MAULANAABU

LKALAMAZAD
UNIVERSITYOF
TECHNOLOGY,
WESTBENGAL

SUPREME INSTITUTE OF
MANAGEMET AND TECNOLOGY

Railwaystation1,mankundu
stationroad,adjacenttoman
kundu,mankundu,chandan
nagarwestBengal,712139
 INTERNSHIP PROJECT

COLLEGE OF MEDICINE AND SAGORE DUTTA

HOSPITAL
(CMSDH)

SUMITTED BY : SWARUP BHATTACHARYA

DEPARTMENT : BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY
(BMLT)
UNIVERSITY ROLL : 36484620029
REGISTRATION NO : 203642484610026
YEAR : 2020-2023
Short Description Of Internship Report
This report describe a brief description of my work that has been carried out by me in
laboratory during training at
COLLEGE OF MEDICINE AND SAGORE DUTTA HOSPITAL (CMSDH) . I have been working in
laboratory during my internship period from 16TH January 2023to till now. There was four
department where I have worked and these departments are Central Pathology , Blood
Bank , Biochemistry, andMicrobiology.
In Central pathology section I have learn how to operate the machine (EM360 , Pentra ES
60, Sysmex XS – 800i, SR – 20A) . The test which conduct machine these are blood urea,
blood creatinine, blood glucose, Complete blood count, and blood mixing .
In Biochemistry section there was fully automatic machine (Cobas e411, EM360 and XL
640) which give me the result of Thyroid, LFT,KFT, Glucose, Lipid etc.
In Blood Bank there was machine (Cryofuge TM 16 , PR 10 ULTRAS , ID centrifuge, ) use for
component separation, crossmatching.
In Microbiology section there was machine (Laminar Air flow, Incubator, ) which give me
the result of culture preparation, ELISA etc.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Many people have contributed in a variety of ways in the preparation of this term paper.
Without help of them it was impossible to complete my internship.
At first all praise to almighty god. We are thankful to our almighty god who gives me the
strength to complete this project.
Then I would like to special thanks to respected doctors.
Then I would like to thanks our senior technician.
Finally I would like to thanks to our HOD (Dept. of BMLT in SIMT) and Vice Principle of SIMT
Dr.Mausumi Adhya Mam and our professors Prasun Halder Sir and Rosalind Chakraborty
Mam, Arpan Ghosh sir , Nazeen Parveen mam for their help in my project.
CONTENTS
 CENTRAL PATHOLOGY
 BLOOD BANK
 BIOCHEMISTRY
 MICROBIOLOGY
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 SUMMARIZATION
SGPT Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase
ALT Alanine Aminotransferase
SGOT Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase
AST Aspartate Aminotanasferase
LDH Lactate dehydrogenase
TSH Thyroid stimulating hormone
T3 Triiodothyronine
T4 Thyroxine
Hb Hemoglobin
WBC White blood cell
RBC Red blood cell
ESR Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
PCV Packed cell volume
CBC Complete blood count
G6-PD Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
BT Bleeding time
CT Clotting time
PT Prothrombin time
APTT Activated partial thromboplastin time
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus
HCV Hepatitis C virus
HBsAG Hepatitis B surface antigen
ASO Antistreptolysin O
RA Rheumatoid arthritis
MAC MacConkey agar
XLD Xylose lysine deoxycholate agar
SDA Sabouraud dextrose agar
MHA Mueller hinton agar

SUMMARIZATION OF UNITS
IU International Unit
mEq miliEquivalents
µIU microinternational Unit
ηg nanogram
µl microliter
µg microgram
CENTRAL PATHOLOGY
In central pathology there are two mainly departments biochemistry and pathology. They
are subdivide into two lab hematology and clinical pathology . In hematology there are so
many tests done.
Complete blood count
Erythrocytes sedimentation rate
Blood smear preparation and staining slide
Blood group and RH factor confirm.

In complete blood count the parameters are Hb, WBC, RBC, Platelet, PCV, MCV, MCH,
MCHC, RDW.
For complete blood count we use full auto analyzer ABX penta Xl.

Hematology laboratory :

We collect the blood for hematology laboratory in EDTA.

1. Processing the blood for complete blood count :

 Note the patient name, registration ID, Patient ID in EDTA
 Collect the blood
 Mixed the blood
 Note the patient name, registration ID, Patient ID in the analyzer display
 Open the cap of EDTA and put in front of probe of the analyzer.
 Wait for 1-2 minutes and check the results.

2. Erythrocytes sedimentation rate

It is done by Western Green tube method.

 Take a western green tube and shaker

 Put the blood upto the mark of the tube through shaker
 Wait for 1 hours
 Note the result

3. Blood group and RH factor done by slide method

 Biochemistry laboratory
Three test are done. Blood Urea, Creatinine, and Sugar.

a. Blood urea test :

Urea is the major end product of protein nitrogen metabolism in humans. It constitutes the
largest fraction of the non protein nitrogen components of the blood. Urea produced in the
liver and excreted through the kidneys in the urine. Elevated urea level can occur with
dietary changes disease which impair kidney function, liver disease,congestive heart failure,
diabetes and infections.
Urea reagent is intended for in vitro quantitative determination of urea in human
serum,plasma and urine.

Normal range -
20-35 mg/dl in serum.

Some patient Report –

Patient no - 01
Patient name – Asha Pathak
Age/Sex - 28/Female
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 24356
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required – Urea level in blood
Test Result – 10mg/dl
[Note : It’s indicate protein breakdown or liver disease in body]
Patient no - 02
Patient name – Mohit Chowdhury
Age/Sex - 35/Male
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 23485
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required – Urea level in blood
Test Result – 20 mg/dl
Patient no - 03
Patient name – Sonia Khatoon
Age/Sex - 58/Female
Ward – Indoor
Bed no – FMW-32
Registration no – 44356
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required – Urea level in blood
Test Result – 50mg/dl
[Note : It’s indicate Kidney disease in body]
 b. Blood Creatinine test :
Creatinine is a waste product formed in muscle from the high energy storage compound,
creatinine phosphate. The ammount of creatinine produced is fairly constant and is
primarily a function of muscle mass. It is not greatly affected by diet, age, sex or exercise .
Creatinine is used to assess renal function , however serum creatinine levels don not start to
rise until renal function has decreased by at least 50% .

Normal range -
Male : 0.7-1.3 mg/dl in serum
Female : 0.5-1.1 mg/dl in serum

Some patient Report –

Patient no - 01
Patient name – Nita Pramanik
Age/Sex - 22/Female
Ward – Indoor
Bed no – FMW-30
Registration no – 24456
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required – Creatinine level in blood
Test Result – 0.3 mg/dl
[Note : It’s indicate low muscle mass , liver disease in body]
Patient no - 02
Patient name – Soumen Chowdhury
Age/Sex - 40/Male
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 23452
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required – Creatinine level in blood
Test Result – 1.0 mg/dl
Patient no - 03
Patient name – Razia Bibi
Age/Sex - 30/Female
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 20356
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required – Creatinine level in blood
Test Result – 1.7 mg/dl
[Note : It’s indicate a problem with the kidneys, as these organs get rid of waste products
from the body to keep the blood clean.]
 c. Blood Glucose test :
Glucose (sugar) mainly comes from carbohydrates in the food and drinks you consume. It’s
human main source of energy. Blood carries glucose to all of body’s cells to use for energy.
Several bodily processes help keep blood glucose in a healthy range. Insulin, a hormone
pancreas makes, is the most significant contributor to maintaining healthy blood sugar.

Normal range -
Fasting - 90-110 mg/dl in serum.
Post prandial – 100-140 mg/dl
Random - <140 mg/dl

Some patient Report –

Patient no - 01
Patient name – Nisit Das
Age/Sex - 32/Male
Ward – Indoor
Bed no – MMW-30
Registration no – 23456
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required –Glucose level (fasting) in blood
Test Result – 75 mg/dl
[Note : It’s indicate that it’s turn into hypoglycemia]
Patient no - 02
Patient name – Sumon Chowdhury
Age/Sex - 40/Male
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 23002
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required – Glucose level (Post prandial) in blood
Test Result – 120 mg/dl
Patient no - 03
Patient name – Anwara Bibi
Age/Sex - 25/Female
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 20320
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required –Glucose level(Random) in blood
Test Result – 200 mg/dl
[Note : It’s indicate diabetes]
Machine use in Biochemistry :
EM 360 a fully automatic clinical chemistry analyser is a time tested and provent
Technology. It is design to provide that most damaging productivity speed and operational
ease. EM 360 provides the best in class analyse for high quality results for virtually any
biochemistry test to deliver quick efficient and consistent performance.
An intelligent user friendly software makes the operators job easy and flexible. EM 360
offers connectivity to the host computer via laboratory integrated software.
It is intelligent software that can automatically scheduled daily workload, implement test
instruction, quality control, needs and monitor test run , verify individual test result, repeat
or cancel test as and when needed, report and store result.
EM 360 capacitance probes provide liquid level sensing and separate probes ensure
reliability op throughout at 360 tests per hour even when the analysis involves double
reagent system.
Emergency sample processing facilities provides total flexibility for reporting the stat patient
reports.

Machine use in Hematology :

High performance haematology analysis with integrated validation

CBC with 5-part Diff including flagging for immature cells
Advanced technologies for mixing and sample analysis ensuring accurate results
Processes 80 samples/hr and provides results in 60 seconds
Autoloader holds up to 100 samples with random continuous access
STAT mode for critical samples
 Clinical Pathology
In clinical pathology laboratory we examine the Routine in urine examination and microscopic
examination.

Routine examination
Volume, Colour, Deposit, Ph, Albumin, Sugar,Apperance, Specific gravity.
Specimen collection :
Take a sterile container and take the morning 1st urine.
Samples processing:
 Take the urine container
 Check the lable of container such as patient name patient ID and registration number
 Note the patient details in rejistration book
 Check the Volume, Color, appearance, Deposit
 Open the container
 Put a urine stick on that container for 1-2 seconds
 Check the parameters value (Albumin, Sugar, Ph, Specific gravity) within 30 second
 Note the result

Microscopic examination
 Take a new Ria voel
 Take urine on that voel
 Centrifuge it on 1500rpm for 4-5 minutes
 Take a new slide and mark the patient details on that
 Discard the urine from the voel and put the deposit of the urine on that slide.
 Put a cover slip on that carefully
 Check it by microscope.
 Note the result
By microscopic examination we find Pus cell, RBC, Epithelial cell, Case, East , Crystal, Parasite

For Routine urine examination we use Urine test strip.

BLOOD BANK
Blood bank is very important part in medical health science.A place where blood is collected from
donors, typed, separated into components, stored, and prepared for transfusion to recipients.
A blood service that gives patients acces to safe blood and blood products in sufficient quantity is a
key component of an effective health system.

In blood bank there are mainly four department.

 Transfusion Transmitted Infection (TTI)

 components separation
 cross matching.

But most important part is Blood Donor Selection And Blood Collection.

For processing blood the steps are :

1) Blood donor selection
2) Blood collection
3) After collection storage the blood
4) Transfusion Transmissible Infection test
5) Blood group test
6) Component Separation
7) Labeling
8) Storage and preservation
9) Cross matching
a) Take recipient/ patient sample and requisition
b) Test the group of recipient/ patient sample.
c) Give the matching sample by checking date of collection of blood, exp. Date of blood bag
d) Cross match done by major , minor, and gel card.
e) Issued the blood if cross match is compatible.
f) Take a record of the patient sample, requisition and blood bag report.
g) Dispatch the blood bag.
  Blood Donor Selection :

At first we select a blood donor and then we check the health some medical history such as

 Medical history
 Donor should not be fasting
 Donor should be in sound mental state
 History of past illness
 Donor gives a positive history of any of the following illness
 History of allergic disorder ,renal, cardiovascular, malignant disease ,diabetes.

Medication
1. Drugs present in the donuts bloodstream may effect a recipient

Pregnancy
1. Pregnancy and at least 6 months during lactation makes a case for deferral.

Surgery
1. The donor is not accepted 6 months after having gun through major surgery and 3
months after minor surgical procedure s.
2. The Donald who has himself received blood or blood component during the last 6
months is not accepted.

Immunisation

Hepatitis B vaccination
If donor has received hepatitis b immunoglobulin than he or she is deferred for one year.

A symptom free donor is accepted, if he or she has been vaccinated with the following killed
vaccines or toxoids:

 Vaccine for diphtheria

 Polio salk vaccine
 Influenza
 Cholera
 typhous
 typhoid or paratyphoid

Deferral of two weeks is recommended after the following vaccination

 Polio Sabin vaccine

 Mumps
  yellow fever

Deferral of four weeks is recommended after the following vaccination

 German measles (Rubella)

 Vaccination by animal serum products like anti diphtheria

Deferral should be for one year if the vaccination for Rabies is given after the dog bite.

Infectious disease

The donor suffering from any infection as disease bacterial or viral is not accepted. Safe
screening of donors blood for TTI like hepatitis b hepatitis c syphilis AIDS and malaria.
The donor is accepted only if he or she does not give a positive history of jaundice in the last
one year.

Tattooing
The donor who has undergone tattooing on his or her body in the last 6 month is deferred .

Malaria

In case of malaria the criteria for deferral is different for endemic and non endemic areas.

 Physical examination

 Age between 18 - 65 years

 Body weight not less than 45 kg
 Volume of blood donation should not be 13% of estimated blood volume of the
donor in order to protect against vasovagal attacks. The collection of bags are design
to contain 350 ml or 450 ml of blood.
 Pulse rate should be within 80-100 /minutes.
 Blood pressure should be within 110 to 180 systolic and 70 to 100 diastolic in mm
Hg.

 Blood Collection :

The blood should be collected by trained phlebotomist under the supervision of a physician.

Donors room

 The donors room where the donuts blood is collected must be air condition and properly
ventilated.
 Specially designed donor souches are available which are electrically operated where in case
of Donor reaction the foot can be evaluated.
 The donors room should be equipped with the following emergency kit.
 1. Liquid ammonia or ammonia capsule
2. Disposable syringe to 2 ml and 5 ml
3. Oxygen and mask
4. Ice packs
5. Tongue blades
6. Paper bags for breathing
7. Injection sodium phosphate etc.

Materials required for phlebotomy

Blood collection back which are available as single double or triple bag. The bags are supplied in 350
ml and 450 ml capacities containing CPD SAG/SAGM anticoagulant. 350 ml back contents 49 ml and
450 ml back content 63 ml anticoagulant or preservative.

1. Tourniquet
2. Artery forceps, clips
3. Rubber ball or
4. wooden bar
5. Blood bag weighing machine
6. Cotton swaps methylated spirit.

Phlebotomy

Site of venepuncture.
The anticubital fossa is the ideal site. The side should be free of any local infection.

 Apply the tourniquet on the arm about 2-3 inches above the elbow joint rising the pressure
50-60 mm Hg
 Ask the donor to close the fist. Select the most prominent straight and thick vein
 Clean the area and talk all antic measures by applying methylated spirit.
 Place the blood bag on a lower plane on the weighing balance and clamp the tube close to
the needle.
 Perform the wind puncture in a single clean stroke. Do not mess up with the vein.
 Release the clump the blood should start flowing down.
 Ask the donor to keep on pressing the rubber ball.
 The phlebotomy should keep on mixing the anticagulant and the blood gently if the
automated sucker is not being used.
 If the automatic balancing machine is not in use then the blood collected should be weighed.
367 gm for 350 ml and 472 gm for 450 ml of blood is collected, excluding the weight of the
bag and anticagulant.
 As soon as the required amount of blood is collected apply a clamp on the tube. Release the
tourniquet and after putting a sterile cotton swab on the vein puncture side gently withdraw
the needle.
 The segments of the tube attach to the bag are used as pilot samples.
  The blood is pushed back in the tube by compressing the bag and knots are applied or the
tube is sealed by electric sealer at few places.
 The needle is ditouched and destroy by the needle cutter.
 Keep the blood bag at 4 to 6 degree centigrade in the refrigerator.
 Seal the venepuncture site.
 Let the Donor remain on the couch for at least 10 minutes.
 The donor should be offered refreshment preferably juices and should be thanked for
donation.
 Throughout these process and until the Donor leave the blood bank he or she suits never be
left unattended.

Instruction to Donor after donation of blood :

 Instruction to Donor after donation of blood .

 Drink plenty of fluids like juice ,soft drinks etc .
 Avoid exercise self automobile drives bicycling.
 If bleeding occurs from the veinpuncture site compress and raise the arm.
 Remove the band -aid after 4 hours.
 If there are any signs of fainting, consult a doctor or return to the blood bank.

Complications of Blood Donation :

The commonest reaction is vasovagal syndrome, result in syncope.
The features are:
• Excessive sweating
• Weakness
• Dizziness
• Cold and clammy skin
• Low volume pulse and low BP
• Fainting.

The other common adverse reactions are:

• Nausea and vomiting
• Tetanylikesymptomsduetohyperventilation.Theanxiousdonorloosesanexcessofc
arbondioxide

Management of donor reactions

The adverse reactions are to be managed on the following lines:
• Stop the bleeding process at the first sign of reaction.
• Release the tourniquet and withdraw the needle.
• Raise the foot end above the level of head.
• Open up donor’s collar buttons, loose night clothing.
• Applythecottonsoakedinliquidammoniaorcrushedammoniacapsuleneartheno
strils.
• Apply cold compresses(icepacks) on the donor’s head.
• Ask the donor to breath in the paper bag, so that he can reinhale the carbon
dioxide.
• If the donor vomits ,provide him towel or a pan. Tilt his head to aside to avoid
aspiration of vomits.
 • If convulsions are observed, ensure proper airway. Place a tongue blade
between the teeth to prevent tongue bite.
• Monitor the pulse, BP and respiration.
• In case a haematoma develops at the site of venepuncture, place fewsterile
gauze pieces and press for 10 minutes. Application of ice for few minutes also
helps.

:After collection processing the blood :

Screening for diseases transmitted through blood also known as TTI.
Thescreeningofdonor’sbloodiscarriedoutforthefollowingTTIs:
• HBsAg
• ‘HCV
• HIV1 AND HIV2
• Syphilis
• Malaria.

Blood Group and Rh factor Test :

Blood group and Rh factor test by slide method. If any donor blood Rh factor is negative
then it is confirm by “ Du” test.

Component Separation :

Component are separated depend on type of blood bag. If blood bag is triple then components
are three type .

• Redcellconcentrate(Packedredcells)
• Plateletconcentrates
• Freshfrozenplasma(FFP)

Screening for diseases transmitted through blood also known as TTI :

Detect Hepatitis B surface antigen

Type of ELISA : Sandwich

Specimen of choice : Serum/Plasma
Specimen volume : 100 microliter/ micro well
1st incubation: 60 minutes at 37°C
2nd incubation: 30 minutes at 37°C
3rd incubation: 15 minutes at room temperature
Shelf life : 12 months from date of manufacturing
Specificity : 100%
Sensitivity : 100%
Detection Limit : 0.1 ng/per ml
Storage : 2-8° C
For in vitro diagnostic use only

Test procedure

 Bring all reagent and specimen to room temperature before use

 Take out required number of strips and immediately close the pouch
 Prepare datasheet indicating the location of controls and specimen
 Use controls in duplicate
 Leave well A1 as substrate control
 Add 100 microliter sample or controls in separate wells except well A1.
 Apply plate seller and incubator for 60 minutes at 37°C centigrade.
 Wash each well buy filling approximately 350 microliter diluted wash buffer and aspirating of
6 times blot dry.
 Add 100 microliter conjugate in each well except A1 and incubate for 30 minutes at 37°
centigrade.
 Was 6 times as in step 8 and blot dry.
 Add 100 micro liter substrate in each well including A1 and incubate at room temperature
away from light for 15 minutes
 Stop reaction by adding 100 microliter stop solution. the stop solution should be added in
the same sequence as substrate addition.
 Blank ELISA reader with well "A-1"
 Read the absorbance at 450 nm with 630 nm or above as reference within 30 minutes of
stopping the reaction.

Interpretation of result :

Samples with absorbance value equal to all less than the cutoff value are considered non reactive by
HBsAg ELISA kit and are considered negative for HBsAg.
Samples with absorbance value greater than cutoff value are considered reactive by HBsAg ELISA kit.
The reactive sample should be rested in duplicate.

Determination of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV 1)

and Type 2 (HIV -2) in human serum or plasma

For determination of (HIV 1 ) and (HIV 2) we use the Merilisa HIV 1-2 Gen 3 ELISA kit.

Merilisa HIV 1-2 Gen 3 is an enzyme immunoassay for the qualitative determination of antibodies to
human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV 1) and Type 2 (HIV -2) in human serum or plasma.

Kit And Its Components :

Reagent and materials Qty/Vol

HIV Ag coated microplate 1 plate (96 wells)
Sample diluent 6 ml
Positive control 1 ml
Negative control 1 ml
Washing solution (20X) 30 ml
Conjugate (51X) 0.4 ml
Conjugate diluent 15 ml
Substrate solution 12 ml
Stop solution 6 ml
Adhesive Sheets 2 nos.

Preparation of working wash buffer:

 Prepare at least 20 ml (1ml concentrated buffer with 19 ml distilled water or deionized

water) of buffer for each strip used. Mix well before use.
 Mix 30 ml of 20X wash buffer concentrate with 570 ml of distilled water or deionized water.
Wash buffer is stable for 1 month when storage 2-8° C.

Preparation of working continuous solution :

Dilute conjugate (51X), 1:51 with conjugate Diluent as per table .

No. Of 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Strips
Conjugate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
diluent
Conjugate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
(51X), µl

Test procedure

1. Prepare working conjugate solution and washing solution

2. Use only required number of wells for the test. Avoid touching the tops of bottoms of the
wells .
3. Add 50 µl of sample Diluent to each well. Do not add anything in blank well(A1)
4. Add 50 µl of negative control B1 to D1 and 50 µl of the anti HIV positive control into one and
into wells E1 and F1 respectively.
5. Add 50 µl sample from G1 onwards.
6. Cover the wells with adhesive strip (s) and incubated for 30 minutes at +37°C(+/-)1°C
7. At the end of the incubation discard the content of the plate blot the plate dry on
absorbent paper
8. Fill the wells with wash buffer (350microliter) and allowed to soak for 30 second thereafter
Decant the buffer and blot the plate on absorbent paper. Repeat the step for 4 additional
time. (Total 5 washes)
9. Immediately after washing the plate, add 100 microliter of conjugate to all wells except
blank (A1)
10. Cover the wells with adhesive strip(s) and incubate for 30 minutes at 37°C.
11. At the end of the incubation time wash the plate as described in Step7 and 8
12. Add 100 microliter of substrate solution to each well.
Cover the wells with adhesive strip(S) and incubate for 30 minutes in dark at room temperature. A
blue or bluish green color should develop in wells containing reactive samples.
13. Add 50 µl of stop solution to each well.
14. Within 15 minutes read the absorbance at 450 nm using 630 nm as the reference
wavelength.

Determination of antibodies to HCV in human serum or plasma

Type of ELISA : Sandwich

Specimen of choice : Serum/Plasma
Specimen volume : 10 µL / micro well
1st incubation: 60 minutes at 37°C
2nd incubation: 30 minutes at 37°C
3rd incubation: 15 minutes at room temperature
Shelf life : 12 months from date of manufacturing
Specificity : 100%
Sensitivity : 100%
Storage : 2-8° C
For in vitro diagnostic use only

Test procedure

 Bring all reagent and specimen to room temperature before use

 Take out required number of strips and immediately close the pouch
 Prepare datasheet indicating the location of controls and specimen
 Use controls in duplicate
 Leave well A1 as substrate control
 Add 10 µL sample or controls in separate wells except well A1.
 Apply plate seller and incubator for 60 minutes at 37°C centigrade.
 Wash each well buy filling approximately 350 µL diluted wash buffer and aspirating of 6
times blot dry.
 Add 100 µL conjugate in each well except A1 and incubate for 30 minutes at 37° centigrade.
 Was 6 times as in step 8 and blot dry.
 Add 100 micro liter substrate in each well including A1 and incubate at room temperature
away from light for 15 minutes
 Stop reaction by adding 100 µL stop solution. the stop solution should be added in the same
sequence as substrate addition.
 Blank ELISA reader with well "A-1"
 Read the absorbance at 450 nm with 630 nm or above as reference within 30 minutes of
stopping the reaction.
Interpretation of result :

 Samples with absorbance value equal to all less than the cutoff value are considered non
reactive by HBsAg ELISA kit and are considered negative for HBsAg.
Samples with absorbance value greater than cutoff value are considered reactive by HBsAg
ELISA kit. The reactive sample should be rested in duplicate.
 If a sample is repeatedly reactive the probability of antibodies to HCV are high specially with
patient at high rix or high absorbance values. Such sample should be retested with
supplemental test such as Western blood. Specimens that are repeatedly reactive in Eliza
but not reactive in additional testing are considered intermediate and a father sample after
3 to 6 months should be tested.

Determination of MALARIA Ag (PF/PV)

Malaria Pf/Pv test is a rapid qualitative immuno assay for the detection of Plasmodium vivax and
Plasmodium falciparum malaria in areas with high rates of mixed infections.

Test procedure

1. Collect blood in EDTA.

2. Collect 5 micro liter of blood using the capillary dropper (up to indicate marking)
3. Load the 5 microliter of blood into the sample well "S" of the test device
4. Add exactly 3 drops of essay buffer into the assay buffer well "A" of the test device. It is
important to allow each drop to soak in the sample well before adding next drop of essay
buffer
 Immediately start the stopwatch. .
Note: after 5 minutes of adding specimen and buffer at one more drop essay buffer for better
background clearance.
5. Read the result at the end of 20 minutes.

Determination of Reagin antibodies in serum or plasma for Syphilis

The antigen used in modified cardiolipin antigen in which micro particulate carbon particles are
suspended in addition it contains a balance quality of cholesterol and lecithin
In the presence of reagin antibodies clumps or aggregates appear which can be visualized as Black
clumps against white background of the slide microscopically.

Test procedure

Qualitative analysis :
Being antigen suspension controls and serum specimens to room temperature mix the antigen
suspension thoroughly prior to use.
Drop / Pipette onto separate cells of the slide :
Specimen 1 drop
Positive control serum 1 drop
Negative control serum 1 drop
RPR antigen suspension (with antigen delivery 1 drop
dropper on to all cells of the slide in use)
Mix with separate mixing sticks and separate the fluid over the entire area of the particular cell
Tilt that taste slide back and forth slowly for 6 minutes or place the slide on and automated rotator
and rotate at 100 RPM for 6 minutes.

Semi quantitative analysis :

Prepare dilution of the specimen to be tested with physiological saline(0.9%) as indicate - 1:2, 1:4,
1:8, 1:16, 1:32.
Proceed essay qualitative analysis.
The titre is reported as the reciprocal of the highest dilution which shows a positive result.

Interpretation of result
Read the test result under strong source light. Regardless of the degree reactivity clamping of carbon
particles is reported as a reactive or positive. Complete absence of black aggregates and presence of
a uniform Grayish suspension indicates negative result.
Blood group and Rh factor test :
KarlLandsteineropenedthedoorsofbloodbankingwithhisdiscoveryof first blood group
system; ABO, in the year 1901. The blood groups weredividedinA,B,ABandO.

Blood group test :

SubgroupsofA
The group Ahas been subclassified in A1 and A2 depending on
theirreactiontoantiseraanti-Aandanti-A1.

A1
TheAredcellswhichreactwithbothanti-Aandanti-
A1aredesignatedasA1subgroup.TheA1hasmoreantigenicsitesforAantigenandlessf
orH.TheantibodypresentinA 1isonlyanti-B.

A2
The A red cells which react with only anti-A and not with anti-A1 are
calledA2.ThisisaweakAsubgroupandcarriesmoreHsubstance.In1-
8%ofcasesofA2subgroup,anti-A1isalsopresentbesideanti-B.
The cells of approximately 80% of A individuals are A 1, while
theremaining20%areA 2.
TheotherweakandclinicallynotsignificantAsubgroupsareA 3,AxandAm.

SubgroupsofAB
Like A the AB is also subclassified in A 1B and A2B subgroups. The A 1Bcells carry
minimum amount of H antigen. Approximately, 22-35% of
A2Bindividualsproduceanti-A1antibodies.
Theanti-
A1presentinA2orA2Bindividualsisusuallyacoldreactiveclinicallyinsignificantantibod
y,unlessitreactsat37°C.

Bombaybloodgroup
The O blood group individuals do not carry either A or B antigen, buthave
maximum amount of H antigen on their red cells. Some
individualslackevenHantigenalongwithAandB.
BhendeYM,etalinyear1952,firstdiscoveredthisbloodgroupinthecityofBombay,In
dia,fromwhereitgotitsname.
The Bombay blood group is not compatible with any ABO blood
group,andthechoiceofbloodfortheseindividualsremainsonlyBombayitself.
AntiserausedinABOgrouping
The following commercially prepared antisera are used in detection
ofABObloodgroups:

AntiseraA
The “Methylene Blue” dye present in antisera A gives it a blue
colour.AntiseraAcarryveryhightitresofanti-Aantibodies.

AntiseraB
The presence of dye “Acriflavin” in antisera B gives it a yellow colour.
TheantiseraBisrichinanti-Bantibodies.

AntiseraAB
Theantisera AB is colourless, which is used for detection of weakAandBantigens.

TheABOgroupingcanbeperformedbythefollowingmethods:
• Slidemethod
Slidemethod
Thisisasimpletechnique,whichshouldbeemployedincasesofemergency or outdoor
camps. The technique is less sensitive and notcapableofdetectingweakantigens.
Procedure
1. Thetestcanbeperformedeitheronglassslidesoronceramictiles.
2. Placeonedropofanti-Aandonedropofanti-Bseraontwopreviouslylabelledslides.
3. Addonedropof whole bloodoneachslide.
4. Mixproperlybyacleanglassstickorthecornerofanotherslide.
5. Rocktheslidesinordertomixthecellsandseraandleaveatroomtemperaturefor
2minutes.
6. Recordtheresults.
Rh factor test :
In most of the blood banks the routine typing for Rh is carried out for
Dantigenonly.ThetestsforotherRhantigensarerecommendedinspecificconditions, such as
finding compatible blood for a person showing
analloantibodyinhisserumorforpaternitytesting.

Slidetest :
Thetechniqueissimplebutnotreliable.Itisrecommendedforoutdoorcampsandnotforrou
tinetestinginthebloodbanks.Theweaklyreactivecellsmaynotgiveapositivetest.

Procedure :
1. Place1dropofanti-Dreagentontheslidelabelledtest.
2. Place1dropofnormalsaline(noanti-D)onanotherslide.
3. Add1dropofwholeblood,or50%redcellssuspendedinplasmaonboththeslides.
4. Mixthecellsandthereagentbyacleanstickorcornerofanotherslideandspreadthemixt
ure.
5. Rocktheslidegentlyfor2minutes.
6. Place both the slides on a glass view box, which is not only the lightsource but
maintains approximately 37°C temperature at the bottomoftheslide.
7. Recordtheresults:Agglutinationonthetestslideandsmoothsuspen-sion on the
control is a positive test and no agglutination on the testslide is a negative test.
Agglutination on the control slide means aninvalidtest.
Dryingupofthesolutionmustnotbeconfusedwithagglutination.

Du–ConfirmationofNegativeGroup:

Du test done by anti Du reagent. Type of Du reagent are Igg , IgM , Igg + IgM . Normally we use IgM
to find Rh factor but Igg for Rh (-ve) confirmation. We also use Igg +IgM.
For Du confirmation test we use Igg or AHG gel card.
1) 1% donor cell suspension 25 µl put into gel card by 450 angle
2) 25µl anti-D reagent or Igg reagent put on the card
3) Incubateat37°Cfor15minutes
4) Centrifugeat1000rpmfor10minutes
5) Check the result.

 Preparationof5%CellSuspension :
1) FillaTest Tubewith5mlNormalsaline(NS)&markit
2) Add50 ulPackedRedCell& Mix well
3) Centrifuge itat1000 –1200 rpmfor1minute
4) Discardthe Supernanent(1Time)
5) AddNSuptothemark
6) Centrifuge itat1000 –1200 rpmfor1minute
7) Discardthe Supernanent(2Time)
8) AddNSuptothemark
9) Centrifuge itat1000 –1200 rpmfor1minute
10) Discardthe Supernanent(3Time)
11) Add1mlNS
 ComponentSeparation :
1) DoubleBag–ConcentrateRBCandFreshFrozenPlasma(FFP)

a) Centrifuge the BloodBagat22°Ctemp.,>3000rpm(HardSpin)

b) ThenseparatetheFFPtothesterilebag.
c) Sealthe Conc.RBC andstore it at 4°Ctemp
d) SealtheFFPandstore it at-40°C

2) TripleBag–ConcentrateRBCandPlateletConcentrate &FreshFrozenPlasma(FFP)

Conc.RBC,PLT&FFP:

a) Centrifugethe BloodBagat22°Ctemp.,at1000–1500rpm(SoftSpin)
b) SeparatethePlatelet concentrate (PRP)tooneoftheadditional bag(PlateletBag).Clampthebag.
c) Sealthe Conc.RBC andstore it at4°Ctemp.
d) ThenCentrifugetheBag(PRP)at>3000rpm (HardSpin)
e) ThenseparatetheFFPtothesatellitebag
f) SealtheFFPandstore it at-40°C
g) SealthePlateletConc.andkeepthePlateletontheflatsurfaceatRoomTemp.For1hr,thenstoreiti
nthePlatelet Agitatorat22°C

 ShelfLifeofComponent :
1) WholeBlood: 35Days
2) ConcentrateRBC (CPDA):35Days
3) PlateletConcentrate:5Days
4) FreshFrozenPlasma(FFP):1 Yearfrom date ofcollection

 StorageofComponent :
1) WholeBlood:4°C
2) ConcentrateRBC (CPDA):4°C
3) FreshFrozenPlasma(FFP):-40°C

CrossMatch :
Crossmatch is the most important part of of blood transfusion. Crossmatch are two type. Major
cross match and minor cross match. If cross match is compatible then we issues the blood a
patient.
For cross match we take Requisition from, Patient blood sample in EDTA and Clot with mention the
blood group.

For processing crossmatch-

 Take Requisition from, Patient blood sample in EDTA and Clot with mention the blood group.
 Check the blood group and confirm that the requesting blood group is same.
 Take a requesting blood group bag.
 Cross match done by Saline and Gel card method.
 If crossmatch is compatible then issues the blood .
 Patient sample and extra cord of blood bag keep carefully.
 Take a record in record book .

MajorCrossMatch:

Slide Method

1) 2dropDonorCellSuspention+ 2 drop patient serum

2) Mixed by a clean stick
3) Wait for 2 minutes
4) Put 1 drop Normal saline
5) Check the agglutination

SpecialMethod (Gel card)

6) 1% donor cell suspension 50 µl put into gel card by 450 angle

7) 25µl patient serum put on the card
8) Incubateat37°Cfor15minutes
9) Centrifugeat1000rpmfor10minutes

MinorCrossMatch:

Slide Method

1) 2drop donor serum + 2 drop patient cell

2) Mixed by a clean stick
3) Wait for 2 minutes
4) Put 1 drop Normal saline
5) Check the agglutination
Machine uses in Blood bank with their working procedure

Centrifuge :-
In every department the centrifuge machines are using to separate many things like blood
components, urine samples etc. In blood bank also centrifuge is used .
Blood bank :-
Centrifugal force is used to separate the components of blood – red blood cells(PRBC),
platelets(RDP)and plasma(FFP) – from each other. The result is that the particles with
different densitiesprecipitate in layers.
Here many types of centrifuge are present example :-

Cryofuge™ 16

How to use :-

A dose of whole donor blood is placed in a large centrifuge and is spun for a preset time (usually
about 15 minutes) at a preset speed. The red blood cells precipitate to the bottom of the bag,
with the platelets above them, then the white blood cells and the plasma at the very top.

Separation
The plasma and red blood cells are collected into different bags under optical supervision
using a device called the separator. The platelets and white blood cells remain in the

original bag.

 The layers of platelets and white blood cells from three or four donors with
the same blood type are allowed to flow together in platelet incubator .

After being separated, the plasma is flash-frozen at -30 C in a process taking several hours in

Blood plasma freezer .

Separator :-

A blood separator machine is a blood bank equipment that is used to separate blood
components .

When the whole blood is centrifuged the it’s used to separate PRBC and FFP. Then the FFP
again centrifuged and separate the RDP from FFP .

Platelet incubator :-
The platelet incubator is a device that provides accurate and steady storage conditions for
platelet concentrates. It provides horizontal or vertical agitation at temperatures of 20to 24
degrees Celsius, which guarantees that no clumps of platelet concentrates are formed
during storage and transportation. It also have a heating element and refrigerating element
incorporated in the storage space. It also include a temperature sensor and regulator as well
as mechanical agitator mechanism control by a central monitor and alum system.

Gel card centrifuge :-

Blood bank gel card centrifuge comes with special designed rotors for 12 and 24 gel micro
column blood cards.
Principle of Gel Technology • Sephadex gel matrix acts as a sieve. Large aggutinates remain on or near the
top of gel interface. Smaller agglutinates pass partway through gel , depending on size. Unagglutinated
cells pass to base of microtube to form a button.

Refrigerator:-

The blood bank refrigerator is an essential piece of equipment in the immuno hematology
department and provides safe and convenient storage of whole blood, blood components
(e.g., blood cells, plasma), and reagents. Red cells & whole blood must always be stored at
a temperature between +2 degree C to +6 degree C in a blood bank refrigerator. If blood is
not stored at between +2 °C and +6 °C, its oxygen- carrying ability is greatly reduced. If
blood is not stored at between +2 °C and +6 °C, its oxygen- carrying ability is greatly
reduced.
BIOCHEMISTRY
The branch of science dealing with the study of all the life processes such as control and
coordination within a living organism is called Biochemistry.
In biochemistry there are so many tests done. Such as
LFT,LP,Uric acid, calcium, Electrolytes(Na+,K+,Cl-) , Ra factor, CRP,Amylase,Lipase,
Thyroid,FSH,LH,Prolactin etc.

Parameters of LFT are Total bilirubin, Direct bilirubin, Total protein, Albumin, SGOT, SGPT, ALP.
Parameters of LP are Cholesterol, HDL, LDL,TG.

Liver function Test :

Test of Bilirubin total :

Bilirubin is a breakdown product of hemoglobin. It is formed in that reticulo endothelial system is
transported bound by albumin to the liver. This bilirubin is water insoluble and is known as indirect
or conjugate bilirubin. In the liver bilirubin is conjugate to glucuronic acid to form direct bilirubin.

Normal range –
Adults : 0-2.0mg/dl
Cord : <2 mg/dl

Specimen collection and handling :

Use and hemolytic serum or plasma (Heparin, EDTA)
Stability -
2 days : at 15-25°C
7 days : at 2-8°C
3 months : at -20°C

Some patient Report –

Patient no - 01
Patient name – Binit Das
Age/Sex - 42/Male
Ward – Indoor
Bed no – MMW-36
Registration no – 23428
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required – Bilirubin total level in blood
Test Result – 1.2 mg/dl
[Note : It’s indicate that it’s turn into hypoglycemia]
Patient no - 02
Patient name – Subhas Das
Age/Sex - 24/Male
Ward – Indoor
Bed no – MMW-18
Registration no – 23420
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required – Bilirubin total level in blood
Test Result – 3.2 mg/dl
[Note : It’s indicate that it’s turn into jaundice]
Direct bilirubin :
Bilirubin is a breakdown product of hemoglobin. It is formed in that reticulo endothelial system is
transported bound by albumin to the liver. This bilirubin is water insoluble and is known as indirect
or conjugate bilirubin. In the liver bilirubin is conjugate to glucuronic acid to form direct bilirubin.

Normal Range -
Adult and infants: 0-0.4mg/dl

Specimen collection and handling :

Use and hemolytic serum or plasma (Heparin, EDTA)
Stability -
2 days : at 15-25°C
7 days : at 2-8°C
3 months : at -20°C

Some patient Report –

Patient no - 01
Patient name – Binoy Dutta
Age/Sex - 42/Male
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 32568
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required – Bilirubin Directl level in blood
Test Result – 0.2 mg/dl
Patient no - 02
Patient name – Samar Dhara
Age/Sex - 40/Male
Ward – Indoor
Bed no – MMW-28
Registration no – 22847
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required – Bilirubin Direct level in blood
Test Result – 2.2mg/dl
[Note : It’s indicate that Liver did not work properly.]

Albumin :
It is a major plasma protein, is synthesized in the liver from amino acid which are absorbed from the
ileum. It's function include regulation of distribution of extracellular fluid transportation of various
hormones vitamins and trace metals.

Normal range -
3.4-5.4 g/dl
Specimen collection and handling :
Use and hemolytic serum or plasma (Heparin, EDTA)
Stability -
2 days : at 15-25°C
7 days : at 2-8°C
3 months : at -20°C

Some patient Report –

Patient no - 01
Patient name – Mrininoy Dutta
Age/Sex - 52/Male
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 22568
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required – Albimin level in blood
Test Result – 2.4 mg/dl
[Note : It’s indicate that it may have malnutririon.]
Patient no - 02
Patient name – Mohini Dutta
Age/Sex - 22/Female
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 20568
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required –Albumin level in blood
Test Result – 4.0 mg/dl
Patient no - 03
Patient name – Sahanaz Begum
Age/Sex - 25/Female
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 20202
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required – Albimin level in blood
Test Result – 6.4 mg/dl
[Note : It’s indicate that it may be acute infections]

Total protein :
Total protein is used for monitoring gross changes in protein levels caused by various
disease States. It is usually performed in conjugation with other taste such as serum albumin
liver function test or protein electrophoresis. An album ratio is often calculate to often
additional information.
Normal range -
6.0-8.3 g/dl

Specimen collection and handling :

Use and hemolytic serum or plasma (Heparin, EDTA)
Stability -
6 days : at 20-25°C
30 days : at 4-8°C
12 months : at -20°C

Some patient Report –

Patient no - 01
Patient name – Matilal Sarkar
Age/Sex - 50/Male
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 42036
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required – Total protein level in blood
Test Result – 3.2 mg/dl
[Note : It’s indicate that protein isn’t being digested properly]
Patient no - 02
Patient name – Nirmal Sardar
Age/Sex - 29/Male
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 42040
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required – Total protein level in blood
Test Result – 7.2 mg/dl
Patient no - 03
Patient name – Malatil Deb
Age/Sex - 35/Female
Ward – Indoor
Bed no – FMW-02
Registration no – 22508
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required – Total protein level in blood
Test Result – 10.2 mg/dl
[Note : It’s indicate an infection or multiple myeloma]
SGOT :
SGOT is widely distributed with high concentration in the heart liver skeletal muscle kidney
and erythrocytes. Damage or disease to any of these tissue such as myocardial infection
viral hepatitis liver necrosis, and muscular dystrophy may result in raised levels of SGOT.

Normal range -
Men - upto 35 U/L
Women - upto 31 U/L

Specimen collection and handling :

Use and hemolytic serum or plasma (Heparin, EDTA)
Stability -
At least 3 months : at -20°C

Some patient Report –

Patient no - 01
Patient name – Buddhadeb Basu
Age/Sex - 40/Male
Ward – Indoor
Bed no – MSW -3052
Registration no – 32036
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required –SGOT level in blood
Test Result – 20 mg/dl

Patient no - 02
Patient name – Sohoni Das
Age/Sex - 50/Female
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 22036
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required –SGOTlevel in blood
Test Result – 80 mg/dl
[Note : It’s indicate that it may be turn into jaundice]

SGPT :
SGPT is present in high concentration in liver and dual laser extent in kidney heart skeletal
muscle pancreas spleen and lung.
Characteristically SGPT is generally higher than SGOT in acute viral or toxic hepatitis virus for
most patient with chronic hepatic disease, SGPT levels are generally lower than is SGOT
levels. Elevated SGPT levels have also been found in extensive trauma and muscle disease,
circulatory failure with shock, hypoxia, myocardial infection and hemolytic jaundice.
Normal range-
Upto 45 U/L

Specimen collection and handling :

Use and hemolytic serum or plasma (Heparin, EDTA)
Stability -
At least 3 months : at -20°C

Some patient Report –

Patient no - 01
Patient name – Mahadev Basak
Age/Sex - 30/Male
Ward – Indoor
Bed no – MSW -3048
Registration no – 32236
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required –SGPT level in blood
Test Result – 30 mg/dl

Patient no - 02
Patient name – Shyam Nandi
Age/Sex - 35/Male
Ward – Indoor
Bed no – MSW -41
Registration no – 44250
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required –SGPT level in blood
Test Result –80 mg/dl
[Note : It’s indicate liver disease]

ALP :
Human ALP consist of a group of enzymes which hydrolyse phosphates at an alkaline pH.
ALP is found in partically all tissues of the body but in high concentration in the osteoblast of
bone, liver placenta kidney intestinal wall and lacting mammary glands. In adults the ALP
normally found circulating in the serum is largely derived from the liver.

Normal Range -
44-147 U/L

Specimen collection and handling :

Use and hemolytic serum or plasma (Heparin, EDTA)
Stability -
4 hours : at 20-25°C
3 days : at 4-8°C
2 months : at -20°C

Some patient Report –

Patient no - 01
Patient name – Mrinalini Devi
Age/Sex - 30/Female
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 33506
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required – ALP level in blood
Test Result – 20 U/L
[Note : It’s indicate lack of znic, anemia, thyroid disease]
Patient no - 02
Patient name – Madhabilata Sarkar
Age/Sex - 20/Female
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 33506
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required – ALP level in blood
Test Result – 100 U/L
Patient no - 03
Patient name – Mohit Das
Age/Sex - 32/Male
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 33526
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required – ALPlevel in blood
Test Result – 248 U/L
[Note : It’s indicate Osteomalacia and Rickets, Primary hyperthyroidism with bone
involvement]

GGT :
Although GGT is present in a variety of tissue the serum enzyme appears to be primarily
from the hepato-blliary systems. Consequently GGT is evaluated in all forms of liver disease
or damage. It is clinically useful to detecting obstructive jaundice. Evaluated levels are also
observed with drug use such as alcohol.
Normal range –
Male - <55U/L
Female - < 38U/L

Specimen collection and handling :

Use and hemolytic serum or plasma (Heparin, EDTA)
Stability -
3 days : at 20-25°C
7 days : at 4-8°C
12 months : at -20°C

Some patient Report –

Patient no - 01
Patient name – Mohini Das
Age/Sex - 30/Female
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 45228
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required –GGT level in blood
Test Result – 20 U/L
Patient no - 02
Patient name – Mohon Das
Age/Sex - 58/Male
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 45200
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required –GGT level in blood
Test Result – 70 U/L
[Note : It’s indicate liver disease or damage to the bile ducts]

Lipid Profile :

Cholesterol :
Measurement of serum cholesterol levels can serve as an indicator of liver function biliary function
intestinal absorption, propensity towards coronary artery disease, thyroid function and adrenal
disease. Stero levels are important in the diagonalis and classification of hyperlipoproteinaemias.
Stress a gender hormonal balance and pregnancy effect normal cholesterol levels.

Normal range –
Adults - <200mg/dl
Specimen collection and handling :
Use and hemolytic serum or plasma (Heparin, EDTA)
Stability -
7 days : at 20-25°C
14 days : at 4-8°C
3 months : at -20°C
Some patient Report –

Patient no - 01
Patient name – Mohona Basak
Age/Sex - 28/Female
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 55208
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required – Cholesterol level in blood
Test Result – 120 mg/dl
Patient no - 02
Patient name – Nisit Sur
Age/Sex - 28/Male
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 56208
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required – Cholesterol level in blood
Test Result – 250 mg/dl
[Note : It’s indicate increase the chance of getting heart disease.]

HDL Direct :
High density life of protein compose one of the major classes of plasma lipoproteins. They
are synthesized in liver as complex of apolipoprotein andhospholipid and are capable of
peaking UP cholesterol and carrying it from arteries to the liver where the cholesterol is
converted to bile acid and excreted into intestine.

Normal range –
Men : 35-65 mg/dl
Women : 35-80 mg/dl

Specimen collection and handling :

Use and hemolytic serum or plasma (Heparin, EDTA)
Stability -
24 hours : at 20-25°C
7 days : at 4-8°C
3 months : at -20°C
Some patient Report –

Patient no - 01
Patient name – Nistal Sur
Age/Sex - 42/Male
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 55201
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required – HDL level in blood
Test Result – 25 mg/dl
[Note : It’s indicate strong predictors of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, mortality]
Patient no - 02
Patient name – Suhita Bag
Age/Sex - 24/Feale
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 55202
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required – HDL level in blood
Test Result – 60 mg/dl
Patient no - 03
Patient name – Nisha Mahanta
Age/Sex - 26/Female
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 56585
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required – HDL level in blood
Test Result – 98 mg/dl
[Note : It’s indicate heart disease and stroke]

LDL :
Low density lipoprotein are synthesized in the liver by the action of various lipolytic
enzymes on tiglyceride - rich very low density lipoproteins. Specific LDL receptor exist to
facilitate the elimination of LDL from plasma by liver parenchymal cells. It has been soon
that most of the cholesterol storage in atherosclerotic plaques originates from LDL. For this
reason LDL cholesterol concentration is considered to be the most important clinical
predictor, of all single parameters with respect to coronary atherosclerosis.

Normal range –
Adult : <100 mg/dl
Specimen collection and handling :
Use and hemolytic serum or plasma (Heparin, EDTA)
Stability -
12 hours : at 20-25°C
10 days : at 4-8°C
3 months : at -20°C

Some patient Report –

Patient no - 01
Patient name – Namil Das
Age/Sex - 36/Male
Ward – Indoor
Bed no – MMW-20
Registration no – 45201
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required –LDLlevel in blood
Test Result – 25 mg/dl
Patient no - 02
Patient name – Nisit De
Age/Sex - 36/Male
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 55225
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required – LDL level in blood
Test Result – 125 mg/dl
[Note : It’s indicate heart disease and stroke]

TG :
Triglycerides are a family of lipids absorbed from the diet and produced endogenously from
carbohydrates. Measurement of triglycerides is important in the diagnosis and management
of hyperlipidemias. These disease can be genetic or secondary or other disorders including
nephrosis , diabetes. Elevation of triglyceride has been identified as a risk factor for
atheroscletotic disease.

Normal range –
Adult : <150 mg/dl

Specimen Stability -
3 days : at 20°C
1 month : at 20°C
For longer time : at -70°C
Some patient Report –

Patient no - 01
Patient name – Pramila Santra
Age/Sex - 36/Female
Ward – Indoor
Bed no – FSW-20
Registration no – 45220
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required –TG level in blood
Test Result – 100 mg/dl
Patient no - 02
Patient name – Pranaty Santra
Age/Sex - 26/Female
Ward – Indoor
Bed no – FMW-22
Registration no – 45220
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required –TG level in blood
Test Result – 200 mg/dl
[Note : It’s indicate heart disease and stroke]

Calcium :
Calcium has numerous function within the body not only as a structural factors in bones and
teeth but also in normal neuromuscular function and the clotting of blood.
Hypercalcaemia develop in the patient with Paget's disease of bone and hyperthyroidism.
The cause of hypercalcaemia in malignancy is an increased bone resorption either caused by
metastasis or by humoral factors by the tumor cells.

Normal range –
Adult : 8.5-10.5 mg/dl

Specimen collection and handling :

Use and hemolytic serum or plasma (Heparin, EDTA)
Stability -
7 days : at 20-25°C
3 months : at 4-8°C
8 months : at -20°C
Some patient Report –

Patient no - 01
Patient name – Pranati Das
Age/Sex - 42/Female
Ward – Indoor
Bed no – FMW-42
Registration no – 44420
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required –Calcium level in blood
Test Result – 5.5 mg/dl
[Note : It’s indicate severe hypocalcemia]
Patient no - 02
Patient name – Binita Mukherjee
Age/Sex - 27/Female
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 25252
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required –Calcium level in blood
Test Result – 8.7 mg/dl
Patient no - 03
Patient name – Pranab Roy
Age/Sex - 42/Male
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 24243
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required –Calcium level in blood
Test Result – 14.5 mg/dl
[Note : It’s indicate severe hypercalcemia]

Phosphorus :
More than 80% of the bodies phosphate is present in bones as calcium phosphate. The
reminder is found intracellularly as organic phosphate such as possible its nucleic acids and
ATP or extracellularly as inorganic phosphorus. There is generally a reciprocal relationship
between serum calcium and inorganic Phosphorus.

Normal range –
Adult : 2.5-4.5 mg/dl
Children : 4.0-7.0 mg/dl
Specimen collection and handling :
Use and hemolytic serum or plasma (Heparin, EDTA)
Stability -
7 days : at 4-25°C
3 months : at -20°C

Some patient Report –

Patient no - 01
Patient name – Moumita Paul
Age/Sex - 18/Female
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 26891
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required –Phosphorus level in blood
Test Result – 1.5 mg/dl
[Note : It’s indicate hyperparathyrouidism]
Patient no - 02
Patient name – Mou Dutta
Age/Sex - 28/Female
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no –33689
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required –Phosphorus level in blood
Test Result – 4.0 mg/dl
Patient no - 03
Patient name – Mohan Basak
Age/Sex - 28/Female
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 89562
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required –Phosphorus level in blood
Test Result – 6.2 mg/dl
[Note : It’s indicate hypoparathyrouidism]

Amylase :
α amylase is derived mainly from the salivary glands and the exocrine pancreas. α amylase
catalyzes the hydrolysis of α-1-4-glocosidic Linkages obstruct and other related
polysaccharide to produce maltose and other oligosaccharides. The enzyme is a relatively
small molecule which is rapidly cleared by the kidney and excreted in the urine.

Normal range –
Adult : 30-110 U/L
Specimen collection and handling :
Use and hemolytic serum or plasma (Heparin, EDTA)
Stability -
7 days : at 20-25°C
12 months : at -20°C

Some patient Report –

Patient no - 01
Patient name – Firdous Begum
Age/Sex - 25/Female
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 26890
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required –Amylase level in blood
Test Result – 20 U/L
[Note : It’s indicate pancreas, liver or kidney problem or cystic fibrosis occur]
Patient no - 02
Patient name – Faraz Ali
Age/Sex - 58/Male
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 22654
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required –Amylase level in blood
Test Result – 80 U/L
Patient no - 03
Patient name – Zahanara Begum
Age/Sex - 42/Female
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 30890
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required –Amylase level in blood
Test Result – 130 U/L
[Note : It’s indicate acute pancreatitis]

Lipase :
Lipase are enzyme which hydrolyse glycerol ester of long fatty acid. The enzyme and its
cofactor colitis is produced in the pancreas life is being also secreted in small amounts by
the salivary glands as well as by gastric pulmonary and intestinal mucosa. Bile acids and
colipace from micellar complexes with the lipids and bind life is on the substrate or water
interface. Determination of life is used for investigation of pancreatic disorder. In acute
pancreatitis the life is concentrations rise to 2-50 fold to upper refference limit within 4-8
hours after begin of abdominal pain speaking at 24 hours and decreasing within 8- 14 days.
Normal range –
Adult : 60-140 U/L

Specimen collection and handling :

Use and hemolytic serum or plasma (Heparin, EDTA)
Stability -
7 days : at 4-8°C
12 months : at -20°C

Some patient Report –

Patient no - 01
Patient name – Anandi Dutta
Age/Sex - 29/Female
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 30090
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required –Lipase level in blood
Test Result – 40 U/L
[Note : It’s indicate permanent damage to cells in human pancreas]
Patient no - 02
Patient name – Ashok Das
Age/Sex - 39/Male
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 30190
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required –Lipase level in blood
Test Result – 98 U/L
Patient no - 03
Patient name – Subham Ray
Age/Sex - 37/Male
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 42390
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required –Lipase level in blood
Test Result – 192 U/L
[Note : It’s indicate pancreas problem]

CRP :
CRP is an acute face protein present in normal serum which increases significantly after most from
op tissue injuries bacterial and virus infections inflammation and malignant neoplasia. During tissue
Necrosis an information resulting from microbial infections the CRP concentration can arise up to
300 mg/L in 12-24 hours.
Normal range –
Adult : 0.3 -1.0 mg/dl

Specimen collection and handling :

Use and hemolytic serum or plasma (Heparin, EDTA)
Stability -
7 days : at 2-8°C
3 months : at -20°C

Some patient Report –

Patient no - 01
Patient name – Soma Mukherjee
Age/Sex - 26/Female
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 32090
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required –CRP level in blood
Test Result – 0.4 mg/dl

Patient no - 02
Patient name – Soham Mukherjee
Age/Sex - 36/Male
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 42090
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required –CRP level in blood
Test Result – 2.8 mg/dl
[Note : It’s indicate infection]

RF :
Rheumatoid factor are heterogeneous group of antibodies detected against the antigenic
determination of the FC region of igg.. molecules. RF is commonly seen in sera at high
concentration in some conditions particularly in patient with rheumatoid arthritis. The
measurement of RF value is useful in evaluating the diagnosis effects of therapy and
prognosis of RA, systemic lupus erythematosus , Sony hepatopathy, etc. This reagent has
been design to accurately and reproducibly measure of blood RF using latest agglutination.

Normal range –
Adult : 0-20 U/ml

Specimen collection and handling :

Use un hemolytic serum or plasma (Heparin, EDTA)
Stability -
7 days : at 2-8°C
3 months : at -20°C
Some patient Report –

Patient no - 01
Patient name – Anirban Basak
Age/Sex - 32/Male
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 31290
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required –RF level in blood
Test Result – 10 U/ml
Patient no - 02
Patient name – Arindam Basau
Age/Sex - 42/Male
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 88521
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required –RF level in blood
Test Result – 42 U/ml
[Note : It’s indicate Rheumatoid Arthritis]

Uric acid :
Uric acid is a metabolite of urine's nucleic acid and nucleoproteins. Consequently abnormal
levels may be indicates of a disorder in the metabolism of the substance. Hypercalcaemia
baby offshored in renal dysfunction leukaemia polycythemia diabetes and hypothyroidism.

Normal range –
Adult Male : 3.5-7.2 mg/dl
Adult Female : 2.6-6.0 mg/dl

Specimen collection and handling :

Use un hemolytic serum or plasma (Heparin, EDTA)
Stability -
7 days : at 2-8°C
3 months : at -20°C
Some patient Report –

Patient no - 01
Patient name – Abhisek Bora
Age/Sex - 22/Male
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 77456
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required –UA level in blood
Test Result – 2.2 mg/dl
[Note : It’s indicate Wilson’s disease]
Patient no - 02
Patient name – Satadeep Santra
Age/Sex - 30/Male
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 74756
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required –UA level in blood
Test Result – 6.2 mg/dl
Patient no - 03
Patient name – Avni Das
Age/Sex - 25/Female
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 77200
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required –UA level in blood
Test Result –7.1mg/dl
[Note : It’s indicate increases the Oxidative damage induced by acute exposure of high level
of glucose ]

Electrolytes(Na+,K+,Cl-) :
Electrolytes are substances that have a natural positive or negative electrical charge when dissolved
in water. They help your body regulate chemical reactions, maintain the balance between fluids
inside and outside your cells, and more. They’re also a key way to diagnose a wide range of medical
conditions and diseases.

Normal range –
Sodium : 134 to 144 mmol/L
Potassium: 3.5 to 5.2 mmol/L
Chloride : 96 to 106 mmol/L
Some patient Report –

Patient no - 01
Patient name – Aisik Bora
Age/Sex - 24/Male
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 77412
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required – Na+, K+, Cl- level in blood
Test Result –
Sodium : 156 mmol/L
Potassium: 4.0 mmol/L
Chloride : 98 mmol/L
[Note :Sodium level is high, it indicates Hypernatremia]
Patient no - 02
Patient name – Abdul Rahaman
Age/Sex - 44/Male
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 74512
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required – Na+, K+, Cl- level in blood
Test Result –
Sodium : 140 mmol/L
Potassium: 6.2 mmol/L
Chloride : 98 mmol/L
[Note :Potassium level is high, it indicates Hyperkalemia]
Patient no - 03
Patient name – Priya Dey
Age/Sex - 34/Female
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 22569
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required – Na+, K+, Cl- level in blood
Test Result –
Sodium : 138 mmol/L
Potassium: 4.2 mmol/L
Chloride : 85 mmol/L
[Note : Chloride level is low, it indicates Hypochloremia]
Thyroid Test :
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known as thyrotropin, thyrotropic hormone, or
abbreviated TSH) is a pituitary hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce
thyroxine (T4), and then triiodothyronine (T3) which stimulates the metabolism of almost
every tissue in the body.[1] It is a glycoprotein hormone produced by thyrotrope cells in the
anterior pituitary gland, which regulates the endocrine function of the thyroid.

Normal range :-
The typical range of reference for TSH levels is anywhere between 0.45 and 4.5 milliunits
per liter (mU/L) .

Some patient Report –

Patient no - 01
Patient name – Aisis Bora
Age/Sex - 40/Male
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 54112
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required – TSH level in blood
Test Result – 2.3 mU/L
Patient no - 02
Patient name – Aziz Ansari
Age/Sex - 28/Male
Ward – OPD
Bed no – Nil
Registration no – 32589
Type of Specimen – Blood serum
Examination Required – TSH level in blood
Test Result – 6.2 mU/L
[Note : It is indicates Hyperthroidism.]
 Machine use in Biochemistry Laboratory

 EM360
 XL640
 Cobas e411

Cobas e411 :

The Cobas E411 analyzer is a fully automated analyzer that uses a patented
ElectroChemiLuminescence (ECL) technology for immunoassay analysis. It is designed for both
quantitative and qualitative in vitro assay determinations for a broad range of applications (including
anemia; bone, cardiac and tumor markers; critical care; fertility/hormones; and infectious diseases).
The analyzer is available as a rack or disk sample handling system.
Cobas e 411 successor of Elecssys 2010 one of the most successful immune analyzers ever produced.
Product specifications:
Fully automatic immunological analyzer with a capacity up to 88 t / h.
Needs the shortest time to obtain the final result of all immunological analyzers – between 9 and 18
minutes. This is due to the method of measurement that is ECL, which also allows a wider
measurement range, greater sensitivity and needs smaller quantities of serum.
Possibility of continuous addition of samples at any moment of the process.
Possibility of setting urgent samples under STAT.
Unique concept of programming just by inserting the reagents, calibrators, controls and serums into
the instrument and its launch. At the start the instrument detects the barcode and starts working.
This option increases the efficiency in the laboratory.
Wide range of tests of over 75 which cover the 7 different areas of indication. It is desirable to note
that, unlike some instruments, there is no need of any selectivity through indication areas by
defining the tests.
During the work at each pipetting the reagents open and close automatically so they are protected
from external influences in every moment of the process.
This possibility to automatically open and close the reagents and temperature control increases
durability of the reagents inserted on on the instrument to 60 days even for the most sensitive tests.
Great stability of calibration of the lot has changed significantly reduced costs.
In the reliability of the results in every moment of the process despite the increased stability of
reagents and calibrations, also contributes the detection level and opening coagulum (Clot
Detection).
EM360 –
EM 360 a fully automatic clinical chemistry
analyser is a time tested and provent
Technology. An intelligent user friendly
software makes the operators job easy and
flexible. EM 360 offers connectivity to the
host computer via laboratory integrated
software.
It is intelligent software that can
automatically scheduled daily workload,
implement test instruction, quality control,
needs and monitor test run , verify individual
test result, repeat or cancel test as and when
needed, report and store result.
EM 360 capacitance probes provide liquid
level sensing and separate probes ensure
reliability op throughout at 360 tests per hour
even when the analysis involves double
reagent system.
Emergency sample processing facilities
provides total flexibility for reporting the stat
patient reports.
XL640 –
Fully automated Clinical Chemistry analyzer
with throughput of 640 tests/hr.
DISPENSING OF SAMPLES AND REAGENTS:
Sample volume: 2-70µl (0.2 µl step)
Reagent volume: R1 50-300 ul (1 µl step), R2
10-300 ul (1 µl step)
3 dispensing probes (sample, R1, R2)
equipped with liquid -level sensor and crash
detector. Auto-dilution of samples and
calibrators,Clot detection, Reusable reaction
cuvettes.
MIXING SYSTEM:
2 independent stirrers
3 user selectable mixing speeds
QUALITY CONTROL:
4 levels of control material can be used.
REACTION UNIT WITH WASH STATION:
72 reusable hard glass cuvettes. Automatic
cuvette blank measurement before analysis
SAMPLE TRAY:
80 positions for samples, blanks, standards,
calibrators, controls and ISE solutions
Primary tubes 5, 7 and 10 ml, vacuum system
tubes and cups
STAT sample with priority in any position
Additional tray for 80 samples included
REAGENT TRAY :
56 positions, 20 ml, 50 ml reagent containers,
5 ml tube with adaptor.
SOFTWARE:
Convenient user interface
Connection to LIS
Programmable auto-start from sleep mode
including automatic daily maintenance
Statistical methods of processing results
Data export in selected format
MICROBIOLGY
In microbiology there are two department . Bacteriology and Serology.
Bacteriology :
In bacteriology culture(urine,fluid,pus) and staining(Gram stain and AFB stain) is done.

Urine culture :

Urine collection –
The urine for a urine culture can be collected in several different ways. The most common method
for collecting urine is the midstream clean-catch method.
Urinary collection bag
A urine sample can also be collected with a urinary collection bag. This method is used most
commonly with children and infants. For this procedure, a plastic bag is attached with adhesive to a
girl’s labia or a boy’s penis. When the child begins urinating, the bag catches the urine, which can
then be sent to a lab for analysis.
Urine culture take-
It takes just a few minutes to give a clean urine sample. Peeing into the cup shouldn’t take very long.
Do spend the time to clean your vulva or penis before you pee to ensure a clean catch urine sample.
Process in laboratory –
After the lab receives your urine sample, they grow the culture in an incubator for 24 to 48 hours.
The incubator is set at the average temperature for the human body: 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (37
degrees Celsius).
Risks of a urine culture-
It’s very safe to provide a urine sample through the clean catch method. There is a slight risk of
infection with the catheter or needle method.
Get the urine culture results-
It may take up to three days for the lab to complete the test and send back the results. Your
healthcare provider will call you or have you come into the office to review the results.
Positive urine culture test result -
If bacteria grow in the urine culture test and you have symptoms of an infection or bladder irritation,
it means you have a UTI. This result is a positive urine culture test or abnormal test result.
Negative urine culture test result -
A negative, or normal, urine culture test result means the urine sample showed no signs of bacteria
or yeast. You don’t have a UTI. The range for normal test results can vary depending on the lab doing
the test.
 Report Form f or Routine Bacteriological
Examination

Patient’s Name: Moumita Das

Age: 32 Y Sex: F Ward: FSW Bed No: 35 Reg. No. :32560

Type of Sample/Specimen: Urine Examination Required: Urine C/S

REPORT

Date of Receiving Sample: 11/04/23 Date of Reporting: 14/04/23

Culture Result: Klebsiella pneumoniae

Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing Report

S. Name of Antibiotic S I R S. Name of Antibiotic S I R

No. No.
1 Amikacin ✔ 17 Doxycycline ✔
2 Ampicillin 18 Erythromycin
3 Amoxycillin ✔ 19 Gentamicin ✔
4 Amoxycillin- ✔ 20 Imipenem ✔
clavulinate
5 Azithromycin ✔ 21 Levofloxacin ✔
6 Aztreonam 22 Linezolid

7 Cefotaxime 23 Meropenem ✔
8 Ceftazidime ✔ 24 Nalidixic acid
9 Ceftazidime- 25 Nitrofurantoin
clavulinate
10 Cefoperazone- 26 Norfloxacin ✔
sulbactam
11 Cefuroxime 27 Ofloxacin

12 Chloramphenicol 28 Penicillin G

13 Ciprofloxacin ✔ 29 Piperacillin-
Tazobactum
14 Clindamycin 30 Teicoplanin

15 Colistin ✔ 31 Tigecycline ✔
16 Cotrimoxazole 32 Vancomycin
S: sensitive ; R: resistant ; I: intermediate
 Report Form f or Routine Bacteriological
Examination

Patient’s Name: Moumita Das

Age: 32 Y Sex: F Ward: FSW Bed No: 35 Reg. No. :32560

Type of Sample/Specimen: Urine Examination Required: CSF gram stain and AFB stain

REPORT

Date of Receiving Sample: 14/04/23 Date of Reporting: 14/04/23

Culture Result: No microorganism seen.

No Acid Fast Bacilli seen.

Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing Report

S. Name of Antibiotic S I R S. Name of Antibiotic S I R

No. No.
1 Amikacin 17 Doxycycline
2 Ampicillin 18 Erythromycin
3 Amoxycillin 19 Gentamicin
4 Amoxycillin- 20 Imipenem
clavulinate
5 Azithromycin 21 Levofloxacin

6 Aztreonam 22 Linezolid

7 Cefotaxime 23 Meropenem

8 Ceftazidime 24 Nalidixic acid

9 Ceftazidime- 25 Nitrofurantoin
clavulinate
10 Cefoperazone- 26 Norfloxacin
sulbactam
11 Cefuroxime 27 Ofloxacin

12 Chloramphenicol 28 Penicillin G

13 Ciprofloxacin 29 Piperacillin-
Tazobactum
14 Clindamycin 30 Teicoplanin

15 Colistin 31 Tigecycline
16 Cotrimoxazole 32 Vancomycin
S: sensitive ; R: resistant ; I: intermediate
Serology :

Detects antibody against HCV:

Detection: Detects antibody against HCV

Specimen of choice: Serum
Specimen volume: 10 µl
Buffer volume: 2 drops using provide dropper
Interpretation time: 20 minutes
Kit presentation: 50 tests pack
Storage temperature: 2-30°C

Procedure :
 Bring all reagent and specimen to room temperature before use.
 Take out required number of device and labeled them.
 Add 10 µl serum into the sample oil using provided dropper or micropipette available in the
lab.
 Add 2 drops of sample running buffer in the sample well.
 Read result at the end of 20 minutes do not read after 20 minutes.

Card test for detection of HBsAg in serum :

Detection: Detects antibody against HBsAG

Specimen of choice: Serum
Specimen volume: 2-3 drops
Buffer volume: 2 drops using provide dropper
Interpretation time: 20 minutes
Kit presentation: 50 tests pack
Storage temperature: 2-30°C

Procedure :
 Bring all reagent and specimen to room temperature before use.
 Take out required number of device and labeled them.
 Add 2-3 drops serum into the sample oil using provided dropper or micropipette available in
the lab.
 Add 2 -3 drops of sample running buffer in the sample well.
 Read result at the end of 20 minutes do not read after 20 minutes.

Thyphiod IgG/IgM rapid test :

The Biogenix typhoid IgG/IgM rapid test is a lateral flow immunity for the detection and
differentiation of IgG and IgM anti salmonella typhi (S.typhi) and Paratyphi in human serum. This
device is intended to be used by professional as a screening test and as an aidin the diagnosis of
infection with S.typhi and Paratyphi. Any reactive specimen with the Biogenix typhoid rapid test
IgG/IgM must be confirmed with an alternative testing method.
Procedure :
 Bring all reagent and specimen to room temperature before use.
 Take out required number of device and labeled them.
 Add 40-50µl serum into the sample oil using provided dropper or micropipette available in
the lab.
 Add 40-50 µl of sample running buffer in the sample well.
 Read result at the after 15 minutes do not read after 15 minutes.

Some Patient test Result :

Patient Name Aishi Das Kumud Ghosh Sonali Saha

Patient Reg. no. 23489 56287 98543

Age/Sex 28/Female 32/Male 21/Female

Type of Specimen Serum Serum Serum

Examination required HbsAg HCV Thyphidot

Result Reactive Reactive Reactive (IgM)

Interpretation of Result It is not confirmation It is not confirmation S.typhi detected.

test. Because it is an test. Because it is an
rapid antigen test. rapid antigen test.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Dr. Praful B. Godkar, Darshan P. Godkar, Textbook of Medical Laboratory

Technology, 3rd edition.
 Kanai Lal Mukherjee, Medical Laboratory Technology, 3rd edition.
 https://www.slideshare.net/Laxmivip29/bsc-in-medical-lab-sciene-internship-
reportsrl-from-mritunjay-soni