A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURED

TEACHING PROGRAMME ON KNOWLEDGE OF SCHOOL

CHILDREN REGARDING ORAL HYGIENE AT SELECTED

SCHOOL,BANGALORE

By

GROUP-IV

Dissertation Submitted to the

Aditya College of Nursing Bangalore, Karnataka.

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelors of Science in Nursing

In

COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING

Under the guidance of

Mrs. Hephzibah Keren

Head of the Department of Community Health Nursing

Aditya College of Nursing, Bangalore – 560064

I
 DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

I hereby declare that this dissertation/Thesis entitled “A STUDY TO ASSESS THE

EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAMME ON

KNOWLEDGE OF SCHOOL CHILDREN REGARDING ORAL HYGIENE AT

SELECTED SCHOOL IN BANGALORE”, is a bonafide and genuine work carried out by

me under the guidance of Mrs. Hephzibah, M.Sc (N), HOD, Aditya College of Nursing,

Bangalore, 560064.

Date: Signature of the candidate

Place: Bangalore Name:

II
 CERTIFICATE BY THE GUIDE

This is to certify that dissertation/ Thesis entitled “A study to assess the effectiveness

of structured teaching programme on the knowledge of school children regarding oral

hygiene at selected schools in Bangalore, is a bonafide and genuine research work done by

Group IV, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelors of Science in

Nursing.

DATE: Signature of the guide

PLACE: Bangalore

III
 ENDORSEMENT BY THE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT/

PRINCIPAL/HEAD OF THE INSTITUTION

This is to certify that the Dissertation entitled “A study to assess the effectiveness of

structured teaching programme on the knowledge of school children regarding oral hygiene

at selected schools in Bangalore”, is a bonafide and genuine work carried out by me under

the guidance of Mrs. Hephzibah Keren M.Sc (N), HOD, Aditya College of Nursing,

Bangalore, 560064.

Seal & Signature of HOD Seal & Signature of principal

Date: Date:

Place: Bangalore Place: Bangalore

IV
 COPY RIGHT

DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

We Group Iv, studying in Aditya College of Nursing, hereby declare that the

Aditya College of Nursing, Karnataka, shall have the perpetual rights to preserve, use and

disseminate this Dissertation/Thesis in print or electronic format for academic/research

purpose.

Date: Done by: Group IV

Place: Bangalore Rashila Nagarkoti

Reshma A Nair

Ranjita Naik

Rakhi Kamat

Pushpa Chaurel

Sanjana Rana

Sangita Hazra

Shreya Midhya

Sirjana Singh

V
 Reethu Manjunath

©Rajiv Gandhi university of Health Sciences, Karnataka

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Gratitude unlocks the fullness of life. It turns what we have into enough, and more. It

turns denial into acceptance, chaos to order, confusion to clarify. It can turn a meal into a

feast, a house into a home, a stranger into a friend. Gratitude makes sense of our past, brings

peace for today, and creates a vision for tomorrow.

Apart from the efforts of oneself, the success of any project depends largely on the

encouragement and guidelines of many others. We take this opportunity to express our

gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the successful completion of this

study.

We express our sincere thanks to our Chairman Mr. B. A. VISHWANATH, Aditya

College of Nursing, Bangalore for providing me an opportunity to conduct this study in their

esteemed institution and his valuable support and inspiration.

We acknowledge our privilege to express my deep sense of gratitude to Prof. Shobha

R, M.Sc (N), Principal and Aditya College of Nursing, Bangalore, for her constant

encouragement and timely support and help. She laid a strong foundation in shaping this

project without her endless effort.

VI
We extend our heartfelt thanks to our Vice Principal Mrs. Hephzibah Keren, Head of

Community Health Nursing, Aditya College of Nursing for her support, timely guidance

and whole hearted co-operation.

Our sincere thanks to all the esteemed members of the research committee and all

the Departmental HODs and faculties for their encouragement, insightful comments, and

hard questions.

My sincere thanks to the librarian for his help and producing books when required.

I would like to express my indebtedness to our parents who prepared me for life and

who led us to run on the ladder of our scholastic career and We are ever grateful to them.

Last but not the least, We extend our thanks to all those who have been directly or

indirectly associated with study at various levels. Our research could not been completed

without the support of these good hearted people. A bouquet of gratitude to all of them.

Words are not enough to express our gratitude to our friends and classmates, who

instilled in us a spirit of confidence by his appreciation as well as support.

With heartfelt gratitude

VII
Date:

Place: Bangalore

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGE NO

I INTRODUCTION 2-9

II OBJECTIVES 10-17

III REVIEW OF LITERATURE 18-23

IV RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 24-40

V RESULTS 41-46

VI DISCUSSION 47-49

VIII
VII CONCLUSION 50-53

VIII SUMMARY 54-56

IX BIBLIOGRAPHY 57-61

X ANNEXURE 62-73

TABLE OF ANNEXURES

Annexure Particulars

1 Letter requesting permission to conduct pilot study

2 Letter requesting permission to conduct main study

3 Ethical Clearance

4 Letter requesting opinion and suggestion from expert on content validity of

the tool and planned teaching programme

5 Description of tool questionnaires

6 Answer key sheet for Knowledge Questionnaires

7 Criteria check list for evaluation of tool

IX
 8 Letter seeking consent of the subjects for participation in research study

9 Consent form

STRUCTURED ABSTRACT

“A study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on

knowledge of school children regarding oral hygiene at selected school in Bangalore”.

As a partial fulfillment of the requirement for degree of B.sc Nursing. It is done by the

students of Aditya College of Nursing, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences

Karnataka.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To assess the knowledge of the school children regarding oral hygiene before the

administration of structured teaching programme.

2. To administer structured teaching programme regarding oral hygiene.

3. To assess the knowledge of school children regarding oral hygiene after the

administration of structured teaching programme.

4. To compare between pretest and post test knowledge on oral hygiene among school

children.

5. To explore the relationship between pretest knowledge score with selected

demographic variables like age, sex, class in which studying, education and

occupation of parents, family income, source of water supply, residential area,

previous knowledge on oral hygiene and source of previous information.

X
XI
CHAPTER - I
INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER – I

XII
‘‘THE WAY TO KEEP YOUR HEALTH IS TO EAT WHAT YOU DON’T WANT, DRINK WHAT YOU

DON’T LIKE AND DO WHAT YOU WOULD RATHER NOT” -MARK TWAIN

The world wide rapidly growing burden of chronic disease is closely linked to

unhealthy environment and lifestyle that includes diets rich in sugar, widespread use of

tobacco and excessive consumption of alcohol. Most oral disease is closely related to these

factors and is also dependent on clean water adequate sanitation, proper oral hygiene and

appropriate exposure to fluorides. (WHO - 2005). India is the sixth biggest country by its

area but it is the second most populous country. The developing economy, lack of qualified

dental manpower in rural areas and poor awareness towards oral health has contributed for

steady raise in the prevalence of dental disorders in children in the last few decades. There

is a strong relationship between oral health and overall health of the individual. The mouth

is a mirror that can reflect the health of the rest of our body. Numerous recent studies

investigating the mouth body connection have suggested an association between oral

health and general health.

The World Health Organization defined oral health as ‘‘the retention throughout life

of a functional, aesthetic and natural dentition of not less than 20 teeth and not requiring

prosthesis”. There has been a tremendous increase in incidence and severity of oral health

problems since the last few decades. So it is very much important to prevent the outbreak

of dental disease among population of India. An individual may be considered as healthy if

she or he has no dental caries or periodontal disease. However large majority of the

population would be considered unhealthy as oral diseases are common and often

XIII
untreated. Oral hygiene means keeping the mouth clean, and especially the teeth clean and

free of dental plaque, the substance which leads to most of the dental diseases.

Dental decay and gum disease is mainly caused by plaque. If we are not removing

the dental plaque for longer period of time, the risk of dental disease doubles. Dental

plaque should remove every day, this is the best way for preventing and treating the dental

disease and it is possible by through brushing and flossing. Diet also influences the dental

disorders. Foods that are rich in sugar and carbohydrates enhance the plaque and tartar

formation in teethSweet cookies, some of the soft drinks and cakes contain more amount of

sugar content in that, so by avoiding this kind of foods dental disease can be prevented to

some extent.

Decreasing carbohydrate content helps to control plaque formation and lessen the

probability of periodontal disease and dental decay. According to US Surgeon General’s

report, professional care and individual action is needed for acquiring and maintaining oral

health, and it should be associated with daily oral care practices such as brushing and

flossing. This can prevent both caries and gingivitis. But studies have revealed that there has

been a tremendous increase in incidence and severity of oral health problems since the last

few decades. According to national health program, dentist population ratio in rural area is

only 1:300,000 where as 80% of the children suffer from dental caries, 35 % of children

suffer from maligned teeth and jaws affecting proper functioning.

According to Surgeon General David Satcher, some population groups are affected

by silent epidemics of oral and dental disorders. Because of these diseases children may not

XIV
be able to perform well in schools, home and their work place. Sometimes it adversely

affects the quality of life too. It is found that because of dental diseases each year 51 million

school hours are losing. Per year among 100 students, student’s ages 5 to 17 years lost an

average of 3.1 days. Children are mainly affected by dental plaque, dental caries, tooth

ache, gum disorders and periodontal diseases.

The common mouth sores include canker sores, cold sores, leukoplakia and

candidiasis. Plaque is a sticky, colorless film of bacteria and sugar that constantly forms on

your teeth. It is the main cause of the cavities and gum disease, and can harden in to tartar

if not removed daily. It can be prevented by daily brushing, flossing, limit the sugar content

in the diet and by regular dental checkups. Usually children with dental disorders will have

chronic dental pain and are not able to focus on the daily activities, unable to chew the food

thus lack of physical growth and they may face problems in school work and academic

performance. Thus eventually reduce their self esteem and interpersonal relationships in

groups. +Even learning, speaking and eating can be affected by chronic infection due to

tooth decay.

Child’s school attendance and mental and social well-being while at school will be

affected by dental pain and dental diseases. Shenoy R P and Sequeira P S conducted a study

to find out what is the effectiveness of a school dental education programme for improving

oral hygiene practices and status and oral health knowledge of 12-13 year old school

children in Mangalore. The study result shows that plaque and gingival score reduction

were not influenced by the socio economic status and are highly significant in intervention

XV
schools. They have concluded that DHE program conducted at six week intervals was not

effective than three weeks interval in improving oral health knowledge, gingival health, oral

hygiene practice, status of school children.

A study conducted by Christensen LB about the oral health and oral health behavior

among 11- 13 years old in Bhopal, India recommended that implementation of community

oriented oral health promotion programme is needed in order to increase the level of

knowledge and to change the attitudes and practices in relation to oral health among

children. Essential care should be provided to control oral disease symptoms. In the

year1995, principle National Oral Health Policy was accepted by Ministry of Health and

Family Welfare, Govt. of India, to achieve some of the goals like Oral Health for all by the

year 2010, the existing prevalence of oral and dental diseases should bring down to less

than 40% from 90%., DMFT in school children between6-12 years of age should bring down

to less than 2 which is approximately 4 at present., To reduce high prevalence of

periodontal diseases to lower prevalence., At the age of 18 years, 85% should retain all their

teeth.( Indian journal of community medicine.) Early child hood education of children about

oral hygiene and disease is very important as they are the citizen of tomorrow. Investments

in quality child care an early child hood education make the children our future citizens.

School age is a period of overall development. During this time the child learn to become

productive members of the society. The children should be educated about proper

technique of brushing, cleaning of the tongue and oral habits. Children are the right tool or

measure to transmit the message of oral hygiene to their homes and their community. At

the global level approximately 80% of children attend primary schools and 60% complete at

XVI
least four years of education with wide variation between countries and gender. Children

spend considerable period of their life time in the school right from their childhood to

adolescence. The proper guidance in this time helps in the development of correct beliefs

and attitudes regarding oral health. Schools can provide a supportive environment for

promoting oral health and they can also be extremely helpful in spreading the right message

to the local community. (WHO-India Biennium project).

Oral health education programs should be conducted in the schools and the topics

should include oral hygiene, measures to keep oral health, techniques of brushing, oral

disorders and its preventive measures. According to oral health policy, the legislative

measures are adopted to ensure a statutory warning on the wrappers and advertisement of

candy, sweets, chocolates and other sugar eatables. Usage of too much sugar may lead to

more oral health problems especially tooth decay. These types of warning measures are

also used for bevereges packets and cigarette and other same type products. Oral health is

very essential to overall health of the body hence it is an essential component of the school

health program. The child’s normal growth and development, speech ability, physical

condition and self esteem will be adversely affected by poor oral hygiene. Lack of oral

hygiene will leads to variety of oral diseases and it will cause pain, chronic infections, and

problems with speech, appearance, tooth loss, school dropout and lack of physical growth

due to inability to chew foods.

NEED FOR STUDY

XVII
 .
“WHEN CHILDREN’S ORAL HEALTH SUFFERS, SO DOES THEIR ABILITY TO LEARN.”

(DAVID SATCHER.) The high prevalence and incidence of Oral diseases qualifies it as major

public health problem. In all regions of the world, the greatest burden of the oral disease is

on disadvantaged and socially marginalized population. But poverty the world over is not

the sole factor limiting access to oral health care. In the developing world a shortage of

economic resources often comes with the lack of reliable information on the available work

force and the epidemiology of oral disease for health authorities to plan cost effective

interventions to improve oral health. (World Health Organization) Promoting oral health is a

cost effective strategy to reduce the burden of oral disease and maintain oral health and

quality of life. It is also an essential part of health promotion in general or oral health is a

determinant of general health and quality of life. According to WHO’s despite great

achievement in oral health of population globally, problems still remain in many

communities all over the world- particularly among underprivileged groups in developed

and developing countries. Dental caries is still a major health problem in most industrialized

countries, affecting 60-90% of school children and the vast majority of adults.

In many countries, a large number of children and parents have limited knowledge

of the cause and prevention of the most common oral disease. It is evident that cultural

beliefs and social taboos play an important role in the perception of the cause of dental

decay and gum disease. In countries like India, a small proportion of children do not clean

their teeth at all, some may not have access to a tooth brush and many are using the

traditional cleaning aids like salt and oil, coal ash locally made powder etc. ( GOI- WHO

Biennium project ).

XVIII
 A study conducted by Jose A and Joseph MR in 2003 about the prevalence of dental

health problems among school children in rural Kerala. The findings shown that dental

caries is the most common problem and 50% of children in the 12 to 15 years of age suffer

from some form of dental disease. In the year 1997, 22.7 % of Indian population was

estimate to be 5-14 years. This is such a high proportion of the population. The dental

diseases among children are increasing year by year. A very extensive and comprehensive

national health survey conducted in 2004 throughout India has shown that dental caries in

51.9% in 5 years old children and 63.1% in 15 years old teenager. The oral health policy is

mainly aimed to gain oral health for all by 2010. The existing prevalence of dental caries is

90% and oral health policy is mainly aiming to reduce it to 40% and also to reduce the

incidence and prevalence of periodontal disease to a lesser extent.

Dental problems are increasing day by day. Dental diseases are contributing to the

loss of about 51 million school hours every year. A survey in 1996 shown that 1,611,000

school days have missed by 5 to 17 years aged school children. Because of the oral health

problems there is a chance of early tooth loss among children and it will lead to impairment

in the normal growth and development Whenever selecting a teaching and learning method

keep in mind the child’s age, socio economic back ground, cultural values and beliefs. The

children and family should be actively involved in the promotion of oral health and

appropriate follow up and reinforcement should be performed.

A study conducted by Thomas S, Tandon S among rural child population to find out

what is the effectiveness of a dental health education programme on the oral health status

of the child population. As a developing country, India has lot of drawbacks in providing

XIX
adequate oral health measures and to full fill the needs of oral health. 40% of the Indian

populations constitute children and most of the populations are situated in the rural areas.

The health facilities are mainly concentrated in the urban areas, because of this and lack of

economic availability and lack of public dental health facilities the rural populations are not

able to access all the dental health facilities. So among this population dental health

education programme is an important strategy of primary prevention. Result indicated that

the group with teachers has improved the dental health score than the other group. They

concluded that well knowledgeable teachers can improve the oral health status among

children so the teachers should be the target for enhancing the effectiveness of oral health

education among children. In school children the knowledge, attitudes and practices

towards oral hygiene and oral health was less than satisfactory. In developing countries like

India a significant number of school children though were using tooth brush were not aware

of its importance and correct method of using them and correct techniques of brushing. By

providing oral health education children can gain better knowledge. For changing attitudes

and practices of school children it may take more time but the fact is that health education

has long term impact than immediate effect. There is a famous quotation that “the world

will be excellent when it is lead by children, because they are very close to the life than

others.” If we make the child to be aware about all the aspects of the life, they can become

the great achiever and creator of the world. Oral health education programme

implemented through schools have the additional advantage of imparting primary

preventive instructions to all socio-economic status. So the investigator was interested in

XX
studying the effectiveness of a video teaching programme regarding oral hygiene among the

school children

XXI
CHAPTER - II
OBJECTIVES

XXII
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

“A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VIDEO TEACHING PROGRAMME REGARDING

ORAL HYGIENE AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN IN A SELECTED SCHOOL AT BENGALURU KARNATAKA.”

OBJECTIVES

1. To assess the knowledge of the school children regarding oral hygiene before the

administration of structured teaching programme.

2. To administer structured teaching programme regarding oral hygiene.

3. To assess the knowledge of school children regarding oral hygiene after the administration

of structiured teaching programme.

4. To compare between pretest and post test knowledge on oral hygiene among school

children.

5. To explore the relationship between pretest knowledge score with selected demographic

variables like age, sex, class in which studying, education and occupation of parents, family

income, source of water supply, residential area, previous knowledge on oral hygiene and

source of previous information.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

♣ KNOWLEDGE

Knowledge referred to the understanding of school children regarding oral hygiene

measured by semi structured questionnaire.

♣ SCHOOL CHILDREN

XXIII
School children referred those who are between 9-14 years old, studying VI, VII and VIII

standard and attending the school.

♣ ORAL PROBLEM

It refers to the altered state of health of teeth and periodontal tissues include dental caries,

gingivitis, halitosis, dental plaque, oral lesions and malocclusions.

ASSUMPTIONS

School children may have inadequate knowledge regarding oral hygiene. Student’s

knowledge may be influenced by socio – demographic variables like age, sex, class in which

studying, education and occupation of parents, family income, residence area, source of

water supply, previous knowledge on oral hygiene and source of previous information. Use

of video teaching programme may to help to improve the knowledge of school children

regarding oral hygiene.

HYPOTHESIS H1: the mean post test knowledge score of subjects, after the administration

of video teaching program with regard to knowledge on oral hygiene will be significantly

higher than their pre test score.

H2 : there will be a significant relationship between pretest knowledge level of school

children regarding oral hygiene and selected demographic variables like age, sex, class in

which studying, education and occupation of parents, family income, residence area, source

of water supply, previous knowledge on oral hygiene and source of previous information.

LIMITATIONS

 The study was limited to children studying in VI – VIII standard in a selected school

at Bengaluru.

 The study was limited to 60 school children.

The study was limited to children who are present at the time of the study.

XXIV
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

A conceptual framework is a theoretical approach to the study of the problem that

scientifically emphasizes the section arrangement and classification of the study subject. A

conceptual frame work is a precursor of the theory. It provides a broad aspect of nursing practice,

research and education.

Polit and Hungler (2006) stated that a conceptual framework is interrelated concept on

abstraction that is assembled together in some rational scheme by virtue of their relevance to a

common theme. It is s device that helps to stimulate research and extension of knowledge by

providing both direction and impetus.

A framework may serve as a spring board for scientific advancement. The present study

is aimed at developing and evaluating the effectiveness of video teaching program on oral hygiene

among school children in a selected school at Bengaluru.

The conceptual framework of the study is based on the Stuffle Beam Context, four

steps of programme evaluation and obtaining information for taking decisions. It provides

comprehensive, systematic and continuous ongoing framework for programme evaluation.

Stuffle Beam evaluation model consists of the following steps:

 Context evaluation

 Input evaluation

 Process evaluation

 Product evaluation

Context evaluation

XXV
 It describes the plan for decisions and collection of data apart from providing rational for

the determination of objectives.

The present study is carried out to determine the effectiveness of video teaching programme in

terms of gain in knowledge on oral hygiene. Based on literature review and findings of the studies

were carried out in various cultural and economic context, it is assumed that the school children

have lack of knowledge regarding oral hygiene.

Input evaluation

Input evaluation consists of development of tool and structuring the design and it work as a

foundation for the programme which is planned after context evaluation. Input helps decide

appropriate teaching programme based on the objectives of the study and specifies the resource

and select suitable study design. Here, in the present study input refers to the development of a

video teaching programme based on objectives. A structured knowledge questionnaire is used to

assess the knowledge regarding oral hygiene. The tool is administered for validity, for setting the

expert opinion and reliability with test and retest of the prepared tool and reviewing the relevant

literature.

Process evaluation

It describes about the decisions implemented based on the limitation by means of

establishing validity and reliability of the developed tool and relevant literature review. In the

XXVI
present study it refers to Pilot study and activities related to assess the knowledge of school children

participants before administrating video teaching programme with semi structured questionnaire.

Product evaluation

The input and the process enable to achieve the objective of the investigation which is

being identified with the product evaluation. It refers to the valid and reliable development of the

video teaching programme which is implemented as planned. The valid video teaching programme

regarding knowledge related to oral hygiene will show the gain in knowledge by the participant in

most of the area which is identified with the statistical computation. The next step of the model is

recycling the design and the re evaluation of the context were not utilized by the researcher.

CONCLUSION

This chapter deals with introduction, need for the study, statement of the problem,

objectives, operational definition, assumptions, research hypothesis, limitations and

conceptual framework of the study.

XXVII
XXVIII
 INPUT THROUGHPUT OUTPUT

Positive Feedback

DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES
Adequate knowledge
(Oral Hygiene)
Age (in years)
Gender
Educational status
Area of specialization
STRUCTURED TEACHING
Years of experience
PROGRAMME POST TEST
Continuing education

Inadequate knowledge

(Oral hygiene)
PRETEST

Assessment of knowledge
regarding oral hygiene at
Negative Feedback
selected schools.

KEYS not included in the study FIG.1 MODIFIED VON BERTALANFFY’S GENERAL SYSTEM MODEL

Included in the study

77
CHAPTER – III

REVIEW OF
LITERATURE

CHAPTER – III

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

77
 Review of literature helps the investigator to analyze the existing literature to generate

research problem to identify what is known about the topic and to describe methods of enquiry

used in earlier work, including their success and short comings.

Review of literature is an essential component of the research process. Review of

literature is a critical examination of publication related to the topic of interest.

Review of literature helps a plan and conducts the study in a systematic and scientific

means. (Polit and Hungler 2004).

A research literature is the written summary of the state of existing knowledge on

research problem. The task of reviewing research literature involves the identification, selection,

critical analysis and written description of existing information on a topic. (Denise F Polit 2004).

Review of literature helps in selecting appropriate methodology, developing tool,

analyzing data and relating the finding of the study.

In order to accomplish the goal of the present study, the investigator reviewed and

organized the information in the following areas .They are

 Literature related to oral hygiene.

 Literature related to oral disease and its prevention.

 Studies related to oral hygiene.

 Studies related oral disease and its prevention.

Literature related to Oral Hygiene and Practice

(Carol Taylor 2001)The benefits of maintaining good oral hygiene and dental care include

aesthetic value in having a clean and healthy mouth, one’s own teeth contributes to an intact

77
body image and also the digestive process will be enhanced when the mouth and teeth are in

good condition. General good health is as essential as cleanliness for maintaining a healthy

mouth and teeth.

(Lois white 2006)The oral cavity functions in mastication, secretion of mucous to

moisten and lubricate the digestive system, and secretion of digestive enzymes. Oral hygiene

and loss of teeth may affect a client’s social interaction and body image as well as nutritional

intake. Daily oral care is essential to maintain the integrity of the mucous membrane, teeth,

gums and lips. (Lois white 2006)

The oral hygiene is provided to maintain the integrity of the client’s teeth, gums, mucous

membrane and lips. Oral hygiene ideally means brushing the client’s teeth or cleaning the

dentures according the clients usual routine. Infant dental hygiene should begin when the first

tooth erupts. Tooth brushing begins at about 18 months of the age using water. Tooth paste is

generally introduced later, and dentist recommended using one that contains fluoride. (Helen

Harkrader2009)

Oral hygiene consists of those practices used to clean the mouth, especially brushing and

flossing the teeth. Proper care of the teeth and gums helps prevent gum deterioration and tooth

loss. Most dentists recommended using a soft bristled tooth brush and brush twice daily.

Flossing removes plaque and food debris that a tooth brush may miss. (Barbara K Timby 2009)

Until the child is 7 to 10 years old the child may need assistance with actual brushing of teeth. If

the child is developing a good oral hygiene habits, he or she does not run the risk of developing

dental caries and problems that cause premature tooth loss. (Vicky R Bowden1998)

Proper oral hygiene includes daily brushing, flossing and rinsing of teeth and care of the

dentures and other appliances. Regular dental checkups ensure the health of the teeth and

gums. Healthy gums are important because they provide support for the teeth. (Ruth F Craven

2009)

77
Oral hygiene helps to maintain the healthy state of the teeth, gums, and lips. Brushing cleanse

the teeth of food particles, debris, plaque and bacteria. It also massages the gums and relieves

the discomfort resulting from unpleasant odors and tastes. (Patricia A Potter 2007)

Good orodental hygiene, including cleanliness after each and every meal and correct brushing

ensure removal of the food particles that may form focal points for tooth decay contribute to

healthy teeth. (Suraj Gupte 2004) The preschool period is a good time to encourage good dental

habits. Children can begin to brush their own teeth with parental supervision and helps to reach

all tooth surfaces. Parents should floss their children’s teeth, give fluoride as ordered if the

water supply is not fluoridated and schedule the first dental visit. So the child can become

accustomed to the routine of periodic dental care. (Jane Ball1994)

Oral hygiene is essential for removing plaque, the almost invisible film of soft bacterial deposits

that constantly forms on teeth and ultimately leads to tooth decay and disease of the gums.

(Dorothy R Marlow2009)

Through brushing of the teeth is very important in preventing tooth decay. The mechanical

action of brushing removes food particle that can harbor and incubate bacteria. It also

stimulates circulation in the gums, thus maintaining its healthy firmness. Fluoride tooth paste is

often recommended because of its anti bacterial protection. (Barbara kosier 2008).

Parents should introduce a dental hygiene routine as soon as their child’s first teeth appear,

using a soft baby toothbrush. Most children require supervision until they are 7 or 8 years old.

The teeth should be brushed last thing at night and, after every meals. (Margaret F Alexander

2006).

School age children need to brush their teeth two to three times per day for 3 minutes each

time. Parents should replace the tooth brush every 3 to 4 months. Parents must monitor the

tooth brushing, and arrange regular dental examination every 6 months to ensure good dental

health and prevent dental problems. (Terri Kyle2010)

77
LITERATURE RELATED TO DENTAL PROBLEMS AND PREVENTION

Mouth disorders may not appear dangerous, but they are uncomfortable, often painful, and at

times disfiguring or cosmetically unattractive. They can also interfere with nutritional intake or

lead to other undesirable or more serious condition and life style changes. (Caroline Bunker

Rosdahl1999)

The decay of the teeth with the formation of cavities is called caries. The other main oral

problems include periodontal disease, gingivitis, halitosis, stomatitis, glossitis and oral

malignancies. (Carol Taylor2001)

Dental caries occur frequently during the toddler period. Often as a result of the excessive

intake of sweets or prolonged use of bottle during naps and at bed time. Plaque is an invisible

soft film that adheres to the enamel surface of the teeth. It consists of bacteria, molecules of

saliva, and remnants of the epithelial cells and leukocytes. (Barbara Kozier2006)

Peridontal disease is the pus formation in the socket of teeth. This involves infection and

destruction of the supporting teeth structures like gingival, cementum, ligaments and alveolar

bone. (TNAI 2005)

The integrity of the teeth largely depends on the person’s oral hygiene, practices, diet and

general health. The accumulation of food debris especially sugar and plaque supports the growth

of mouth bacteria. The combination of sugar, plaque and bacteria may eventually erode the

tooth enamel causing caries. (Barbara K Timby 2009)

Proper care of teeth and gums helps to prevent gum deterioration and teeth loss. Cavities in the

enamel are caused by deposition of plaque, a substance that forms and hardens on the teeth

and is composed primarily of bacteria and saliva. Bacterial enzymes from the plaque combine

77
with carbohydrate from foods and organic acid to ferment and breakdown enamel. (Ruth F

Craven 2009)

There is a direct correlation between the incidence of caries and availability of sucrose. There

appears a vicious circle of deprivation in which poor diet, that is high in sugar and fat, combined

with inadequate intake of fruit and vegetables, predisposes to dental decay in children. (Margret

F Alexander)

The guidelines for prevention of dental caries include dental oral hygiene, diet, fluoride and

fluoridation and regular dental checkups.(Suraj Gupte2004)

The wide variety of primary oral infection can be triggered by various bacteria and viruses. Oral

infections may be occurring secondary to vitamin deficiencies, other systemic disease or

treatment or local trauma or stress. (Frances Donovan Monahan2009)

The measures used to prevent and control dental caries include practicing effective mouth care,

reducing the intake of starches and sugar, applying fluoride to the teeth or drinking fluoridated

water, refraining from smoking, controlling diabetes. (Brunner and Suddharth2009)

77
CHAPTER – IV

RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY

77
 CHAPTER – IV

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Methodology in simple words means a system of ways of doing teaching or studying

something. (Cambridge advanced learners dictionary).

Methodology is the steps procedures and strategies for gathering and analyzing data in a

research investigation. (Denis F Polit2004)

The method section is often subdivided in to several significant parts which help the readers to

locate vital information.

This chapter deals with the methodological approach of the study. The purpose of the present

study is to assess the effectiveness of video teaching program regarding oral hygiene among

school children in a selected school at Bengaluru.

Methodology for the present study involves

 Description of research approach

 Research design

 Study setting

 Target population

 Sample and sampling technique

 selection criteria

 selection and development of tool

 content validity and reliability

 Pilot study

77
  Data collection procedure and plan for the data analysis.

RESEARCH APPROACH

A research approach instructs the researcher from where the data is to be collected how to -

analyze the data. It also suggest possible conclusion and helps the researcher in ensuring

specialist question in the most accurate and efficient way. (Rose Grippe and Gorney).

Quasi experimental research design with one group pretest and post test method was

considered most appropriate to achieve the objective of the present study.

77
RESEARCH DESIGN

Research design is the overall plan for addressing a research question including specification for

enhancing the study’s integrity. (Denise E Polit and Cheryl Tatano Beck 2008). The research

design selected for this study was one group pretest and post test design.

77
One group pretest and post test design is a subtype of quasi experimental research design, was

used to assess the knowledge of school children regarding oral hygiene and structured teaching

programme regarding oral hygiene was administered to the selected sample.

STUDY SETTING

The study setting is the location in which study is conducted. (Nancy Burns and Susan K Groove

2007). The study was conducted in Government Higher Secondary School, Karnataka, Bangalore.

The selection of study set up was based on feasibility of conducting study and availability of

sample subjects. The study was conducted for 60 selected samples of school children from VI,

VII, and VIII standard. The school has started on 22/7/1945 and during 2006 it was upgraded to

higher secondary. The total students in this school are 1800 and there are 45 teachers and 8 non

teaching staffs. The working hour of the school is 10am to 1pm and 2pm -4pm.

POPULATION

Population is termed as the larger group about whom the researcher is interested in gaining

knowledge. (Carole L Mac née 2004)

Population is defined as the entire aggregation of cases that meet a designated set of criteria.

(Polit and Hungler 1999). The population for present study included all school children of VI, VII

and VIII standard in Government higher secondary school at Bengalore.

SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Sample is the subset of population that is selected for a study. (Nancy Burns and Susan K Groove

2007). For the present study the researcher used simple random sampling with lottery method

77
and sample comprises of 60 school children of VI, VII and VIII standard in Government higher

secondary school at Bengalore.

CRITERIA FOR SAMPLE SELECTION INCLUSION CRITERIA

• Children studying in selected school in VI, VII, and VIII standard.

• Students who are present at the time of the data collection.

SELECTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOOL

According to Carol .L. Mache, the study methods used to collect data are intended to allow the

researcher to construct a description and meaning of the variable under study.

Semi structured questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge of the

school children. Questionnaire is considered as the most appropriate instrument to elicit the

response from the literate subjects.

DESCRIPTION OF THE TOOL

The tool was organized in to 4 sections.

Section A: demographic data consist of 9 items – age, sex, class in which studying, education

and occupation of parents, monthly income, place of residence, source of water supply and

previous knowledge on oral hygiene.

Section B: the knowledge aspect consists of 10 question regarding dentition.

Section C: The knowledge aspect consists of 12 questions related to oral hygiene.

Section D: The knowledge aspect consists of 12 questions regarding oral problems and its

prevention.

CONTENT VALIDITY

77
Validity reflects how accurately the measures yield information about the true and real variable

being studied. (Carol.L.Macnee, 2004).

The experts from the field of nursing, dental medicine, and teachers examined the relevancy

and accuracy of the tool. Based on the expert’s opinion the tool was modified.

RELIABILITY OF THE INSTRUMENT:

The tool was administered to 6 students of VI, VII, and VIII standard in Government higher

secondary school, Karnataka Bengaluru. The reliability was established by using Spearman

Brown Split Half technique and co-efficient co-relation of knowledge was found to r=0.99, which

indicates reliability.

PILOT STUDY

Pilot study is miniature trial version of study before the actual data are collected.

(RoseMarie1993). The pilot study was conducted in the month of September 2011 at

Government higher secondary school at Thengamam, Kerala. The function of the pilot study was

to obtain information for improving the project for assessing its feasibility.

After obtaining permission from the headmaster, pilot study was conducted. Six students were

selected and semi structured questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge of the school

children regarding oral hygiene. Structured teaching programme was conducted and the

effectiveness of the structured teaching was evaluated after seven days with the same tool.

PROCEDURE FOR DATA COLLECTION

The investigator got permission from school headmaster to conduct the study. Data was

collected on the month of the October. The purpose of the study was explained to the samples

with self introduction. The questionnaire was distributed to the children and they took 30-35

minutes to fill the answers and video teaching program was conducted after the pretest. The

77
subjects were very active and participated with interest and co-operated well. Post test was

done seven days after the video teaching programme. Nearly 30-35 minutes taken to fill the

same questionnaire. PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS

 The data obtained were analyzed in terms of objectives of the study using descriptive

and inferential statistics. Data were organized in master sheet.

 The frequencies and percentages for the analysis of socio demographic variables like

age, sex, class in which studying, education and occupation of parents etc.

 Mean, mean score percentage and standard deviation of pretest and post test score.

 Paired t test to find out the effectiveness of video teaching program in terms of gain in

knowledge of school children regarding oral hygiene.

 Inferential statistics especially chi-square test to find out the association between

knowledge of school children with selected demographic variables

CONCLUSION

This chapter includes description of research approach, research design, study setting,

target population, sample and sampling technique, selection criteria, selection and

development of the tool, content validity and reliability, pilot study, data collection

procedure and plan for data analysis.

CHAPTER V
77
 DATA ANALYSIS,

INTERPRETATION AND

DISCUSSION

CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION

This chapter will present the quantitative result of the study attempted to examine the

effectiveness of structured teaching programme regarding oral hygiene among school children in

a selected school at Bengalore. The purpose of analysis is to reduce the data in to interpretable

and meaningful form, so that the result can be compared and significance can be identified.

77
Data analysis is the systematic organization and synthesis of research data, and the testing of

research hypothesis using those data. (Polit and Beck 2003)

The data analysis contains five major sections. The first is frequencies and percentage analysis

which will be used to describe the socio demographic variables of sampled school children. The

second and third sections of the data analysis include descriptive analysis which will describe

knowledge of school children regarding oral hygiene before and after the video teaching

programme. The fourth section includes the comparison of knowledge level of school children

regarding oral hygiene before and after the video teaching programme. Final section of the data

analysis involves chi- square analysis were run to examine the association of pretest knowledge

with selected demographic variables.

OBJECTIVES:

• To assess the knowledge of the school children regarding oral hygiene before the

administration of structured teaching programme.

• To administer structured teaching programme regarding oral hygiene.

• To assess the knowledge of school children regarding oral hygiene after the administration of

structured teaching programme.

• To compare between pretest and post test knowledge on oral hygiene among school children.

• To explore the relationship between pretest knowledge score and selected demographic

variables like age, sex, class in which studying, education and occupation of parents, family

income, source of water supply, residential area, previous knowledge regarding oral hygiene and

source of previous information.

PRESENTATION OF DATA

77
The analysis of the data was organized and presented under the following broad headings.

Section1 : Description of the socio demographic variables.

Section2 : Assessment of the knowledge of school children regarding oral hygiene after the

structured teaching programme.

Section 3 : Assessment of the knowledge of the school children regarding oral hygiene after the

structured teaching programme.

Section 4 : Comparison of knowledge level of school children regarding oral hygiene before and

after structured teaching programme. Examining the effectiveness of structured teaching

programme.

Section 5 : association between pretest knowledge and selected demographic variables of

school children.

SECTION-I

DESCRIPTION OF SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES OF SCHOOL CHILDREN

77
 Table4.1.1 : Distribution of Respondents by age

FIG:4.1,1 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS BY AGE

77
The table 4.1.1 and figure 4.1.1 shows the distribution of the sample according to their

age. Among 60 school children 35 (58.3%) were in the age of 11-12 years. 25 (41.66%)

were within the age of 13-14 years and none of them were above 14 years.

Table: 4.1.2 Distribution of Respondents by sex

77
Fig: Table 4.1.2 Distribution of Respondents by sex
Table 4.1.2 and figure 4.1.2 shows that among 60 subjects studied 30 (50%) of school
children were male and 30 (50%) of school children were females.

Table 4.1.3 Distribution of Respondents by class in which studying.

77
Fig 4.1.3 Distribution of Respondents by class in which studying

The above table 4.1.3 and fig 4.1.3 presents frequency of school children over class in
which are studying. Out of these 60 school children studied all are distributed, 20
(33.33%) in each class VI, VII, VIII.

FIG 4.1.4 Distribution of respondents by monthly income of the family

77
Fig 4.1.4 Distribution of Respondents by monthly income of the family
Table 4.1.4 and fig 4.1.4 shows the distribution of school children by monthly income of
the family. Among those 20 (33.33%) were in the category of Rs 2000- Rs 3000,
19(31.66%) were in the category of Rs 4000 and above, 11(18.33%) were Rs3000-Rs
4000 and 10(16.66%) were below Rs2000.

77
 SECTION- II

ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE LEVEL OF SCHOOL CHILDREN REGARDING

ORAL HYGIENE BEFORE STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAMME

Table 4.2.1: Pretest knowledge level on oral hygiene among school children.

N=60

The pretest knowledge level reveals inadequate, moderate, and adequate level. Table 4.2.1

depicts that 33(55%) of respondents belongs to moderate level and 27 (45%) belongs to

inadequate level and none of them had adequate level of knowledge.

Table 4.2.2 pretest knowledge score on oral hygiene among school children.

N=60

77
Table 4.2.2 depicts that the overall pretest knowledge score of school children regarding oral

hygiene. It was found to be 50% with SD 4.36%.

Table 4.2.3 Aspect wise pretest mean knowledge score on oral hygiene among school children

before structured teaching programme.

The above table 4.2.3 presents the pretest mean knowledge score on oral hygiene

among school children before structured teaching programme.

The mean, mean score percentage and standard deviation percentage based on

maximum possible scores of each area before the stuctured teaching programme were

explicated and displayed.

The pretest mean knowledge score regarding dentition before structured teaching

programme was 4.933 with standard deviation 1.493 %. The respondents had 11.25 mean

knowledge score with standard deviation 1.946% regarding oral hygiene. The subjects had

12.88% of mean knowledge score with standard deviation 2.98% regarding oral problems and

prevention. The pretest knowledge means score percent 41.10% regarding dentition, 59.21%

regarding oral hygiene and 47.70% regarding oral problems and prevention.

77
 CHAPTER-VI

RESULTS

77
 CHAPTER – VI

RESULTS

The researcher is interested to bring out the association between knowledge of school

children and age, sex, class in which studying, education and occupation of parents,

monthly income, place of residence, source of water supply, previous knowledge on

oral hygiene and source of information. In order to determine the association chi –

square analysis was used.

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

H1 - the mean post- test knowledge score of subjects, after the administration of structured

teaching program with regard to knowledge on oral hygiene will be significantly higher than

their pre- test score.

The ‘t’ value between pretest and post -test was computed for knowledge on oral hygiene and

which indicate that there was a significant improvement in scores from pre test to post test at

5% level (ie P=0.05).

H2: there will be a significant relationship between pretest knowledge level of school children

regarding oral hygiene and selected demographic variables like age, sex, class in which studying,

education and occupation of parents, family income, residence area, source of water supply,

previous knowledge on oral hygiene and source of previous information.

77
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PRETEST KNOWLEDGE AND DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES OF SCHOOL

CHILDREN.

Table 4.5.1 Association between pretest knowledge and demographic variables of school

children.

Significant at 5% level, x2 (0.05, 1 df) = 3.84

77
Table 4.5.1 presents substantive summary of chi-square analysis which used to bring out the

relationship between the pretest knowledge with selected demographic variables.

School children who were in the age of < 13 years 21(77.77%) had inadequate knowledge,

14(42.42%) had moderate knowledge. Subjects who were in the age of > 13 years 6(22.22%) had

inadequate knowledge, 19 (57.57%) had moderate knowledge. The chi- square value of

association between age and pretest knowledge level was 7.62, significant chi square (0.05, 1df)

=3.84. It is inferred that there is a significant association between age and pretest knowledge.

The subjects who were male 13, (48.14%) had inadequate knowledge and 17(51.5%) had

adequate knowledge. Female 14(51.85%) and 16(48.48%) had adequate knowledge. The chi-

square value for association between sex and pretest knowledge level was 0.04, which is

insignificant chi square (0.05, df =3.84). It is inferred that there is no significant relationship

between sex and pretest knowledge.

The subjects who were VII Standard, 16(59.25%) had inadequate knowledge and 24(72.72%) had

adequate knowledge. The chi square value for association between class and pretest knowledge

level was 2.21, which is insignificant, chi square (0.05, 1df=3.84). It is inferred that there is no

significant relationship between class and pretest knowledge.

The subjects who had inadequate knowledge 5(18.5%), 2(6.06%) had moderate knowledge, their

fathers were illiterate. The subjects who had inadequate knowledge 22(81.48%), 31(93.93%) had

moderate knowledge, their fathers were literate. The chi square value for association between

education of father and pretest knowledge level was 2.21, which was 2.21, which is insignificant

chi square (0.05, 1df=3.84). It is inferred that there is no significant relationship between

education of father and pretest knowledge.

The subjects whose mothers were illiterate 6(18.18%) had moderate knowledge and none of

them had inadequate knowledge. The subjects whose mother were literate 27(100%) had

77
adequate knowledge and 27(81.8%) had moderate knowledge. Chi square value 5.44 significant.

The school children whose father was an employee 13(48.14%) had inadequate knowledge,

18(54.5%) had adequate knowledge level. The subjects whose father were laborers 14(51.85%)

had inadequate knowledge 15(45.45%) had adequate knowledge. The chi square value for

association between occupation of father and pretest knowledge level was 0.22 which is

insignificant chi square (0.05, 1df=3.84). It is inferred that there is no significant relationship

between occupation of father and pretest knowledge.

The subjects whose mother were employed 17(62.96%) had inadequate knowledge, 18 (54.5%)

had adequate knowledge. The subjects whose mothers were unemployed 10 (37.03%) had

inadequate knowledge. 15 had moderate knowledge. The chi square value for association

between occupations of mother and pretest knowledge level was 0.41 which is insignificant.

The subjects who had monthly income 3000/- 11 (40.74%) had inadequate knowledge,

18(54.54%) had moderate knowledge. The chi square value for association between monthly

income and pretest knowledge level was 1.12 which is insignificant chi square (0.05, df=3.84). It

is inferred that there is no significant relationship between monthly income and pretest

knowledge.

The school children who were residing in urban, 4 (14.8%) had inadequate knowledge, 5(15.15%)

had moderate knowledge. The subjects who were residing at rural area, 23(85.18%) had

inadequate knowledge and 28(84.84%) had moderate knowledge. The chi square value for

association between place of residence and pretest knowledge was 0.0011, which is insignificant

chi square (0.05, df=3.84). It is inferred that there is no significant relationship between place of

residence and pretest knowledge.

The subjects who were using well water, 24 (88.88%) had inadequate knowledge and 29

(87.87%) had moderate knowledge. The subjects who were using public water supply, 3(11.11%)

77
had inadequate knowledge, 4(12.12%) had moderate knowledge. The chi square value for

association between source of water supply and pretest knowledge is 0.014 which is insignificant

chi square (0.05,df=3.84). It is inferred that there is no significant relationship between source of

water supply and pretest knowledge.

The subjects who had previous knowledge, 23(85.18%) had inadequate knowledge and

33(100%) had moderate knowledge. The subjects who had no previous knowledge, 4(14.81%)

had inadequate knowledge and none of them had moderate knowledge. The chi square value

for relationship between previous knowledge and pretest knowledge was 5.22, which is

significant chi square (0.05, df =3.84). It is inferred that there is a significant relationship

between pretest knowledge and previous knowledge on oral hygiene.

The subjects who had the source of information from the news papers and television 3(11.11%)

had inadequate knowledge and 13(39.39%) had moderate knowledge. The subjects who had the

source of information from the parents and teachers 24(88.88%) had inadequate knowledge and

20(60.60%) had moderate knowledge. The chi square value for relationship between source of

information and pretest knowledge was 6.06, which is significant chi square (0.05, 1df=3.84). It is

inferred that there is a significant relationship between pretest knowledge and source of

information on oral hygiene.

77
 CHAPTER – VII

DISCUSSION

CHAPTER - VII

DISCUSSION

The basic aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of video teaching

programme regarding oral hygiene among school children and to find out the relationship

between pretest knowledge score with selected demographic variables. The discussion is

77
delineated and formulated in accordance with the outlined objectives of the research, under the

following headings.

• Socio demographic variables.

• Analysis of effectiveness of structured teaching programme.

• Association between socio demographic variables with pretest knowledge.

Socio demographic variables

 58.33% of the subjects were below 13 years, of age and 41.66% of the subjects were above

13 years.

 In this study 50 % were male and 50 % of the subjects were females.

 Among the subjects 33.33% were selected from VI, VII and VIII standards.

 Most of the subject’s fathers (88.4%) were literate and 11.66% were illiterate.

 Most of the subject’s mothers (90%) were educated and 10% were uneducated.

 In this study 51.66% of the subjects were working in government and private sector and

48.33% were laborers.

 More than half of the subject’s mothers (58.34%) were employed and 41. 66% were

unemployed.

 51.66% of the subjects had monthly income less than Rs 3000/- month and 48.33% of the

subjects had monthly income more than Rs 3000/-

 Majority of the subjects (85%) were residing in rural area and where as 15 % of the subjects

were residence of urban area.

 Most of the subjects 88.33% were using well water where as 11.66% were using public

water supply. ¾ Majority of the subjects 93.33% had previous knowledge on oral hygiene

and 6.66% not had previous knowledge on oral hygiene.

77
 It was observed that 2.66% of the subjects received the information from news papers and

television and 73.33% of the subjects received the information from parents, teachers and

health workers.

77
CHAPTER – VIII

CONCLUSION

CHAPTER – VIII

77
 CONCLUSION

The above, were the conclusion drawn from the findings of the study. The subjects had

inadequate knowledge regarding oral hygiene. The video teaching program about structure of

teeth, dentition and importance of oral hygiene, methods of brushing, diets for oral health, oral

problems and its prevention was found to be effective in improving the knowledge of school

children regarding oral hygiene.

Implications of the study

NURSING IMPLICATIONS

The results of this study have implication on nursing practice, nursing administration,

nursing education and nursing research.

NURSING PRACTICE

Nowadays, the nursing practice is mainly focusing on the preventive aspects than the curative

aspects. The community health nurse can educate the teachers regarding oral hygiene and

prevention of dental problems. The teachers need to be informed about oral hygiene, ways of

keeping oral hygiene and identification and prevention of oral disease. So they can impart this

knowledge to the students and function effectively. School health program can be conducted

regarding oral hygiene and ways of keeping oral hygiene to the school children and they can be

thought on prevention of common oral problems. So they can teach their friends, family

members and community. Health personnel can perform the periodic dental health checkups

and maintain the data regarding the observations so that it will be used by the researcher for

conducting the research studies on oral hygiene and oral problems.

77
NURSING EDUCATION

Education includes training about correct methods of brushing and flossing, selection of correct

dental aids, good oral habits as part of the curriculum in the primary education level. There

should be regular campaign regarding oral hygiene with the help of the medical team, and

school authority. School personnel can prepare a self instructional module and video films on

good oral habits and consequences of oral problems and which should be used in the school

periodically. World dental health month can be celebrated by the school to create awareness

and quiz programs can be conducted and reward to be given to motivate the school children.

NURSING ADMINISTRATION

The health care administrators should initiate oral health education programs in the community

by utilizing the dental health authorities and should initiate preventive measures and awareness

programs by encouraging the health personnel to involve in such activities. Extend the role in

strengthening and designing the primary healthcare services as per the felt needs of the

community. The public health nurse has a major role in creating awareness about the oral

hygiene and she should be in collaboration with medical authorities for arranging the campaigns

about oral hygiene and collection of information about incidence of oral problems.

NURSING RESEARCH

There is a lot of scope for research in this area to identify the various health

problems in the school children and to find out the effectiveness of various teaching

methods for educating the school children about oral hygiene and good oral habits.

There is a need for extensive research in this area to identify the awareness of family

members and teachers about the oral problems and oral habits. The findings of the

study can be utilized to motivate further research in this area, to identify the oral

health problems and different interventions to reduce the incidence of oral

77
 problems. Nurse researcher should be motivated to conduct more studies on oral

hygiene among various age groups.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The study can be replicated on larger samples; thereby findings can be generalized to larger

population.

♦ A similar study can be conducted with control group.

♦ A comparative study can be conducted in two different schools with similar set up.

♦ A study can be carried to assess the knowledge and attitudes of teachers and parents

regarding oral hygiene.

♦ A similar study can be conducted using other teaching strategies.

♦ A descriptive study can be conducted among school children regarding oral hygiene.

♦ A study can be undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of periodic health checkups in the

prevention of oral problems.

♦ A comparative study can be conducted among primary school children high school children.

♦ A retrospective study can be conducted regarding cause of oral problems among school

children.

77
CHAPTER – IX

SUMMARY

77
 CHAPTER – IX

SUMMARY

The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching

programme on knowledge regarding oral hygiene among school children at selected

schools in Bangalore.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To assess the existing knowledge of school children studying in selected schools

Bangalore regarding oral hygiene.

2. To find out the effectiveness of structured teaching programme regarding oral

hygiene by comparing pre test and post test knowledge of staff nurse regarding

stoma care.

3. To find out the association of the pretest knowledge regarding oral hygiene with

selected demographic variables of the staff nurse in selected school in Bangalore.

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

All hypotheses will be tested at 0.05 levels of significance;

H1 – There will be statistically significant difference between the pretest and post- test

knowledge scores among staff nurse regarding oral hygiene.

77
H2: There will be statistically significant association between the level of knowledge

regarding oral hygiene with selected demographic variables of the school children.

. A study was conducted by using pre-experimental one group pretest and posttest

design, among 60 school childrens, who were selected by purposive sampling technique.

The structured knowledge questionnaire oral hygiene was used to collect the data.

An extensive review of related literature for this present study was done by the

investigator himself which helped the investigator to develop the criteria for structured

teaching programme, and construction of tool. The literature review also helped in

determining the effectiveness of structured teaching programme, and plan for determining

the analysis.

The structured knowledge questionnaire regarding stoma care was used to collect

the data. There are two sections in the tool, Section-A: consists of demographic data and

Section-B consists of structured knowledge questionnaires regarding oral hygiene

77
CHAPTER – X

REFERENCES

CHAPTER – X

77
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Chennai, page no: 400-403. 21.Lois White, (2002), “Basic Nursing Foundations Of Skills And

Concepts”, first edition, Delmar publication, Albany. Page no 285-286.

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22. Mahindra K R. Anand, Meena Verma, ( 2007),Human Anatomy Nursing And Allied Sciences”,

first edition, Shri Bhupesh Arora publication, Lucknow, page no: 190-197.

23.Margret F Alexander et al, (2006) “Nursing Practice Hospital And Home”, third edition,

Elsevier publication, Missouri, page no: 625-630.

24.Michael G Newman (2010), “Carranza’s Clinical Peridontology”, tenth edition, Elsevier

publication, Missouri, page no: 404-410.

25.Nancy Burns and Susan K Grove, “Understanding Nursing Research”, fourth edition, Elsevier

publication, Missouri, page no: 322-324.

26.N. Jayne Klossner and Nancy Hatfield, (2006), ‘Introductory Maternity and Pediatric

Nursing”, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins publications, Philadelphia, page no: 635-637.

27.O P Ghai, (2010), “Essential Pediatrics”, seventh edition, C B S publishers and distributors,

New Delhi: 337-339.

28.Patricia A Potter and et al (2007), “Basic Nursing”, 7th edition, Mosby publication, page no:

721-751.

29.Robert M Kleigman, (2008), “Nelsons Text Book of Pediatrics”, eighteenth edition, Saunders

an Imprint of Elsevier, New Delhi. Page no: 1531-1532.

30.Ruth F Craven et al, (2009), “Fundamentals of Nursing”, sixth edition, Lippincott Williams and

Wilkins. Philadelphia, page no.704-721.

31.Samir E Bishara,(2007), “Text Book Of Orthodontics”, I edition, Elsevier publication Missouri,

page no: 232-234.

32.Sanjay Narula, (2007), “Research Methodology”, First edition, Muralli lal and sons, New

Delhi-2, page no 207-208.

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33.Saunder rao (1996), “An Introduction to Biostatistics”, third edition, prentice Hall of India,

New Delhi, Page no.94-97.

34.Shobha Tandon (2008), “Text Book of Pedodontics”, 2nd edition, paras medical publishers,

page no: 252-256.

35.Soben Peter, (2010), “Text Book of Dentistry”, 4th edition, Arya medi publishers, page no:

23-34.

36.S R Banerjee, (1995), “Community and Special Pediatrics”, first edition, Jaypee brother’s

medical publishers, New Delhi, page no 35-38.

37.Sue C. DeLaune, Patricia K Ladner,(2002), ‘Fundamentals Of Nursing, Standards And

Practice”, second edition, Delmar publication, Albany. Page no: 848-855.

38.Suraj Gupte, (2004), “The Short Text Book of Pediatrics”, tenth edition, Jaypee brothers

medical publishers, New Delhi, page no: 679-683.

39.Susan Rowen James, (2007), “Nursing Care Of Children”, 3rd edition, Elsevier publication,

page no: 312-313.

40.Vicky R Bowden et al, (1998), “Children and Their Families”, The Continuum of Care”, W B

Saunders company Philadelphia, page no: 295- 309.

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CHAPTER – XI

ANNEXURE

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SECTION-B

KNOWLEDGE QUESTIONNAIRE REGARDING DENTITION

Kindly go through each item and give your responses against the box provided against

each item. Please make sure that you answer all the items.

Sample code: ____________ (To be filled by the investigator)

1. What are the regions of tooth?

a)Crown

b) Neck

c) Root

2. Which is the hardest portion of a tooth?

a) Dentin

b) Enamel

c) Cementum

3. How many numbers of teeth are present in human being?

a) 28

b) 26

c) 32

d) 34

4. Which age group the first teeth erupts in a child?

a) 6th year

77
 b) 2nd year

c) 6th month

d) 2nd month

5. Which teeth erupt first in the temporary teething in a human being?

a) Incisor

b) Canine

c) Molar

6. What is permanent tooth?

a) Tooth which appears between 6 months to 12 months.

b) Tooth which appear between 6 years to 12 years.

c) Tooth which appear between 6month and adult hood.

7. Which is the first permanent tooth to appear in a human being?

a) Incisor

b) Molar

c) Premolar

d) Canine

8. How many milk teeth are present in a human being?

a) 15

b) 20

c) 24

d) 28

9. Which tooth is named as wisdom teeth?

77
 a) First molar

b) Second molar

c) Third molar

10. Which age the wisdom teeth erupts?

a) 10 years

b) 15 years

c) After 17 years

SECTION-B

KNOWLEDGE OF CHILDREN RELATED TO ORAL HYGIENE

11. What is oral hygiene?

a) Keeping the mouth clean.

b) Brushing and washing the mouth everyday

c) Keep tongue, teeth and oral mucosa clean.

d) All the above

12. Why oral hygiene is important?

a) It prevents the growth of bacteria.

b) Reduces the risk of dental disease.

c) Prevents tooth loss

13. Do you clean the tongue daily?

a) Yes

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 b) No

14. If yes which material is best for cleaning the tongue?

a) Toothbrush

b) Finger

c) Tongue cleaner

d) Specify if any other

15. How many times in a day, the child should clean the teeth?

a) One time

b) Two time

c) Only in the morning

d) Only in the night.

16. When do we rinse the mouth?

a) Every day morning

b) After each meal

c) Before each meal

d) Only at night

17. Which material is good for cleaning the teeth?

a) Leaves

b) Tooth paste

c) Charcoal

d) Ashes

18. What kind of tooth brush should be used?

a) Tooth brush with hard bristles

77
 b) Tooth brush with soft bristles

c) Square shaped brush

19. Which is the correct technique for brushing the teeth?

a) Upward and downward

b) Front to back

c) Inner side to outer side

d) Don’t know

20. How often one should change the toothbrush?

a) Once in every 2 month

b) Once in every 3 month

c) Once in every 4 month

d) More than 4 month

ANNEXURE – VI

ANSWER KEY SHEET FOR KNOWLEDGE QUESTIONNAIRES

ITEM ANSWER SCORE

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1 ALL 1
2 B 1
3 C 1
4 C 1
5 B 1
6 B 1
7 B 1
8 C 1
9 D 1
10 ABCD 1
11 ABC 1
12 C 1
13 B 1
14 AB 1
15 B 1
16 B 1
17 AC 1
18 B 1
19 B 1
20 C 1

77
 ANNEXURE – VII

CRITERIA CHECK LIST FOR EVALUATION OF TOOL

Dear sir/madam,

Kindly go through the tool and give your responses in the columns given in the criterion table against each question. I request

you to kindly give your suggestions on the content of the tool. Please give your expert comments on the items you disagree/partially agree to be

deleted which will help in modification of tool.

Content Relevant Organized properly Measurable Remarks

Section A
Socio-Demographic Agree Disagree Agree Disagree Agree Disagree
data

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7

SECTION-B: STRUCTURED KNOWLEDGE QUESTIONNAIRE REGARDING ORAL HYGIENE

Content Relevant Organized properly Measurable Remarks

Section B: Structured

knowledge
Agree Disagree Agree Disagree Agree Disagree
questionnaires

regarding oral hygiene.

1

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8

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

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26

27

28

29

30

General comments:

DATE: SIGNATURE OF THE EXPERT

PLACE: NAME AND DESIGNATION

77
CRITERIA CHECK LIST FOR EVALUATION OF STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAMME

Kindly go through the following criteria checklist prepared for validating the structured teaching programme on knowledge

regarding oral hygiene among school children.

Criteria Yes No Suggestions

The structured teaching programme

regarding oral hygiene.

 Has covered the entire content

on knowledge regarding oral

hygiene.

 Has content been organized in

a logical order.

 Has technical terms replaced

by simple terms.

 Is relevant to the topic.

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77