OBSERVATIONS:

Test Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution

A B C D E F G H
2 drops White White Colorless Blue White Green Colorless Red-
of brown
NaOH
added
Excess White, Colorless Colorless Blue, Colorless Green, Colorless Red-
NaOH insoluble , soluble , soluble insolubl , soluble insolubl , soluble brown,
added e e insolubl
e
2 drops Colorless White White Blue Colorless Green Colorless Brown-
of orange
NH4O
H
added
Excess Colorless White, White, Blue, Colorless Green, Colorless Brown-
NH4O , soluble insoluble insoluble insolubl , soluble insolubl , soluble orange,
H e e insolubl
added e
2 drops colorless yellow colorless
of KI
added
Cation
present

NaOH NH3 KI
B Cloudy white colorless colorless
C Cloudy white White Yellow
E Cloudy white In between colorless

ANALYSIS:
Ionic Equations for the test with NaOH:
Solution A: Solution E:
Solution B: Solution F :
Solution C: Solution G:
Solution D: Solution H :

Ionic Equations for the test with NH4OH:

Solution
Solution
Solution

Ionic Equations for the test with KI:

Solution
Solution

Analysis:
1. Identification of Cations:
 Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) Test:
 Solution A: White precipitate (Ca2+ confirmed)
 Solution B: White precipitate (Al3+ confirmed)
 Solution C: No precipitate (No cation reaction)
 Solution D: Blue precipitate (Cu2+ confirmed)
 Solution E: White precipitate (Zn2+ confirmed)
 Solution F: Green precipitate (Fe2+ confirmed)
 Solution G: No precipitate (NH4+ confirmed)
 Solution H: Red-brown precipitate (Fe3+ confirmed)
 Ammonium Hydroxide (NH4OH) Test:
 Solution A: No precipitate (Ca2+ confirmed)
 Solution B: White precipitate (Al3+ confirmed)
 Solution C: White precipitate (Pb2+ confirmed)
 Solution D: Blue precipitate (Cu2+ confirmed)
 Solution E: No precipitate (Zn2+ confirmed)
 Solution F: Green precipitate (Fe2+ confirmed)
 Solution G: No precipitate (NH4+ confirmed)
 Solution H: Brown-orange precipitate (Fe3+ confirmed)
 Potassium Iodide (KI) Test:
 Solution E: Yellow color (I- confirmed)
 2. Ionic Equations:
 NaOH Test:
 Solution A: Ca2+ +2OH−→Ca(OH)2(s)
 Solution B: Al3+ +3OH−→Al(OH)3(s)
 Solution E: Zn2+ +2OH−→Zn(OH)2(s)
 Solution F: Fe2+ +2OH−→Fe(OH)2(s)
 Solution H: Fe3+ +3OH−→Fe(OH)3(s)
 NH4OH Test:
 Solution A: Ca2+ +2OH−→Ca(OH)2(s)
 Solution B: Al3+ +3OH−→Al(OH)3(s)
 Solution C: Pb2+ +2OH−→Pb(OH)2(s)
 Solution D: Cu2+ +2OH−→Cu(OH)2(s)
 Solution E: Zn2+ +2OH−→Zn(OH)2(s)
 Solution F: Fe2+ +2OH−→Fe(OH)2(s)
 Solution H: Fe3+ +3OH−→Fe(OH)3(s)
 KI Test:
 Solution E: I− →I2(s)

 Solution B: No reaction with KI.

 Solution C: Zn2+(aq)+2I−(aq)→ZnI2(s)
 Solution E: No reaction with KI.


Conclusion: The tests conducted allowed for the identification of various cations and anions present in
the solutions. Confirmatory tests using reagents like NaOH, NH4OH, and KI provided valuable
information about the nature of the ions present. The color changes, precipitate formations, and solubility
characteristics aided in the qualitative analysis.
Real-Life Example: For instance, detecting the presence of heavy metal ions in environmental samples
helps assess water quality and potential pollution sources.