Kafr el-sheikh STEM School.

Grade 10 (2021/2022).
Group ID: 18123.
Heat Recovery.
 Table of Contents
I. Present and Justify Problem and Solution Requirements
I. I. Egypt grand challenges…………………………3
Ⅰ. Ⅱ. Problem to be solved…......................................8
Ⅰ. Ⅲ. Research..................................................................11
Ⅰ. IV. Other solution already tried…………………
II. Generating and Defending a Solution
Ⅱ. Ⅰ. Solution and Design Requirements
Ⅱ. Ⅱ. Selection of Solution
Ⅱ. Ⅲ. Selection Prototype
III. Constructing and Testing a Prototype
Ⅲ. Ⅰ. Materials and Methods
Ⅲ. Ⅱ. Test Plan
Ⅲ. Ⅲ. Data Collection
IV. Evaluation, Reflection, Recommendations
IV. Ⅰ. Analysis and Discussion
IV. Ⅱ. Recommendations
IV. Ⅲ. Learning Outcomes
IV. IV. List of Sources in APA Format
I. Present and Justify Problem and Solution Requirements

I. I. Egypt grand challenges

There are 11 Grand challenges in Egypt as shown in figure (1)

Fig (1): Egypt Grand Challenge

[1] Improve use of alternative energies.

One of the most pressing crises facing Egypt is the energy crisis. In the summer of
2014, Egyptians were facing spontaneous electricity blackouts for up to six hours a
day, waiting hours in gas station lines often long enough to stretch across entire
neighborhoods, Perhaps the most squeezing emergency confronting the Egyptian
economy has been the serious lack of natural gas. Natural gas is one of the most
important inputs in Egypt’s power generation infrastructure, According to the
International Energy Agency in 2013 natural gas accounted for 51.5 percent of the
total primary energy supplied in Egypt and produced 76.8 percent of the electricity
generated. The actual emergency which includes supply continuous electrical
blackouts has gotten bounteous inclusion in the homegrown and global press.

[2] Address and reduce pollution fouling our air, water, and soil.
Egypt shares most of the environmental problems with developing
countries. One of the most important health and environmental problems in
air pollution resulting from using fuel, and burning operation,ions and its
percentage is about 84.17%.
Outdoor, Air pollution is a mix of chemicals, particulate m,atter and
biological materials that reacts with each other to form tiny hazardous
particles. It contributes to breathing problems, candchronicc disease.
When planning a trip consider heastatustues, age, destination, length of
trip ,and season to mitigate the effects of air pollution.
Thermal pollution:
Thermal pollution is the decline in water quality due to changes in ambient
temperature. The common cause of this pollution is the use of water as a
coolant for power plants and industries, where when water returns to nature
at a higher temperature, the oxygen support decreases, based on the
temperature difference, which completely affects the environmental
composition.
When a power plant starts or stops for any reason, many fish and marine
organisms, which have adapted to livatin a certain temperature, may suffer
sudden death by what is called "thermal shock".

[3] Increase industrial and agricultural base for Egypt.

Indeed, we look forward to a future in which higher income, sufficient
employment, and a better global posting are realities. This, however, needs us to
seriously rethink the present. The truth is that our aptitude far exceeds what
we’ve accomplished so far. This, in turn, should lead us to reconsider our
performance, with an aim at faster growth and a better utilization or ouofreal
capabilities. To grow, we need a powerful growth driver, and industry, having the
strongest forward and backward linkages, and having the greatest potential to
grow, will be the overriding engine for growth. Public policy has a great role to
play towards the desired development, one that far departs from the traditional
interventionist policies and is not limited to that of a regulator.
In this context, this strategy puts forth a twenty-year vision for the Egyptian
industry that defines strategic targets, and carefully identifies the instruments
through which public policy can contribute to industrial development. A vision for
Egypt to be the leading industrial power in the Middle East and North Africa by
the year 2050. This is an ambitious goal, but one that is certainly attainable. All
goals and means are within our reach, and in the end, it will all depend on our
performance.
Future industrial policies in Egypt will be focused on enabling the industrial sector
to be the engine of growth through the expansion of exports and job
opportunities. At present, the industrial sector in Egypt is a major contributor to
economic growth, employment generation, and export proceeds. Roughly
accounting for 20 percent of GDP (excluding informal industrial activities), there
are around 26,000 formally registered industrial establishments employing nearly
2.4 million workers and around 1.5 million workers in informal industrial
establishments which represent around 20% of the labor force. In addition,
manufactured exports account for nearly 3% of GDP, 40% nof on-oil export
proce,eds and 11%of total current account receipts.

The industrial sector is a major growth driver having strong backward and forward
linkages with both the agriculture and services sectors. It is expected to play an
instrumental role in reinvigorating economic growth in the Egyptian economy
over the medium and long terms. Learning from the successful experience of
other developing countries, the industrial sector is bound to become the driver
for increasing growth rates, generation of sufficient employment opportunities,
and fostering Egypt’s integration into the global economy.
The industrial sector is best-positioned as a potential growth driver because:
• It enjoys strong forward and backward linkages with other important economic
sectors such as agriculture and services;
• It offers high prospects for employment creat,ion especially inlabor-intensivee
industries;
• It acts as a catalyst for technology transfer and attraction of FDI; and
• It offers high prospects for deepening Egypt’s drive to integrate further into the
global economy.
By the year 2025, Egypt will be a leading industrializing nation in the MENA region
in terms of industrial performance as well as athemain export hub for medium-
technology manufactured products.

[4] Recycle garbage and waste for economiand c

environmenpurposesoses.
Recycling is critical in determining our world's future because it has a significant
impact on the environment, the economy, and our future. It has an impact on the
environment. As a result of the drastic change, the amount of garbage produced has
increased. In our way of life, which is marked by an increase in the pace of product
consumption, therefore if we use it would be possible to use recycled materials to
create new items. If we save raw materials, we have an impact on the future of our
planet materials that will be used by the next generation.
The recycling process has a relatively low ratio.
Because of the limited resources, we only recycle 10-15% of total waste for the
following reasons:
• A lack of high-tech equipment.
• The absence of the natural world awareness of the problem's risk.
Garbage is the source of several diseases in Egypt. People, on the other hand,
continue to dispose of trash in inefficient ways rather than carefully utilizing it in
energy-related processes. The majority of developed nations produce
Garbage has a variety of applications, including the production of gasoline and
natural gas. To compensate for the loss of natural energy by utilizing certain types
of devices resource. If used in Egypt, this method would have to fix practically all
of the country's energy problems. Issues, as well as public health and industrial
issues
We can cope with the rubbish by:
• Constructing new plants with excellent recycling equipment.
• Raising environmental consciousness.

[5] Reduce and adapt to the effect of climatic change.

Egypt's huge populace makes the country incredibly helpless against
environmental change as shown in figure (1). Besides, its thickly populated Nile
delta is genuinely compromised via ocean level ascent. Environmental change will
likewise affect residents' wellbeing, and studies have been embraced trying to
break down conceivable transformation measures. Weakness evaluation studies in
need areas have been attempted as a feature of the method involved withintering
the public activity plan. The examinations have demonstrated that the
accompanying regions are the most helpless arranged by seriousness and sureness
of results: farming, waterfront zones, hydroponics and fisheries, water assets,
human environment and settlements, and human wellbeing.
The United Nations has applied arduous work to save our planet. In 1992, inside
the 'Earth Summit', the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
has been endorsed as an initial phase in dealing with the issue of environmental
change. Today, 197 states had joined this Convention whose fundamental objective
is to forestall the 'risky' human intercession in the environmental framework.
 Fig (2): climate change in Egypt.

Ⅰ. Ⅱ. Problem to be solved
Energy is a basic human need. We need energy for countless reasons. First and
foremost, it is needed to simply stay alive. Energy is in everything that we eat,
consume, or use. Searching for alternative resources to produce energy is very
important. It helps generate energy that produces no greenhouse gas emotions from
fossil fuels and reduces some types of air pollution.
Greenhouse gases, wasted heat, and by-products are considered one of the most
alternative resources.

First greenhouse gases

The positive side:

(1)GREENHOUSE EFFECT PROMOTES LIFE

Greenhouse gases keep our planet livable by holding onto some of Earth’s heat
energy so that it does not all escape into space. This heat-trapping is known as the
greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect helps to maintain a certain temperature
level on Earth’s surface, making it habitable for living beings. Thanks to the
greenhouse gases, the earth is warm enough to sustain life.

(2)PROTECTION FROM DANGER

Greenhouse gases protect all living things on Earth from dangerous solar radiation.
They block those parts of the solar radiation which are harmful to our existence
and bounce them back into the atmosphere. The greatest example is that of UV or
Ultraviolet radiation. Ozone, which is one of the main greenhouse gases, acts as a
shield against the UV rays entering the earth. In the absence of the ozone layer,
there will be no resistance to the UV rays, and they would reach us directly

The negative side:

1. GLOBAL WARMING
This is by far the greatest disadvantage of the greenhouse effect. Global warming
is the long-term warming of the planet’s overall temperature. Though this warming
trend has been going on for a long time, its pace has significantly increased in the
last hundred years due to the burning of fossil fuels. As the human population
continues to increase, so has the volume of fossil fuels being burnt.

2. RISE IN SEA LEVELS

As the Earth continues to warm due to the greenhouse gases, water heats up and
expands causing sea levels to rise. The effects of sea-level rise are already being
felt, and the forecasts are not very hopeful. First, water is increasingly invading
coastal areas, causing soil erosion and threatening farmland, housing, or
recreation areas. The flooding of wetlands and pollution of aquifers also occur,
affecting the flora and fauna of each place, and causing the loss of habitat for fish,
birds, plants, and many other species.

3. IMPACT ON THE MARINE LIFE

The greenhouse gases are depriving our oceans of oxygen. Marine biologists will
tell you that fish species such as tuna and swordfish, known as the deep-water
divers of the ocean for hunting at depths of 200 meters, are today repeatedly
coming to surface view.

The reason for this is that warming sea temperatures have zapped oxygen out of
waters even far out to sea, making it difficult for the predators to breathe—let
alone hunt—in deep water. As the planet’s atmosphere traps more heat, so the
oceans get warmer.

All of these can only tell one thing, and that is if we do not care for our
environment we will all suffer the severe repercussions that this will have. Our
very existence is being undermined and shortened by all of our actions.

Second, wasted heat

The positive side:

1. The recovery process will add to the efficiency of the process and thus
decrease the costs of fuel and energy consumption needed for that process.
2. Reduction in Pollution: Thermal and air pollution will dramatically decrease
since fewer flue gases of high temperature are emitted from the plant since
most of the energy is recycled.
3. Reduction in the equipment sizes: As Fuel consumption reduces so the
control and security equipment for handling the fuel decreases. Also,
filtering equipment for the gas is no longer needed in large sizes.
4. Reduction in auxiliary energy consumption: Reduction in equipment sizes
means another reduction in the energy fed to those systems like pumps,
filters, fans,...etc.

The negative side:

1. Capital cost: The capital cost to implement a waste heat recovery system
may outweigh the benefit gained in heat recovery. It is necessary to put a
cost to the heat being offset.
2. Quality of heat: Often waste heat is of low quality (temperature). It can be
difficult to efficiently utilize the quantity of low low-qualityt contained in a
 waste heat medium. Heat exchangers tend to be larger to recover significant
quantities which increases capital cost.

Third by-products
The positive side:
1. Low thermal conductivity.
2. Self-link.
3. Fast renovation.
4. Natural.
5. High specific heat.
6. High damping of vibration.
7. Cost-effectiveive.
8. Lower environmental impacts.
9. Energy efficient.
10. Less emission.
11.Renewable resources.

The negative side:

1. Nonlload-bearingng.
2. Thicker.
3. Treatment.
4. Nonhomogeneous.
5. Variation.
6. Unsuccessful theoretical.

Ⅰ. Ⅲ. Research

One of the most important aspects of EDP is conducting research for information
and resources to arrive at the best conclusion and solve difficulties.
We looked for various themes that would give us accurate information from
reputable sources.
• Main topics which we have researched about.
• Topics searched related to the problem.
• Topics searched related to possible solutions.
• Some sources.
• Information we have gained about the problems.
• Information we have gained from the possible solution.

• Main topics which we have researched about:

1. What are different solutions that were applied to solve the problem of
energy?
2. What are the reasons for the problem of energy?
3. How to improve the use of alternative energies?
4. How to reuse wasted heat?

• Topics searched related to the problem.

1. Ways to keep safety.

2. Places which we can get heat from.
3. Getting wasted heat from factories.
4. Heat conductive substances and non-heat-conducting substances.

• Topics searched related to possible solutions.

1. Types of factories where we can get wasted heat from

2. Generating electricity from the temperature difference.
3. The mechanism of Peltier.
4. Copper and galvanized wires connection.
  Some sources.

1. http://www.altenergy.org/
2. https://www.wsj.com/articles/graphene-and-beyond-the-wonder-
materials-that-could-replace-silicon-in-future-tech-
11616817603#:~:text=They%20include%20graphene%2C%20black
%20phosphorus,an%20atom%20or%20two%20thick
3. https://www.findlight.net/blog/2020/07/19/alternatives-to-silicon/
4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
334476659_Silicon_integrated_circuit_thermoelectric_generators_with_a_
high_specific_power_generation_capacity
5. https://www.tec2med.com/peltier-module/
6. https://www.process-heating.com/articles/93883-capturing-and-reusing-
waste-heat

• Information we have gained about the problems.

1. Egypt suffers from an energy problem.

2. There are many alternative sources that we can get energy from. xploiting
cheap materials to turn them into high-priced materials.

• Information we have gained from the possible solution.

1. Wasted heat is a very important alternative resource to get energy from.
2. When the difference in temperature increases, the generated electricity
increases too.
3. Performing the same function of the device by applying its mechanism
using cheap material “as done with Peltier.
 Ⅰ. IV. Other solutions already tried

[1] Methanol
In 2010, for instance, Aalborg's crematorium began utilizing its waste hotness to
warm Danish homes (after the Danish Council of Etdecided againstabout it
something ethical to do). Others are participating. In Cologne, Germany, the
fieriness of sewage warms a small bunch of schools. In London, the hotness from
the underground rail framework is being diverted to warm homes in Islington. An
IBM server farm in Switzerland is being utilized to warm a close close-by "Server
farms crop up over and over as having enormous potential," says Tanja Groth, an
energy chief and financial specialist with the UK's Carbon Trust, a non-benefit that
expects to decrease fossil fuel by-products.
An elective choice is to transform squander heat into more straightforward to-move
power. While many power plants do that as of now, controllers making progress
toward energy security are quick to push this thought for free power makers like
huge producers, says Groth. Organizations that make their power would decrease
fossil fuel byproducts by getting any extra electrical juice they need by extracting it
from their waste hotness, rather than getting it from the framework.
A few organizations have sprung up to assist with doing only this. One of the
biggest, Turboden, situated in Brescia, Italy, sells a mechanical framework given
the Organic Rankine Cycle. This is a sort of outside ignition motor - a thought that
pre-dates the gas-powered motor utilized in vehicles. Rankine motors and
comparative advancements have contained, shut circle frameworks of fluid that
grow to gas to take care of business, because of a temperature contrast outwardly
of the framework - so you can drive a power-producing motor off squander heat.
Whenever a concrete plant in Bavaria, for instance, added a Rankine motor to its
framework 10 years prior, it decreased its power interest by 12% and its CO2
outflows by around 7,000 tons. Since 2010, Turboden says it has offered
frameworks forsquanderingr heat recuperation to 28 creation plants, with seven
additional under development now. Turboden is only one of many; the Swedish-
based organization Climeon, for instance, supported by spaceflight business
visionary Richard Branson, utilizes a comparable however unique method to create
an effective hotness motor that can be darted onto anything modern, from concrete
plants to steel factories, to reuse their waste hotness.
Advantages :
 Easy to convert to hydrogen on board vehicle.
 Liquid at normal temperature.
 Abundant supplies.
 Potential for direct conversion.
 Renewable resource.
 Biodegradable.
Disadvantages:
 Lack of a dedicated infrastructure.
 Corrosive.
 Toxic.
 Burns with nonluminous flame.
 Miscible with water.
 High cost.

[2]
Fuels, in any shape or form, are useful for two main reasons—transport and
storage. Figure (2) shows that the potential to harness energy from wind and the
sun (meaning to make the energy usable) strongly varies for different regions. For
instance, in Africa, the potential to harness solar energy is on average greater than
in Europe in North America. The reverse is true for wind energy—the average
wind speed is higher in Europe than in Africa, especially near the coasts. And the
higher the wind speed, the more electricity can be generated using wind turbines. A
consequence of this unequal distribution of energy sources is that we need ways to

transport energy to where it is required. With fuels, we can do exactly that:

transport energy to where we need it.
Fig (2): The potential for harnessing solar or wind energy varies for different regions in the world.

CO2 is also the main contributor to humhuman-madeimatic change

and global warming. By burning fossil fuels like oil or natural gas, which were
formed over millions of years, we increase the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere.
Increased atmospheric CO2 leads to more heat being trapped and to increasing
temperatures. As a result, the average global temperature has risen almost a whole
degree since humans started using fossil fuels on a large scale for power plants,
transportation (cars, planes, etc.), heating, and so on. That might not sound like a
big temperature rise, but this slight increase has drastic consequences on the
sensitive balance of our environment. For instance, rising sea levels due to melting
polar ice might affect coastal cities, or higher ocean water temperatures may
threaten coral reefs.
Reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is a very important step
to combat global warming. One possible way to do this would be to remove
CO2 by turning it into useful chemicals that we can safely store and later use as
fuels. There is a slight shortcoming of this method, though: while production of
these easy-to-store chemicals reduces CO2, burning them later as fuel will re-
release the carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. However, there is no “new”
CO2 released into the atmosphere. The carbon dioxide is therefore kept in balance
as the fuel is recycled, which is still much better than using fossil fuels and adding
new CO2 to the atmosphere.

Methanol is the simplest possible alcohol because it contains only one carbon, one
oxygen, and four hydrogen atoms. However, it is still an important chemical.
Methanol can be used to store energy. There are industrial processes that turn
methanol into gasoline (similar to tossil fuel) or into biodiesel, which can then be
stored. Methanol itself can be stored as fuel as well. The amount of energy
contained in a kilogram of methanol is similar to the amount in a kilogram of
wood, as you can see in Figure (3).

Fig (3): The specific energy contained in different fuels varies.

There are quite a few different chemical reactions to turn CO2 into methanol. There
is a direct way, using only carbon dioxide and hydrogen, and there are other ways
with steps in between as shown in Figure (4). All these possibilities seem to be
quite easy because there are only very simple chemicals (like hydrogen and water)
involved.
 Fig (4): process for turning carbon dioxide (CO2) into renewable fuel

Advantages:

Disadvantages:
[3]Thermoelectric cooling uses the Peltier effect to create a heat flux at the
junction of two different types of materials. A Peltier cooler, heater, or
thermoelectric heat pump is a solid-state active heat pump whicthatnsfers heat
from one side of the device to the other, with cthe onsumption of electrical energy,
depending on the direction of the current. Such an instrument is also called a
Peltier device, Peltier heat pusolid-statetate refrigerator, or thermoelectric cooler
(TEC), and occasionally a thermoelectric battery. It can be used either for heating
or cooling, although in practice the main application is cooling. It can also be used
as a temperature controller that either heats or cools.

This technology is far less commonly applied to refrigeration than vapor-

compression refrigeration is. The primary advantages of a Peltier cooler compared
to a vapor-compression refrigerator are its lack of moving parts or circulating
liquid, very long life, invulnerability to leaks, small size, and flexible shape. Its
main disadvantages are high cost for a given cooling capacity and poor power
efficiency (a low COP). Many researchers and companies are trying to develop
Peltier coolers that are cheap and efficient.
Advantages:

Disadvantages:
[4] Nitinol engine to generate electricity:
Nitinol Heat Engines (NHE) use a shape memory alloy of nickel and titanium to
directly convert the thermal energy in hot water to mechanical power (and, through
a generator, to electricity). The authors designed a commercial version of a NanE
based on the thermos turbine configuration developed ina prototype form under
contract to the Department of Energy in 1978-1980. The operation and cost of
various forms of NHE have been described previously, but the penalties and costs
associated with integrating the complete
NHE system into installations supplying
the thermal energy have not previously
been determined. They found that these
costs are most important, as they will
often exceed the costs of the NHE
proper. However, the total installed
costs are quite low and result in very
economical power from waste-heat or
geothermal hot-water sources.
Fig (5): nitinol engine

Advantages:

Disadvantages:
[5] Hydropower:
The conversion of energy from flowing water into electricity is known as
hydropower or hydroelectricity. It provides for around 3% of Egypt's total energy
usage. In 2012, the country produced around 13.2 million tones. Hydropower
generated billions of kilowatt-hours of electricity, largely from the Using water
from the Aswan High Dam and the Aswan Reservoir Damon s the River Nile It is
regarded as a renewable energy source because hat the sun constantly renews the
water cycle.
One of the most historically significant Hydro power Hydro powered for
mechanical milling, such millings ding. Grains. Modern hydroelectric plants use
turbines to generate power and generators, which produce mechanical energy by
moving water on a turbine, spins rotors. This turbine is linked to a generator. When
the turbine turns, the electromagnetic generator produces power Spins. There are
three types of hydropower plants:
large, medium, and small. (More than
30 MW), small (100 kW - 30 MW),
or micro (less than 100 kW).
Hydroelectric stations employ
advanced turbines to generate energy.
It's a three-part system (as shown in
Figure 6): -
Fig (6): Representing the parts of hydroelectric plants.

 The power plant that generates electricity.

 To control water flow, the dam can be opened or closed.
 The reservoir (artificial lake) for storing water.

Advantages:
 Dams can also close their gates and store water for usage when energy is in
short supply.
 Hydropower projects provide various benefits, including flood control,
irrigation, and water delivery, in addition to providing a sustainable fuel
source.
 Because hydropower is driven by water, it is a clean fuel source, as opposed
to power stations that use fossil fuels like coal or natural gas.
Disadvantages:
 Water flow is essential for hydroelectric plants. This varies with the
seasons and droughts.
 Hydropower plants are frequently built across rivers, posing a threat to
aquatic life and resulting in massive devastation.
 The materials used in the dam's construction must be of exceptional
quality; otherwise, fish or other river creatures may find their way into
the penstock and finally into the turbines, where they will be annihilated.
II. Generating and Defending a Solution

Ⅱ. Ⅰ. Solution and Design Requirements

Ⅱ. Ⅱ. Selection of Solution
After talking about the problem that we want to solve and after talking about pre-
solution to them. We will talk about the solution that we have chosen.

It works through the temperature difference in generating electricity, as electricity

is one of the most important sources of energy used in daily life.
Therefore, our project is concerned with generating energy in general and using
waste heat in particular.

- Strength points in it :-
 Increasing the sources of electricity generation.
 Increasing electricity generation in the event of natural disasters.
 Simple source of waste heat.
 Low in cost.
 Can be used in factories.

- Weakness points in it :-
 Low efficiency
 Ⅱ. Ⅲ. Selection Prototype

The prototype is composed of two sides:

Frist side is the hot side which is connected with a machine wasted heat this
side is made of iron box to make the system closed and do not make it affect by the
atmospheric temperature and the iron is used
because it is good conductor of heat as shown in
figure (7).
The second side is cold side which is made of
calcium silicate in the shape of the box to make
the prototype in close system to make it does not
affect with atmospheric temperature and we use
calcium silicate because it isolated Fig (7): coiled copper and galvanized wire
material as shown in figure ().

Fig (6): galvanized wire

We used copper wire and the galvanized wire are coiled

together with 25 cm length and 2.5 cm diameter as shown in
figure () as they are good conductor of electricity and heat
and put it in the box which has a half side of aluminum and
the other from calcium silicate and connects the wires with a
voltmeter to measure the amount of electricity.
Fig (7): copper wire

III. Constructing and Testing a Prototype

Ⅲ. Ⅰ. Materials and Methods

Materials:
Material Picture Amount Description Price
Copper wire 4 meters. Good 24 LE
conductor of
heat and
electricity
and flexible.

Galvanized 4 meters. Good 16 LE

wire conductor of
heat and
electricity
and flexible.

Iron box 1*1 meter. Good

conductor of
heat.

Fiberglass(glass 1*0.5 Heat 15 LE.

wool) meter. insulator.

Glue (Pattex) 650 grams. Waterproof, 15 LE.

glue dries
transparent,
UV resistant,
and flexible.

Table (1): materials.

Method:
The idea was taken from the mechanism of the Peltier, the Peltier generates its
electricity from the temperature difference between both sides.
First, 10 copper wires as shown in figure (1), and galvanized wires as shown in
figure (2) were cut
and connected in a V shape, half of the V shape was
made from the copper wire, and the other side was
made from the galvanized wire as shown in the figure
(3). Then, the wires were put in a box with Fig (8): galvanized wires.

dimensions 32*32*10 made from iron, it was cut

into two parts to keep a space between the cold
side and the hot side, the cold side has been
encased on the inside with heat isolated material to
keep this side cold this material is called Fiberglass Fig(9): copper wires.

(glass wool). The isolated material was stacked to

the box from the inside with pattex glue as sown in figure (4). The other side was
left without isolated
material to increase its temperature and increase
the temperature difference between both sides. Fig (10): connected wires.

Finally, two slots were made on the cold side, and

two wires from the copper wires out from them.

Fig (11): isolated part.

 Ⅲ. Ⅱ. Test Plan
Ⅲ. Ⅲ. Data Collection
The prototype had tested to ensure its viability. The check was done to achieve the
design requirements. There were two test plans had been done. There was an error
in the first test plan.
Trial 1:
In the first trial, the number of volts that had generated
was 0.003 volts as shown in figure(12).
There was a fault in this test because the results that Fig (12): first result

Had gotten were less than the expected one. When the fault had realized, the
A second test plan has been done to make sure that it was the real fault.
Table (2): Frist trails

Temperature difference 2°C 4°C 7°C

Generated volts 0.001 volts 0.002 volts 0.003 volts

Trail 2:
In the second trial when the prototype was tested, we Fig (6): second result

Fig (13): second result

collected 0.267 volts as shown in figure (13).

This amount of electricity produced achieved the design requirements.
After testing the whole system, we found that it works perfectly.
 Table (3): second trail.

Temperature difference 135°C 209°C 650°C

Generated volts 0.062 volts 0.123 volts 0.267 volts

IV. Evaluation, Reflection, Recommendations

IV. Ⅰ. Analysis and Discussion
The two main grand challenges in this project that had faced are Improving usage
of alternative energies and Address and reduce pollution fouling our air, water and
soil.
Pollution can be reduced by using alternative energies that can get from alternative
resources. In Egypt, the pollution that resulted from the gases, wasted heat or
byproducts that get out of factories take the large percentage of the environmental
pollution even though its air, soil and water. The challenge discuss how to benefit
from these resultant to be not harmful for the environment. As to use them to
generate an energy resource that could be more useful and this challenge have built
the base of the idea of exploiting these gases, byproducts and wasted heat to reduce
environmental pollution. When solving this problem with the regular resources and
materials used building.
The prior solution which has been selected is Peltier. Peltier is a thermoelectric
generator that converts thermal energy into electric energy as it transfers the heat
energy from the hot side to the cold one and 5% of this thermal energy is changing
into electricity by a specific law which is (e=w/Qh) where e refers to
efficiency, w refers to work done and Qh refers to heat flow
according to law of conservation of energy.
The material that has used in making the prototype are copper
which is extremely good electric conductor and also extremely
good heat conductor and also used with 60% for electrical
equipment and galvanized iron wire as iron is the most abundant
material on earth which is also extremely good electric and heat
conductor too, as each two end is coiled together and form a cell
that takes (v) shaped then make 10 cells and connected them
together. As when these two conductors exposed to heat the
electrons of the hot side became active and make a collision with
the other electrons in the cold side to generate electricity and fig(14): the process.

this is the way of the prototype and how it work as the lightning
that appears in the sky during Raining that due to the collision that occur between
the cloud and it’s the same idea. An iron box has cut into two parts to make the
transfer of the heat from the hot side to the cold side more difficult to make more
differentiation between the two temperature and it used to put the two conductors
inside it as one side has been encased on the inside with heat isolated material to
keep this side cold this material called Fiber glass (glass wool) which is a high fire
and heat resistance this had been gone to stick to the box from inside with pattex
glue as it’s a good kind of glue as show in figure (7). Specific laws of resistant
were used to determine each resistance of copper and iron as the resistance equals
R=P*L/A
where P refers to resistivity, L refers to length wire
and A refers to cross sectional area as shown in figure
(7), so the resistance of
copper =1.68x10^-8*25/4.9=1.68*10^-7ohm fig(15)resistivity law

Resistance of iron =9.71*20/4.9=77.68ohm

So resistance is directly proportional to length of the wire so the length of the wire
is made the smallest length (25cm) that was able to be connected and resistance is
inversely proportional to cross sectional area of the wire so the cross sectional area
of the wire was the largest diameter (2.5m) that could bend.
After the prototype constructed two test plans had been applied in order to
collect data and determine what would happened: The
first test plan wasn’t successful as there was a fault
in it that hadn’t made it succeed and made The
prototype gives only 0.003 volts which are a very 1

generated volts
0.8
small amount, these results had been collected as
0.6
the difference in temperature between the two 0.4

sides of the wires wasn’t as it was only 7 °C so it 0.2 fig (16):first trail.
0 temorature difference
didn’t give the electrons the activity to move 0.31 2 3 4 5 quickly 6 7 8

generated volts
0.25
and make collision from the hot side to the 0.2
0.15
cold one so that the amount of energy were small. 0.1
0.05
as shown in figure(16). After the problem had 0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
determined it had been solved and then another temprature difference

test plan had been made and the data that had fig (17): second trail

Collected were 0.267 volts as shown in figure (17).

These results due to the difference in temperature which is so this temperature
gives the electrons the suitable activation to make collision and generating
electricity.

IV. Ⅱ. Recommendations
If this idea becomes real in life, it’s recommended to:
• Increase the number of galvanized wires and copper wires to achieve more
electricity.
• Use liquid nitrogen on the cold side of the device to make it cooler and
increase the temperature difference between the hot side and the cold side to
achieve more electricity.
• Connected the copper wires and galvanized wires by welding to prevent any
Leaking in the electricity

IV. Ⅲ. Learning Outcomes

Biology
LO10:
 We learned from respiration and photolysis processes that making any
converting energy must contain input and output and we use this in our
capstone as we uses wasted heat as input and electricity as output through a
process.
LO11:
 We learned from experiences how to make design which helped us to build
our prototype as it is V shape, box and isolated material.
 We learned how to predict the results by scientific laws and theories as we
predict the results in the first trial and there was an error and we fix it and
our prediction were correct.
 We learned how to put a conclusion which helps to a conclusion on the test
plans.
LO14:
 We learned how to analyze our methods and results.
 We learned how to make a presentation.

Chemistry:
LO12:
 From electronegativity we have learned to selection the right materials to use
when considering alternative energy design as we used it in our project in
choosing copper and galvanized iron wires.
LO13:

 We have learned from this learning outcome that the properties of metals
help in choosing them for construction in general.
 LO15:
 From thermodynamics, we learned the properties of the transfer of the
thermal form of energy, which we used in our project to transfer heat from
the cold part to the hot part.
LO16:
 We learned from law of conservation of energy how to calculate the wasted
heat and the amount of energy that lost in the reaction.
Physics:
LO10:
 In this lo we learned the definition of temperature and the units of measuring
it such as the Celsius. That helped us to determine the temperature of the
cold side, the hot side, and the deference between the two sides. Also we
knew ,about the specific heat capacity. Which, we used to determine the
resistance in our prototype.
LO11:
 In this lo we learned about the first law of thermodynamics, and we learned
from it that the energy doesn’t damage but transfer from type to another and
that is what happens in our project when the thermal energy is transferred to
electricity.
Geology:
LO8:
 We studied in this LO the ores and minerals so that we could choose the
materials that we use in our project.
LO9:
 We studied this LO the forms of energy “renewable and non-renewable” and
this helped us to determine the best sources to produce energy.
Math:
LO7:
 Using the graphs of quadratic function.
LO10:
 Inform alternative energy geometries by graphing.
LO11:
 Modeling with Energy.
LO12:
 Inform alternative energy geometries.

IV. IV. List of Sources in APA Format

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