Quawnia Charles

Chapter 3

10/15/22

1. What are the weaknesses in assessment? What can be done to

address these weaknesses? Be sure to address reliability,
validity, and bias issues.

Assessment weakness is If the results are uninterpreted, inconsistent

or inaccurate it cant be profitably used. The weaknesses in
assessment can be avoided by the use of Reliability would be good to
confirm the accuracy of the test, by the tools used such as re -testing
of another doctor giving the same diagnosis and using validity by
making sure the assessment is accurately measured example,
predictive validity which is the ability to predict characteristics or
behavior in the future, or concurrent validity gathering measures from
one tool that agrees with measures gathered from another tool.

2. List and describe three types of validity and give an example of

each.

Three types of Validity are face validity, predictive validity and

concurrent Validity. Face validity is an example of a test for
depression. Predictive validity when a tool predicts future
characteristic or behavior. Concurrent Validity when measures gather
from one tool agree with the measures gathered from another
assessment techniques.

3. If a clinician had only 15 minutes to conduct a preliminary

clinical interview, which information should he or she try to get,
and why?

If I was a clinician had 15 minutes to conduct a preliminary clinical

interview, he or she should ask closed question to get as much
information from their client as possible. Open ended questions are
much long, and the clinician won’t have adequate amount of time to
get what they need for, the client in a reasonable amount of time.
 4. A clinician must complete a clinical assessment, and the only
tests available are the Rorschach inkblot test, the Thematic
Apperception Test, and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory. Which two should the clinician use, and why? What
would be the strengths and weaknesses of the two tests
selected?

Thematic Apperception Test and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality

Inventory is the two test I would use. Learning about clinical research,
we learned that certain test may lack reliability, validity and
standardization. Which don’t give accurate information. I believe these
two tests would be better for an assessment because Rorschach

5. Compare and contrast personality and response inventories.

Both ask the patient to provide detail information about themselves.

They differ when personalities may have the individual see if the
statements apply to them and response inventories focus more the
clinician identifying what role applies to the patient based on the test
have one specific function.

6. Describe the potential negative impact of assessing/diagnosing

someone of an ethnic minority background or an immigrant client
without being aware of the clients' cultural background. What are
the special considerations you may want to be aware of?

The negative effect can lead to the client is misdiagnosing the

client and being sensitive to his/her pass experiences. Ethnic
minority groups is very important to be aware of especially if
your domain culture assessor. It may cause the client to be miss
judge such as having pathological symptoms, they may reject or
don’t uphold your conditions becust they think or assume you
don’t care or understand them etc.
 7. Explain the drawbacks of psychophysiological tests.

The drawback of psychophysiological testing is that it can be

inaccurate and unreliable. For example, the equipment may
elaborate and sometimes frightening may arouse a participant’s
nervous system and change their physical responses. Also,
physiological Reponses can change when they’re measured multiple
times in a single session and galvanic skin responses decreases
when questions are repeated.

8. Distinguish between neurological tests and neuropsychological

tests, giving
examples of each and describing in general how each type of
test is used diagnostically.

Neurological test and neuropsychological test both are test

performed on the brain. Neurological testing measures the
structure and activity of the brain such as EEG, and a more
precise scan of brain structure and activity with higher resolution
of the image is CT or CAT scan, PET, MRI, PMRI,
neuropsychological test measure cognitive, perceptual and
motor performance that’s on certain task. Example having the
client draw an item by looking at it, and then taking the item
away having them redraw it.

9. List and describe three important shortcomings of modern

intelligence tests.

Three shortcomings are that some factors have nothing to do with

intelligence. Like low motivation, anxiety or high anxiety which may
influence the test performance, IQ test containing cultural biases in
their task, language that place people of one background at and
advantage over others.

10. Give an example of a naturalistic observation. What would make a

clinician choose analog observation? What are the drawbacks to
clinical observations?

An example of naturalistic is when the clinician observes the client in

their everyday environment. A clinician may choose Analog
observation so that the entire session is monitored correctly. It was
stated that the drawbacks from naturalistic clinical observation is that
the clinician may suffer from an overload or an observer drift causing
his observation to be weak or not fully analyzed.

11. Describe the purpose and features of DSM-5. Include the difference
between categorical information and dimensional information and
provide an example of each.

The difference between the two is that the categorical information

indicates the client symptoms and Dimensional includes how server
the client disorder is.

12. A classification system such as the DSM-5 is judged by its

reliability and validity. Define and discuss both reliability and validity
and explain why they are important criteria for DSM-5.

Reliability is that both clinicians are likely to agree when using the
system to diagnoses of the same client and Validity is when the
accuracy of the information that’s diagnostic categories provide.

13. Even though the use of diagnostic labels for psychological

disorders is extremely common, what are some ethical factors one
ought to consider in the use of those labels?

The ethical factors one ought to consider is that the use of these
labels may cause the patient to be viewed differently and even act
differently.
14. Why is determining the effectiveness of a treatment one of the
most difficult questions for clinical researchers to answer?

The variety and complexity of the treatment, in use make it difficult to

determine the effectiveness. For example, the therapist may differ in
experience, skills, orientation and personality, theory, format, setting
and the patient may differ in problems, motivations for therapy and
personal styles.

15. Provide evidence that psychotherapy is effective. Which elements

need to be present for its effectiveness?

Combined usage of both techniques along with other tools shows its
effectiveness.

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