbWTtT. A: FIvtth. ae 100 *— bVAFE Te Bik FIFE CBOE To 1. BREICRS 4 ET ERK 2 DOOBBERNS 5. PELE EST 3. +yA-ETS 6 ROATH A VIEAT <$B1SE>> 39 F Answer the questions using the potential verb in the negative. [:) x13.10 Example: Q: HW ERE LAA. (too expensive) ALA, WTF THAZEATLA. L RYFYAH (Srilanka) OA V-ERNE LAA’ (too spicy) 2. BMELELAAD. (too difficult) 3. BRICAY ELA. (too hot) Been ae 4 SDIBRHUE LAA.’ (too busy) 5. 6. RELSHHAE LAA. (too many) HCP FELLA. (too cold) Br G. Group Activity—“What Is It?” Game The class will be divided into two or more groups. The instructor will show the name of a place to the representative of each group. The rest of the group members ask their group representative whether one can do certain things there and guess what place it is. The representative can answer the questions only with [&U\ or LILA. The first group that gets the correct answer gets a point. Change representatives. Example: a Sample Questions: Acmweres as fi | ZOTRNDHETD. OO, Rae ETD. + 1k, Beecr ey. + 45th. OMMDBUL, Abie>» ER Set 1 PML LOTTA CARAS |) zt. fa A<7: ¢ SLY EF.) 2 BLOTS BLO THA (BEIGE TH. BOTT.) . BRORK ER!) ETH. (AEIRLOTT. Rbk k EBoee ervitet ho) 4. HATER Loh THIS RNMABOL >> 43 E. Pair Work—B acts out the following situations and A makes a guess. Continue the conversation like the example below. Example: 5 404°. > AS BEPAHTICT A. CILEKTH AS BiRATEEATTH. AL tITTO. BRERA AUTH LS aro 1 7MLY 2 Ly 3. HRM 4. tebe MBCHET A. Respond to the following sentences using ~T#. a) xi3.14 Example: A: COMIATTH TTL. Bi led, #T4Et. L BRORRABLLSHoATT LS . HORE ETH FL ho . ORTH LE Lhe L LOT-FEBULOTH Ls RKB ELS PORTH LS COCDItkHokATTL. MRAIT LAL. NaWwRON B. Pair Work—You are at a shopping center. Ask store attendants whether you can try out the following, using appropriate verbs. Example: Customer: FHL. HhoTHTEVUTH A. Store attendant: ¢ 4%. Ro TATE SY.44 roe BS SC qa) C. Talk about what you want to try in the following places. Example: 4 7 ¥ (India) > Af YRIATORI EHV ETH. Bivwwrz, HV FHA. TH. Mo THEUTH. ALE7TTH. AYE CHILE THO ke Bitty KCEI ROK ') BA (Yoga) EBook YLTAAUTH. 1. 7 =F (Kenya) 3. 9 4 (Thailand) 5. #~-y b (Tibet) 2 RR 4. FFL MN (Brazil) 6. Your own VATAVES RYE LIC A. Answer the questions as in the example. [| k13.15 Example: Q: XF')—*AIITS, IE ERE Ereriee A: (Otea x coffee) =) a DORAL Lia ITER EATLA. 1 AF YAS FIRNE TO. (Obicycle x motorbike) 2 ATY SA za-V- FY FIAT OKI CAHVY ETH. (© Australia x New Zealand) 3. ATY-XAILTVIELETH (O tennis golf) 4 UA SLL RORBR IS RRND EFA. (Ohistory x economics) 5. ITA Aldea Eth. (O friend X girlfriend) 6, IFAS Als cme CBOIt SHED. (O Sunday —X Saturday)ISH 45 B. Answer the following questions. Use ~7£5 whenever possible. Example: Qi A2#k-Y#L B65» SOK (6) three days a week (7) five days a week (8) once a month 2 fe ial? part-time job school B. Pair Work—Look at the pictures in A and ask your partner the questions using the patterns below. Example: A: BAM AIMBRNE TA. GER eho Bitdtth, AUTO TB ESET. MORMIRSECL. MR as ah C. Class Activity—Ask two people how often they do the following things. Add your own questions. Example: RE / REPEAT < > A: BeAltL (RE / REMIT SE ET. Bi mPA CB CbiMTs et. Questions ( ) xh Ra IAT ABTS not | [oie TAN | EHTS | F-LEtGS ee ee { —_SESH 47 @RLHORE A. Answer the following questions. 1. FROM ATS ELA Mace FtLTLEM. 2. BACHARAS TA. 3. CIT os THAW THO. CILTCI. 4 FROM, ML TARD ORTHO. 5. a fal TAKEUTT A. 6. BIC Hee Re Cb BL ETO 7. BVA AYIST EET A. 8 PAI COMET ANS bo B. Pair Work—Talk about part-time jobs. L FU RELAICHHV ETO. 2 VW OLELAA. 3. CKUT IST BTL. 4. — MID #T BF EL AD x 6. SRI CBE BUE LAM. CARTE RAL TARUTH HS, CILTCEH C. Role Play—One of you is the manager of one of the following organizations, and the other is the student who is looking for a job. (a) Call the organization and make an appointment for a job interview, as in Dialogue I. (b) Then, discuss experiences and qualifications, etc., as in Dialogue I. ADERBER OT YT bIN LRT S— bh HERR Y7FF oF PSBAERR =48 >>> SERB SUS (Cunsre(0 Ye t TX Names of Years a aa? &8 Japanese people use two systems of reference for years. One is the Gregorian calendar year, and the other is 3, Japanese imperial eras that, since the Meiji era, have coincided with the emperors’ tenures. Under the &sS system, the year 2000, for instance, was BA 2, the 12th year of the Heisei era (Emperor Akihito’s tenure). The four most recent #5 are: AA (1868-1912), A JE (1912-1926), FAH (1926-1989), and SER (1989- ). Japanese | people fomemben Meiji as the era of modernization, Taisho as the time the movement toward democracy was born, Showa as a period of war and economic growth, and Heisei as an era marked by recession and big earthquakes. Fx Japanese people associate their birth years with the 12 animals in the East Asian zodiac, which is referred to as $3 and -+=%. The table below lists the animals in the zodiac, and the years they are associated with. People born in 2000, for example, are RSE #1, Eto Animal Years of birth + ne =nezumi rat %> 1984 ___ 1996 2008 B ushi ox =™ 1985 1997. 2009 RB tora | tiger ORY 1986 1998 2010 rabbit 2% | 1987-1999 2011 RR tatsu dragon ez 1988 2000 += 2012 Bo S =hebi snake 1989 2001-2013 — - + _ a 1990 2002-2014 = ae hitsuyji | sheep C®| 199120032015 sary monkey yg 1992 2004 2016 - B tori | chicken a [199320052017 Be inu | dog a3 L 1994 2006 | 2018 | | x | boar @&| 1995 20072019- SISER>>> 49 Useful Expressions aRAT C At the Bank Useful Vocabulary i ——_______ account ———————- commission bank card passbook —— savings 100-yen coin &—________ amount —_—— personal identification number Useful Expressions OR EMS AVA C44. would like to open an account. DREMCAVA TIA I would like to close an account. FV ERISH ATK KN. Please change dollars into yen. I would like to deposit money into the account. DRIBSERVRALUA TIS TAMALES ALT KE BTS £4 4>.— Can you change a 10,000-yen eS bill into ten 1,000-yen bills? BERS LET. I will withdraw money. ATM re OY aca @ deposit @® withdrawal SRITAN BRHL @® passbook update ® credit card @© balance inquiry